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Thank you for this question. My great grand mother and my grandmother were from Syros . I live on a neighbouring island and visit Syros very often for business and seeing friends. Márkos and rembetiko music style cannot be dissociated from Syros.Márkos Vamvakáris (10 May 1905 – 8 February 1972), was a rembetiko composer and musician. He is universally referred to by his first name, Márkos.Vamvakaris was born on 10 May 1905 in Ano Syros (or Ano Khora), Syros, Greece. It is a classical Cycladic medieval settlement that is densely built with narrow roads, circular order and a radial street plan. The overall effect reminds a fortified citadel.Ano SyrosHe was the first of six children, while his family belonged to the sizeable Roman Catholic community of the island, the "Francosyriani", a name deriving from the colloquial Greek reference to West Europeans Catholics as "the Franks" (Φράνγκοι / Frangi). The great significance of Vamvakaris is also reflected by his nickname: “Rembetiko’s patriarch ".A short history of Syros and Cyclades Islands(From Syros’ Municipal history department)During 747–750 AD Syros, like the rest of Greece, was hit by a large famine. After the Conquest of Constantinople by the Crusaders (1204), Syros fell under the Duchy of Naxos (or the Aegean) founded by Venetian Marco Sanudo. At the same time, or perhaps a little earlier, Ano Syros took its definitive form.During the “Latin period”, the local community accepted the Catholic doctrine, but retained its Greek language. There was also a small Orthodox parish , “St. Nicholas the Poor". In about 3½ centuries under the Duchy of the Aegean, Syros experienced a peculiar feudal type regime, with local hegemony disputes and frequent pirate raids.Fun fact: 1286 failed Syros’ siege by Tinos’ ruler B. Gyzis: the cause of the campaign? The kidnapping by pirates of a donkey owned by Gyzi and sold to Syros’ ruler G. Sanudo.In 1494 there were 400 inhabitants in Ano Syros, who mixed with the island’s Venetian occupiers. These few people lived under great poverty. During the 15th c. the Duchy of the Aegean had become essentially a protectorate of Venice.Venice granted certain rights and responsibilities for the management of local affairs to local noblemen and elders, which continued under Ottoman rule. After Byzantine autocratic rule, the introduction of some form of representative self government had a lasting influence in the islander’s mentality.Ottoman ruleThe capture of Syros and the other islands in 1537 by Hayredin Barbarossa established Ottoman domination over the Duchy, which was finally abolished in 1579. Syros then had 3,000 inhabitants. The negotiations between representatives of Syros and the Cyclades with Sultan Murad III ended with the granting of privileges to the islands: tax cuts, religious freedom, recognition of arbitration among Christians and a ban on Janissary presence on the islands. Of course, there were 'frictions and arbitrary’ with the Ottoman authorities, culminating in the 1617 raid on grounds of tax evasion (an ancient Greek custom). St George Cathedral was destroyed and Bishop Giannis Kargas hung. Many residents fled the island.Nevertheless the Ottoman’s imposed severe restrictions on the islanders’ ships’ size and their self protection weapons, meaning that they deprived them from their major source of income: trade. Since the islands yielded so little tax revenue, the Porte wasn’t interested in protecting them, hence threatened by constant Barbary pirate raids, many smaller islands were deserted.In the meantime, after signing the first treaty of capitulations in 1535 between France and the Porte, the Catholics of the Ottoman Empire were placed under French protection. Capucin monks (1635) and later Jesuits (1744) settled in Ano Syros which in 1635 boasted 2,000–3,000 Catholics and 100 Orthodox.Meanwhile Western Privateers had based themselves in the Cyclades islands. As contemporary traveller J. Piton de Tournefort (1702) wrote: “The Turks would not dare appear around these islands unless the privateers, who often grabbed them by the beard, drove them to their boats and made them slaves. Our corsairs were sometimes more effective at keeping Christianity than the passionate missionaries. A few years ago, 10-12 families from Naxos converted to Mohammedanism: Christians of the Latin community asked corsairs to grab them and ship them to Malta. Since then, no one ever wanted to become a Muslim ... If an Orthodox offended someone from the Latin community, the latter had only to complain to the captain of the first ship entering port and the Orthodox was punished."There were 5,000 Catholics in Syros, and 15 Orthodox families. The only Turk was the Qadi.The Venetian-Turkish wars of 1644-1699 certainly meant the weakening of the Ottomans' power in the Aegean, so the French king's interest in the islands, and in particular in Syros, which already had the highest Catholic population, increased. In parallel, the island grew commercially and became a stronghold of Catholicism. In 1652 the Capucins founded a school. Syros development was interrupted by an epidemic of plague in 1728. The Russian-Turkish war of 1770-74 led to the occupation of Syros by the Russian fleet, who among other destruction also stole many ancient artefacts.In 1779 and until 1803 Syros and Andros were granted by Sultan Abdul Hamid I to his nephew Shah Sultana, who assigned the administration of the islands to the local institutions, namely the Assembly of the Commons and the elected Commissioners. In the early 19th century. however, this system of community administration had become oligarchic, under the control of the Council of Presidents. Thus in 1814 the first and only class uprising occurred, resulting in the return to people’s rule.Trade expanded greatly in Syros and the islands in general, as a result from the Kucuk Kainarca Treaty and the restriction of piracy. The Islanders who till then were only allowed to own small boats, built bigger and bigger ships and gradually traded with Smyrna, Constantinople, Crete and Italy. Allowed to carry guns they defied the pirates. The port of Syros quickly became an important export hub, initially of wine from the Cyclades. Commercial shops were created to resupply ships more and more frequently calling at the port. Della Roca writes in 1790: "The port of Syros lies between two very important crossings for the largest port in the East. Situated on one side between the islands of Evia and Andros and on the other between Tinos and Mykonos, it is so convenient and so favourable to the ships tested by the winds in these passages, that there are few weeks without ships. There are often 15-18 ships in the port. "According to some sources, the population in 1750 was 2,000 (probably due to the plague epidemic of 1728), 4,000 in 1790, and 5,000 in 1820.Favourable economic growth conditions, religious differences, semi-autonomy and protection by French authorities led the Syriani to maintain a fairly neutral attitude at the outbreak of the 1821 Greek War of Independence.Modern timesThe neutrality of Syros at the beginning of the Revolution offered shelter to refugees from the massacres of Smyrna, Ayvalık and Chios in 1822. They were initially sheltered by locals in Ano Syros, but after the disaster of Chios in April In 1822, Psara in 1824, the occupation of Kasos, and the suppression of the uprising in Crete, thousands of refugees arrived in Syros creating a new city near the harbour. In 1826 its residents gathered in the newly built church of Metamorphosis to choose the new settlement’s name. Finally, the proposal of Chiot Loukas Rallis was accepted: "Gentlemen, under Hermes', the Protector of Commerce, did our city flourish, so lets dedicate it to him and name it Ermoupolis". In the same year the first Municipal Council of Elders was elected. In the meantime the Greek National Assembly of 1823 decided that Syros would now be under Greek rule. However, the imposition of the new state on the island was not an easy task. The local Syriani wanted to preserve their neutrality, while the refugee traders wanted no restriction or tax burden on their businesses, although Syros had financially boosted the Revolution with taxes, customs duties and mandatory collections.In the meantime, harbour traffic increased rapidly, with the movement of wheat and munitions sold to both Greek and Ottoman warships, the divestment of booty and pirate loot, the exchange of prisoners, as well as the slave trade,In 1828, in the first census, Syros had 20,200 inhabitants, Ermoupolis numbered 13,800, while 1,100 more refugees were registered in Ano Syros. The Chians were 4,500, the Asian Minors 4,500, the other islanders 3,800 , the Peloponnesians and the Roumeliotes 2,000 and the other foreigners 200. In 1833 following king Otto’s enthronement, Ermoupolis became the Cyclades prefecture capital, and in 1835 George Petritzis its first mayor. Mayor of Ano Syros was G. Justinian. The Ermoupolites took part, together with the Hydriots, in the uprising against Kapodistrias, and later, in 1862 against king Otto.The Ermoupolites easily went into the trade of "manufactured goods” silk, leather, and steel, creating at the same time a strong banking system. In 1845 the first branch of the National Bank became operational and Syros became the country's first commercial port. In 1834 the breakwater was built, the lighthouse, the first in Greece "Customs Transit Warehouses" and in 1839-42 the Quarantine Station. In 1837 a City plan was drawn up, paid for by the wealthy. In 1839 the Gymnasium (High School) was founded by Neophyte Vamvakas, an important step in people’s education. With