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Rajanaya BrahmaKayastha are the direct descendant of hindu vedic god dharmaraj dharmahari dharmlala shree chitragupt deva , By birth ,being son of god they are Devputra ( देवतापुत्र ) and have the right to perform duties of both barhmin & kshatriya .Swami vivekanand on the status of kayastha said thatI trace my descent to one at whose feet every Brahmin lays flowers when he utters the words — यमाय धर्मराजाय चित्रगुप्ताय वै नमः — and whose descendants are the purest of Kshatriyas. If you believe in your mythology or your Paurânika scriptures, let these so-called reformers know that my caste, apart from other services in the past, ruled half of India for centuries. If my caste is left out of consideration, what will there be left of the present-day civilisation of India?List of Devputra Rajanaya kayastha Kingdoms :Karkota Dynasty [ Kashmir ] king lalitaditya Muktapida——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————-King pratapditya of jessore who declared independence from the Mughals and established an independent Hindu state in BengalPratapaditya's kingdom included a greater part of the undivided districts of parganas, Jessore and khulna. It also included parts of present districts of kushtia, barisak and bhola.Pratapaditya's capital was at Dhumghat, a city situated at the confluence of Jamuna and Ichhamati.Pratapaditya built several forts. The principal fourteen of them were at Jessore, dhumghat , Raigarh, Kamalpur, Vedkashi, shibsha, pratapnagar, Shalikha, Matla, Haidargarh, Araikaki, Mani,raimangal and chaksri. There were seven forts built by Pratapaditya in and around present day kolkata. They were at matla,raigarh, tala, behla, Salkia, chitpur and Mulajor. Apart from these Pratapaditya had built a fort near present-day Jagatdal.Pratapaditya's army was divided into six divisions – infantry, cavalry, artillery, archers and elephant division. The infantry consisted of the Dhali and Raibeshe soldiers, under the command of Kalidas Ray and Madan Malla. According to Bharatchandra, Pratapadaitya had 52,000 Dhalis under his command. There were many kuki soldiers in his army and the Kuki regiment was under the command of Raghu. A cavalry of 10,000 were commanded by Pratapsingha Dutta, assisted by Mahiuddin and Nurullah. The archers were led by Sundar and Dhulian Baig. There were 1,600 elephants trained for war. Apart from these Pratapaditya had a network of spies, under the command of Sukha.The majority of Pratapaditya's army are Bengali Kaysthas, Rajputs, Portuguese Sailors and Afghan Muslims. There was a sizable number of Kuki and Arakaneese soldiers in his army. Also Patapaditya had several Afghan officers in his service, including Jamal Khan, the son of Katlu Khan and Khwaja Kamal.His chief of strategic warfare was a Brahmin called Rudraditya Upadhyaya. Rudraditya was married to Pratapaditya's niece Baisakhi Devi. The frontiers of the capital were managed by Rudraditya. He also employed many Portuguese officers during his battles against Mughals.He fought two battles against the Mughals - Battle of Salka and Battle of Kagarghat .————————————————————————————————————**Shrivastava rajvansh of Ayodhya : - Great Warrior Chandraseniya shrivastava trilok chandra conquered ayodhya in 918 AD . his descendant ruled ayodhya more than 300 years .[source :gazetteers of Awadh 1877 ]—————————————————————————————————————Great warriors Devputra brahma Kayasthas Rajanaya Manik Chand Faujdar who died in the famous Battle of Palasey————————————————————————————————————***Chandradweep Kingdom : [currently in Barisal District, Bangladesh ] was ruled by three Bengali Kayastha families and by 15 Hindu kings below is the list of those dynasties and kings [ Source : chandra dweep itihas by brindavan chandra pututundu , published by barishal samiti Kolkata 1980 ]Deb , Basu and Mitra Mazumdar. They had matrimonial alliances with other leading kayastha families of Medieval Bengal. In Bengal, Bengali kings were mostly of kayastha origin.( A ) DEB DYNASTY-- CAPITAL KACHUA( 1 ) Danujmardan Deb of kachua ( circa 1199 A.D. )- Founded Chandradwip on the orders of his guru Chandrasekhar Bhattacharya, with kachua as capital. Head of the Kayasthas of East Bengal. Identified with Danuj Rai and Danujmadhav, but Satish Chandra Mitra wrote that Danuj Rai was an earlier king and Danujmardhan of silver coins was a later king. Vrindaban Ch Putatunda wrote that they were same and the king lived for more than 104 years.( 2 ) Ramaballav Deb( 3 ) Krishnaballav Deb( 4 ) Hariballav Deb( 5 ) Jagatballav Deb or Jaydeb, the last king of Deb Family- His daughter married Balabhadra Basu, and had a son Paramananda who became king after his death.( B ) BASU DYNASTY-- CAPITAL KACHUA AND LATER MADHABPASHA( 6 ) Paramananda Basu- Grandson of Jagatballav Deb. Father Balabhadra Basu and mother kamala Devi, daughter of king Jaydeb. In 1559, the Portuguese Viceroy of Goa concluded a commercial treaty with king Paramananda of Bakla, by which the Portuguese would be able to buy goods on payment of duties. During his time, Bakla faced a cyclone in 1584-85, which took 2 lakh lives, and according to Ain-i-Akbari, the king died in this cyclone. But Satish Ch Mitra showed that it was his son Jagadananda who died , not Paramananda. Mitra's views was also confirmed by Kulagrantha of Ghataks ( Jessore Khulnar Itihas by Mitra, Vol II, page 549 ). He was also kayastha kulapati of Bengal.( 7 ) Jagadananda Basu-During his time, kamala Dighi was excavated by his daughter kamala, which cost 2 lakh rupees.( 8 ) Kandarpanarayan Basu ( 1582-1598 )-Greatest of Chandradwip kayastha kings and one of the Baro Bhuiyans. Son of Jagadananda, he made alliance with Maharaja Pratapaditya of Jessore against the Muslims, Portuguese and Magh pirates. Pratap married his daughter Bindumati to his son Ramchandra in exchange of Chakshree Pargana which was then under the rule of kandarpanarayan. After this matrimonial alliance, Kandarpanarayan left kachua and Chakshree and transferred his capital at Rajnagar, Bisharikathi, khudrakathi and lastly Hosseinpur, where he died. Ralph Fitch and Fonseca visited his kingdom and left interesting accounts. He was ably assisted in administration by Sarai Acharya, his Chief Minister, Raghunandan, his Commander-in-Chief and Rammohan Mal, his bodyguard. His kingdom extended to Bagherhat in the west, Gopalganj in the north and Hatia-Sandwip in the east. According to Ain-i-Akbari, the Bakla king had 15000 foot soldiers, and 320 war-elephants.