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“Don’t interfere with anything in the CONSTITUTION. That must be maintained, for it is the only safeguard of our LIBERTIES”- Abraham LincolnWe all celebrate 26th January every year as our Republic Day. It is one of the huge celebrating event in our country. This year, on 26th January 2017, the country has witnessed its.We, being the loyal citizens of our country, know the reason behind the celebration. On 26th January 1950, the Constitution of India came into effect to administrate the country as a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.The constitution of India is considered as the supreme law of our country that frame the outline of fundamental political principles, establishing the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government establishments. It also sets the fundamental rights, directive principles, and duties of a citizen.The constitution we have today has gone through a very interesting journey, thus, has many exciting facts that you must know.The Longest Constitution in the WorldYes! The constitution of India is the longest constitution in the world having 26 Parts, 12 Schedules, 448 Articles.Till now it has gone through a total of 101 amendments.We have the Constitution in both the scripts; Hindi and English.The Indian Constitution has a total of 117,369 words in its English language version.The original copies are kept in special helium-filled cases in the Library of the Parliament of India.Handwritten Constitution! Not Typed or PrintedThe original Constitution of India was handwritten by Prem Behari Narain Raizada in a flowing italic style with beautiful calligraphy.He used 254 pen-holder nibs of NO.303 and devoted his six months to complete the writing.He was allotted a room in Constitution House by the Government of India to execute the prominent work.Instead of charging any kind of remuneration, he had asked permission to write his name on every page of the constitution and the name of his grandfather with his name on the last page.A Constitution with Artistic IngenuityOur Constitution might not be one of the most recited scripts but is an example of hand crafted creativity.This momentous task of accomplishing the art work in every page of Constitution was handed over to Acharya Nandalal Bose in Kala Bhawan, Shantiniketan along with his students.Nandalal Bose himself painted the major images and guided his students in designing other art work.The most important page of Constitution “The Preamble”, also called as the face of Constitution, was decorated by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha, one of Nandalal Bose’s student.Constitution Narrating an Extensive JourneyOur Constitution came into force after a long expedition with Constituent Assembly.The Constituent Assembly set Drafting Committee on 29th August 1947 to prepare a Draft Constitution under the chairmanship ofDr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar, also known as “Father of Indian Constitution”.The Assembly has discussed and passed 2473 amendments out of 7635 tabled. It took exactly two years, eleven months. And seventeen days for the Assembly in drafting the constitution.After getting the final draft, Constitution of India was adopted on 26th November 1949 and on 24th January 1950, 284 members signed the Constitution.When they were signing, it was raining heavily outside that was considered as a good sign.And finally, after 2 days on 26th January 1950, the Constitution of India came into force and thus we celebrated our First Republic Day.26th January! The date has a history behind it!The date is mentioned in the history related to the mass movement demanding “Purna Swaraj” (Complete Independence) during 1929-30.On one side Mahatma Gandhi was demanding gradual freedom starting from the domination status and on the other side Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose were demanding immediate and complete freedom.Finally, Nehru Ji was elected as President and along with Sardar Patel, Rajaji & Gandhi Ji, the Indian Declaration of Independence was drafted and on 31st December 1929, Nehru Ji hoisted the tricolor flag with Gandhi charkha in centre.On 26th January 1930, Purna Swaraj was publicly issued and 26th January was celebrated as “Indian Independence Day” for the next 17 years.In 1947, we requested the British to grant freedom on the same date but Lord Mountbatten choose 15th August.This was the reason when the constitution was formed, the date to declare it, was chosen as 26th January 1950.Indian Constitution, a Bag of BorrowingsOur Constitution is a result of experiences gained by other Constitutions across the globe.“Parliamentary form of Government, Rule of Law, Law making procedure, Single Citizenship, Institution of Speaker, Doctrine of pleasure tenure of civil servants” are taken from the British Constitution.“Judicial System, Fundamental Rights” are taken from the American Constitution.“Federal System with a strong central authority, Residual powers, Centre State Relation” are taken from the Canadian Constitutions.“Directive Principles, Elections of the President of India” are taken from the Irish Constitution.“Concurrent list, Freedom of Trade and Service within Country” are taken from the Australian Constitution.“Emergency Provision” from the Weimar Constitution.“Five Year Plans, Fundamental Duties” from the Soviet Constitution.“Office of the Governor, Powers of the federal jury” from the Govt. of India Act 1935.