the introduction of steam shipping, the first Greek shipping company was founded in Syros in 1856 under the name "Greek Steamship Company".Along with trade, thanks to the multitude of refugees who had no other means of livelihood than their labour, shipping, shipyards, public works and eventually the steam industry developed. The Syros’ shipyards pioneered the rebuilding of the Greek merchant fleet destroyed during the revolution. The "Greek Steamship" grew and in April 1861 founded its steam-powered shipyard named "Neoreion and Machine Shops Syros". From 1834 to 1867, 4,103 ships with a capacity of several hundred tonnes each were recorded on the Ermoupolis Register, over half of which had been built on the island. In 1870 there were 1,442 sailboats (198,304 tons) and 12 steamships (15,360 tons).Tanning developed spectacularly with Syros’ leather exported all over the Balkans and Anatolia. The productive activity of the new city proved to be more long-lived than any other. Ermoupolis was designated a factory town by an Athenian visitor in 1856. Flour mills, textiles and other factories had been added to earlier activities. The first strike with bloody clashes broke out in 1878. In the mid-19th century Ermoupolis was in full swing. Its population of about 20,000 in 1850 (the maximum was 22,000 in 1889) was now renewed by immigrants from various parts of independent Greece, but also by Crete after the suppression of the 1869 revolution, which the Syriani helped with their steamships. The population of the rest of the island also increased from 4,671 in 1853 to 9,469 in 1889.Ermoupolis developed into a city with an advanced social and cultural life. Ten public schools and eight private schools, for both boys and girls, became renowned for their high standards. Theatrical movement was inaugurated in 1826 and Italian troupes presented operas of the time. Clubs, restaurants, music cafes, 4-5 newspapers, were examples of a cultural boom sealed with the building of the Opera Theatre Apollo (1864).In this urban development the participation of the Catholic community was not negligible, although by 1870 only 1.7% of Ermoupolis population were Catholic (to reach 7.3% in 1961). First of all, Syrianis’ trading activity had already developed before 1821 and was the basis for the impressive economic expansion of Ermoupolis thereafter. Subsequently, several wealthy Ano Syros families settled in Ermoupolis, building the first stone-built houses that survive to this day, and the Catholic Diocese's activity which was significant.In 1829 the Evangelistria Catholic parish church was built in Ermoupolis at the expense of Gregory Stefanos, in place of an older church. Shortly thereafter, the "French School of the Sisters of Mercy" was founded in 1884, which was completed in 1904 by the Orphanage of the Catholic Diocese which later became a nursing home. St. Joseph's School was founded in 1846 on Carga Street to give its place to the “Freres” School. The first establishment of the French Frères des Ecoles Chrétiennes in Syros happened in 1858 thanks to Bishop Joseph-Maria Albert (1851-1880). The Freers, however, left Syros in 1863 to return in 1914 thanks to Bishop Antonios Makrionitis (1912-1936) and established the "Saint George" School. Initially they were given a house opposite Saint Sebastian in Ano Syros. In 1918-1920 they settled in the building of Karga Street which belonged to St. Joseph's Nuns when they left. The school included Primary, Tertiary High School and Boarding School. After 1968 it was allowed to accept Orthodox students as well.The first stone-built mansion in Ermoupolis (1822) was of the Anosyrianos merchant Grigoris Stefanos in the Agora, near Evangelistria. Stefanos was pre-revolutionary Commissioner of the island and from 1827 consul of Austria and Sardinia. His nephews were Kleon and Kyparissos Stefanou, anthropologist and mathematician respectively.“Turkish Delight” (Loukoumia) were mass produced by Chiot confectioners. The Freri brothers' workshop was one of the most remarkable in the interwar period, and still in operation today.However, significant differences between A. Syros and Ermoupolis remained. The Ano-Syrianι or Franγo-Syrianι, as they were called, had accepted the refugees on their land, but found themselves somehow on the brink of developments and wealth created. With the development of industry in Ermoupolis, Ano Syros gradually became a workers’ district of Ermoupolis, while those who wanted to maintain their independence left the Castle and created small settlements in the southern part of the island. The development of Ermoupolis reinforced the demand for agricultural products. A first wave of outflow towards the countryside happened during the cholera epidemic of 1854, when 300 people died in the Ermoupolis-Ano Syros urban complex. After a few years, many people returned to the city, but others preferred to remain in the countryside.Over time, the economic relations between the two settlements dwindled. Economic growth favoured the whole island except perhaps, the municipality of Ano Syros. The population almost doubled between 1853 and 1907. Towards the end of the 19th century, working class women began toiling in Ermoupolis’ factories (such as Markos Vamvakaris’ mother). At social relations’ levels, however, especially for women, the prohibitions imposed by the respective ecclesiastical authorities were quite strict. Since the end of World War I, these bans have been gradually overturned, and today the osmosis of the two communities has largely been achieved. Mixed marriages are common practice on the island. In the meantime, the French Hospital was established in Ano Syros under A. Roussos (1891-95) mayorship, trade unions were established and the carriage road connecting Ano Syros with Ermoupolis was built.The first protracted crisis occurred in the 1880s, long before the Corinth Canal (1893) opening, as Guy Burgel noted. Syros had to face two strong competitors: Western European capitalism and Athenian centrism. The former was growing rapidly and expanding. The opening of the Suez Canal (1869), shifted interests to the eastern Mediterranean with greater intensity. As new sea routes opened, steamboats overwhelmingly competed with Greeks’ sailing ships, massively transporting industrial products. Athens-centrism, on the other hand, was the consistent policy of the Greek state to favour the Athens-Piraeus dipole (and with regard to Syros), to support the port of Piraeus as a commercial, shipping and industrial hub. Many Syriani saw it, but also contributed to it by shifting their activities there. The construction of the rail network in the 1880s deprived Syriani shipping of a transport project that was largely its own before, and on the other hand favoured the centralization of the Athens-Piraeus dipole. The opening of the Corinth Canal sealed Piraeus' supremacy by changing sea routes. The transit trade of Syros practically disappeared.Ermoupolis, however, remained for some decades still the central textile market, due to special relations with Manchester. The recovery began in the last years of the 19th century. Within a few years, an industrial city emerged on the abandoned commercial warehouses, a small "cotton town", as most of its forty factories were handling cotton. At the same time the Ermoupolites were involved in the creation of a Greek steamboat fleet with the New Greek Steamship and other companies. Steamboat coal bunkering brought life back to the port and to local machine-shops. Ermoupolis became the first Greek city to be electrified in 1890, and Ano Syros in 1928.With its new industrial face, Ermoupolis maintained a thriving economic life for several decades. But gradually, as C Agriantoni and A Fenerli noted, her physiognomy changed. The cosmopolitan style, pride and independence of its businessmen faded and foreigner population shrunk. Ermoupolis gradually acquired the typical features of a Greek provincial town. Its population remained stable with the flight to Athens and Piraeus. Paternalistic behaviours prevailed in labour relations as the problems of the working-class were aggravated by low salaries. Dependence on central power came to an end after World War I, when increased state interventionism abolished many of the island's municipal powers.In 1922, about 8,000 people arrived after the destruction of Smyrna. However, it is estimated that only one-third of remained. The city was too small, and it was not until 1929 that the refugee settlement of Xirokampos was built. Many industrialists relocated to Athens or Piraeus. The Russian and Turkish markets were closed from 1917 and 1922, respectively, while the other Balkan countries, in the context of the great crisis (1929-1932), pursued protectionist policies to bolster their own industries. The currency and trade policy constraints that followed brought new difficulties to Syros’ industries. Ermoupolis struggled to maintain or attract public services. Instead of vocational schools, it acquired the Military Reserve School, while the Quarantine Station had been converted into prisons by the late 19th century. Neighbouring Giaros island became a place of exile during Metaxas’ dictatorship, and especially in the post-civil war years, Syros prisons were used as transit for political prisoners.In 1924 there were 79 factories, of which 52 were motorised (with a total horsepower of 2,505 HP) and a total of 3,153 workers. Products were exported mainly to the rest of Greece in 1928: textile and knitwear 76.3 million drc, 26.2 million drachmas, 29.5 million drc tannery products, and loukoumia - drinks 2.4 million drc.At the end of the Interwar period the factories began to close and the