Infection Control Poster - Healthcare Help: Home: Fill & Download for Free

This answer may contain sensitive images. Click on an image to unblur it.I read a few studies reported in the news regarding healtchare acquired infections and deaths. There was a poster outside my education office door. About one in ten hospital patients acquire something else during their stay. Like MRSA. Remember the hysteria about flesh eating bacteria?Healthcare-Acquired Infections (HAIs) - Patient CareLinkIn American hospitals alone, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that HAIs account for an estimated 1.7 million infections and 99,000 associated deaths each year.Get the facts about necrotizing fasciitis: The flesh-eating disease - The Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC)However, a hospital is still the best place for someone with a serious or critical case of COVID-19 (about 12% and 3% of cases respectively), because the average person does not have the resources and staffing a hospital does, at home. Can people deal with this themselves?iStockA VR image of a patient’s lungs with coronavirus at GW hospital. (Courtesy GW Hospital)Coronavirus: Virtual reality helps GW Hospital see inside lungs of COVID-19 patient | WTOP“What we’re seeing is that there was rapid and progressive damage to the lungs so that he needed higher levels of support from that ventilator, and it got to the point where he needed maximal support from the ventilator,” Dr. Keith Mortman, chief of thoracic surgery at GW Hospital, said in a release for the hospital’s podcast. “That was when the outside hospital reached out to our expert team here at GW and the patient was transferred to us for something called ECMO, which stands for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.”For people experiencing “mild” symptoms, their doctors* may instruct them to self isolate at home. There are people online relating their experiences recovering at home. Some say it felt like a cold or flu. Good for them, if true (of course not all have been tested for confirmation of COVID-19).*Call your healthcare provider if you believe you are experiencing symptoms of COVID-19 and follow their instructions. Don’t show up at a clinic or ER unannounced. They need to protect their other clients and to prepare.New York state enacts new restrictions as COVID-19 spreads - The Daily Gazette

CNN)When the world looked to Asia for successful examples in handling the novel coronavirus outbreak, much attention and plaudits were paid to South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong.But there's one overlooked success story -- Vietnam. The country of 97 million people has not reported a single coronavirus-related death and on Saturday had just 328 confirmed cases, despite its long border with China and the millions of Chinese visitors it receives each year.This is all the more remarkable considering Vietnam is a low-middle income country with a much less-advanced healthcare system than others in the region. It only has 8 doctors for every 10,000 people, a third of the ratio in South Korea, according to the World Bank.After a three-week nationwide lockdown, Vietnam lifted social distancing rules in late April. It hasn't reported any local infections for more than 40 days. Businesses and schools have reopened, and life is gradually returning to normal.Motorbike riders with face masks are stuck in traffic during the morning peak hour on May 19 in Hanoi.To skeptics, Vietnam's official numbers may seem too good to be true. But Guy Thwaites, an infectious disease doctor who works in one of the main hospitals designated by the Vietnamese government to treat Covid-19 patients, said the numbers matched the reality on the ground."I go to the wards every day, I know the cases, I know there has been no death," said Thwaites, who also heads the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Ho Chi Minh City."If you had unreported or uncontrolled community transmission, then we'll be seeing cases in our hospital, people coming in with chest infections perhaps not diagnosed -- that has never happened," he said.So how has Vietnam seemingly bucked the global trend and largely escaped the scourge of the coronavirus? The answer, according to public health experts, lies in a combination of factors, from the government's swift, early response to prevent its spread, to rigorous contact-tracing and quarantining and effective public communication.Acting earlyVietnam started preparing for a coronavirus outbreak weeks before its first case was detected.At the time, the Chinese authorities and the World Health Organization had both maintained that there was no "clear evidence'' for human-to-human transmission. But Vietnam was not taking any chances."We were not only waiting for guidelines from WHO. We used the data we gathered from outside and inside (the country to) decide to take action early," said Pham Quang Thai, deputy head of the Infection Control Department at the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology in Hanoi.A woman practises social distancing while shopping for groceries from behind a line at a wet market in Hanoi.By early January, temperature screening was already in place for passengers arriving from Wuhan at Hanoi's international airport. Travelers found with a fever were isolated and closely monitored, the country's national broadcaster reported at the time.By mid-January, Deputy Prime Minister Vu Duc Dam was ordering government agencies to take "drastic measures" to prevent the disease from spreading into Vietnam, strengthening medical quarantine at border gates, airports and seaports.On January 23, Vietnam confirmed its first two coronavirus cases -- a Chinese national living in Vietnam and his father, who had traveled from Wuhan to visit his son. The next day, Vietnam's aviation authorities canceled all flights to and from Wuhan.As the country celebrated the Lunar New Year holiday, its Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc declared war on the coronavirus. "Fighting this epidemic is like fighting the enemy," he said at an urgent Communist Party meeting on January 27. Three days later, he set up a national steering committee on controlling