( 9 ) Ramchandra Basu- Golden Age of Chandradwip. Assisted by Generals Rammohan Mal, Rameshwar Dutta, Bhagavan Das, Madan Singha, Nana Fernandes and Jean Garie, he defeated king Lakhsman Manikya of Bhulua ( Noakhali ) and conquered Greater Noakhali. Set up capital first at Hosseinpur, then Madhabpasha. Built Nayabari Fort on the banks of Guthis River. He increased his army to 1 lakh by recruiting Rajputs from West, Chhatris or Buxaris from Bihar, Portuguese, hilly tribes and adventurers. Jean Garie, the famous Portuguese adventurer joined his Army with 10,000 men. Besides he had cannons and many warships. Excavated Ramsagar and Sukhsagar to the west and east of Capital Madhabpasha. The Madhabpasha Rajbari was built during his time. Introduced new posts like Ghatak and Swarna-matya. The Khaskal and Kagaji Jatis settled in Bakla during his time.( 10 ) Kirtinarayan- Portuguese Revolt under Jean Garie, who was defeated. The king ordered the Portuguese to leave his kingdom. Invited by Dhaka Nawab to assist him and was tactfully converted to Islam. Hence he placed his brother Basudebnarayan on throne and himself remained his advisor.( 11 ) Basudebnarayan( 12 ) Pratapnarayan, end of Basu Dynasty- During his time, Chandradwip became a " karad rajya" or tax-paying kingdom under the Muslims, who conquered parts of it in 1674 A.D. His son died during his lifetime. Hence his daughter's eldest son Udaynarayan became king.( C ) MITRA MAZUMDAR DYNASTY--CAPITAL MADHABPASHA( 13 ) Udaynarayan ( Bangabda 1130-75 )- First king of Mitra Mazumdar family in chandradwip, son of Bimala and Gouricharan Mitra Mazumdar of Ulail. His younger brother Rajnarayan was given a taluk named Rajmata and settled in a village north ofMadhabpasha. Soon Uday was deposed by his brother-in-law khadi Mazumdar by the conspiracy of Dhaka Nawab. He went to Nawab's court. Nawab told him to kill abig tiger to prove that he was worthy of becoming a king. Uday did it single handedly. Pleased by this act, the Nawab returned his kingdom on certain conditions. He gave 5 sanand to 5 Brahman families and ordered the Portuguese to settle near Sahebganj. Set up kali temple at Nathullabad and Mahamaya temple at kashipur. The TALUK SYSTEM was introduced during his time which brought the downfall of Chandradwip kingdom. This system decreased the royal revenue and property andcreated petty zamindars. Royal lands were distributed among Paiks, Pyada, Tahsildar etc. It can be compared with Akbar's Mansabdari and Maratha Empire's land distribution system among the Chiefs.( 14 ) Shibnarayan ( Bangabda 1175-84 )- known as MAD KING and his queen was known as kalarani. He gave the ijara satta of Sultan Pratap Pargana near Dhaka to a person named Ramgopal Dalal. This caused a family feud and a complain was made against him by Debiprasad Mitra Mazumdar of Ualil to the Dewani Court of Jahangir Nagar ( Dhaka ). The king ultimately lost the case. The court verdict dated 2nd December, 1772, was written in Bengali and Farsi. The Judges were Mr N. Grover and Ray Hariram Mullick. Seal Mughal Emperor Shah Alam and East India Company. The king lost the prestige due to this case and from his time, the East India Company started to interfere in kingdom's affairs. The king died issueless, making his Queen Durgavati the Regent. At the time of his death, the queen was pregnant who later gave birth to a son named Joynarayan. She sent Dewan Ramjiban Chakraborty to bring "sanand" of zamindari from Delhi and Dhaka. Ramjiban brought it in the name of " durga-cror-narayan ray". Few days after it Ramjiban died, and king Joynarayan was born.( 15 ) Joynarayan ( Bangabda 1185-1220 )- During his time, Chandradweep Zamindari was sold due to Permanent Settlement of Lord Cornwallis. After it the rule of Chandradweep kings came to an end. It became a small principality. After Ramjiban's death, Shibshankar Das Bakshi, a Baidya, was made Dewan. He remained in this post for seven years. He and his relative Shibchandra Dasgupta illegally obtained and soldChandradwip's lands. Barishal Collectorate Tauji 1762 no Taluk was that property, with a revenue of 60,000 rs per year. This was later sold to Lakhutia Zamindar Ramchandra Ray Chaudhury...Rani Durgavati excavated Durgasagar, east of Rajbari. It had 4 villages on 4 corners-Madhabpasha in the west, pangsha in the north, solna in south, kaladema in east. In 1780, it was excavated AND THIS WAS CONSIDERED AS LAST GREAT ACHIEVEMENT BY CHANDRADWIP KINGS. Brahmans from all parts of Bengal, Mithila, South India, Varanashi, Western Bharat was invited to Madhabpasha. But suddenly an old woman of royal family died and king Joynarayan had to observe ashauch for one month and the Brahmanas had to wait one month. The whole arrangement for one month cost above Rs 3 lakhs and the royal treasury fell vacant. Few months after it,Chandradwip was sold due to permanent settlement. Almost 39 Parganas like kotalipara, Idilpur, Sultanabad, Azimpur, Nazirpur, were separated from Chandradwip and Cornwallis sold these. After that, the total revenue of kingdom became 15 lakhs.( 16 ) Nrisinghanarayan, minor under Queen Karunamoyee( 17 ) Birsinghanarayan( 18 ) DebendranarayanSen Dynasty (1070 - 1230 AD) - founded by hemant sena , Hemanta Sen usurped power and styled himself king in 1095 AD .His successor vijaya sena (ruled from 1096 AD to 1159 AD) helped lay the foundations of the dynasty, and had an unusually long reign of over 60 years. ballala sena conquered gaur from the Pala, became the ruler of the Bengal Delta, and made nabadwip the capital as well. Ballala Sena married Ramadevi a princess of the western chalukya empire which indicates that the Sena rulers maintained close social contact with south India.lakshmana sena succeeded Ballala Sena in 1179, ruled Bengal for approximately 20 years, and expanded the Sena Empire to assam, odisha, Bihar and probably to varanasi.THE PALA DYNASTY - . The name Pala is the synonym for “protector" and was used as an ending to the names of all Pala monarchs. The founder