Development Of Improved Injury Criteria For The Assessment: Fill & Download for Free

Why CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy) Can Currently Only Be Diagnosed Post-MortemMost often the outcome of repetitive head trauma, CTE belongs to a group of neurodegenerative diseases called taupathologies that include Alzheimer's disease (AD), among many others. Taupathologies involve characteristic deposition of phosphorylated Tau protein in the CNS (Central nervous system) tissue. Answer to this question thus turns on the issue of whether CTE has a taupathy distinct from other diseases, and if yes, what such distinction consists of.Currently, the CTE Center at Boston University led by Ann McKee is the leader in CTE research. According to their web-site's FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions),'How is CTE diagnosedAt this time CTE can only be diagnosed after death by postmortem neuropathological analysis. Right now there is no known way to use MRI, CT, or other brain imaging methods to diagnose CTE. The CTE Center is actively conducting research aimed at learning how to diagnose CTE during life. For more information on this research, please visit Our Research " CTE Center.'Essentially, definitive CTE diagnosis is limited bySymptom overlap. Considerable overlap of CTE's currently defined symptoms with other neurodegenerative diseases. Current roster of CTE symptoms include Behavioral (aggression/agitation, apathy, delusions, depressions, impulsivity and suicidality), Cognitive (dementia, executive dysfunction, impaired attention and concentration, language difficulties, memory problems, visuospatial impairment), Motor symptoms (damage to cerebellar pyramidal systems, which display as ataxia, dysarthria, gait disturbances, parkinsonism, spasticity) (1; see table below from 2). These symptoms overlap with those of several other conditions such as AD, Frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body disease, Motor Neuron disease, to name just a few. This creates a problem for definitive diagnosis. Some examples of symptom overlap help explain the CTE diagnosis conundrum.Amyloid deposition in Hippocampus with neurofibrilary tangles, predominating in the CA1 pyramidal neuron. Also seen in Alzheimer’s.Prominent destruction of cerebellar dentate nucleus, with coiled bodies in oligodendrocytes and tufted astrocytes. Also seen in progressive supranuclear palsy.Severe astrocyte tangles in striatum, pallidum, and cortical and subcortical structures. Also seen in globular glial atrophy.Lack of definitive antemortem diagnostic methods. Current definitive diagnosis requires microscopic examination of brain tissue slices, i.e., post-mortem analysis.As CTE is currently handicapped by such complications, the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke decided in its most recent consensus statement that presence of histopathological features consistent with some other neurodegenerative disease excludes CTE as the sole diagnosis (3). Thus CTE remains a diagnosis of exclusion, i.e., all other medical or psychiatric diagnoses must be ruled out (2, 4, 5).Kinds Of Studies And Technologies Needed To Diagnose CTE Antemortem: Prospective Clinical Trials And BiomarkersA wide variety of imaging technologies have been used to examine CTE pathology antemortem. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging (MRI), Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and Positron emission tomography (PET). However, results from such studies with small numbers of retired athletes have often suggested they lack adequate sensitivity (6) or are unclear (7).PET is one of the more promising imaging technologies for CTE since at least one study shows signal difference between CTE and AD using this approach (8). In this study of 14 retired American football players and 24 patients with Alzheimer's dementia, tau protein deposition in the retired football payersMatched post-mortem patterns seen in confirmed CTE cases (9, 10).Was distinct from those seen in AD.Improving CTE diagnosis requires moving from post-mortem, i.e., retrospective, to prospective cohort studies (11). It's promising that there is currently at least one ongoing PET clinical trial, Amyloid and Tauopathy PET Imaging in Acute and Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury.CTE Biomarkers: Their Lack Is A Major Obstacle To Antemortem DiagnosisA disease-associated oddity detectable in a biological fluid, a biomarker could be cellular, chemical or molecular, and biological fluid could be blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), mucus, saliva, urine. Ideally, a biomarker's essential features are ease of access and detection, and predictability.Ease of access means the fluid sample should be easy to obtain with little discomfort, pain or risk to the patient.Ease of detection means test should be cheap, rapid, reliable and reproducibly quantifiable.Predictability means the test should be specific, sensitive and tightly associate with the disease, being rarely or never found in healthy people.In fact, biomarkers are probably one of the buzziest of buzz words in biomedicine but very little of this buzz has yet translated to practical utility. A 2011 estimate found that while >150000 papers have been published on potential biomarkers for various diseases, <100 such biomarkers have been actually validated for clinical use (12). In the case of sports injury-related biomarkers, while ~11 biomarkers have been explored, none have as yet been clinically validated (13; also see figures below from 14). Just one indication among many that the path to antemortem CTE diagnosis is very steep indeed.Among biomarkers for CTE,Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is one of the most promising (14). Almost exclusively expressed by Astrocyte (15), one study found GFAP was better able to predict intracranial injury on CT scans in patients with mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) (16).Gamma-enolase, aka neuron-specific enolase, may be highly predictive of TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) in children (17). However, being also expressed in erythrocytes limits its usefulness as a blood CTE biomarker. It may be more useful in CSF. Problem is that CSF-based diagnostics are much more cumbersome, invasive and risky.While S100-B and GFAP have been extensively explored as blood or urine biomarkers, not so in CSF.Improving CTE biomarker discovery requiresBetter designed prospective clinical trials of larger numbers of patients.Better sub-setting of patient populations in clinical trials to improve symptom and biomarker predictability.Biomarker assay improvement using more specific reagents, e.g., more specific antibodies.Simultaneous multiple biomarker discovery approach.Bibliography1. Pan, James, et al. "Sports-related brain injuries: connecting pathology to diagnosis." Neurosurgical focus 40.4 (2016): E14. