The Uses Of Grammar 2e: Fill & Download for Free

I used this one: Arabic Verbs & Essentials of Grammar, 2E (Verbs and Essentials of Grammar Series): Jane Wightwick, Mahmoud Gaafar: 9780071498050: Amazon.com: Books

This question picked my curiosity, I wondered if there was something to add to Muhannad AlAyyoubi's answer and Hashem Mohamed's answer.No surprise the other Arabic speakers who tried to answer missed the point of the question, as traditional Arabic grammar does not refer to measures with Roman numerals. The “I, II, … XV” forms were invented by Western scholars in Arabic ; in my experience Arabic natives have rarely any reason to learn about this representation, and no way to guess by themselves what it means.Hashem refered to the Arabic verbs page of Wikipedia , which lays out clearly all the 15 triliteral forms and the 4 quadriliteral - too bad this page uses transliteration only, and not Arabic script.Do we have XI-XV in current use? TL;DR : no.A Frequency Dictionary of Arabic, by Buckwalter and Parkinson, does not mention any of these forms in the most frequent 5000 words. The book goes out of its way to mention also words up to the 8000 most frequent, too. For instance the only two occurrences for IX, اِحْمَرَّ and اِسْوَدَّ, are ranked respectively 6629th and 7967th. So XI-XV do not appear among the most frequent 8000 words. For comparison, the book gives 7 occurrences for QI and 4 for QII among the top 8000, but none for QIII and QIV.Arabic Verbs & Essentials of Grammar, 2E by Wightwick and Gaafar is an insufficient reference. They purposely do not cover IX because “it died out”. So it does not even mention XI-XV.501 Arabic Verbs by Scheindlin is slightly better, as it does mention “other forms” beyond I-X, but explains they are “exceedingly rare”. So the book itself does not give examples for XI-XV. For comparison, it does give 2 examples of QI, and one for each of QII and QIV.Bescherelle Arabe : les verbes, by Ammar and Dichy, claim they gathered 10,000 verbs in their conjugation guide. In their introductory section, they give 3 examples for XI, and one example only for each of XII-XV. In the conjugation pages, they did not include pages specifically for forms XIV or XV, so only the 2 examples in the introduction are easy to find: XIV اِحْلَنْكَكَ from حلك "to be extremely dark” and XV اِحْبَنْطَى from حبط “to be swollen” or “to be full of anger”. As for XI, apparently many of the IX forms can be turned into XI. As for XII, the book gives اِعْشَوَشَبَ ، اِحْزَوْزَأ ، اِحْلَوْلى ، اِغْرَوْوَقَ ، and اِجْلَوَّذَ for XIII. There may be others, but the index is not designed to find them easily. For comparison, I could find one example of QIII, and 4 for QIV.I don’t have access to 10000 Arabic Verbs by M. Shaffique, I wonder if it confirms the Bescherelle.This website Conjugate Arabic Verbs Online would be a great reference, but they have not included the forms XI-XV. They only cover I-X (called A-J in their system), and the 4 quadriliteral forms (called K-N for them). They database seems pretty small anyway ( 987 roots but only 1640 derived forms).The Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic of Wehr-Cowan, is designed only to look for a root, not for a form. The introduction refers to “the rare stems XI through XV” so there must be some of them in the dictionary. But many of those in Hashem's list (from wikipedia) are not mentioned. The ones I could find are XII : اِحْلَوْلَكَ and iḥdawdaba ; ighdawdana ; ikhshawshanaMy tentative conclusion: XI is very rare, and is only a superlative or poetic version of IX (which itself is infrequent). XII - XV are so unusual that they would baffle most native speakers.[edited after a couple of additional checks on the Wehr-Cowan and the Bescherelle].