of the Pala Dynasty was GopalaPala Dynasty' ruled Bengal and Bihar for about four centuries from the middle of the 8th century AD. Founded by Gopala, the rule of the dynasty lasted for eighteen generations of kings.Glories of the Palas' The long reign of the Palas form a glorious period in the history of ancient Bengal. The dynasty ruled for about four hundred years, a rarity in the annals of dynastic history. The achievements of Bengal during this long period are indeed the glories of the Palas. Widespread empire, organised administrative system, ruling policy oriented towards welfare of the people, unprecedented excellence in the field of arts and cultivation of knowledge and literatureall these are the achievements and glories of the Pala dynasty.In the period of ascendancy the Pala empire witnessed widespread extension. In the beginning of the ninth century the Palas succeeded in spreading their sphere of influence up to Kanauj, if not over the whole of northern India, and this was Bengal's first successful involvement in the politics of northern India. Though their hegemony in northern India did not last long, but it must be said that the power and strength that was generated during the early years of Pala rule, allowed them to hold their own against the aggressions of the northern Indian powers in the 10th and 11th centuries AD.More laudable were the achievements of the Palas in the field of administration. The Pala copperplates bear ample testimony to their well-organised system of administration. An organised system of administration prevailed from the village level to the central government level. They inherited an administrative structure from the Guptas and it was to their credit that they made the structure more efficient and added many new characteristics. They built up an efficient structure for revenue collection. The long list of state-officials, found in the Pala copperplates, clearly indicate that the administration was taking care of every aspect of public life - from the ferry ghats to the riverways, land routes, trade and commerce, towns and ports, and law and order in the country. Even forest or market management was not left out. The basis of their long rule was the efficient administrative system.The most glorious aspect of Pala rule was their policy of public-welfare. The Pala rulers were Buddhists, but majority of their subjects were Hindus. Dharmapala had adopted the policy of religious toleration as the state policy. He had declared that he is 'conversant with the precepts of shastras' and he made 'the castes conform to their proper tenets'. This policy was followed by his successors. There is no doubt that the Hindu gods and goddesses and the Brahmins received liberal patronage from the Pala rulers, though they themselves were devout Buddhists. Brahmins occupied high official posts. Except one or two, all the Pala copperplates record grant of land to temples of Hindu gods and goddesses or to Brahmins. There is no evidence of any religious discord between the Buddhists and the Hindus in the society. Religious toleration and mutual coexistence can be identified as the characteristic of the social life of the people in the Pala period.This social peace over a long period of time must have contributed to developments in other fields. There are instances of welfare activities of the Pala rulers. Dharmapala is known to have excavated a few tanks by spending several thousands of dramma (silver coins). Mahipala I had occupied a place in the hearts of the people of Bengal by his welfare activities - digging tanks and establishing towns, which bear his name. Remains of many buildings of the Pala period bear testimony to the welfare activities of the rulers of the dynasty. The tradition of religious harmony and toleration that was created in the Pala period, was given a sudden jolt during the period of the Senas and the ground was prepared for the easy acceptance of Islam in the subsequent period. The long Pala period produced an atmosphere of accommodation and admixture of Hindu-Buddhist culture and as a result were evolved the sahajiya and tantrik cults, the legacy of which transcended through the medieval period down to the modern. The legacy of religious-social-cultural synthesis that was evolved during the rule of the Palas was a glorious achievement of the period and this trait was an important ingredient in the 'personality' of ancient Bengal. Buddhism spread to Tibet, Java, Sumatra and Malayasia during the Pala period. The pundits from the Buddhist Viharas of Bengal played very significant role in the propagation and spread of Buddhism in these countries.The brightest aspect of Pala glories was manifest in the field of different arts. Distinctive achievements are seen in the arts of architecture, terracotta, sculpture and painting.——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————Baji Prabhu Deshpande Minister to Shivaji ,Sardar of Ambarnath ,hero of Battle of Pavan Khind : Baji Prabhu Deshpande (c. 1615-1660) was a general and commander for shivaji .The well celebrated legend of Baji Prabhu is intricately linked with an important rear guard battle enabling Shivaji's escape from panhala fort; he was the hero who sacrificed his life for his king.Prior to raghuvanshi ayodhya was ruled by Devputra mathur Kayastha rulers ;According to 'Kayastha genealogy' created by Pandit Shivram Rudra Mathur was the Minister of Amberish , King of Ayodhya. this post is enjoyed by next 19th generation of rudra mathur .The nineteenth minister Raja Baal Pratap became independent king himself & performed Ashvmegh Yagya , his descendants were the ministers of Shrutasakha King Raghu ,Thereafter, Shri Ranga Raja became the Minister of king Aaj & his son Kamaladal became the minister of Dasaratha ,later vichikash son of kamaladal became the minister of lord maharaja ram chandra—————————————————————————————————————Pandya Kingdom of South India were established by KayasthasSaktar - Prime Minister of Magadha Emperor MahapedyanandaBrahmakant (Suryakan), the Commander-in-chief of Emperor Vikramaditya.Shri Chaturaj Saxena Prajraj- Minister of Kannauj Naresh Jayachandra'sShri Udyankant Prithviraj- Finance Minister of State of HastinapurBuddhakant Mathur , minister of VikramadityaBuddhisagar , Minister of raja bhojMadanmohan shrivastava , minister of chatrasal king of bundelkhandMaharaja girija nath roy king of dinajpur ,they all are kayasthaTo be cont…..