port was deserted. Unemployment had become the city's most pressing problem. Over a thousand people showed up everyday in street soup kitchens.History is important to understand the social, cultural and economic environment under which Markos Vamvakaris grew up.With their insular and Venitian backgrounds, the majority of Syros’ Catholics had become industrial revolution’s proletariat while in close cultural contact with Greek Ionian coastal communities. Undoubtedly the constant flow of Ottoman refugees marked the Ano-Syriani (aka Frango-Syriani) with Anatolian inspired music styles.In an environment of economic, social and political meltdown emerged rembetiko music style, which was performed by street artists in “Kafe Aman” (from Turkish Mani Kahveci), an Ottoman style coffee and narguileh public place, as opposed to western styled “kafe santan”.The melodies of most rembetiko songs are thus often considered to follow one or more dromoi (δρόμοι) (Greek for 'roads' or 'routes'). The names of the dromoi are derived in all but a few cases from the names of various Turkish modes, also known as makam.There is one component within the rembetiko tradition which is common to many musical styles within Eastern musical spheres it is the freely improvised unmeasured prelude, within a given dromos/makam, which can occur at the beginning or in the middle of a song. This is known in Greek as taxim or taximi (ταξίμ or ταξίμι) after the Arabic word usually transliterated as taqsim or taksim.Like several other urban subcultural musical forms such as the blues or the tango, rembetiko grew out of particular urban circumstances. Often its lyrics reflect the harsher realities of a marginalised subculture's lifestyle. Thus one finds themes such as crime, drink, drugs, poverty, prostitution and violence, but also a multitude of themes of relevance to Greek people of any social stratum: death, eroticism, exile, exoticism, disease, love, marriage, matchmaking, the mother figure, war, work, and diverse other everyday matters, both happy and sad.The majority of rembetiko songs have been accompanied by instruments capable of playing chords according to the Western harmonic system, and have thereby been harmonised in a manner which corresponds neither with conventional European harmony, nor with Ottoman art music, which is a monophonic form normally not harmonised. Furthermore, rembetika has come to be played on instruments tuned in equal temperament, in direct conflict with the more complex pitch divisions of the makam system. It is important to note that a considerable proportion of the rembetiko repertoire on Greek records until 1936 was not dramatically different, except in terms of language and musical "dialect", from Ottoman café music (played by musicians of various ethnic backgrounds) which the mainland Greeks called "Smyrneika ". This portion of the recorded repertoire was played almost exclusively on the instruments of Smyrneika/Ottoman café music, such as kanonaki, santouri, politiki lyra (gr. πολίτικη λύρα/ Qemenche) and tsimbalo (gr. τσίμπαλo).Smyrna trio featuring Roza AshkenaziThe first rembetiko songs to be recorded were mostly in Ottoman/Smyrna style, employing instruments of the Ottoman tradition. During the second half of the 1930s, as rembetiko music gradually acquired its own character in Athens’ and Piraeus’ hashish dens, and “kafe Aman” the bouzouki began to emerge as the emblematic instrument of this music, gradually ousting the instruments which had been brought over from Anatolia. While not particularly common among the refugees, bouzouki had been known by that name in mainland Greece since at least 1835.Markos Vamvakaris working as a public slaughterhouse employee in Piraeus, quickly learned bouzouki, becoming an innovative virtuoso player and began writing songs of his own. At first he often played in clandestine hashish-smoking establishments known as tekés; later he and his band, played in more legitimate clubs and taverns. They were extremely popular, and Markos made many recordings. His initial nickname among the rembetes was "the Frank" (Frangos).My favourite piece by Markos, “dawn’s minor”, a song about unsatisfied love:Markos’ style was simple, his masterpiece "Your eyelashes shine" is a typical example of his art. It consists of just three short couplets, each sung twice to the same melodic phrase, with clauses reversed for the second time, and with a single instrumental phrase interspersed between them. Original recording from 1932.Another Markos’ masterpiece was Frangosyriani (love song for a Catholic girl from Ano Syros)But Markos sung also his distrust of politicians:Rembetiko as live music played in Oriental style “Kafe Aman”was first outlawed by fascist dictator Metaxas in 1936. After the war and subsequent Civil War, in a environment of political polarisation, where eventually the nationalistic right prevailed, rembetiko became permanently outlawed, as un-Greek and advertising illegal activities (hash smoking).Vamvakaris died on 8 February 1972 at the age of 66.Post dictatorship, there was a revival not only of leftist music and composers such as Mikis Theodorakis or Yannis Xenakis but also from prohibited rembetiko.

Christopher Nolan is the first director to complete a full trilogy of Batman films but the second to direct a full trilogy of films on one superhero (after Sam Raimi completed his Spider-Man films)..Christian Bale is the first actor to portray Batman/Bruce Wayne in three Batman films..Cinematographer Wally Pfister expressed interest in shooting the entirety of the film in the IMAX format, as both Pfister and Christopher Nolan expressed distaste for shooting the film in 3-D. Ultimately, the film would feature approximately 72 minutes of IMAX footage, while the rest was shot in a combination of 35mm and 70mm, as IMAX cameras proved to be too noisy for shooting the films dialogue scenes..Anne Hathaway, Jessica Biel, Gemma Arterton, Kate Mara, Charlotte Riley and Keira Knightley all auditioned for the role of Selina Kyle. After the initial audition process, Hathaway, Biel and Knightley all screen tested. Ultimately, Anne Hathaway won the role..Naomi Watts, Rachel Weisz and Marion Cotillard were considered to play Miranda Tate before Cotillard finally got the role. Cotillard started filming 2 months after she gave birth to her son, Marcel..Robin Williams was rumored to play the role of Hugo Strange..There was much speculation in the press when Anne Hathaway was announced as Selina Kyle if the actress would actually portray Kyle's costumed alter-ego, Catwoman. In an interview with Oprah Winfrey following her stint as host of the Academy Awards, Hathaway let slip that her character indeed would don the Catwoman costume..According to Gary Oldman, Christopher Nolan told the actors the ending of the film verbally to avoid any leaks..Around 10,000 extras were used to shoot the Gotham Rogues scene in Heinz Field in Pittburgh, Pennsylvania. Some of the Pittsburgh Steelers played football players: Hines Ward, Ben Roethlisberger, Troy Polamalu, Willie Colon, Maurkice Pouncey, Mike Wallace, Heath Miller, Aaron Smith, Ryan Clark, James Farrior, LaMarr Woodley, and Casey Hampton. Former Steelers coach Bill Cowher appears as the coach. Pittsburgh mayor Luke R. Ravenstahl plays a kicker. Thomas Tull, CEO of the film's production company Legendary Pictures, is part-owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers..Chloë Grace Moretz and Jennifer Lawrence auditioned for Juno Temple's role of Jen, Selina Kyle's sidekick..According to The Hollywood Reporter, Anne Hathaway's stunt double broke one of the IMAX cameras when she crashed the Batpod into it. This marks the second time an IMAX camera has been destroyed on a Christopher Nolan Batman film - a previous camera was smashed when filming the Joker's underground truck chase in The Dark Knight..Leonardo DiCaprio, Ryan Gosling and Mark Ruffalo were considered to play John Blake before Joseph Gordon-Levitt was ultimately cast. DiCaprio was one of the actors considered to play Robin in Batman Forever before Chris O'Donnell got the part..Anne Hathaway, who plays Catwoman, had been cast as Black Cat (Felicia Hardy) in The Amazing Spider-Man in 2010, which at that time was under Sam Raimi's direction as "Spider-Man 4" and was going to feature the Vulture and Black Cat..According to Christopher Nolan, Bane was chosen as the film's main antagonist "to test Batman mentally as well as physically.".To prepare for her role as Catwoman, Anne Hathaway worked out five days a week on a regime that involved vigorous exercise, stunt training and dancing. She called it her most physically demanding role to date..To prepare for his role as Bane, Tom Hardy gained 30 pounds in weight, and studied various fighting styles to use in the film..Tom Hardy described Bane as an absolute terrorist: "He's brutal, but also incredibly clinical in the fact that he has a result-based and oriented fighting style. The style is heavy-handed, heavy-footed... it's nasty. It's not about fighting, it's about carnage!".After The Dark Knight was released, Aaron Eckhart expressed interest in returning as Harvey "Two-Face" Dent. Christopher Nolan stated that Dent was definitely dead, and that his death would leave lasting repercussions across Gotham..Composer Hans Zimmer collected online recordings of chanting to incorporate in the film's score..Anne Hathaway previously appeared in Alice in Wonderland, which was directed by Batman/Batman Returns director Tim Burton and featured the previous Alfred, Michael Gough in his final role before his death..Marion Cotillard previously appeared in Big Fish, which was directed by Batman/Batman Returns director Tim Burton