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sean_Dangelmajer/publication/299576404_Sports-related_brain_injuries_connecting_pathology_to_diagnosis/links/57016af708aea6b7746a7cda.pdf2. Jordan, Barry D. "The clinical spectrum of sport-related traumatic brain injury." Nature Reviews Neurology 9.4 (2013): 222-230. http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/journal/v9/n4/pdf/nrneurol.2013.33.pdf3. McKee, Ann C., et al. "The first NINDS/NIBIB consensus meeting to define neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy." Acta neuropathologica 131.1 (2016): 75-86. The first NINDS/NIBIB consensus meeting to define neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy4. Victoroff, Jeff. "Traumatic encephalopathy: review and provisional research diagnostic criteria." NeuroRehabilitation 32.2 (2013): 211-224.5. Montenigro, Philip H., et al. "Clinical subtypes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: literature review and proposed research diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome." Alzheimers Res Ther 6.5 (2014): 68. Alzheimer's Research & Therapy6. Casson, Ira R., et al. "Is there chronic brain damage in retired NFL players? Neuroradiology, neuropsychology, and neurology examinations of 45 retired players." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 6.5 (2014): 384-395.7. Tremblay, Sara, et al. "Multimodal assessment of primary motor cortex integrity following sport concussion in asymptomatic athletes." Clinical Neurophysiology 125.7 (2014): 1371-1379.8. Small, Gary W., et al. "PET scanning of brain tau in retired national football league players: preliminary findings." The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 21.2 (2013): 138-144. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Natacha_Emerson/publication/235366211_PET_Scanning_of_Brain_Tau_in_Retired_National_Football_League_Players_Preliminary_Findings/links/0a85e52d5acad74ec1000000.pdf9. McKee, Ann C., et al. "The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy." Brain 136.1 (2013): 43-64. http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/brain/136/1/43.full.pdf10. Omalu, Bennet, et al. "Emerging histomorphologic phenotypes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in American athletes." Neurosurgery 69.1 (2011): 173-183.11. Davis, Gavin A., Rudolph J. Castellani, and Paul McCrory. "Neurodegeneration and sport." Neurosurgery 76.6 (2015): 643-656. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul_McCrory/publication/276439553_Neurodegeneration_and_Sport/links/555e69d408ae9963a1141785.pdf12. Poste, George. "Bring on the biomarkers." Nature 469.7329 (2011): 156-157.13. Papa, Linda, et al. "Systematic review of clinical studies examining biomarkers of brain injury in athletes after sports-related concussion." Journal of neurotrauma 32.10 (2015): 661-673.14. Zetterberg, Henrik, Douglas H. Smith, and Kaj Blennow. "Biomarkers of mild traumatic brain injury in cerebrospinal fluid and blood." Nature Reviews Neurology 9.4 (2013): 201-210. http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/journal/v9/n4/pdf/nrneurol.2013.9.pdf15. Olsson, Bob, et al. "Biomarker-based dissection of neurodegenerative diseases." Progress in neurobiology 95.4 (2011): 520-534.16. Papa, Linda, et al. "GFAP out-performs S100β in detecting traumatic intracranial lesions on computed tomography in trauma patients with mild traumatic brain injury and those with extracranial lesions." Journal of neurotrauma 31.22 (2014): 1815-1822.17. Kulbe, Jacqueline R., and James W. Geddes. "Current status of fluid biomarkers in mild traumatic brain injury." Experimental neurology 275 (2016): 334-352.Thanks for the R2A, Alecia Li Morgan.

Everyone here is trying to discourage you. Don’t listen to them And there is no official tier of colleges. Especially fellow Indians here will try to belittle your profile badly. I would suggest get a proper WES evaluation done. You will get a fair idea of your GPA. After that apply to 2 in top 20, 5 in top 21-50 and 3 in top 51–100. This increases your chances.Explain your low GPA. It can be anything for illness, or family problem or lack of proper focussed study due to extra-curricular. But this is allowed only for max 1–2 semesters i think.Explain that your university has a rigorous work load as many Indian institutions do. Explain the grading scale. Explain where your standing is compared to the topper.Relevant work experience will help.Also stop asking for approval on Quora. Especially fellow Indians will postulate theories which they themselves are not sure about and make it sound axiomatic. Best assessment to get is directly talking to professors in the universities. Your GRE is good. I think it puts you in around 85 percentile range score,meaning your is better than 85% score takers.Don’t apply only to top 20 institutions. That will decrease your chances. Diversify it to top 100. Spread it out such that at year end you at least have 1 admit in your hand.Also USA is no sacrosanct place to study. Canada and Australia are equally good. In fact McGill ‘s minimum criteria for Indian students is Higher Second class. University of New South Wales and University of Melbourne have the same requirements. They also rank in to 100 in the world, which puts them on par with US universities. US is a vast landmass. So are Australia and Canada. Diversifying across countries, lands you into a good university because not all universities are GPA snobs. People with 4 GPA and low research work can not get into MIT,Cambridge, Imperial London, Caltech, UCB,UCLA, Stanford and the likes because these are extremely research based universities and I generally don’t recommend top 5–10 in the world to Indians because most of us are just not ready for it. Atleast at Masters level,because we wake up late to research. But that is fine. There are better colleges down the lane which can cater to your concurrent needs. Once you have polished yourself there, a PhD or PhD + MBA awaits you at these top 10–20 colleges, if you wish to.It is always sensible to take small steps. Large Jumps cause injuries which take time to heal, or never get healed. Yes