Apostrophe 's: Its Uses:Rule 1a. Use the apostrophe to show possession. To show possession with a singular noun, add an apostrophe plus the letter s.Examples:a woman's hatthe boss's wifeMrs. Chang's houseRule 1b. Many common nouns end in the letter s (lens, cactus, bus, etc.). So do a lot of proper nouns (Mr. Jones, Texas, Christmas). There are conflicting policies and theories about how to show possession when writing such nouns. There is no right answer; the best advice is to choose a formula and stay consistent.Rule 1c. Some writers and editors add only an apostrophe to all nouns ending in s. And some add an apostrophe + s to every proper noun, be it Hastings's or Jones's.One method, common in newspapers and magazines, is to add an apostrophe + s ('s) to common nouns ending in s, but only a stand-alone apostrophe to proper nouns ending in s.Examples:the class's hoursMr. Jones' golf clubsthe canvas's sizeTexas' weatherCare must be taken to place the apostrophe outside the word in question. For instance, if talking about a pen belonging to Mr. Hastings, many people would wrongly write Mr. Hasting's pen (his name is not Mr. Hasting).Correct: Mr. Hastings' penAnother widely used technique is to write the word as we would speak it. For example, since most people saying "Mr. Hastings' pen" would not pronounce an added s, we would write Mr. Hastings' pen with no added s. But most people would pronounce an added s in "Jones's," so we'd write it as we say it: Mr. Jones's golf clubs. This method explains the punctuation of for goodness' sake.Rule 2a. Regular nouns are nouns that form their plurals by adding either the letter s or es (guy, guys; letter, letters; actress, actresses; etc.). To show plural possession, simply put an apostrophe after the s.Correct: guys' night out (guy + s + apostrophe)Incorrect: guy's night out (implies only one guy)Correct: two actresses' roles (actress + es + apostrophe)Incorrect: two actress's rolesRule 2b. Do not use an apostrophe + s to make a regular noun plural.Incorrect: Apostrophe's are confusing.Correct: Apostrophes are confusing.Incorrect: We've had many happy Christmas's.Correct: We've had many happy Christmases.In special cases, such as when forming a plural of a word that is not normally a noun, some writers add an apostrophe for clarity.Example: Here are some do's and don'ts.In that sentence, the verb do is used as a plural noun, and the apostrophe was added because the writer felt that dos was confusing. Not all writers agree; some see no problem with dos and don'ts.However, with single lowercase letters, it is advisable to use apostrophes.Example: My a's look like u's.Imagine the confusion if you wrote that sentence without apostrophes. Readers would see as and us, and feel lost.Rule 2c. English also has many irregular nouns (child, nucleus, tooth, etc.). These nouns become plural by changing their spelling, sometimes becoming quite different words. You may find it helpful to write out the entire irregular plural noun before adding an apostrophe or an apostrophe + s.Incorrect: two childrens' hatsThe plural is children, not childrens.Correct: two children's hats (children + apostrophe + s)Incorrect: the teeths' rootsCorrect: the teeth's rootsRule 2d. Things can get really confusing with the possessive plurals of proper names ending in s, such as Hastings and Jones.If you're the guest of the Ford family—the Fords—you're the Fords' guest (Ford + s + apostrophe). But what if it's the Hastings family?Most would call them the "Hastings." But that would refer to a family named "Hasting." If someone's name ends in s, we must add -es for the plural. The plural of Hastings is Hastingses. The members of the Jones family are the Joneses.To show possession, add an apostrophe.Incorrect: the Hastings' dogCorrect: the Hastingses' dog (Hastings + es + apostrophe)Incorrect: the Jones' carCorrect: the Joneses' carIn serious writing, this rule must be followed no matter how strange or awkward the results.Rule 2e. Never use an apostrophe to make a name plural.Incorrect: The Wilson's are here.Correct: The Wilsons are here.Incorrect: We visited the Sanchez's.Correct: We visited the Sanchezes.Rule 3. With a singular compound noun (for example, mother-in-law), show possession with an apostrophe + s at the end of the word.Example: my mother-in-law's hatIf the compound noun (e.g., brother-in-law) is to be made plural, form the plural first (brothers-in-law), and then use the apostrophe + s.Example: my two brothers-in-law's hatsRule 4a. If two people possess the same item, put