Power Of Attorney New York Statutory Short: Fill & Download for Free

The roles of county and city governments vary substantially by state, as Kelly Kinkade explains. All states except Alaska have counties (in Louisiana they’re called “parishes”, a relic of the French system). Counties are as a rule significant with regard to the organization of courts, but the other local functions of a county vary. Virginia has a number of “independent cities” that function more-or-less the same way as counties. In Maryland, Baltimore City is not considered part of Baltimore County. Several states have “city-county” governments for some of their more urban counties, such as Miami-Dade County in Florida, Lexington-Fayette County in Kentucky, and Philadelphia-Philadelphia County in Pennsylvania. I believe there are some number of others like this. New York City is unique in that the city encompasses five counties—New York county (Manhattan), Kings county (Brooklyn), Queens, the Bronx, and Richmond county (Staten Island). The counties are still there for the court system; other local services are administered by the City.How is tax collected by both? Who controls what? Who's in charge? I feel like there are too many blurred lines between their roles even when the two are not the same.Taxes may be collected by any entity to which a statute grants “taxing authority”. There actually aren’t any blurred lines about general roles, though. All local governments exist at the sufferance of the state, which will have statutes (or occasionally constitutional provisions) defining and restricting local government power. Whether the county or the municipality is authorized or required to provide a service, lay a tax, or enact an ordinance will depend entirely on those statutes.In Pennsylvania, county governments exist for the sole purpose of providing certain county-wide services, primarily the courts and court-related offices like the clerk’s and prothonotaries’ offices, the minor courts, the District Attorney, the Domestic Relations (support) office, the Probation Department, the Sheriff’s Office, the jail/prison/correctional facility, etc. (The personnel of these offices are a mixture of state and county employees and elected officials.) The county is also the unit for administration of the land registry and Geographic Information Systems office, the Elections Board, the Assistance Office, the Children and Youth Services office, and a local Emergency Management Agency. Counties may (but do not have to) provide aid to other services like libraries, parks, planning, and so forth, but they have little or no legislative authority to enact ordinances. Counties are funded by property taxes, though some of the above-listed offices also receive state and/or federal funding. Allegheny and Philadelphia counties are allowed by legislative dispensation to collect a one-percent sales tax.All locations in Pennsylvania are within a county and also part of some sort of municipality, be it a township, borough (usually a smaller town), or city (defined in the Pennsylvania Municipal Code as a local entity with a “home rule charter”). “Municipal government” and “local government” are interchangeable terms here. I am only aware of two municipalities that straddle county lines—the city of Bethlehem straddles Northampton and Lehigh counties, and the borough of Shippensburg Franklin and Cumberland. The city of Philadelphia is coterminous with Philadelphia county. These local governments have limited legislative power to create local ordinances, specifically have the power to regulate land use. Local governments are responsible for the maintenance of non-state highways (with some state aid), and the more-populous ones provide police and fire protection and other services like parks, a few might provide garbage collection or the like although usually there are just ordinances saying that residents must either keep their garbage clear themselves or hire private collectors. Local governments may impose property, payroll, or income taxes or sometimes a combination of these, though typically the county tax collector will collect municipal property taxes along with the county tax.Water and sewer services and refuse dumps are provided by municipal authorities, a type of entity that may be associated with or created by one or more local governments but once established is not actually part of any local government. Authorities have statutory power to assess, but not tax, homeowners, condemn land as is needed for their operations, and to charge rates for the provision of services. They are usually run by boards appointed by any constituent local governments. For instance, the City of Lebanon Authority provides water and sewer services in the city of Lebanon, West Lebanon township, and such parts of North Lebanon, South Lebanon, and North Cornwall townships as are subject (by township ordinance) to mandatory water and sewer hookups. Areas not served by the Authority will need to rely on wells and septic tanks.School districts are outside the lines of municipal government altogether. School districts are run by boards of school directors who are elected independently. School boards have taxing power and some discretion as to school policies, but no power to enact ordinances of general applicability. As far as I know all school districts use municipal (township, borough, or city) borders, but a few do spread across county lines, like the West Shore School District in Cumberland and York counties. School districts are uniformly funded by property taxes, though the state does provide additional funding to them.In Pennsylvania, you can pay state income tax, state sales tax, county sales tax if it’s authorized (only in two counties at present), county property tax, local property tax, local income tax, a “local services” tax or a local per capita tax (you’re exempt from this if not employed), a wage tax (but if you live in the municipality imposing the wage tax, you don’t have to pay that and income tax), and school taxes, depending on where you live.Things are a little simpler in North Carolina, where I lived until fifteen years ago. There there are counties and cities. Any incorporated municipality is a “city”, whether it have a hundred residents or a million. “Cities” are responsible for streets, police, water and sewer, and other local amenities and have limited legislative authority. Some cities there cross county lines as well.Counties are responsible for courts, jails (sometimes several counties will co-operate and operate a district jail), county social services offices, and so forth as they are here. Areas outside city limits are subject to county legislation regarding land use, though such regulation may not exist in very rural areas. Counties don’t provide police, but sheriffs’ offices may provide law enforcement services. Counties are not responsible for highways; the state maintains nearly all non-municipal roads. School districts are not as independent as they are up here, School board members are still elected officials who are not part of the county hierarchy, but they cannot levy taxes on their own, instead being funded by the constituent counties with some state aid. Districts are usually coterminous with counties (except where cities straddle county lines, in which case the entire city will be in a district with one of the two counties).In N.C. you may pay state income tax, state sales tax, county property tax, and municipal property tax. Property tax may be assessed on vehicles as well as real estate there.So the long and the short of it is the question is far too broad if you ask for “the United States”. It’s different in every state.