the outbreak -- the same day the WHO declared the coronavirus a public health emergency of international concern.On February 1, Vietnam declared a national epidemic -- with just six confirmed cases recorded across the country. All flights between Vietnam and China were halted, followed by the suspension of visas to Chinese citizens the next day.Over the course of the month, the travel restrictions, arrival quarantines and visa suspensions expanded in scope as the coronavirus spread beyond China to countries like South Korea, Iran and Italy. Vietnam eventually suspended entry to all foreigners in late March.A Vietnamese People's Army officer stands next to a sign warning about the lockdown on the Son Loi commune in Vinh Phuc province on February 20.Vietnam was also quick to take proactive lockdown measures. On February 12, it locked down an entire rural community of 10,000 people north of Hanoi for 20 days over seven coronavirus cases -- the first large-scale lockdown known outside China. Schools and universities, which had been scheduled to reopen in February after the Lunar New Year holiday, were ordered to remain closed, and only reopened in May.Thwaites, the infectious disease expert in Ho Chi Minh City, said the speed of Vietnam's response was the main reason behind its success."Their actions in late January and early February were very much in advance of many other countries. And that was enormously helpful ... for them to be able to retain control," he said.Meticulous contact-tracingThe decisive early actions effectively curbed community transmission and kept Vietnam's confirmed cases at just 16 by February 13. For three weeks, there were no new infections -- until the second wave hit in March, brought by Vietnamese returning from abroad.Authorities rigorously traced down the contacts of confirmed coronavirus patients and placed them in a mandatory two-week quarantine."We have a very strong system: 63 provincial CDCs (centers for disease control), more than 700 district-level CDCs, and more than 11,000 commune health centers. All of them attribute to contact tracing," said doctor Pham with the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology.A confirmed coronavirus patient has to give health authorities an exhaustive list of all the people he or she has met in the past 14 days. Announcements are placed in newspapers and aired on television to inform the public of where and when a coronavirus patient has been, calling on people to go to health authorities for testing if they have also been there at the same time, Pham said.A woman stands in a queue to provide a sample at a makeshift testing centre near the Bach Mai hospital in Hanoi on March 31.When the Bach Mai hospital in Hanoi, one of the biggest hospitals in Vietnam, became a coronavirus hotspot with dozens of cases in March, authorities imposed a lockdown on the facility and tracked down nearly 100,000 people related to the hospital, including medics, patients, visitors and their close contacts, according to Pham."Using contact-tracing, we located almost everyone, and asked them to stay home and self quarantine, (and that) if they have any symptoms, they can visit the health centers for free testing," he said.Authorities also tested more than 15,000 people linked to the hospitals, including 1,000 health care workers.Vietnam's contact-tracing effort was so meticulous that it goes after not only the direct contacts of an infected person, but also indirect contacts. "That's one of the unique parts of their response. I don't think any country has done quarantine to that level," Thwaites said.All direct contacts were placed in government quarantine in health centers, hotels or military camps. Some indirect contacts were ordered to self isolate at home, according to a study of Vietnam's Covid-19 control measures by about 20 public health experts in the country.A roadside barber donning a face mask gives a haircut to a customer in Hanoi.As of May 1, about 70,000 people had been quarantined in Vietnam's government facilities, while about 140,000 had undergone isolation at home or in hotels, the study said.The study also found that of the country's first 270 Covid-19 patients, 43 percent were asymptomatic cases -- which it said highlighted the value of strict contact-tracing and quarantine. If authorities had not proactively sought out people with infection risks, the virus could have quietly spread in communities days before being detected.Public communication and propagandaFrom the start, the Vietnamese government has communicated clearly with the public about the outbreak.Dedicated websites, telephone hotlines and phone apps were set up to update the public on the latest situations of the outbreak and medical advisories. The ministry of health also regularly sent out reminders to citizens via SMS messages.Pham said on a busy day, the national hotlines alone could receive 20,000 calls, not to count the hundreds of provincial and district-level hotlines.A propaganda poster on preventing the spread of the coronavirus is seen on a wall as a man smokes a cigarette along a street in Hanoi.The country's massive propaganda apparatus was also mobilized, raising awareness of the outbreak through loudspeakers, street posters, the press and social media. In late February, the health ministry released a catchy music video based on a Vietnamese pop hit to teach people how to properly wash their hands and other hygiene measures during the outbreak. Known as the "hand-washing song," it immediately went viral, so far attracting more than 48 million views on Youtube.Thwaites said Vietnam's rich experience in dealing with infectious disease outbreaks, such as the SARS epidemic from 2002 to 2003 and the following avian influenza, had helped the government and the public to better prepare for the Covid-19 pandemic."The population is much more respectful of infectious diseases than many perhaps more affluent countries or countries that don't see as much infectious disease -- Europe, the UK and the US for example," he said."The country understands that these things need to be taken seriously and complies with guidance from the government on how to prevent the infection from spreading."