the apostrophe + s after the second name only.Example: Cesar and Maribel's home is constructed of redwood.However, if one of the joint owners is written as a pronoun, use the possessive form for both.Incorrect: Maribel and my homeIncorrect: Mine and Maribel's homeCorrect: Maribel's and my homeIncorrect: he and Maribel's homeIncorrect: him and Maribel's homeCorrect: his and Maribel's homeIncorrect: you and Maribel's homeIncorrect: yours and Maribel's homeCorrect: Maribel's and your homeNote: As the above examples demonstrate, when one of the co-owners is written as a pronoun, use possessive adjectives (my, your, her, our, their). Avoid possessive pronouns (mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs) in such constructions.It should be mentioned that compound possessives are often clunky as well as confusing. For instance, a picture of her and Cesar's house could refer to a photo of "her" in front of the house that Cesar owns or a photo of the house that she and Cesar co-own. Big difference. Such ambiguous sentences should just be rewritten.Rule 4b. In cases of separate rather than joint possession, use the possessive form for both.Examples:Cesar's and Maribel's homes are both lovely.They don't own the homes jointly.Cesar and Maribel's homes are both lovely.The homes belong to both of them.Rule 5. Use an apostrophe with contractions. The apostrophe is placed where a letter or letters have been removed.Examples: doesn't, it's, 'tis, can't, you'd, should've, rock 'n' roll, etc.Incorrect: does'ntRule 6. There are various approaches to plurals for abbreviations, single letters, and numerals.Many writers and editors prefer an apostrophe after single capitalized letters.Example: I made straight A's.With groups of two or more capital letters, apostrophes seem less necessary.Examples:There are two new MPs on the base.He learned his ABCs.She consulted with three M.D.s. OR She consulted with three M.D.'s.Some write M.D.'s to give the s separation from the second period.Single-digit numbers are usually spelled out, but when they aren't, you are just as likely to see 2s and 3s as 2's and 3's. With double digits and above, many (but not everyone) regard the apostrophe as superfluous: I scored in the high 90s.There are different schools of thought about years and decades. The following examples are all in widespread use:Examples:the 1990sthe 1990'sthe '90sthe 90'sAwkward: the '90'sRule 7. Amounts of time or money are sometimes used as possessive adjectives that require apostrophes.Incorrect: three days leaveCorrect: three days' leaveIncorrect: my two cents worthCorrect: my two cents' worthRule 8. The personal pronouns hers, ours, yours, theirs, its, whose, and the pronoun oneself never take an apostrophe.Examples:Correct: Feed a horse grain. It's better for its health.Incorrect: Who's glasses are these?Correct: Whose glasses are these?Incorrect: Talking to one's self in public is odd.Correct: Talking to oneself in public is odd.Rule 9. When an apostrophe comes before a word or number, take care that it's truly an apostrophe (’) rather than a single quotation mark (‘).Incorrect: ‘Twas the night before Christmas.Correct: ’Twas the night before Christmas.Incorrect: I voted in ‘08.Correct: I voted in ’08.Rule 10. Beware of false possessives, which often occur with nouns ending in s. Don't add apostrophes to noun-derived adjectives ending in s. Close analysis is the best guide.Incorrect: We enjoyed the New Orleans' cuisine.In the preceding sentence, the word the makes no sense unless New Orleans is being used as an adjective to describe cuisine. In English, nouns frequently become adjectives. Adjectives rarely if ever take apostrophes.Incorrect: I like that Beatles' song.Correct: I like that Beatles song.Again, Beatles is an adjective, modifying song.Incorrect: He's a United States' citizen.Correct: He's a United States citizen.Rule 11. Beware of nouns ending in y; do not show possession by changing the y to ies.Correct: the company's policyIncorrect: the companies policyTo show possession when a noun ending in y becomes plural, write ies'. Do not write y's.Correct: three companies' policiesIncorrect: three company's policiesException: Names and other proper nouns ending in y become plural simply by adding an s. They do not form their plurals with an apostrophe, or by changing the y to ies.Correct: The Flannerys are coming over.Incorrect: The Flannery's are coming over.Incorrect: The Flanneries are coming over.Correct: The Flannerys' house was robbed.Incorrect: The Flanneries' house was robbed.