and featured the Penguin, Danny DeVito..Reunites Inception stars Tom Hardy, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Michael Caine, Marion Cotillard, and Cillian Murphy..This is the fifth film in a row that Christopher Nolan has worked with Michael Caine. The other films were Batman Begins, The Prestige, The Dark Knight, and Inception..With their appearances in this movie, Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Morgan Freeman, Cillian Murphy and Gary Oldman will have each appeared in three Batman movies. Only Michael Gough and Pat Hingle have done the same thing..Christopher Nolan picked Bane as the main villain. Coincidentally, with no known relation, the name of one of the creators of Bane for the comic books is Graham Nolan..Anne Hathaway based her performance on Hedy Lamarr, who was the original inspiration for Catwoman..Tickets for the film's premiere midnight IMAX screenings in New York sold out six months in advance..During the football sequence shown in the preview a player is seen wearing a jersey with the last name of Ravenstahl on it. This is Luke R. Ravenstahl, the Mayor of Pittsburgh, where portions of the movie were shot. He was Washington & Jefferson college's starting place kicker on the football team for three years and was team captain for his senior year. He holds the school record for most consecutive extra points..Tom Hardy is technically the fifth actor to play Bane in a feature film. In Batman & Robin, Michael Reid MacKay played serial killer Antonio Diego, who is selected for the "Venom" experiment and is transformed into Bane, who is then played by wrestler Jeep Swenson. The remaining two actors voiced Bane in two Dc Animated direct-to-video films, and they were Hector Elizondo in Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman and Carlos Alazraqui in Justice League: Doom..Anne Hathaway has revealed that during her audition, she thought that she was auditioning for The Joker's on again-off again girlfriend/partner-in-crime Harley Quinn. it was only after she had a discussion with Christopher Nolan that she found out that she was auditioning for Catwoman..Anne Hathaway has said that she desperately coveted the role of Catwoman, and was a complete nervous wreck after her audition. The first time her agent phoned after her screen test, he said he had good news and asked if Hathaway was sitting down. Hathaway immediately screamed "I'm Catwoman!" and ran around the room in a frenzy. Unfortunately, her agent had to calm the actress down--he had called to let her know that she'd been invited to host the Academy Awards. Hathaway has said she was so shocked she went numb at the offer. Fortunately, shortly thereafter, her agent phoned again to let her know that she had been offered the part of Catwoman as well..Christopher Nolan said that this film's theme deals with "Pain". For Batman Begins, it was on "Fear", while The Dark Knight deals on "Chaos"..The original story treatment by David S. Goyer was to have Two-Face as the principal antagonist for the film. Initially, at the end of The Dark Knight, the Joker would have scarred Harvey Dent at a courtroom trial, setting up the third film. Dent's death and fall was put in at the end of the second film instead to set up the aftermath that follows..Tom Hardy accepted the role of Bane without reading the script. He was verbally told that he would have unprecedented access to extensive stunt training and equipment that he could enjoy knocking around..Christopher Nolan offered James Newton Howard the opportunity to write the score with Hans Zimmer as he did for Batman Begins and The Dark Knight but Howard felt that due to the collaboration between Nolan and Zimmer on Inception, he would be like a third wheel..According to producer Emma Thomas, the filmmakers elected to shoot the film in Pittsburgh to emphasize Gotham's immense size and scope and because "they literally shot every inch" in Chicago, where the previous two films were shot..Selina Kyle is never referred to as her famous alter ego "Catwoman" during the movie; rather newspaper articles and police files refer to her as "The Cat." This is in keeping with the original incarnation of Selina Kyle who was a jewel thief, and was known only as "The Cat" before becoming "The Catwoman." However, various official merchandise and marketing material refer to Selina Kyle as Catwoman when she is wearing her masked costume..Out of respect for Heath Ledger, the Joker is never once mentioned for the whole film..At 165 minutes long, this is the longest Batman film released to date as well as the longest film that Christopher Nolan has ever directed..Christopher Nolan wanted Marion Cotillard so much for the role of Miranda Tate that he modified the filming schedule to accommodate her pregnancy. Cotillard started filming two months after giving birth. In the last months of shooting, she also filmed another movie at the same time in France, Rust and Bone..According to Tom Hardy, he based his voice for Bane on Bartley Gorman (1944 - 2002), an Irish Traveller who was the undefeated Bare-knuckle boxing champion of the United Kingdom: "The choice of the accent is actually a man called Bartley Gorman, who was a bare knuckle fighter, a Romani gypsy. So I wanted to underpin the Latin, but a Romani Latin opposed to Latino.".In a Saturday Night Live sketch, Anne Hathaway, who plays Selina Kyle on this film, appeared as Katie Holmes talking on a talk show about her role in Batman Begins, the first film of this trilogy..When Officer Blake talks about "giant alligators" being in the sewer line, this may be an intentional nod towards Batman villain Killer Croc..Was filmed in Pittsburgh under the title "Magnus Rex.".According to costume designer Lindy Hemming, she took two years to design Bane's coat; it was inspired by a Swedish army jacket and a French Revolution frock coat, to make Bane look equally dictatorial and revolutionary, "like an amalgam of all sorts of bits and pieces he cobbled together as he passed through some very remote places.".The Batsuit consisted of 110 separate pieces. The base layer was made of a polyester mesh, utilized by the military and high-tech sports manufacturers due to its breathability and moisture-retaining properties; molded pieces of flexible urethane were then attached to the mesh to form the overall body armor plating. Carbon fiberpanels were placed inside the sections on the legs, chest and abdomen. The cowl was sculpted from a cast of Christian Bale's face and head to become a perfect fit for Bale..Selina Kyle's catsuit was made from two layers of polyurethane-coated spandex..Costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard created a three-dimensional model of Tom Hardy's face and skull to design Bane's mask..In designing the Bat, production designer Nathan Crowley approached it as if it were an actual military project, emphasizing the need for it to "fit into the same family as the Tumbler and the Batpod": he incorporated designs from military aircraft, including the Harrier Jump Jet, Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey and the Boeing AH-64 Apache..In order to make the Bat fly, it was variously supported by wires, suspended from cranes and helicopters, and mounted on a purpose-built vehicle with hydraulic controls to simulate movement.Bane's theme is a chant which features the term "deshi basara", which is Moroccan for the word "rise"..When Bane enters the stock exchange trading floor, he wears a backpack that has a logo 'DCS courier services.' Batman is a DC Comics superhero..Tom Hardy, standing at 5'10", had to wear 3 inch lifts to make his character Bane appear as tall or taller than fellow co-stars Christian Bale, Morgan Freeman, and Michael Caine..When Selina Kyle disappears from a rooftop, Batman's remark "So that's what that feels like" is lifted directly from the DC graphic novel "Kingdom Come". Even the circumstance is similar, except it was with Superman..During the motorcycle chase scene, Bane is wearing a red helmet with black visor as well as a brown motorcycle jacket. This is the original costume Jason Todd took under his Red Hood persona, which is itself a callback to The Joker's original criminal identity..Christian Bale surprised locals by casually dropping in to enjoy some British craft ale at the Admiral Rodney pub in Wollaton, Nottingham, while filming the exteriors to Wayne Manor at Wollaton Hall..A close look on the handheld walkie-talkies used by the Gotham City Police Dept reveals an old DC Comic logo..Diego Klattenhoff was up for a part as a police officer but had to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Homeland..Selina Kyle's (Anne Hathaway) relationship with her accomplice (Juno Temple) is highly reminiscent of Kyle's relationship with Holly Robinson in the comic "Batman: Year One." In that story, Kyle and Robinson had been prostitutes together and even had an implied lesbian relationship before Kyle became Catwoman..Studio execs had strongly suggested that the Riddler be the film's primary villain but filmmakers felt the character too derivative. The filmmakers ultimately decided to use Bane as they felt he was strikingly different than the Joker from the previous movie..MacFarlane Toys, which produces a line of licensed action figures of Pro Sports Athletes, created one of Hines Ward wearing the Gotham Rogues uniform that he was seen wearing in the movie..When Bane rips the photo of Harvey Dent in half he does so vertically through the middle of Harvey's face, replicating his transition to Two-Face at the end of The Dark Knight..This is only the second "Batman" film not to include the word ''Batman'' in the title..This is the only live-action "Batman" film where the Bat-signal is never used..When referring to Bruce Wayne as a shut-in, Daggett says "we all know he's up there with 8-inch nails and mason jars full of urine." This is an obvious reference to reclusive and eccentric billionaire Howard Hughes. Christopher Nolan was at one point attached to direct a Howard Hughes biopic..The Pittsburgh football stadium used in the film was slated for extensive pitch resurfacing at that time of filming. Explosive squibs were placed to simulate explosion points for the field to collapse. It was executive producer Thomas Tull who gave the film crew access to use the stadium since he's the co-owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers football team..The character Barsad, Bane's right-hand-man played by Josh Stewart, is a sniper and heavy arms expert. He is always shown wearing a bulletproof vest which has large bullets on it and a red scarf. This is a take on the Batman villain DeadShot, a character which co-writer David S. Goyer had expressed interest in bringing to the big screen..The football stadium scene was filmed at Heinz Field, home of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Steelers' team colors are black and yellow, same as the Gotham Rogues..In the film there are a total of four Oscar winners: Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Morgan Freeman, Marion Cotillard, and four Oscar nominees: Anne Hathaway, Gary Oldman, Tom Conti, Liam Neeson..On July 20, 2012 during a midnight screening for the film in Aurora, Colorado a man entered the theater and opened fire. James Holmes ended up killing twelve people and injured more than fifty-eight. He was arrested outside the theater and charged with 24 counts of murder and 116 counts of attempted murder. After the incident several cast and crew members, including Christopher Nolan, Christian Bale, Anne Hathaway, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and Gary Oldman released statements expressing their sorrow over the attack. Their publicity appearances, including a lavish premiere in France, were canceled. Warner Brothers, the studio that released the film, decided not to release opening weekend grosses until the following Monday out of consideration for the victims. Christian Bale went and visited the surviving victims at the hospital days later..Bruce Wayne's doctor visit in which the doctor lists off all the degenerative injuries to his body (lack of cartilage, scar tissue, etc.) and the use of a mechanical knee brace both are reminiscent of Kingdom Come, where an older Bruce Wayne requires the use of an exoskeleton to move due to years of physical wear and tear on his body..The orphanage where Blake grew up and visits in the film is named St. Swithin's. In England, St. Swithin's day takes place on July 15th and is a tradition where whatever the weather is like on this day it will be like for the next 40 days, and it is said that if it rains that day it will rain for the next 40. The rhyme goes: "St. Swithin's day if thou dost rain, for forty days it will remain St. Swithin's day if thou be fair, for forty days 'twill rain nae mair." Water and rain are common motifs in Christopher Nolan's films..Each movie from the Dark Knight trilogy is 12 minutes longer than the previous one (Batman Begins is 140 minutes, The Dark Knight 152 and The Dark Knight Rises 164)..The Lazarus Pit/Bane's prison scenes were shot in the city of Jodhpur, Rajasthan. (India). In the comics, Batman visited India to learn how to control his pain..The building used for the exterior of the Gotham Stock Exchange is actually the J.P. Morgan building on the corner of Broad & Wall Streets in lower Manhattan. It is directly across the street from the actual NY Stock Exchange building, which can be seen in the background in some shots..During the football stadium scene there are different shots of the crowd. One of the fans in the crowd is holding up a cardboard cut out of a gate painted black. Blackgate Penitentiary is a prominent feature in the Batman comics (with its inmates including Bane and Catwoman in the comics) and it is used in this film at various points. Or it's just a black fence for the chant "De-Fense." Black and gold are the team colors of the Pittsburgh Steelers, who play their games at Heinz Field..Though not shown in the final cut, the fight scene on Gotham City Hall steps included an explosion that cleared the steps of all the fighters still alive. When filming the actual explosion, the heat triggered a fire alarm that went directly to the authorities; which caused production to stop for more than 30 minutes while the film staff cleared everything with the police and fire marshal when they arrived..Christopher Nolan used a heavy mask motif through out the movie; Batman, Bane, and Catwoman all wear masks, Bruce Wayne has a collection of African tribal masks in the room where he and Officer Blake first talk in Wayne manor, and Miranda Tate hosts a masquerade party..The only Batman film where Batman never uses his grapple gun to lift himself. Batman use it once only for saving the stock exchange man from the motorcycle..According to producers, the line "That's a lovely, lovely voice" was improvised by Tom Hardy. Bruce Wayne responding "No you're not" to Catwoman saying she felt sorry for Bruce losing his fortune was also improvised by Christian Bale..The fascia and some of the interior shots of Wayne Manor were filmed at Wollaton Hall, a stately home in Nottingham, England..While doing promotional interviews for the film Tom Hardy stated that the most difficult parts of the movie to shoot were the fight scenes. Not because of the physicality of them, but because he was such a huge Batman fan growing up that he said "it felt like I was beating up my childhood hero". However he also said that despite his worship of the character, the moment Chris Nolan yelled 'action' Hardy just started throwing punches as hard as he could..Alfred Pennyworth mentions that he orders Fernet Branca on his visits to Italy. This is an amaro, a type of bitter aromatic spirit..At one point it was rumored that the Penguin was to have been featured as one of the film's major villains, as would have been played by 'Phillip Seymour Hoffman'. Christopher Nolan quickly denied the rumors, saying that the character would have been difficult to adapt for his version of Batman..Though the fate of the Joker is never revealed in the film, the novelization does mention his whereabouts in passing: he is the lone resident of the newly-rebuilt Arkham Asylum, held in solitary confinement and thus has no one to "play with" as ultimate punishment for his crimes..Although used to soften a landing, this is the first movie in the Batman "Nolanverse" where the cape isn't used to glide..In the football stadium sequence, the cast and extras are all wearing heavy winter clothing, though the scenes were shot during a massive heat wave across the East Coast during the summer of 2011..Tom Hardy has several large tattoos on his chest and arms that had to be covered using heavy cake makeup for the film..Both this and the other live-action "Batman" film to feature Bane as a villain, Batman & Robin, show the Batman logo during the opening sequence freezing and then cracking..CameoPatrick Leahy: US Senator from Vermont cameos in the movie as a Wayne Enterprises Board Member. Leahy, a fan of Batman, previously cameoed in The Dark Knight and Batman and Robin..Miranda Nolan: The cousin of writer-director Christopher Nolan and co-writer Jonathan Nolan appears as the maid gossiping about Bruce Wayne..John Nolan: The uncle of director Christopher Nolan and co-writer Jonathan Nolan, as well as the father of actress Miranda Nolan, reprises his role from Batman Begins as Wayne Enterprises board member Douglas Fredericks. He previously appeared in Christopher's debut film, Following..SpoilersThe trivia items below may give away important plot points.Christian Bale has stated that he would not play Batman if Robin appeared anywhere in the trilogy. Christopher Nolan agreed not to include Robin as it would undermine the dark tone of his series. At the end of the film, Detective John Blake's (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) legal name is revealed to be "Robin", and he quits the police force and is shown to enter the Batcave by following the instructions presumably left by Bruce Wayne in his will..In the comics, Bane carried an apparatus that contains a steroid that amplifies his strength and fighting ability. In the film, the apparatus he carries contains an anesthetic as he is in chronic pain..The filmmakers cite the "Batman" comics 'The Dark Knight Returns' (an aged Batman operates in a future Gotham), 'Knightfall' (Bane pushes Batman physically and mentally, causing him to burn out) and 'No Man's Land' (Gotham descends into gangland territory and are cut off from the rest of the US) as major influences on the film..Like Batman Returns and Batman & Robin, not only does this feature a female villain, but the villain is portrayed by an Oscar nominated actress. Michelle Pfeiffer (Batman Returns) was nominated for Dangerous Liaisons, The Fabulous Baker Boys and Love Field. Uma Thurman (Batman & Robin) was nominated for Pulp Fiction. Anne Hathaway (this film) was nominated for Rachel Getting Married. Marion Cotillard, who plays Talia al Ghul, won an Oscar for La vie en rose.When Batman is chasing after Bane for the first time after the stock exchange robbery an older policeman tells his younger partner to "sit back, you're in for a show". This is an almost direct quote from the graphic novel "Batman: The Dark Knight Returns."According to scriptwriter Jonathan Nolan, a major influence on the