To all those media and propaganda machine challenged individuals who insist on following what the media tells you about what is going on with this Trump situation, please note WELL the following:There is NO SUCH THING in the criminal statutes as COLLUSION. This is a marketing scheme made up by Trump and/or Right Wing Think Tanks. It is a talking point. It is PHONY BALONEY. There IS NO SUCH FEDERAL CRIME CALLED COLLUSION. Therefore, Trump is exactly correct when he says he’s not guilty of Collusion (speaking in a STATUTORY or REGULATORY sense) BECAUSE THERE IS NO SUCH FEDERAL CRIME.There are two issues involved in the Trump situation that we are presently talking about here: a) Criminal Conspiracy with a Foreign Power; and b) Obstruction of Justice.re: Barr: Barr is a hack, a torpedo, and a political operative for the Right, who has a record of consequential lying At the highest levels of the state.He is NOT well thought of (like most ALL of Trump’s appointments) in the political community.William Barr, Trump’s attorney general is, in actuality, widely discredited and hated.Part of his stock-in-trade can be considered to be shutting down or compromising investigations in order to protect his clients.In short, he’s a COVER UP ARTIST; and that’s what he’s doing right now.And think of it for a moment: if Sarah Hucksterbee Slanders, that cheap propagandist and lacky of the Trump Administration, came out with (barely) 4 pages saying these things, she would not be believed, and rightly so.No - this required a real expert, a real high grade CON MAN (of the same ilk as most ALL of the grifters, con men, and adventurers that infest the Executive Branch in the Trump Administration) and that’s why Barr was made attorney general.Here are just SOME of Barr’s “bona fides”:It is Barr who obstructed the investigation into Iran-Contra by issuing pardons to none other than (i) George H.W. Bush (the past president who died recently and who was fairly feted, in death, as it were, to SAINTHOOD by the pandering corporate media, which at BEST is center right, and at worst clearly right wing, including Trump’s much talked about CNN - and WRONGLY so, and not only because of this thing that we’re talking about here) (ii) Caspar Weinberger (former head of the NSC under Reagan) (iii) Bud MacFarland (iv) Elliott Abrams (who was actually convicted and later pardoned; and who is still active to this day, presently involved in trying to start a conflict with Venezuela) and several CIA agents (v) Alan Sears (vi) Clare George; and (vii) Dewey Claridge.That is Barr. Barr is behind that. Barr instigated that.When this happened, Lawrence Walsh, who was the special prosecutor at that time, declared that the cover up on the Iran Contra matter had now successfully and completely accomplished.When the head of the FBI, James Comey, was fired by Trump, it was Barr who wrote an editorial in the New York Times praising Trump's action, and talking about how it was absolutely the right thing to do.Barr has gone on record with the pernicious and imperialist stance (shared by most all of the FASCIST Supreme Court justices - because this is all you can call such people who hold such beliefs - that presently sit on the bench thanks to the Federalist Society and the influence of Leonard Leo, who holds great sway within the feudal organization of the Sovereign Order of Malta/The Knights of Malta) that he believes absolutely in the unitary executive, and has written that in the Executive Branch, the only person occupying it is the President - and ALL THE REST ARE SERVANTS.WAKE UP, AMERICA.