there are few exceptional Indians especially at IITs and BITS and IISc who start research early, but there are variety of factors behind that, like family background, schooling, friend circle etc. But that doesn’t make you any inferior to them You woke up late. Neither does it give you a license to call your college third tier. Uneducated fellow compatriots might venerate one institution over another, but as the Kenyan Lady suggested, if you write SOP well, your fortunes might turn around. Maybe completely, or maybe by a smaller angle. If you are unsure of yourself, stop looking at IITian salary packages and Sundar Pichai, instead look for Satya Nadella’s journey from Manipal,which was relatively new around that time, to Chicago Booth to MSoft. More recently, you need to look into Sampriti Bhattacharya. Kolkata Girl Makes It to Forbes 30 Under 30 List for Developing Pathbreaking Underwater Drones Where is she from? Some St. Thomas College in Kolkata validated by West Bengal University of Technology. Better than IIT or BITS or NITs on paper? No. Maybe she didn’t even have a good GPA, which I am unsure of . But lets suppose. She had. She got interested into Aerospace through regular planetarium visits. So she went to Ohio State, which btw accepts 3.5 and above. Besides what makes you think 3.5 is low and ask for approval from partially ignorant people is really confounding. So from Ohio State, Sampriti got an MS in Aerospace, where mind you, her BTech was in Electronics and Telecommunication. From MS in Aero, she shifted to MIT Media labs, which gives you a PhD and MBA lessons from Sloan and Harvard Kennedy. Just through hard work, patience, constant ingenuity in thoughts obviously and also I think she gave no rats ass of what people think about her profile. We can safely say that, if IIT,NIT,IIIT,BITS is tier 1, VJTI, COEP , MSRIT, RVCOE, MIT, MITCOE are tier 2, then her BTech is from either a tier 2 or tier 3 college. Lessons ? : She probably wanted to go to MIT during her Masters, but she didn’t jump directly. She went to Ohio State first. From there, she worked and jumped to MIT.So don’t worry. Diversify. Sweden and Denmark are also good for IT. If you were planning to apply to 10 programs to US, apply to some 15 more across the globe. That balances your profile and your chances to get a good education as well as a brand on your resume for job and further research/MBA. Find out where the top 100 or 500 IT firms in the world originate. Find out who gives a better work visa chance(Canada, Australia and Netherlands win hands down here) . So don’t get startled. There is like 3.5 months more to improve it . You can at least improve it by 10–15% to make it more attractive. Its the package you sell. Thankfully, MS applications don’t have an interview or many would be into a precarious situation. Baby steps. Everything will happen nicely.There is a saying in Hindi, Jab Jaago Tabhi Savera ( The morning starts, when you wake up). So it is good you have woken up . As someone commented, find out the purpose of an MS in a top college. There is no point to run for 100 metres sprint, if you don’t want to win the medal. That medal would look like a piece of junk, if you want to become an actor. Remember, oranges can’t substitute apples. Like a work ex. of a programmer can’t substitute for an engine designer, a good ranking college can’t substitute for a low ranking colleges and vice versa, if your interests don’t align with either.Also Quora is for asking questions. Not for approvals :P Don’t seek approval, and if you do, seek it from those who know it best. The admission council members and the professors at the university. Not even Indian students at the prospected university. When the population of the country is 1.3 billion with additional competition from Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America, don’t expect any one with +/- 5 years age group to give you helpful concise advice. Older people, like one of the gentlemen here can be of better and more reassuring help , because they didn’t reach that age just playing poker.I think your profile is above average, but like everything it can to be improved. Make yourself look like a winner. Do work which will expand your knowledge , not just for inflating your profile. Colleges are like corporate organisations. Their products, the students are their marketing tool. So everyone wants a winner so the chances of producing subsequent wins increase. If you show the mettle for the same, consider yourself admitted.(Personal advice, instead of going to low tier colleges in USA, if you get an admit as such, and a better ranked European or Canadian or Australian University, compare the research ops, the profs and the job ops. Whoever wins, go there. )Best Luck. May you find better advisers.

This is a good question, let's enumerate some important laws which came in the newspapers in the past 12 months.We shall make this post crowd-sourced. And we are planning to reward our contributors by giving them credits* -Detailed Well Presented 100 word Explanation - 2000Giving Valid Links and a Small Brief - 1000Giving Names of New Laws - 500Contributors (As of now) - Jai Parimi, Divya Malika, Prasanna, Ashutosh Pandey, Arihant Pawariya (अरिहंत पावङिया), Divya Choudhary (दिव्या चौधरी), Varsha Singh, Priyanka Peeramsetty, User, Gaurav Kumar, Jagannadh, Arpit Pareek, Nikhil Deshmukh, Harshit Ladva1) The National Judicial Appointments Commission Bill, 2014 and the 99th Constitutional AmendmentA bill to provide for the composition of the Judicial Appointments Commission for the purpose of recommending persons for appointment as Chief Justice of India and other Judges of the Supreme Court, Chief Justices and other Judges of High Courts, its functions, procedure to be followed by it and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.Key Issues and AnalysisThe current method of appointments has been examined by various bodies including the Law Commission and the Parliamentary Standing Committee. They vary in the role of the executive and judiciary in making appointments of judges.The composition of the JAC has not been included in the Constitution, but has been left for Parliament to decide by law. This implies that modifying the composition of the JAC would not require a constitutional amendment, but may be altered by a simple majority in Parliament.The Standing Committee examining the JAC Bill has recommended that (i) the JAC be composed of three eminent persons, (ii) the broad parameters for short listing of candidates for