The land of gorgeous glacier-topped mountains and crystal-clear lakes, historic chateaus and charming chalets, aromatic wines and luscious fromage (cheese), there is more than one way to describe the gorgeous continental landmass that we know as Europe.Thanks to its continent’s strong combined economy, fairly stable political environment (Brexit notwithstanding!) and excellent infrastructure, Europe is one of the world’s most liveable continents. Many European countries offer excellent opportunities for living, working and raising a family.For students, particularly those aspiring to study abroad, Europe is a particularly attractive destination, thanks to its well-deserved reputation as a hub of academic excellence.It is home to some of the world’s best and oldest universities, including:University of Oxford (UK): Established in 1096, Oxford is the oldest surviving university in the English-speaking worldUniversity of Cambridge (UK): Established in 1209, Cambridge is the alma mater of more Nobel Prize winners than any other institution in the world except two others – Columbia University and Harvard University in the USUniversity of Copenhagen (Denmark): Established in 1479, it is one of Europe’s oldest universitiesSo is the University of Munich (Germany), which was established in 1472University College London (UK): UCL was the first university in the UK to “admit women students on equal terms with men”But what makes Europe such a desirable destination for academic aspirants?Why should you study in Europe?Read on and we’ll tell you why!1. A Wealth Of Educational Institutions To Choose FromWith 50 countries spread across its land mass, Europe offers a whole host of choices if you’re looking for an excellent centre of learning and academia. Almost all European countries are open to welcoming international students.A 2018 study by www.study.eu, an independent study choice portal for European universities, found that at least 10 European countries score very high on rankings for universities’ attractiveness to international students. The rankings measure universities’ strength on the basis of 3 pillars:Quality of education offeredCost: which measures combined affordability in terms of cost of living (rent, food, etc) and average tuition fees charged by universitiesLife & Career: which evaluates the quality of life experiences offered by universities in that country plus the chances of staying and working in the country after graduationOverall, the study found that Germany is the most attractive study destination for international students, followed by the UK, France and the Netherlands. Switzerland, Sweden, Belgium and Italy are also among the Top 10 choices.You Might Also Want To Read: 8 Top Reasons To Study In The UK2. Affordable EducationThe study also found that international students more concerned about affordability have even more study choices in Europe. Poland, Serbia, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Greece, Portugal, Lithuania and Latvia all score very highly on the Cost factor. Germany also features in the Top 10 with its universities providing an unbeatable combination of quality and affordability for study abroad aspirants (which is why it is #1 in Europe overall). International students studying in Europe can expect to incur annual expenses of between EUR 7,000 to around EUR 10,000, which makes studying in these countries much cheaper than studying at universities in the USA, New Zealand, Canada or Australia.3. Quality Of Education & LifeIf the quality of education is your top-most priority, the UK is the clear winner, home to globally influential centres of learning as well as ‘university cities’ like Oxford, Cambridge, Edinburgh and Aberystwyth. Germanyis a close second on the quality factor, with universities like Technische Universität München (TUM), Humboldt University of Berlin, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and Heidelberg University attracting a huge number of international students year on year. Unsurprisingly, universities in other Western European countries such as France, Netherlands, Sweden, Italy and Spain also offer the best quality of education within the continent.When it comes to quality of life and career experiences beyond the classroom, UK universities take top honours. Ireland, home to Trinity College Dublin, University College Dublin (also known as ‘Ireland’s Global University’ due to its large international student populace) and National University of Ireland Galway, is a close second. Other good country choices for international students with respect to this factor are Iceland, Norway, Netherlands, Switzerland and Austria.4. World-Wide Reputation For Academic ExcellenceAs already seen, European universities are very serious about the quality of education they offer. Overall, Europe boasts some of the strongest education systems in the entire world. In addition, the quality of teaching and learning are constantly monitored by the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) to ensure that excellent educational standards are maintained along with an impetus on continuous improvement.According to the QS World University Rankings, an annual, highly-respected publication, 5 of the world’s Top 10 universities are in Europe. These are:Ranked #5: University of Oxford – UKRanked #6: University of Cambridge – UKRanked #7: ETH Zurich/Swiss Federal Institute of Technology – SwitzerlandRanked #8: Imperial College London – UKRanked #10: University College London – UKA number of universities also make it to the Top 100, including universities in France, Switzerland, Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, Russia and Sweden.5. Rich Culture, Compelling History, Incomparable Academic HeritageEurope has a rich history, dating back a number of centuries. Some of the world’s most important and far-reaching events took place in Europe. In fact, a number of ideas, theories, and concepts had their genesis in this ‘cradle of Western civilization’; not only in education and academia but also in other fields such as