I repost my answer posted somewhere in Quora here:Many articles from CNBC, The Guadian, Reuters,…analyzed full method Vietnam applied. In summary, as a Vietnamese, I understand the strategy and execution from our government as below:Early identifying the risk of Covid-19 which is able to be a pandemic:In late December, Vietnam team organized the meeting with the US CDC office and WHO in Vietnam to get consultation from the experts how to be against to Covid-19 which is happened in Wuhan at that time;WHO at that time did not recommend to stop travelling from/to China as well wearing masks or not as evidence of transmiting virus between human was not clear anough.However, Vietnam decided go further and beyond what the US’s CDC and WHO recommended at that time andSelf activate our owned CDC system, which was set up from 2003, since 23 Jan 2020 when first 02 infected cases were identified in Vietnamin 30 Jan 2020, establish the National Steering Committee for prevention and control of the Covid-19. I guess it is very sooner than other countries.Wearing masks and washing hands are compulsory in all public/building entrances. We did not know well about the new virus, but simply understanding any virus version from Corona origin (like SARS in 2003) can be tranmitted between human. And wearing masks can reduce that risk to a certain level regardless strong or light transmission.2. Consistently and determinedly applies 5 key principles in all cases:Preventing infection: closing or controlling borders with the infected countries. With China, we closed the border in Jan. With Europe and the US, we closed the borders from mid of March. With Asia countries, we closed at end of March. We did not re-open schools after Tet (Jan) and stop all Tet festivals until this May. After the time of understanding how virus operates, we are opening consciously the borders to minimize the risk of potential to any big outbreak.Detecting infected cases: testing immigrations and anyone has symptoms or be suspected to be infected. We do not apply mass testing due to contrainst of costs (I guess)Quarantining suspected ans confirmed infection cases: all of immigrated people has to be quarantined in the state campus which can be military bases or student dormitories. All of the people contacted to the people who contacted the people who contacted directly infected people are traced their routes by police, local state officers and local CDC staffs and then required to quanantined also, let say we quarantine to F4 from F0 (infected one). With this approach, we dont need to lock down the whole coutry or city, the lock down only up to level of size of village/building apartment/ward only while the other communities still is in normal situation. The only tight social distancing we applied to the whole country is 3 weeks in April, but not lock down at all, we can still go to work if necessary, and supermarket/street markets are still opened. The servants to all the quarantine campus are soldiers and the team of preventive health care (local CDC at ward level) - it means low costs also. No self quarantine is allowed.Treating Covid-19 cases: we got the lesson learnt from China when at the begining they centralized all infected one in a few key hospitals and then that created the higher risks of cross-infection. So we did not centralize all Covid-19 cases in one place. We classified the less -serious illness and the serious one and then decentralize them to the level of local hospitals upon their seriousness. That will reduce the pressure to the hospital system especially in big cities which would concentrate on serious case only.Isolating and stamping out epidemics: all steps above sucessfully so we have time to end the epidemic in each infected area after 14 days without new case identified.3. Promote strong, wide and transparent communications from government to the people:27/1/292 in Tet, VN prime minister announced widely “Fighting against pandemic like fighting against an enemy” and “Nothing is valuable more than people’s health and life”. That somehow impressed our people about something seriously dangerous outside.In public areas, in all provinces, posters panels, art painting, leaflets were set up to explain and educate about virus symptom, Covid-19, and the methods to prevent as well hotline to contact. Vietnam also used the wartime slogans to encourage Vietnamese act right for protecting their country, as an example:(Headline: Stay home means patriotic; bottom line: who cough let inform health care - who release fake news let inform police - who escape from quanrantine let inform social networker)(Together and collaborative we fight against Covid-19)Using social network, digital network and SMS messages to all people in all ages and classes to update about Covid-19. Everyday people can get SMS from Healthcare Ministry, Chairman of City, Commnuincation and Information Ministry, Prime Minister to remind you how to do the right things and follow the government’s request. As one example:(Prime Minister’s SMS: in order to fight Covid-19, I request people follow the government’s guildlines. The people over 60 years old let stay at home and limite contacting to others. Wearing masks when outside and usually washing hands. Increase nutrions, do exercise to improve health. Every person let be a soldier in the battle against the pandemic!)Using young compaigns to raise the awareness from the young people. Song “Ghen Co Vy” with its viral dance become a phenomena in Vietnam and the world. In addition, we run many compaigns to kids such as painting for educating them more:Of course, the elderly people get high risk of infection and in Vietnam, 3–4 generations are living together in the same house. Therefore, we usually emphasize the elderly should not go out and the young generations should be responsible to minimize the risks of infecting their grandpa. And our youths are showing the great intrinsic collectivist nature to the society.Because of all above, we maintain the low rate of infected cases and then our doctors have time to cure infected one more seriously and more effectively which help to lower the rate of deadth.In July 2020, an epidemic occurred in Da Nang, the most favourist tourism city of Vietnam. When it happened, there were more than 100K of tourists there and 5 million local people. All of above protocal steps are reapplied. There were no more discussion or agruement like the West, we completed discussion in early Feb this year already, now we just act. As the result, we just stamped out that epidemic within 5 weeks.Currently, there are no social distance or lockdown in our society, all are back to normal lives, factories operating, schools opening and traffic jams occurred as usual