HC appointments be laid down in the Bill, and (iii) the center also consider the setting up of state level appointments commissions comprising the Chief Minister, the Chief Justice of HC and the Leader of Opposition.2) Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Reservation Act, 2013Objective - The principle objective of the new bill is fair compensation, thorough resettlement and rehabilitation of those affected, adequate safeguards for their well-being and complete transparency in the process of land acquisition. The title has been amended to reflect this.Need - There is unanimity of opinion across the social and political spectrum that the Old Law (The Land Acquisition Act 1894) suffers from various shortcomings and is outdated. Some of these include Forced acquisitions, No safeguards, Silent on resettlement and rehabilitation of those displaced, Urgency clause, Low rates of compensation, Litigation. To say the least, the Old Act needs to be replaced at the earliest by fair, reasonable and rational enactment in tune with the constitutional provisions, particularly, Article 300A of the Constitution.Link - Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 20133) Companies Act, 2013 (CSR Pref)Objective - Effective from financial year 2014-15, every company, private limited or public limited, which either has a net worth of Rs 500 crore or a turnover of Rs 1,000 crore or net profit of Rs 5 crore, needs to spend at least 2% of its average net profit for the immediately preceding three financial years on corporate social responsibility activities.Impact - The CSR activities undertaken by the companies will benefit hunger and poverty eradication, promoting preventive healthcare, promoting education and promoting gender equality, setting up homes for women, orphans and the senior citizens, measures for reducing inequalities faced by socially and economically backward groups, ensuring environmental sustainability and ecological balance, animal welfare, protection of national heritage and art and culture and many more.Link - Companies Act, 2013, Companies - It's a good articlePRSIndia– This describes the whole of companies act – Checkpoint 135 for CSR4) Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005Objective - Landmark bill, which realized the Right to seek and access Information in line with the interpretation of Art.19(1)(a) of our constitution.Impact - Champion to ensure Transparency and accountability in the governance procedures. it enforces the right of every citizen of India to have an access to the information regarding any money given by the State to any authority, thereby causing such authority to utilize such money reasonably and judiciously and also for keeping a check over their conduct and indulgence in corrupt activities. In 2002, SC’s verdict gave the citizens have a right to know about charges against candidates for elections as well as details of their assets, since they desire to offer themselves for public service and public servants cannot claim exemption from disclosure of charges against them or details of their assets. It is a powerful tool which can be realised in changing social dynamics and needs.Criticism - Debates regarding the ambit of RTI’s scope have been articulated, to be extended, say to the political parties, temples, schools and also privatized public utility companies. Evidences of misusage have come to the limelight, say Naxalites using RTI’s to check the assets of local landlords to loot themGuide to RTI : Page on rti.gov.in5) Special Economic Zones (SEZ) Act, 2005Objective - The SEZ Act is expected to give a big thrust to exports and consequently to the foreign direct investment (“FDI”) inflows into India, and is considered to be one of the finest pieces of legislation that may well represent the future of the industrial development strategy in India. The new law is aimed at encouraging PPP to develop world-class infrastructure and attract private investment (domestic and foreign), boosting economic growth, exports and employmentImpact - The government gets the capital needed to establish the required infrastructure and also the expertise. SEZ’s with relaxed import tariffs help the Import dependent and export driven industries to flourish. SEZ’s create immense employment opportunities and improve the country’s foreign export.Criticism - Practical implementation witnesses several backlogs ranging from regional disparities, grabbing arable land, labour laws issues and supply chain management which fail to be addressed effectively through the bill6) Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013Objective -The government introduced the Bill to redefine the offence of rape and amend the penal laws in line with the recommendations of the Law Commission and the National Commission for Women. The government withdrew the previous Bill and Ordinance, and introduced the Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2013. The changes wrt the ordinance in the act are:Impact - Popularly known as the Anti-rape bill, this came out of the protests of 2012 Delhi Gang rape case.Criticism - For not including certain suggestions recommended by the Verma Committee Report like, marital rape, reduction of age of consent, amending Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act.Some detailed work: http://www.atimysore.gov.in/workshops/wppts/gender_issues/crim_law_amnd_2013_drjagadeesh_jsslaw_college.pdf7) Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013Objective - To provide protection against sexual harassment of women at workplace and for the prevention and redressal of complaints of sexual harassment and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. the protection against sexual harassment and the right to work with dignity are universally recognized human rightsImpact - On a broader line, this ensures safe work environment for women against sexual abuse at work place and is capable of garnering a greater female work force and these are the Major features the act provides for.Criticism - It does not cover women in the armed forces and excludes women agricultural workers, "a gross injustice to agricultural workers. The burden of proof is on the women who complain of harassment. If found guilty of making a false complaint or giving false evidence, she could be prosecuted, which has raised concerns about women being even more afraid of reporting offences. Furthermore, the law requires a third-party NGO to be involved, which could make employers less comfortable in reporting grievances, due