“Amendment of Constitution” from the South African Constitution.World’s Best ConstitutionThe Constitution of India is the best constitution in the World.Being the longest constitution, it had been amended only 101 times.In 68 years of the adoption, taking in view the length of the constitution, the number of amendments are less.Constitution Combining Rigidity and FlexibilityThe constitution of India is a mixture of rigidity and flexibility. It is partly rigid and partly flexible.This is because of some provision available with the law and legislations.The Constitution is partly rigid because certain provisions can be amended by a two-third majority in Parliament and ratified by at least fifty percent of the states and the remaining provisions can be amended by Parliament by a two-third majority.The constitution is partly flexible because certain provisions of the constitution can be amended by a simple majority in Parliament.Indian Constitution has a PreambleThe constitution of India begins with a Preamble that defines the source of authority, Indian State, and the objectives.The Preamble can be read as:WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic and to secure to all its citizens, JUSTICE social, economic, and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship, EQUALITY of status and of opportunity: and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT, AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.Federal and Unitary ConstitutionIndian constitution contains both features of a federal constitution and unitary constitution.Federal Features of Indian Constitution are Rigid Constitution, Division of Powers, Supremacy, and Independence of the Judiciary.Unitary Features of Indian Constitution are the Union of States, Representation in the Legislature, Appointment on Key Positions, Disturbances in the state, Unified Judiciary, Power to make laws, Power to form new states and to change existing boundaries, and Emergency Provisions.Constitution with Parliamentary Form of GovernmentThe Government of India is a parliamentary form of government because the executive is answerable and responsible to the legislature.In parliamentary form of government –The head of the state is nominal or titular.The executive and the legislature work in close cooperation.The executive in a Parliamentary system is responsible to the legislature for all its actions.The responsibility of the Council of Ministers must be collective.The members of the Council of Ministers should belong to a single political party and remain committed to a definite political ideology, to remain a homogenous body.The accepted norm of the parliamentary form of government is the leadership of the Prime Minister.Indian Constitution Guarantees Fundamental RightsThe Part III of the Constitution of India describes the ‘Fundamental Rights’ that guarantee civil freedom to all the citizens of India to allow them to live in peace and harmony.There are six fundamental rights mentioned in the Constitution.Right to Equality: Equality before the law. No partiality based on race, religion, caste, creed, gender, or place of birth.Right to Freedom: Right to speech and expression, to assemble peacefully or to form an association, to move freely throughout the territory of India, to life and liberty, reside and settle in any part of India etc.Right to Freedom of Religion: Freedom of conscience and profession, to run religious affairs and to give religious instructions in certain institutions.Right against Exploitation: Banning of forced labor and prohibition of employment of children in perilous jobs.Cultural and Educational Rights: Preservation of language and culture of minorities and right of minorities to establish educational institutions.Right to Constitutional Remedy: To move the courts for issuance of writs & explains the writs of Habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, Certiorari.Indian Constitution Sets Fundamental DutiesThe Constitution has set some duties for Indian Citizens towards the country, such as:Abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;Cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India;Defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;Promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;Value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;Protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures;Develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;Safeguard public property and to abjure violence;Strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.Indian Constitutions Provides a number of Directive PrinciplesIndian constitution constitutes the Directive Principles of State Policy which contain the broad directives or guidelines to be followed by the State while establishing policies and laws.The Directive Principles are divided into the following three categories:Socialistic Directives for securing the welfare of the people of India, equal distribution of the material resources of the country protection of the fundamental rights of the children and youth, equal pay for equal work, education etc.Gandhian Directives for organizing village Panchayat, prohibition of intoxicating drinks and cow-slaughter, secure living wage, decent standard of life, and to promote cottage industries, to provide free and compulsory education to all children up to 14 years of age etc.Liberal Intellectual Directives for uniform civil code throughout the country and the legislatures to follow in issuing orders or making laws.Indian Constitution Sanctions Single CitizenshipThe Constitution of India has established a single and uniform citizenship for the whole of the country.It indicates that all Indian citizens will be obligated to the Indian Union.The Indian Constitution does not recognize state citizenship and as such, there is no distinction between the citizens of two or more States.There is an exception to this rule when applied to Kashmir that no one other than a permanent resident of Kashmir can acquire landed property in Kashmir.But it is a temporary provision that will be abolished when Kashmir is fully assimilated to the Indian Union.FootNotes:https://scoop.eduncle.com/important-indian-constitution-facts