Ahh here we go. The feminist believers and thier allies will come out of the woodwork with lots of figures from organizations who make money off of the #metoo movement and others. They will claim its the patriarchy or 1 in 4 or whatever number seems to suit them. They will claim try to combine the numbers or rape with sexual assault just as they conflate the numbers of trafficking with voluntary sex workers.First lets look at the 1 in 4 number. The first instance you find of the figure is in Susan Brownmiller’s book on sexual assault entitled "Against Our Will" (1975). Brownmiller claimed that false accusations in New York City had dropped to 2 percent after police departments began using policewomen to interview alleged victims.Elsewhere, the two percent figure appears without citation or with only a vague attribution to "FBI" sources. Although the figure shows up in legislation such as the Violence Against Women Act, legal scholar Michelle Anderson of Villanova University Law School reported in 2004, "no study has ever been published which sets forth an evidentiary basis for the two percent false rape complaint thesis."In short, there is no reason to credit that figure."Forty-one percent of all reports are false."This claim comes from a study conducted by Eugene J. Kanin of Purdue University. Kanin examined 109 rape complaints registered in a Midwestern city from 1978 to 1987.Of these, 45 were ultimately classified by the police as "false." Also based on police records, Kanin determined that 50 percent of the rapes reported at two major universities were "false."Although Kanin offers solid research, I would need to see more studies with different populations before accepting the figure of 50 percent as prevalent; to me, the figure seems high. A skeptic like me must credit a DNA exclusion rate of 20 percent that remained constant over several years when conducted by FBI labs. This is especially true when 20 percent or more were found to be questionable.Regret is not RapeThis is also a common issue with these types of crimes. A one night stand goes south and the woman begins to questions her own choices. She consented but now because the guy (or girl) didnt call her back or validate her choice in some manner she now feels violated. This is NOT rape.For years, generations, as long as consensual sex has been going on, a great deal of it has been through intoxication. People get high, people get drunk, people have sex. That’s putting a hell of a lot of pressure on men (I say men because all the use cases pertain to men committing the act) to say no to an intoxicated woman, because they don’t want to wake up being rapists. Putting the burden of consent ONLY on men is not only unfair it leads to women being able to use that as a weapon. (Sorry ladies but not all of you are pure as driven snow). Young men have to now not only be responsible for thier own behavior but hers as well. If hes also drunk how is he at fault or even capable of making any lucid decisions? Why are we putting such onus ONLY on him?Consent:We have truly jumped the shark on consent laws. If consent at any point is given, until it is taken away, it cannot be deemed rape. If during intercourse, Lady starts feeling like she doesn’t want to be doing this, makes no attempt to stop, does not inform Man that she doesn’t not want to be doing this, Man has NO idea they are now suddenly partaking in an activity only one of them wants, it is NOT rape.If it Lady had made it clear, said, “hey I don’t want to do this anymore,” and it does not stop, that IS rape.But saying so a week, a month or years later should not be taken into consideration.Campus Rape:In the past few years, many of our campuses have descended into a kind of sexual McCarthyism where due process was suspended and the presumption of innocence was replaced by “guilty because accused.” An untold number of college students have been subjected to injustices in these campus rape tribunals. The important thing is to establish due process. The standard of guilt is important, but not nearly as important as due process, where both sides are fully informed of the process and allowed to question the legitimacy of the evidence.Bolstered by inflated statistics and alarmist depictions of campus culture, advocates have been successful in initiating policy changes designed to better protect victims of sexual violence. Duke, Swarthmore, Amherst, Emerson and the University of North Carolina are among the many institutions that have recently reviewed and revised their policies. It is not clear that these policies have made campuses safer places for women, but they have certainly made them treacherous places for falsely accused men.The scandal at Ohio University last fall is an example of this.* A female student who was caught on camera in a drunken public sex act—which bystanders of both sexes had perceived as consensual—then filed a rape complaint after photos and video that showed her receiving oral sex from a male student became an Internet hit. The woman, who claimed she had no memory of the event, received strong support from feminist activists on campus and was vilified as a liar on men’s rights websites. Ultimately, the grand jury cleared the man, concluding that while both parties were drunk, the woman was not incapacitated—she walked away unassisted and bought a burrito moments after the encounter—and was a willing participant.Did the young woman lie to salvage her reputation? Of course we don’t know; it may be that she thought that any level of intoxication renders consent invalid, as many campus programs are teaching todayRape “Epidemic”:The Bureau of Justice Statistics' "Violent Victimization of College Students" report tells a different and more plausible story about campus culture. During the years surveyed, 1995-2002, the DOJ found that there were six rapes or sexual assaults per thousand per year. Across the nation's four million female college students, that comes to about one victim in forty students. Other DOJ statistics show that the overall rape rate is in sharp decline: since 1995, the estimated rate of female rape or sexual assault victimizations has decreased by about 60 percent.Of course, there are still far too many college women who are victims of sexual assault. But there's little evidence to support the claim that campus rape is an "epidemic,"How the issue has become twisted:In challenging the old rape myths, the feminist movement has created a set of new ones. For instance, as contrarian feminist Wendy Kaminer wrote in a 1993 essay, “It is a primary article of faith among many feminists that women don’t lie about rape, ever; they lack the dishonesty gene.”