to confidentiality concerns.8) DNA Profiling Bill, 2012Purpose - DNA analysis makes it possible to determine whether the source of origin of one body substance is identical to that of another, and further to establish the biological relationship, if any, between two individuals, living or dead without any doubt.Tip - Lawful purposes of establishing identity in criminal or civil proceedings.Impact - It will be essential to establish standards for laboratories, staff qualifications, training, proficiency testing, collection of body substances, custody trail from collection to reporting and a Data Bank with policies of use and access to information therein, its retention and deletion.DNA Data Bank Manager will supervise, execute and maintain this system and a DNA Profiling Board of eminent scientists, administrators and Law enforcement officers will administer and carry out other functions assigned to it under this Act.Link - DNA Profiling Bill - PDF9) Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority Bill, 2011Purpose - So far, India has excellent record in nuclear safety and radiation safety; but the Central Government intends to promote nuclear energy to meet shortfall in total energy requirement of the country; and whereas such excellent safety record in nuclear safety and radiation safety is required to be sustained for growth in the nuclear energy sector.Impact - Now, therefore, it has been considered necessary and expedient to establish regulators to ensure continued excellence in nuclear safety and radiation safety in all applications of radiation and atomic energy on a large scale.10) Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill, 2010Purpose - As the name itself indicates that it is an Act to provide for civil liability for nuclear damage and prompt compensation to the victims of a nuclear incident through a no-fault liability regime channeling liability to the operator.Impact - Appointment of Claims Commissioner, establishment of Nuclear Damage Claims Commission connected there with.11) IT Act, 2000 and IT (Amendment) Bill, 2006Purpose - It is an Act to provide legal recognition for the transactions carried out by means of electronic data interchange and other means of electronic communication, commonly referred to as "Electronic Commerce", which involve the use of alternatives to paper based methods of communication and storage of information, to facilitate electronic filings of documents with the Government and other related agencies.Tip - It is renamed as the Information Technology Act, 2008Impact - To promote efficient delivery of Government services by means of reliable electronic records.12) National Green Tribunal Bill, 2009Purpose - For the effective disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests and other natural resources including enforcement of any legal rights relating to environment and giving relief and compensation for damages to persons and property.Impact - National Green Tribunal law is enacted in view of the involvement of multi-disciplinary issues relating to the environment and also to implement the decisions taken at Rio de Janeiro and Stockholm Conferences.Link - NGT Bill - PDF13) Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969Objective - It is designed to ensure that the operation of the economic system does not result in concentration of the economic power to the common detriment.The act also provides for probation of monopolistic, unfair and restrictive trade practices.Impact - The MRTP Commission if on enquiry concludes that the practice under consideration is of restrictive or unfair in nature , it may:Order discontinuation of the practice and restrict its repetition (cease and desist order ), the agreement shall be void and shall stand modified as may specified in the order. It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.Link - MRTP Act, 196914) Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2008(Coal scam and SC verdict, so important)Objective - To develop and regulate mining & mineral industries and bring it under the control of one union by setting up mineral funds on National level, granting concessions, share benefit schemes while preventing illegal mining.Impact - Safeguards on regulating and safe disposal of waste in consonance with environmental norms will be incorporated. Through implementation of proper taxing and speedy approvals on action against violations illegal mining will be preventedLink - Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Bill 200815) Whistleblower Protection Bill, 2011It seeks to establish a mechanism to register complaints on any allegations of corruption or wilful misuse of power against a public servant. The Bill also provides safeguards against victimisation of the person who makes the complaint.Highlights of the BillThe Bill seeks to protect whistleblowers, i.e. persons making a public interest disclosure related to an act of corruption, misuse of power, or criminal offence by a public servant.The Vigilance Commission shall not disclose the identity of the complainant except to the head of the department if he deems it necessary. The Bill penalises any person who has disclosed the identity of the complainant.Key Issues and AnalysisThe Bill aims to balance the need to protect honest officials from undue harassment with protecting persons making a public interest disclosure. It punishes any person making false complaints. However, it does not provide any penalty for victimizing a complainant.16) Juvenile Justice(Care and Protection) Bill 2014Objectives: The Bill seeks to achieve the objectives of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children. It specifies procedural safeguards in cases of children in conflict with law. It seeks to address challenges in the existing Act such as delays in adoption processes, high pendency of cases, accountability of institutions, etc. The Bill further seeks to address children in the 16-18 age group, in conflict with law, as an increased incidence of crimes committed by them have been reported over the past few years.Coverage: The Bill defines a child as anyone less than 18 years of age. However, a special provision has been inserted for the possibility of trying 16-18 year old committing heinous offenses, as adults. A heinous offense is defined as one for which the minimum punishment under the Indian Penal Code is seven years.17) Citizens Charters & Grievance Redressal Bill, 2011. (CCGR)The Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011 also known as The Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances Bill, 2011 or Citizens Charter Bill was a proposed in Lok Sabha in December 2011. The bill lapsed due to dissolution of the 15th Lok Sabha.The Right of Citizens for Time Bound Delivery of Goods and Services and Redressal of their Grievances Bill, 2011 lays down obligations of every public authority towards citizens, specifying delivery of goods and services in a time-bound manner and providing for a grievance redressal mechanism for non-compliance of citizens charter.Highlights :The Bill makes it mandatory for every public authority to publish a Citizen’s Charter within six months of the commencement of the Act.The Citizen’s Charter shall list the details of the goods and services provided by a public authority; the name of the person or agency responsible for providing the goods or services; the time frame within which such goods or services have to be provided; the category of people entitled to the goods and services; and details of the complaint redressal mechanism.Grievance redress officer : It requires every public authority to designate grievance redress officers in all public offices to enquire into and redress any complaints from citizens in a timeframe not exceeding 30 days from the date of receipt of the complaint.Public Grievance Redressal Commissions : The Bill provides for constitution of the state public grievance redressal commission and the central public grievance redressal commission consisting of chief commissioners and other commissioners.Penalty : DA and Commission can impose fine of Max. Rs 50000 to concerned officials/GRO. The penalty shall be recovered from the salary of the official. Such penalty may be awarded as compensation to the appellant.Corruption Prevention : The Designated Authority and the Commissions may refer a matter to the appropriate authorities if there is prima facie evidence of a corrupt act under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. An appeal against the decision of the Central Commission shall be filed before the Lokpal. An appeal against the decision of the State Commission shall be filed before the Lokayukta.Criticism :Against federal Spirit : Citizens’ charter bill provides for GRO and Grievances Commission at state and central level, but Parliament doesn’t not have jurisdiction to enact such law. Only State legislature has jurisdiction to make laws regarding state public services.More than ten states have already enacted a Citizen Charter Act or Public Services Guarantee Act in their respective states. Many of these state laws have provisions that are much better than the proposed Bill.Lack of Autonomy : According to the bill, the commissioners may be removed without judicial inquiry.Duplication of work : Several states have their own grievance redressal laws, The mechanism provided under these laws is different from that provided under the Bill. This will lead to duplication of work and organizations.MNREGA Act, RTE Act, National Food Security Bill, and the Public Procurement Bill also have their own grievances redressal forums. This will again lead to more duplication.Sources :Copy of Bill : Page on prsindia.orgSummery of Bill : Page on prsindia.orgWiki Page : Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011Mrual Page : Citizens Charter Bill 2011: Salient Features, Issues, CriticismRediff Page : All you need to know about the Citizen's Charter Bill18) Right to Education Act, 2009The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE), was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the rules and regulations for free and compulsory education of children between 6 and 14 under Article 21A of Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.Highlights :The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 stipulates that private schools reserve 25 per cent of seats at the entry level for children belonging to ‘disadvantaged groups’ and ‘weaker sections’.The Act also provides that no child shall be held back, expelled, or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementary education. There is also a provision for special training of school drop-outs to bring them up to par with students of the same age.Mentally and physically challenged children, entitled to free education in special schools, were included in the definition through an amendment in 2012.It also prohibits all unrecognised schools from practice, and makes provisions for no donation or capitation fees and no interview of the child or parent for admissions.Criticism :The act has been criticised for being hastily-drafted, not consulting many groups active in education, not considering the quality of education, infringing on the rights of private and religious minority schools to administer their system, and for excluding children under six years of age.Problems faced :Poor Response : Lack of awareness about the Act, inability to meet the distance criteria and difficulty in obtaining necessary certificates from government authorities could be some of the reasons for this.The Act provides for admission of children without any certification. However, several states have continued pre-existing procedures insisting that children produce income and caste certificates, BPL cards and birth certificates.The Act is not applicable to private minority schools and boarding schools.Report on the status of implementation of the Act released by the Ministry of Human Resource Development admits that 8.1 million children in the age group six-14 remain out of school and there’s a shortage of 508,000 teachers country-wide.Conclusion :For all its flaws, the RTE Act is a progressive piece of legislation that aims to take education to the masses and fill the gaps in the social system.Sources :Copy of Act : Page on ssa.nic.inWiki page : Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education ActHindu Article : Advantages and disadvantages of RTE Act19) Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2013 (POSCO)Objective – The act aims at ensuring protection of children from sexual abuse.Pros –1. Gender Neutral bill. 53% victims of children are victims.2. Stringent punishment (upto life imprisonment)3. Covers broad range of sexual crimes such as non-penetrative sexual assault, sexual harassment, and the use of children for pornography4. Includes special procedures to prevent the re-victimisation of children at the hands of an insensitive justice delivery system5. Protects victims identity and provides assisting legal, medical and psychological facilitiesCons –1. Criminalises