politics, philosophy, industry, literature, arts, fashion, economics, finance, sociology and anthropology. Many European cities such as London, Edinburgh, Paris, Berlin, Amsterdam, Copenhagen and Prague boast world-class architecture and compelling historical antecedents that make studying in these places a wonderful learning experience in and of itself.6. Future-Oriented: Highly Focused On Innovation, Research & TechnologyIn addition to having the best and most passionate educators, European universities also offer their students state-of-the-art technology, modern facilities, and research-or industry-oriented instruction. They provide access to comprehensive libraries that have extensive collections of books and multimedia to support students in their quest for knowledge.In the broader world, Europe is also a hotbed of ICT and software innovation and development. Some of the world’s most valuable technology companies such as Spotify, Skype, Trivago, Supercell and SAP originated in Europe. In addition, European scientists are making great strides with their research endeavours in a wide range of fields from medicine to nanotechnology and space travel to polar research.7. Availability Of Part-Time Job OpportunitiesMany European countries allow international students to work part-time while studying, as long as they meet certain conditions. In the UK, international students on a Tier 4 visa (pursuing a course that is six months or longer) are allowed to work different hours depending on the University’s term dates or their current stage in their academic life cycle. In general, there is a 20-hour/week limit on most international students.The 20-hour/week restriction holds true in Spain as well. In addition, students can only undertake work that is related to their programme of study.In France, during term time, students can work part-time both on-campus and off-campus. Full-time work is allowed during scheduled vacations. Overall, students in France can work for up 964 hours during the year.Students in Germany can work up to 120 days per year full-time or 240 days part-time. They can work for more than the allowable 120 days if they find a job with the institution of study.8. Multiple Opportunities For Language LearningAlthough English is widely spoken in Europe, there are more than 20 other languages that an international student can choose to learn, including French, German, Italian, Spanish and Polish. By learning a new language and through exposure to new cultural and social norms, you can expand your cultural horizons, become more independent and self-reliant and develop an invaluable ‘glocal’ mindset. Studying in Europe offers all these possibilities in spades!9. Opportunities To TravelResearch has shown that travelling enhances creativity, improves mental health and enhances the feeling of life fulfilment. By travelling, students can learn new life skills, become more confident and open-minded and even enhance their university learning experience. Europe, in particular, offers a ton of opportunities to travel, even for budget travellers (also known as ‘students’!)A student visa issued by many European countries (with some exceptions) entitles you to visit other countries within the Schengen area. And many countries use a single currency (Euro) so it’s possible to travel without constantly worrying about exchange rates.Cheap inter- and intra-country bus services are available in many countries. These include the Megabus service in the UK and the Flixbus service that operates in 20 European countries. Europe has a very well-developed railway system as well. The Eurail Pass, a train ticket that allows you to travel in and through up to 28 European countries on trains and some ferries, is ideal for travellers looking to travel vast distances across Europe.10. Excellent Career PreparationEuropean degrees are respected by employers the world over. Studying in Europe does not just provide you with a world-class education. It also prepares you for a mobile, geography-agnostic global career.In addition to European companies, many multinational companies have a presence in important European cities (London, Paris, Copenhagen, Berlin, etc). Thus, international students who study in Europe have access to a wide range of graduate job and career openings. By providing the opportunity to learn new languages and develop personal skills such as adaptability, self-reliance and cultural competence, a European education can be an important stepping-stone to finding that dream job.Post-study employability for international students in Europe varies by country (differences in visa rules, job market, etc), university and programme of study. For example, the UK has a very competitive job market. However, it also offers a ‘post-study work stream’ via a number of work visas that allow UK graduates to work in the country, as long as certain conditions are satisfied. Similarly, Germany, Ireland, France, Switzerland and Sweden also offer conditional residence/workstream options for international students.ConclusionOverall, Europe has a number of universities that earn consistently high scores on employability rankings. According to the 2018 Global University Employability Ranking published by Times Higher Education, these include the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford (UK), Technical University of Munich (Germany), ETH Zurich (Switzerland) and HEC Paris (France).So, if you’re considering studying abroad, Europe is a haven for endless possibilities and choices.Offering quality, world-class education, state-of-the-art facilities and multiple opportunities for personal learning and development, European universities are among the best in the world.