story is Charles Dickens's socio-political novel "A Tale of Two Cities", which dealt with revolution and class conflict. In homage to the story, two characters in the film are named Stryver and Barsad, after two similarly named characters in the book. Also when Commissioner Gordon gives a eulogy for Bruce, he uses the ending soliloquy in regards to Batman, who like the novel's hero Sydney Carton sacrificed himself to save people..Christian Bale and Michael Caine spent several weeks filming exterior shots of Wayne Manor at Wollaton Hall, Nottingham, but the director Christopher Nolan just used one shot of Bale as Batman in silhouette on the roof and one shot of Caine at the graveside..During the fight between Bane and Batman in the sewers, Bane lifts Batman above his head and drops him across his knee. This is a direct parallel to the first fight between Batman and Bane from the comics where Bane broke Batman's back during the "Knightfall" story line..This is the only Batman film where Jim Gordon learns the true identity of the Batman..At the end of the movie when Blake (played by Joseph Gordon-Levitt) is exploring the Batcave, his black jacket has a blue stripe that dips in the middle on the back of it. This is very reminiscent to the character Nightwing, who the first Robin eventually became..The first Batman movie not to feature Batman driving the Batmobile. He only uses the Bat-pod and the Bat (flying vehicle). While several variations of Tumblers do make an appearance they are all operated by Bane and his thugs, after they steal them from Wayne Enterprises' Applied Science Division, and these have a desert camouflage paint job, so it could be argued that the Batmobile doesn't make any appearance at all..The final chase sequence and subsequent bombing where countdown of the time-bomb is 12 minutes is depicted as though in real time..Marks the first time where actor Cillian Murphy has not worn some sort of a cloth or burlap bag on his head, in a film directed by Christopher Nolan..When the fusion reactor is first introduced in the bunker, the design is almost identical to the microwave emitter design that Ra's Al Ghul stole from Wayne Enterprises and brought into the city in Batman Begins..The coloring and shading of the cloth draping the Batman Memorial Statue during its unveiling was similar to the blue colors of Batman's costume as traditionally seen in the comics..Bane has a triangle shaped scar on the side of his head, most visible during the stock exchange scene. Miranda Tate has an identical scar on her back, noticeable during her love scene with Bruce, thus hinting at her membership in the League of Shadows and true identity as Talia..In addition to the numerous elements from the "Knightfall," "The Dark Knight Returns," and "No Man's Land" storylines, the film also borrows from the "Legacy" storyline, which involves Bane becoming Ra's Al Ghul's successor and plotting with the League of Shadows to destroy Gotham City..The villainous character portrayed by Liam Neeson Ra's al Ghul, who died by the end of the first movie, makes an appearance before Bruce Wayne's eyes, claiming to be immortal the whole time, only to be revealed as a hallucination. This is a reference to Ra's al Ghul's comic book counterpart in which the character IS immortal by the use of Lazarus Pits..At the charity ball, Miranda Tate says "you must invest if you wish to restore balance to the world," hinting at her true identity as Talia. In Batman Begins, Ra's al Ghul says that the mission of The League of Shadows is to restore balance to the world..When Cillian Murphy first appears as the sentencing judge, he is wearing a heavily tattered coat that looks like it has straw coming out of the shoulders. This is a clear nod to his alter ego, Scarecrow..In a final bit of foreshadowing as to her character's true nature, Miranda Tate, after Bruce apologizes for being unable to get her out of the city, tells Bruce to "do what is necessary." Her father, Ra's al Ghul, repeatedly derides Bruce for lacking "the courage to do what is necessary" in "Batman Begins.".In all three Nolan Batman films, the spiked gauntlets on Batman's arms prove essential in defeating the main villain. They shatter Ra's al Ghul's sword in Batman Begins, knock the detonator out of the Joker's hands in The Dark Knight and damage Bane's mask in The Dark Knight Rises..There are several moments in the film where it is hinted that the child was not Bane. Bane tells Batman he never saw light 'til he was already a man. Furthermore the child that escapes from the pit is not scarred despite the fact we know Bane was treated within the prison..Joseph Gordon-Levitt is the first Robin who never wore Robin's uniform, and the first actor in a live-action Batman film whose alter-ego is not Dick Grayson.

While we don’t see evidence of psychologists or therapists directly in the wizarding world - at least, not as an official position - I would argue that, yes, some form of psychological treatment exists, and has since ancient times.This is because, long before the Statute of Secrecy was ratified in 1692, the Muggle and magical worlds had been one and the same - and some form of psychological “treatment” had been around since the time of the ancient Greeks.For one, the ancient Greeks were the first to practice music therapy and milieu therapy. You can read more in-depth about the Greeks’ take on music therapy here.“The Pythagoreans employed a daily routine of music therapy. Music enjoyed prior to retiring at the end of the day helped them to calm down and gave them a good night’s sleep with pleasant dreams.”From one source:In classic Greece, milieu therapy was first documented. The French word milieu means "place". In milieu therapy, sufferers were taken out of their everyday environment and placed in a simpler, more restful environment. When they recovered, they could return to their previous environment. Variations on this theme still persist today.In the early Middle Ages, treatment of the abnormal was largely left to the clergy. Again, this was a variant of milieu therapy, in that monasteries and abbeys tended to be self-sufficient and in out-of-the-way places. Treatment was fairly humane by modern standards.However, as the Middle Ages wore on, a new form of demonic possession theory, now in a Christian guise, took hold.According to “[A] History of Psychotherapy” by Jim Haggerty, M.D.:Treatment of emotional or psychological problems can be traced to antiquity.The ancient Greeks were the first to identify mental illness as a medical condition, rather than a sign of malevolent deities. While their understanding of the nature of the mental illness was not always correct (e.g., they believed that hysteria affected only women, due to a wandering uterus), and their treatments rather unusual (e.g., bathing for depression, blood-letting for psychosis), they did recognize the treatment value of encouraging and consoling words.With the fall of the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages saw the return of a belief in the supernatural as a cause for mental illness and the use of torture to gain confessions of demonic possession. However, some physicians began to support the use of psychotherapy. Paracelsus (1493-1541) advocated psychotherapy for treatment of the insane. (Source)From another source:[Paracelsus] studied medicine and contributed a great deal to the understanding and treatment of disease. He was also drawn to alchemy and his critics thought him a charlatan who relied as much on magic and superstition as on scientific observation. (Source)In the world of Harry Potter, Paracelsus (or, as known by his full name, Phillipus [Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus] von Hohenheim) was a known wizard.Paracelsus was a secretive alchemist about whom very little is known. He also contributed to the field of medicine, having been a notable physician. Paracelsus's bold theories challenged medieval thought. Paracelsus was credited with the discovery of Parseltongue.He was featured on a Chocolate Frog Card. Harry Potter received this card from a Chocolate Frog on his first ride aboard the Hogwarts Express in 1991.There was a bust of Paracelsus in a corridor at Hogwarts. In 1995, while on his way to the Owlery, Harry Potter ran into Nearly Headless Nick, who warned him that Peeves was planning to drop the bust on the head of the next person who walked down the corridor. Harry thus chose to take an alternate route to the Owlery.The actual Paracelsus was a man born in 1493 in Switzerland. He was born Phillip Von Hohenheim, but changed his name to Philippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim, then to Paracelsus.He has made many contributions to medicine. He believed every human needed a balance of minerals and metals in their body and he was the first to use minerals and metals as medicine. Paracelsus also studied psychotherapy, and was the first to understand the subconscious. (Source)According to Psychotherapy, including the history of the use of mental influence, directly and indirectly, in healing, and the principles for the application of energies derived from the mind to the treatment of disease, a 1912 text by James Jospeh Walsh:“Paracelsus, the great physician of the first half of the 16th century, who may well be considered the father of modern pharmaceutics, had no illusions with regard to the exclusive power of drugs over disease. He recognized that mental influence was extremely important, and often lent a power not otherwise possessed to many remedies. He said:‘Imagination and faith can cause and remove diseases. Confidence in the virtue of amulets is the whole secret of their efficacy. It is from faith that imagination draws its power. Anyone who believes in the secret resources of Nature receives from Nature according to his own faith; let the object of your faith be real or imaginary, you will in equal degree receive the same results.’