(Believe all women). False rape accusations are a lightning rod for a variety of reasons. Rape is a repugnant crime—and one for which the evidence often relies on one person’s word against another’s. Moreover, in the not-so-distant past, the belief that women routinely make up rape charges often led to appalling treatment of victims. However, in challenging what author and law professor Susan Estrich has called “the myth of the lying woman,” feminists have been creating their own counter-myth: that of the woman who never lies.More than a quarter-century ago, feminist legal theorist Catharine MacKinnon wrote that “feminism is built on believing women’s accounts of sexual use and abuse by men”; more recently, militant feminists such as Jessica Valenti urges us to “believe victims en masse,” because only then will we recognize the true prevalence of sexual assault. But a de facto presumption of guilt in alleged sexual offenses is as dangerous as a presumption of guilt in any crime, and for the same reasons: It upends the foundations on which our system of justice rests and creates a risk of ruining innocent lives.The Double Standard:Emily Bazelon and Rachael Larimore wrote in Slate five years ago, official data on what law enforcement terms “unfounded” rape reports (that is, ones in which the police determine that no crime occurred) yield conflicting numbers, depending on local policies and procedures—averaging 8 percent to 10 percent of all reported rapes. Yet the truth is even knottier than these statistics suggest. The answer to “How common are false allegations?” depends largely on how false allegations are defined. Do we count only cases in which a police report—or a complaint to some other official authority, such as a college administrator—is shown to be deliberately false? But what about when the woman is the perpatrator? It has always been generally more acceptable to see an older man with a much younger woman than the reverse.This belief has often permeated our legal system, creating a gender-based double standard for prosecution and sentencing of rape offenders.In the cases ive seen, these acts are sometimes charged as statutory rape; that is, where one of the participants is legally unable to make a binding decision to participate in sexual activity because of age, mental disability, or other factors. State laws have differing age requirements regarding statutory rape, and some states hand out stricter sentences to teachers and other school professionals because they have supervisory or disciplinary power over their victims. Although gender is no longer written into this law, in the past it obviously influenced these proceedings.While there currently is no clear database covering these statistics, from anecdotal information it appears that women have often been given lighter sentences for very similar charges. Women were often given suspended sentences while male teachers often received the maximum sentences allows. It was well known that women often received only “a slap on the wrist.”These women have done more than flout cultural norms; they have broken the law as well as the trust they were given to put the welfare of their students first. Sure, being a “cougar” can be a pretty enviable role for some women, but their targets are just little “cubs” themselves. This cannot be romanticized or compared with some celebrity couples where the wife is much older than the husband. We’re talking about boys 14, 15 and 16, and, yes, some targets as cringe-worthy as 12.High Profile Examples:The 1987 rape of Tawana Brawley by 3 men (including a police officer), uncritically accepted by journalists (ironically, Bill Cosby was an early supporter) – but fake.Wanetta Gibson’s false rape accusation in 2002 put football star Brian Banks in prison for 5 years. She recanted in 2011. The verdict was overturned in 2012. Details here. After exoneration, he played with the NFL for 5 months.Journalists went into hysterics from Crystal Mangum’s accusations of rape by the Duke Lacrosse team in March 2006. District Attorney Mike Nifong sought re-election through their prosecution. It all collapsed, eventually.The 2009 rape of a Hofstra coed by five students; she recanted in a few days when questioned by the police.Buzzfeed and others hyped the 13 October 2013 story of a sexual assault on an Ohio U coed. A Grand Jury found it quite false.“UVA, Ferguson and Media Failure, op-ed at the WSJ by Bret Stephens: “Narratives and allegations are not facts, despite what the media would have us believe”. It points to “A Woman’s War” in the 18 March 2007 NYT Magazine, telling how Amorita Randall was raped twice while serving in the Navy, then told by her commander “not to make such a big deal about it.” The key supporting details proved false; the NYT had not allowed the Navy time to verify the facts before publication.We might never know the truth, but the Columbia U “mattress girl’s” story fits the “believe the girl despite the evidence” script. See this early coverage, and this with more evidence.“Lena Dunham ‘Raped by a Republican’ Story in Bestseller Collapses Under Scrutiny“ at Breitbart, 4 December 2014. A follow-up reports that “Both Dunham and her publisher Random House have apologized to “Barry One”, offered to reimburse his legal expenses, and have agreed to edit future copies of Dunham’s memoir in a way that will ensure he is not misidentified as her rapist.”I would expect more men to start recording their relations with women. It is the only protection to claims made days or years or decades in the future. Falsely accusing a man of sexual assault or rape is probably the safest crime in America. It is a only misdemeanor in most (all?) States, and seldom prosecuted (because that would discourage women from reporting these crimes). Even if proven in court, perjury is seldom prosecuted.