This is based on the Article “The unmatched Marcos contribution to the Economy”IN his first term, President Marcos immediately sat out to solve the country’s most urgent problems of inadequate food supply, lack of basic social services, infrastructure support and a lethargic economy controlled by aliens and a well-entrenched oligarchy. He relentlessly pursued his political and social platform of “rice and roads.” The priority was to achieve food security for his people.It was during Marcos’s presidency that the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established to serve as the focal point of research efforts in rice technology, not only for the country, but also for the rest of the world. The different high-yielding varieties developed at IRRI soon changed the agricultural landscape in most rice-producing nations in the Third World, includingour country.As a result, the Philippines began exporting rice in 1977. After being a rice importer for many decades, the country was able to ship 15,000 metric tons of rice to Indonesia. Since then, the country has been consistently exporting rice in varying amounts to such countries as Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Brazil, Australia and Germany.Aware that the agriculture-based economy could not compete with the emerging markets in Asia, President Marcos ordered on September 28, 1979 the implementation of the country’s 11 heavy industrialization projects and announced this before the University of the Philippines Law Alumni Association. At that time. we were already on the way to NIC-hood status (newly industrialized country).The projects were integrated steel, petrochemical complex, heavy engineering industries, the expansion of the cement industry, the industrialization of the coconut industry, an integrated pulp and paper mill, copper smelter, aluminum smelter, phosphate fertilizer, the manufacture of diesel engines and Alcogas.In reaction, the InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF)-World Bank and their allies, including the President’s technocrats, led by then-Prime Minister Cesar Virata; the Makati Business Club, led by the late Jaime Ongpin and the Zobel-Ayala group; and the Center for Research and Communication, an institution associated with Opus Dei, whose spokesman was Dr. Bernardo Villegas, went to work, relentlessly blocking and delaying the projects at every turn.To oppose Marcos, they even came up with a sardonic slogan to dramatize their effort: “You can’t eat steel!”Visibly irritated over the negative reactions of the IMF-World Bank and the Makati business group, Marcos issued a strong public statement accusing them of sabotaging the country’s industrialization plan.A year later, Ninoy Aquino, who ignored the government’s request to suspend his return to the country, was assassinated on his arrival at the airport. The incident triggered a political and economic crisis in the country, exacerbated by a spate of oil-price increases, inflation, capital flight and the deliberate tightening control of credits by the IMF-World Bank and other foreign creditors.As a consequence, Marcos’s massive industrialization plan evaporated into thin air.Look what happened:The economy in the post-Marcos years turned from bad to worse notwithstanding his successors’ accumulated budgets in 29 years of more than P30 trillion. This huge budget, which is now a subject of a comprehensive research work by the Philippine Council of Management Research Institute, was supposed to spur economic growth.By comparison, Marcos’s official accumulated budget in 20 years was only P486.42 billion. Yet, on records, none of them or all of his successors combined could not even match his economic infrastructures of roads, bridges, hospitals and schools; a tri-modal transportation system of air, land and sea; communication facilities; energy infrastructure; and the laws required to safeguard the economy and make it progressive.Marcos’s laws and other edictsMarcos crafted and formulated with the help of experts 7,883 presidential decrees (PDs) and other legal issuances from September 21, 1972 up to February 26, 1986, a span of 14 years.Justice Manuel Lazaro said these laws set the rules, regulations and penalties for almost every facet of lawful and ethical human conduct—from birth to grave.They are categorized as follows: PD (1 to 2036); Letters of Instruction (1 to 1525); Letters of Implementation (1 to 157); General Orders (1 to 61); Executive Orders (EO) (366 to 1093); Administrative Orders (349 to 504); Proclamations (1081 to 2486); and Memo Circulars (599 to 1297).Out of the 7,883 presidential issuances, only 67 PDs or less than .01 percent have either been repealed or modified. The minimal percentage of 67 PDs either repealed or modified by EO 187 issued by Corazon Aquino were the decrees increasing the penalties for certain offenses against public order and security, e.g., PDs 38, 1735, 1834, 1974 and 1996.Interestingly, the rationale and purpose of the PDs repealed or modified were resurrected in enacting Article 134-A of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by RA 6968. Notably, 7,816 issuances are still effective and enforced up to the present. These laws are eloquent proof of the wisdom, vision, dedication and foresight Marcos possessed as instruments of good and effective governance.Lazaro said: “No President in the country’s legal history had codified more laws. Worth mentioning are the 15 codified laws, with social and economic relevance. These are the Local Tax Code [PD 231]; Labor Code of the Philippines [PD 442]; Real Property Tax Code [PD 464]; Child and Youth Welfare Code [PD 603]; Insurance Code [PD 612];“Revised Forestry Code [PD 705]; Code of Sanitation [PD 856]; Coconut Industry Code [PD 961]; Water Code [PD 1067]; Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines [PD 1083]; National Building Code [PD 1096]; Philippines Environment Code [PD 1152]; Fire Code [PD 1185]; Government Auditing Code [PD 1445]; Tariff and Customs Code [PD 1464]; and Code of Agrarian Reform [PD 444].”More important, there is the Judicial Development Fund, the wellspring of the financial benefits of the members of the judiciary. There is also the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corp., a consistent source of revenues for the country.In essence, as long as the laws he issued are embedded in the country’s legal system, Marcos lives and they will continue to guide and safeguard the nation and its peopleIT is a common Filipino trait to “remember the bad” and “forget the good.” This is the reason people choose to remember President Marcos through the fictitious and cruel acts attributed to him and his government.Under the Marcos regime, Filipinos also saw the establishment of unprecedented edifices and infrastructures, the majority of