[…] he was inclined to think that magnets…might exert a strong potency over diseased conditions, and he found them to be useful in [treating] epilepsy. Doubtless in many cases of supposed epilepsy successfully treated, the ailment was really of a hysterical nature. In these cases the the strong suggestion for which the use of magnets gave for many centuries acted favorably.[…] [Paracelsus is to] whom we owe the discovery of several substances commonly used [in mental or psychological treatment]…Another contemporary of Paracelsus, the man known as Cornelius Agrippa, in the Harry Potter universe, was also stated to be a wizard.Agrippa also challenged, and directly sought to contradict, the existing psychological views of Aristotle, particularly on women.Cornelius Agrippa (1486—1535) was a celebrated German wizard who authored many works on wizards and magic.A celebrated author, Agrippa authored some works about wizardkind and magic. However, the persecution of witches and wizards gathered pace all over Europe in the [15th] century, and Agrippa was imprisoned by Muggles who claimed his works were evil.For undisclosed reasons, Cornelius Agrippa was the namesake of a substance with magical properties, used in Potion-making.Cornelius Agrippa died in 1535, aged 49. By the 1990s, he was featured on a Chocolate Frog Card. This card was one of only two that were missing from Ron Weasley's collection when he met Harry Potter in 1991 (the other being Ptolemy).In real life, Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim (1486 – 1535) was a German soldier, physician and author whose major works include Declamatio de nobilitate et praecellentia foeminei sexus (Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex), a book first published in 1529 that asserts that women are morally and theologically superior to men, and De occulta philosophia libri tres (Three Books on Occult Philosophy), a trilogy of books covering a wide variety of occult topics first published between 1531 and 1533.He was an adept in alchemy, astrology, and magic. His interest in the occult lead to criticism, and caused him to lose several jobs, but he is not known to have been imprisoned for it.The real person Agrippa is based on wrote several books, the most famous of which being De Occulta Philosophia libri III. Agrippa's books generally indicated scepticism at the science of his time in favour of the occult. (Source)Also according to the 1912 text by Joseph James Walsh:“The writings of Cornelius Agrippa, a contemporary of Paracelsus, and, like him, a student of alchemy and of the secrets of nature, contain corresponding passages which serve to show how much of a mental influence during the Renaissance. All of these men were, of course, a little outside of the ordinary medical tradition, intent on getting to realities, not being satisfied with either words or assumptions, refusing to accept many a thing that the physicians of their time completely credited.Agrippa, in a characteristic passage, said:‘Our mind doth effect divers things by faith (which is a firm adhesion, a fixed intention, and a vehement application of the worker or receiver) in him that cooperates in anything, and gives power to the work we intend to do. So that there is made in us, as it were, the image of the virtue to be received, and the thing to be done in us, or by us. We must, therefore, in every work and application of things, affect vehementaly, imagine, hope and believe strongly, for that will be a great help.’”In the Harry Potter universe, after the work of Paracelsus and Agrippa, St. Mungo Bonham (1560 – 1659), born 25 years after Agrippa’s death, was a wizard and Healer who founded St. Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries in the 1600s.Based on the figure of St. Kentigern “Mungo”, the real-life “St. Mungo” was known for four “miracles of healing” - including, supposedly, restoring life to a robin that his classmates had killed. (Source)St. Mungo’s Hospital is also home to healers, as opposed to “therapists” or “psychotherapists”, who likely center on healing patients magically:Harry Potter: "Are they doctors?"Ron Weasley: "Doctors? Those Muggle nutters who cut people up? Nah, they're Healers."Medics at the hospital are known Healers or Mediwizards. Their uniform robes are lime green. Requirements to become a Healer include N.E.W.T.s of at least grade E (Exceeds Expectations) in the subjects of Transfiguration, Potions, Charms, Herbology and Defence Against the Dark Arts.Dilys Derwent was a St Mungo's Healer from 1722-1741. Afterwards, she became Headmistress of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry from 1741-1768. Another Healer at St Mungo's was a man named Lancelot.Miriam Strout was a Healer around 1995. She was in charge of the Janus Thickey Ward, caring in a motherly fashion for the long-term residents there. However, she neglected the importance of the gift guidelines, thus allowing the Death Eaters to smuggle in a cleverly disguised Devil's Snare to assassinate patient Broderick Bode. Strout was suspended on pay as a result.We also see evidence of established, long-term psychological care and treatment - which reads much like a “mental ward” in a modern-day hospital day - with what happens to Gilderoy Lockhart after the events of Chamber of Secrets.Due to permanent amnesia and memory loss issues from a backfiring Obliviate, as well as likely a damaged ability to retain memories, he is kept as a permanent member of one of the wards of St. Mungo’s Hospital for Magical Maladies.But as he stepped on to the landing he came to an abrupt halt, staring at the small window set into the double doors that marked the start of a corridor signposted SPELL DAMAGE. A man was peering out at them all with his nose pressed against the glass. He had wavy blond hair, bright blue eyes and a broad vacant smile that revealed dazzlingly white teeth.‘Blimey!’ said Ron, also staring at the man.‘Oh, my goodness,’ said Hermione suddenly, sounding breathless. ‘Professor Lockhart!’Their ex-Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher pushed open the doors and moved towards them, wearing a long lilac dressing gown.‘Well, hello there!’ he said. ‘I expect you’d like my autograph, would you?’‘Hasn’t changed much, has he?’ Harry muttered to Ginny, who grinned.‘Er – how are you, Professor?’ said Ron, sounding slightly guilty.It had been Ron’s malfunctioning wand that had damaged Professor Lockhart’s memory so badly that he had landed in St Mungo’s in the first place, though as Lockhart had been attempting to permanently wipe Harry and Ron’s memories at the time, Harry’s sympathy was limited.‘I’m very well indeed, thank you!’ said Lockhart exuberantly, pulling a rather battered peacock-feather quill from his pocket. ‘Now, how many autographs would you like? I can do joined-up writing now, you know!’‘Er – we don’t want any at the moment, thanks,’ said Ron, raising his eyebrows at Harry, who asked, ‘Professor, should you be wandering around the corridors? Shouldn’t you be in a ward?’The smile faded slowly from Lockhart’s face. For a few moments he gazed intently at Harry, then he said, ‘Haven’t we met?’‘Er ... yeah, we have,’ said Harry. ‘You used to teach us at Hogwarts, remember?’‘Teach?’ repeated Lockhart, looking faintly unsettled. ‘Me? Did I?’And then the smile reappeared upon his face so suddenly it was rather alarming.'Taught you everything you know, I expect, did I? Well, how about those autographs, then? Shall we say a round dozen, you can give them to all your little friends then and nobody will be left out!’But just then a head poked out of a door at the far end of the corridor and a voice called, ‘Gilderoy, you naughty boy, where have you wandered off to?’A motherly-looking Healer wearing a tinsel wreath in her hair came bustling up the corridor, smiling warmly at Harry and the others.‘Oh, Gilderoy, you’ve got visitors! How lovely, and on Christmas Day, too! Do you know, he never gets visitors, poor lamb, and I can’t think why, he’s such a sweetie, aren’t you?’‘We’re doing autographs!’ Gilderoy told the Healer with another glittering smile. ‘They want loads of them, won’t take no for an answer! I just hope we’ve got enough photographs!’‘Listen to him,’ said the Healer, taking Lockhart’s arm and beaming fondly at him as though he were a precocious two-year-old. ‘He was rather well known a few years ago; we very much hope that this liking for giving autographs is a sign that his memory might be starting to come back. Will you step this way? He’s in a closed ward, you know, he must have slipped out while I was bringing in the Christmas presents, the door’s usually kept locked ... not that he’s dangerous! But,’ she lowered her voice to a whisper, ‘he’s a bit of a danger to himself, bless him ... doesn’t know who he is, you see, wanders off and can’t remember how to get back ... it is nice of you to have come to see him.’‘Er,’ said Ron, gesturing uselessly at the floor above, ‘actually, we were just – er –’But the Healer was smiling expectantly at them, and Ron’s feeble mutter of ‘going to have a cup of tea’ trailed away into nothingness. They looked at each other helplessly, then followed Lockhart and his Healer along the corridor.‘Let’s not stay long,’ Ron said quietly.The Healer pointed her wand at the door of the Janus Thickey Ward and muttered, ‘Alohomora.’ The door swung open and she led the way inside, keeping a firm grasp on Gilderoy’s arm until she had settled him into an armchair beside his bed.