all consensual sexual contact below 18 years age.2. The age provision is not in consonance with other acts.3. Regressive and draconian considering today’s social realities. Children are increasingly aware of each others sexualities at early age.4. Child marriage is prevalent on large scale. The age provision ignores this reality. Liable to bogus and unjustified complaints.Source – The Hindu : Good Act, bad provision20) The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 2013Objective – The act aims to combat corruption in government agencies and public sector businesses in India.Pros -1. Covers the offence of giving a bribe to a public servant under abetment. Specific provisions related to giving a bribe to a public servant, and giving a bribe by a commercial organisation.2. Redefines criminal misconduct to only cover misappropriation of property and possession of disproportionate assets.3. Modifies the definitions and penalties for offences related totaking a bribe, being a habitual offender and abetting an offence.4. Introduces Powers and procedures for the attachment and forfeiture of property of public servants accused of corruption.5. The Act requires prior sanction to prosecute serving public officials. The Bill extends this protection to former officials.Cons -1. The Bill makes giving a bribe a specific offence. There are diverging views on whether bribe giving under all circumstances must be penalised. Some have argued that a coerced bribe giver must be distinguished from a collusive bribe giver.2. The Bill has deleted the provision that protects a bribe giver from prosecution, for any statement made by him during a corruption trial. This may deter bribe givers from appearing as witnesses in court.3. The Bill has replaced the definition of criminal misconduct. It now requires that the intention to acquire assets disproportionate to income also be proved, in addition to possession of such assets. Thus, the threshold to establish the offence of possession of disproportionate assets has been increased by the Bill.4. By redefining the offence of criminal misconduct, the Bill does not cover circumstances where the public official: (i) uses illegal means, (ii) abuses his position, or (iii) disregards public interest and obtains a valuable thing or reward for himself or another person.5. Under the Act, the guilt of the person is presumed for the offences of taking a bribe, being a habitual offender or abetting an offence. The Bill amends this provision to only cover the offence of taking a bribe.Source - The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 201321) Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) (Regulation) Bill 2010Objective – The bill aims at legalizing (commercial) surrogacy.Pros –1. Offers legal protection to child and surrogate mothers.2. Regulation of IVF/ART clinics and holding them Accountable for ensuring best medical practices.3. Curbs exploitation of mother. Limits number of child births per mother to five.4. Introduces age limit for surrogate mother – 21 to 35.5. Ensures Child’s citizenship to be same as parents.Cons –1. Legal back up will lead to widespread commercialization of surrogacy, posing serious ethical, moral and philosophical questions.2. Mandatory certificate ensuring legality of surrogacy in foreign couple’s home country needed. Impediments in smooth commercial functioning.3. No provision in the bill if parent’s change their mind or die. Child’s responsibility in this case is debatable.4. Plethora of in-genuine clinics in India. Exploitation of poor and illiterate mothers because of their incapability to understand legalities involved.Source - Issues of surrogacy, PIB English Features22) Biotechnology Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013Objective - The Bill sets up an independent authority, the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI), to regulate organisms and products of modern biotechnology.Pros –1. BRAI will regulate the research, transport, import, containment, environmental release, manufacture, and use of biotechnology products.2. Regulatory approval by BRAI will be granted through a multi-level process of assessment undertaken by scientific experts.3. BRAI will certify that the product developed is safe for its intended use. All other laws governing the product will continue to apply.4. A Biotechnology Regulatory Appellate Tribunal will hear civil cases that involve a substantial question relating to modern biotechnology and hear appeals on the decisions and orders of BRAI.5. Penalties are specified for providing false information to BRAI, conducting unapproved field trials, obstructing or impersonating an officer of BRAI and for contravening any other provisions of the Bill.Cons -1. The Tribunal has jurisdiction over a ‘substantial question relating to modern biotechnology’ – An ambiguous term.2. The Tribunal will consist of one judicial member and five technical members. This is not in conformity with a SC decision that the number of technical members on a bench of a Tribunal cannot exceed the number of judicial members.3. The Tribunal’s technical members shall be eminent scientists or government officials with experience in the field. It is unclear whether the technical expertise of the latter can be equated with the former.4. The Bill does not specify any liability for damage caused by a product of biotechnology. Therefore, it will remain open to the courts to determine liability arising out of any adverse impact of modern biotechnology.5. Tribunal will not accept complaints from civil society, in spite of the fact that the Bill directly or indirectly affects every citizen. No public consultation done.6. Non clarity over Dept of GoI that will service BRAI. No mention of mandatory labelling of GM crops.7. Takes away rights of states to decide on Agriculture, which is state subject.8. The Convener of the Selection Committee for members of BRAI will be from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), which is a vendor of genetic engineering (the technology that BRAI is supposed to regulate) in the country. Conflict of Interest will arise.Source - The Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bill, 2013Unconstitutional, unethical, unscientific23) Coal Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013ObjectiveTo set up an independent regulatory body for the coal sector that shall help in the regulation and conservation of coal resources and will benefit all stakeholders i.e. - coal companies, coal consuming industries such as