which still stand proudly today, servicing the needs of the Filipino people.It was in Marcos’s time when pioneering hospitals were built: the Philippine Heart Center, Lung Center of the Philippines, and the National Kidney and Transplant Institute.Cultural, tourism and heritage sites were, likewise, constructed: the Cultural Center of the Philippines, Folk Arts Theater, Philippine International Convention Center, the National Arts Center (now Makiling Center for the Arts) housing the Philippine High School for the Arts, Nayong Pilipino and the People’s Park in the Sky in Tagaytay City.To address the influx of people migrating to urban centers from the countryside—which gave birth to a myriad of other problems, such as violence, social unrest, environmental degradation and limited housing provision—President Marcos came up with the Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services (BLISS) projects in Manila and in the rural areas to house the country’s poorest of the poor.A total of 230,000 housing units were constructed from 1975 to 1985. While it provided dignified shelter, the ultimate goal of BLISS is to develop a strong and solid economic base for the community, thereby inculcating self-reliance among the beneficiaries.Former National Economic and Development Authority and Professor Emeritus of the University of the Philippines School of Economics Gerardo P. Sicat, one of the country’s most distinguished economists, said: “Of all the presidents of the country [to this time], Marcos built the most extensive infrastructure. The projects were interrelated and complemented sector-development objectives. He put in the major trunk-line road networks within the country, linking them from Luzon to the Visayas, and then to Mindanao.“These networks were essential in bringing down the cost of transportation, thereby raising the prospects of commerce throughout the affected regions of the country. In his two terms in office, he concentrated on a network of roads, simply designed and inexpensive school buildings, and irrigation systems that also built farm-to-market roads.“In Luzon major irrigation systems and hydroelectric power plants were built. These were the Upper Pampanga River Project, Angat multipurpose power and irrigation project and the Magat River Project. These projects firmed up the role of Central Luzon and the Cagayan Valley in the Green Revolution of the 1970s. In addition, community irrigation systems were built in many other provinces where agricultural activities thrived, especially across the nation and in the big islands. This increased agricultural activities in the big Visayan Islands and in Mindanao, and helped cover a wide area of the rice and food-producing region. The result of these investments could be seen in the rise of agricultural output, especially the increase toward greater sufficiency in palay production. Irrigation helped to raise farmer productivity.“He improved the older networks of national roads that connected provinces, and rehabilitated them with durable construction. A lot of these projects eased the transport bottlenecks within provinces and across provinces, and improved intra-island travels within the big islands.“He linked these with airport constructions. If Marcos were to be judged only on his infrastructure-construction program during his first two terms alone, he would have been considered an outstanding president. But, actually, he undertook a lot more, especially during the martial-law period. The building program for the improvement of public-school buildings, especially at the elementary level, was one of the earliest programs of Marcos.“A study of infrastructure construction by various presidents shows that Marcos was the president who made the largest infrastructure investment. This is not because he was the longest-serving leader of the country alone.“On a per-year basis, he led all the presidents. Only Fidel Ramos had bested him in road building for a period of one year. But overall in terms of quantity of infrastructure investments, their impact on the rest of the economy and on the breadth and depth of the investments, Marcos was by far the most prolific, undertaken on a per-year basis and cumulatively over the years that he held office.“The government’s share of public investment to GDP rose to 6 percent from the meager amount of 2 percent of GDP before he took office. This was no mean feat. The level of economic activity rose overall and—in the case of the transport investments—they increased the efficiency of the economy. A great part of these investments in roads was in the countryside so that agricultural output and domestic commerce increased.“The variety of public investments undertaken was made possible by various methods of mobilizing financing for them. Although some of the major road projects and other public works were placed under the direct programs of some major departments of the government, a large part were undertaken under the auspices of many restructured government entities that took on a corporate form. So, in great measure, the reorganization of the public agencies helped in strengthening the capacity to undertake the projects.“Major projects dealing with expansion of the irrigation, water services, and power projects were pursued by entities under the corporate structure. They had more fiscal autonomy, and the programs were subject to a system of accountability. The corporate framework for these agencies enabled them to incur debt financing from major multilateral and bilateral development agencies that led to the construction of major development projects.“Nevertheless, his unparalleled achievements and contributions to the country, especially in infrastructure development, albeit persistently shunned from the spotlight, will remain as his lasting legacy. For as long as they stand, Marcos lives.”RICE, Roads and ’Rithmetic was President Marcos’s battle cry during his first term in office. By ’Rithmetic, he meant school building where arithmetic is learned. In this area, he again outperformed the five Presidents after him. Here are some of the state colleges and universities founded under his administration, in alphabetical sequence:1. Abra State Institute of Science and Technology in Abra, founded in 1983;2. Adiong Memorial Polytechnic State College, founded in 1970s;3. Basilan State College, 1984;4. Bicol University, established in 1969;5. Cagayan State University, established 1978;6. Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, established in 1983;7. Capiz State University, 1980;8. Central Mindanao University, established in 1965;9. Cotabato City State Polytechnic College, established 1983;10. Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology, established in 1967;11. Davao del Norte School of Fisheries, established in 1969 (now known as Davao del Norte State College);12. Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University in La Union, founded in 1981;13. Guimaras State College, 1968;14. Isabela State University, established in 1978;15. Kalinga-Apayao State College in Tabuk Kalinga, founded in 1970;16. Leyte Normal University, 1976;17. Malita Agri-Business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology, founded in 1966;18. Mariano Marcos State University in Ilocos Norte, founded in 1978;19. Mati Community College (MCC), founded in 1972 (now known as Davao Oriental State College of Science and Technology);20. Mindanao State University- General Santos City, founded in 1971;21. Mindanao State University-Iligan City, founded in 1968;22. Mindoro State College of Agriculture and Technology-Calapan City, established in 1966;23. Misamis Oriental State College of Agriculture and Technology, established in 1983;24. Northern Negros State College of Science and Technology, established in 1971;25. Northwestern Mindanao State College of Science and Technology, established in 1971;26. Occidental Mindoro State College, established in 1966;27. Palawan State University, established in 1965;28. Pampanga Agricultural College, established in 1974;29. Pangasinan State University, founded in 1979;30. Philippine State College of Aeronautics, founded in 1969;31. Quirino State University, established in 1976;32. Rizal Technological University, established in 1969;33. Southern Leyte State University (SLSU)-Sogod, 1969;34. SLSU-Bontoc, 1983;35. SLSU-Hinunangan, 1975;36. SLSU-San Juan, 1983;37. SLSU-Tomas Oppus, February 1, 1986;38. Southern Philippines Agri-Business and Marine and Aquatic School of Technology;39. Sulu State College, founded in 1982;40. Surigao Del Norte School of Arts and Trades, founded in 1969, (now known as Surigao State College of Technology);41. Surigao del Sur State University, founded in 1982;42. Tawi-Tawi Regional Agricultural College, founded in 1975;43. Technological University of the Philippines, established in 1971;44. University of Northern Philippines, founded in 1965;45. University of Southeastern Philippines, established in 1978;46. West Visayas State University,47. became established as university in January in 1986;47. Western Mindanao State University (WMSU) became a university in 1978 followed with building the satellite campuses in:a. WMSU Curuan, Zamboanga Cityb. WMSU-Alicia campus, Zamboanga del Surc. WMSU-Aurora campus, Zamboanga del Surd. WMSU-Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugaye. WMSU-Imelda, Zamboanga Sibugayf. WMSU-Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugayg. WMSU-Mabuhay, Zamboanga Sibugayh. WMSU-Malangas, ZamboangaSibugayi. WMSU-Molave, Zamboanga del Surj. WMSU-Naga, Zamboanga Sibugayk. WMSU-Olutanga, Zamboanga Sibugayl. WMSU-Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Surm. WMSU-Pitogo, Zamboanga del Surn. WMSU-San Ramon, Zamboanga Cityo. WMSU-Siay, Zamboanga Sibugayp. WMSU-Tungawan, ZamboangaSibugaySome of the high schools built under his leadership:1. Amlan Municipal High School was established in 1972;2. Amparo High School was established 1979;3. Aplaya National High School was established in 1969;4. Balayan National High School (BNHS), established in 1985;5. Balibago National High School, established in 1970;6. Bayugan National Comprehensive High School, established in 1980;7. Buenavista National High School, established in 1972;8. Dalupaon National High School9. established in 1972;9. Dasmariñas National High School, 1971;10. Don Emilio Macias Memorial National High School, established in 1982;11. Doña Francisca Lacsamana de Ortega Memorial National High School, established in 1972;12. Dr. Juan G. Nolasco High School, established in 1966;13. Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School, established in 1969;14. Francisco P. Felix Memorial National High School, (FPFMNHS), established in 1973;15. Gen. T. de Leon National High School, established in 1969;16. Ismael Mathay Sr. High School, formerly called the GSIS Village High School, established in 1971;17. Jose Borromeo Legaspi Memorial National High School, established in 1981;18. Kaong National High School, 1974;19. Lawang Bato National High School, established in 1967;20. Liloy National High School, established in 1974;21. Mag-aba National High School, established in 1977;22. Makati Polytechnic Community College-Technical High School, founded in 1972;23. Mandaluyong High School, established in 1977;24. Navotas National High School, established in 1983;25. Parañaque National High School, Main Campus (formerly known as Parañaque Municipal High School), established in 1969;26. Pasay City North High School, established in 1969;27. Pedro E. Diaz High School, established in 1977;28. Philippine High School for the Arts, established in 1977;29. Pinagtongulan National High School, established in 1967;30. Punta National High School, established in 1971;31. San Juan National High School, established in 1968;32. San Mateo National High School, established in 1985;33. San Pablo City National High School, established in 1969;34. San Pedro Relocation Center National High School, established in 1970;35. San Ramon National High School, established in 1967;36. Tabon M. Estrella National High School, established in 1981; and37. Tomas Cabili National High School Iligan City, 1971.Another stellar achievement of the Marcos administration in education is the creation of the National Manpower and Youth Council to meet the growing needs of the labor sector for skilled workers.Years later, it was renamed and rebranded as the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority to deliberately erase the Marcos name.