‘This is our long-term residents’ ward,’ she informed Harry, Ron, Hermione and Ginny in a low voice. ‘For permanent spell damage, you know. Of course, with intensive remedial potions and charms and a bit of luck, we can produce some improvement. Gilderoy does seem to be getting back some sense of himself; and we’ve seen a real improvement in Mr Bode, he seems to be regaining the power of speech very well, though he isn’t speaking any language we recognise yet. Well, I must finish giving out the Christmas presents, I’ll leave you all to chat.’Harry looked around. The ward bore unmistakeable signs of being a permanent home to its residents. They had many more personal effects around their beds than in Mr Weasley’s ward; the wall around Gilderoy’s headboard, for instance, was papered with pictures of himself, all beaming toothily and waving at the new arrivals. He had autographed many of them to himself in disjointed, childish writing. The moment he had been deposited in his chair by the Healer, Gilderoy pulled a fresh stack of photographs towards him, seized a quill and started signing them all feverishly.‘You can put them in envelopes,’ he said to Ginny, throwing the signed pictures into her lap one by one as he finished them. ‘I am not forgotten, you know, no, I still receive a very great deal of fan mail ... Gladys Gudgeon writes weekly ... I just wish I knew why ...’ He paused, looking faintly puzzled, then beamed again and returned to his signing with renewed vigour. ‘I suspect it is simply my good looks ...’A sallow-skinned, mournful-looking wizard lay in the bed opposite staring at the ceiling; he was mumbling to himself and seemed quite unaware of anything around him. Two beds along was a woman whose entire head was covered in fur; Harry remembered something similar happening to Hermione during their second year, although fortunately the damage, in her case, had not been permanent. At the far end of the ward flowery curtains had been drawn around two beds to give the occupants and their visitors some privacy.‘Here you are, Agnes,’ said the Healer brightly to the furry-faced woman, handing her a small pile of Christmas presents. ‘See, not forgotten, are you? And your son’s sent an owl to say he’s visiting tonight, so that’s nice, isn’t it?’Agnes gave several loud barks.'And look, Broderick, you’ve been sent a pot plant and a lovely calendar with a different fancy Hippogriff for each month; they’ll brighten things up, won’t they?’ said the Healer, bustling along to the mumbling man, setting a rather ugly plant with long, swaying tentacles on the bedside cabinet and fixing the calendar to the wall with her wand.Source: J.K. Rowling - Harry Potter and the Order of the PhoenixThe above passage also shows evidence of use of “talk therapy”, or therapy sessions, particularly the method of supportive therapy.From the American Psychiatric Association:Supportive therapy uses guidance and encouragement to help patients develop their own resources. It helps build self-esteem, reduce anxiety, strengthen coping mechanisms, and improve social and community functioning. Supportive psychotherapy helps patients deal with issues related to their mental health conditions which in turn affect the rest of their lives.Likewise, the testimony of the Mediwitch tending to Lockhart, claiming that Lockhart has continued to “improve” with treatment, indicates that therapy is being used.Research shows that most people who receive psychotherapy experience symptom relief and are better able to function in their lives. About 75% of people who enter psychotherapy show some benefit from it.Psychotherapy has been shown to improve emotions and behaviors and to be linked with positive changes in the brain and body. The benefits also include fewer sick days, less disability, fewer medical problems, and increased work satisfaction.In a similar sense, magical medications - i.e. potions - are also used in conjunction with therapy, similarly to use of pharmaceutical drugs in real-life:Psychotherapy is often used in combination with medication to treat mental health conditions. In some circumstances medication may be clearly useful and in others psychotherapy may be the best option. For many people combined medication and psychotherapy treatment is better than either alone. Healthy lifestyle improvements, such as good nutrition, regular exercise and adequate sleep, can be important in supporting recovery and overall wellness. (Source)Last, but not least, another indication of long-standing psychological, or mental, treatment for wizards and witches are the existence of Legilimency - or “mind-reading” - and Obscuruses.Based on Severus Snape’s testimony, witches and wizards are well-aware that the mind is “a complex and many-layered thing”. Likewise, the practice is well-known and refined, indicating some likely use of Legilimency in order to treat mental health patients."The mind is not a book, to be opened at will and examined at leisure. Thoughts are not etched on the inside of skulls, to be perused by any invader. The mind is a complex and many-layered thing, Potter. Or at least most minds are... It is true, however, that those who have mastered Legilimency are able, under certain conditions, to delve into the minds of their victims and to interpret their findings correctly." - Severus SnapeThe most advanced Legilimens can perform Legilimency nonverbally and wandlessly, but less talented practitioners must use the incantation Legilimens to enter their victim's mind.If a target is not skilled in Occlumency, a Legilimens will be able to detect if the person is lying, as well as delve into their thoughts, emotions, and memories.Highly skilled Legilimens can also influence a mind that they invade…it is easier to perform Legilimency when the target and practitioners' eyes meet.Likewise, we can establish that Legilimency has been around since the Middle Ages, if not before, in the wizarding world.Some magical creatures, such as the Wampus cat, have this ability naturally, as do some witches and wizards, such as Tom Marvolo Riddle in the original Harry Potter series, and Queenie Goldstein in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them.Legilimency is the act of magically navigating through the many layers of a person's mind and correctly interpreting one's findings. A person who practises this art is known as a Legilimens. Muggles might call this "mind-reading," but practitioners disdain the term as naive.Some magical beasts, such as Wampus cats, can also perform Legilimency.It is unknown who invented the art of Legilimency and just when it was invented. It is safe to assume that the art has been around for a fairly long time, as Salazar Slytherin, a very skilled Legillimens, lived in the 11th century, and, along with the other Hogwarts founders, enchanted the Sorting Hat to have the skill. Other witches and wizards have used Legilimency on several different occasions as well.Queenie Goldstein was a talented Legilimens who would frequently read those around her and verbally respond to those thoughts. She did so without malicious intent but was often scolded for looking into others' minds without their permission. Whereas most had to learn legilimency, Queenie was born with a great aptitude for the skill.Likewise, the existence of Obscuruses and their carriers - Obscurials - have also been around since ancient times in the wizarding world, and are based on psychological repression of one’s magic at an early age.“Obscurial Concept Art” by artist Dan Baker."Before wizards went underground, when we were still being hunted by muggles, young wizards and witches sometimes tried to suppress their magic to avoid persecution. So instead of learning to harness or to control their powers, they developed what was called an Obscurus." - Newt Scamander, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them"An Obscurus is developed under very specific conditions: trauma associated with the use of magic, internalised hatred of one’s own magic and a conscious attempt to suppress it." - J.K. RowlingWhen a magical child is forced to repress their talent through physical or psychological abuse, they develop a parasitical magical force inside of them called Obscurus, resulting from their strong emotions of distress.An Obscurial may lose control when they reach their emotional and mental breaking point, releasing their Obscurus as an invisible (or nearly invisible) destructive wind. In extreme cases, they may physically transform into an Obscurus.In ancient times, Obscurials were more common, when wizards were hunted by Muggles. However, when the wizarding world and the Muggle world separated, the trend dropped as children were no longer forced to hide their true nature among their own.An Obscurus was the manifestation of the repressed energy of a magical child (known as an Obscurial). Described as a "dark" and "parasitic" force, an Obscurus was created when the child in question was forced to repress their talent through physical or psychological abuse. This energy could manifest itself as a separate entity that can erupt in violent, destructive fury.[…] An Obscurus often targeted people that are the source of their host's [psychological and emotional] distress, as Credence Barebone's Obscurus went after Henry Shaw after he was insulted by him, though it took longer to attack Mary Lou Barebone since Credence was so close to her. When his adoptive sister ran in fear of him and Gellert Grindelwald, in the guise of Percival Graves, stated that he had lied to Credence about taking him in as a wizard, Credence lost control completely of his Obscurus, causing wide-spread damage in New York. (Source)