power, steel, cement and coal bearing States and people, directly or indirectly associated with the coal industry.A fund called ‘The Coal Regulatory Authority Fund” is created to credit all the receipts and fees received.Constituents1 chairperson + 4 members. One each from legal , technical , administrative and financial wings. All to be selected by a committee of Group of Ministers (GoM) headed by Cabinet Secretary.What will it do ?Inject transparency in allocation of coal blocks.Decide and Monitor operational norms and mining closure compliances and such.Determine pricing of the fuel and publishing surveys, information, statistics, etc related to coal sector and coal quality.Adjudicate disputes between entities and between entities and other persons.Advise government on technologies, policy, promotion, investment etc.Ref :- The Coal Regulatory Authority Bill, 2013,Coal Regulatory Authority Bill likely in Winter session24) eWaste (Management and Handling) Act, 2011What is it ?E-waste has beendefined as “waste electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded”.AIM :-Reduction in the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment.Specifying threshold for use of hazardous material including lead, mercury and cadmium.Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) thus introduces the concept of "Extended Producer Responsibility".How will it work ?It fixes responsibilities on every producer, seller, consumer or bulk consumer, collection centre, dismantler and recycler of e-waste involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and processing of electrical and electronic equipment or components.E.g. :Recycling of E-Waste generated during manufacturing and "End of Life" of electronic and electrical equipments.Setting up of collection centres by companies or individuals to collect E-waste and discard them.Setting up of funds by corporate to boost scientific and eco-friendly disposal of E-waste.CritiqueNo accountability set on anyone.E-Industry remains skeptical of the efficacy of this act.No specific targets set.Ref :- @E-waste management rules kick in today@Page on moef.nic.in25) Prevention of Communal and Targeted Violence Bill, 2011What is it ?The bill is intended to prevent “any act or series of acts, whether spontaneous or planned, resulting in injury or harm to the person and or property, knowingly directed against any person by virtue of his or her membership of any group."How ?The billAddresses identity-based or targeted crimes and organised mass violence as special offences.Places accountability of public officers with varying penalties for dereliction of duty it.Provides for the creation of a National Authority and the State authorities to ensure justice and reparation.Addresses issues faced by specific communities like economic boycott, denial of public service, forced migration , hostile environment etc.Empowers state and center government to intercept any messages and communication that it feels might lead to communal violence.Sets up district level authorities to assess compensation.CritiquesCurbing freedom of expression by terming it as Hate propaganda.Presumption of guilt and burden of proof on the accused – The accused will have to prove innocence.All the persons acting under this Act will have blanket of protection of action taken in good faith.Brings civil servants in direct line of fire by vaguely defining "dereliction of duty".26) Competition Act, 2002The Competition Act was passed in 2002Competition Commission of India (CCI) was established on March 1, 2009 as an autonomous body comprising of a Chairperson and six members.CCI not only hears and investigates cases based on the information received by it, but it also takes suo moto action wherever it finds that a prima facie violationCommission had taken suo-moto cognizance of the reported manipulation of the bids by manufacturers of LPG cylinders for supplying cylinders to the Indian Oil CorporationMany more such notices have been sent by CCI in the Petroleum sector, Agricuture sector etc. taking cognisance suo-moto.Role of trade associationsCompetition law treats the activities of trade associations much like any other form of cooperation between competitors.decisions or recommendations of trade associations are treated as agreements between its members and law may be breached even when they are not binding on the members.CCI imposed a nominal penalty of Rs. 1 lakh each on 27 film producers on charges of colluding through an association to exploit multiplex owners.number of cases involving the associations in the Pharmaceutical sector/Film production etc where CCI has passed orders against the associations and asked them to “cease and desist” from activities that may be anti-competitive in nature.Public Procurement and Competition LawPublic procurement is a contentious issue vis-à-vis application of competition lawpublic enterprises, which are generally the big procurers, are subject to competition assessment.Commission has decided a number of matters, including cartelization in government contracts. Penalties have been imposed on firms to discourage the anti-competitive practices and abuse of dominanceCompetition Commission of India is set to change the rules of the game and play the role of a watchdog to check anti-competitive practices in the markethttp://echoofindia.com/reflex-action/competition-commission-india-4-years-enforcement-competition-law-3216927) Prasar Bharati (Amendment) Bill, 201028) Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 200229) Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitaion Act, 2013. (Important, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan)30) Child Labour (Prohibition) Act, 198631) Scheduled Tribes and Recognition of Forest Rights Bill, 200632) Environment Protection Law, 198633) Wildlife Protection Act, 197234) The Electricity Act, 200335) Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas Act, 199636) Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 199237) Factories Act 1948/Amendment Bill 201438) Apprentice Act 1961/ Amendment Bill 201439) The Pension Fund Regulatory And Development Authority Act, 201340) The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill, 201341) Benami Transaction (Prohibition )Act, 198842) The National Food Security Act, 201343) Pesticides Management Bill, 2008*Maximum Credits per Person - 5000**Contributors earning more than 1000 credits <must> -a) Promote to at least 100 people.b) Share this list everywhere. :P :P LOL !Thank you all. :)Thanks for the A2A Anon. :)