Political rights and civil liberties around the world deteriorated to their lowest point in more than a decade in 2017, extending a period characterized by emboldened autocrats, beleaguered democracies, and the United States’ withdrawal from its leadership role in the global struggle for human freedom.Democracy is in crisis. The values it embodies—particularly the right to choose leaders in free and fair elections, freedom of the press, and the rule of law—are under assault and in retreat globally.A quarter-century ago, at the end of the Cold War, it appeared that totalitarianism had at last been vanquished and liberal democracy had won the great ideological battle of the 20th century.Today, it is democracy that finds itself battered and weakened. For the 12th consecutive year, according to Freedom in the World, countries that suffered democratic setbacks outnumbered those that registered gains. States that a decade ago seemed like promising success stories—Turkey and Hungary, for example—are sliding into authoritarian rule. The military in Myanmar, which began a limited democratic opening in 2010, executed a shocking campaign of ethnic cleansing in 2017 and rebuffed international criticism of its actions. Meanwhile, the world’s most powerful democracies are mired in seemingly intractable problems at home, including social and economic disparities, partisan fragmentation, terrorist attacks, and an influx of refugees that has strained alliances and increased fears of the “other.”The challenges within democratic states have fueled the rise of populist leaders who appeal to anti-immigrant sentiment and give short shrift to fundamental civil and political liberties. Right-wing populists gained votes and parliamentary seats in France, the Netherlands, Germany, and Austria during 2017. While they were kept out of government in all but Austria, their success at the polls helped to weaken established parties on both the right and left. Centrist newcomer Emmanuel Macron handily won the French presidency, but in Germany and the Netherlands, mainstream parties struggled to create stable governing coalitions.Perhaps worst of all, and most worrisome for the future, young people, who have little memory of the long struggles against fascism and communism, may be losing faith and interest in the democratic project. The very idea of democracy and its promotion has been tarnished among many, contributing to a dangerous apathy.The retreat of democracies is troubling enough. Yet at the same time, the world’s leading autocracies, China and Russia, have seized the opportunity not only to step up internal repression but also to export their malign influence to other countries, which are increasingly copying their behavior and adopting their disdain for democracy. A confident Chinese president Xi Jinping recently proclaimed that China is “blazing a new trail” for developing countries to follow. It is a path that includes politicized courts, intolerance for dissent, and predetermined elections.The spread of antidemocratic practices around the world is not merely a setback for fundamental freedoms. It poses economic and security risks. When more countries are free, all countries—including the United States—are safer and more prosperous. When more countries are autocratic and repressive, treaties and alliances crumble, nations and entire regions become unstable, and violent extremists have greater room to operate.Democratic governments allow people to help set the rules to which all must adhere, and have a say in the direction of their lives and work. This fosters a broader respect for peace, fair play, and compromise. Autocrats impose arbitrary rules on their citizens while ignoring all constraints themselves, spurring a vicious circle of abuse and radicalization.The United States Accelerates Its Withdrawal from the Democracy StruggleA long list of troubling developments around the world contributed to the global decline in 2017, but perhaps most striking was the accelerating withdrawal of the United States from its historical commitment to promoting and supporting democracy. The potent challenge from authoritarian regimes made the United States’ abdication of its traditional role all the more important.Despite the U.S. government’s mistakes—and there have been many—the American people and their leaders have generally understood that standing up for the rights of others is both a moral imperative and beneficial to themselves. But two long wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and a global recession soured the public on extensive international engagement, and the perceived link between democracy promotion on the one hand and military interventions and financial costs on the other has had a lasting impact.The Obama administration continued to defend democratic ideals in its foreign policy statements, but its actions often fell short, reflecting a reduced estimation of the United States’ ability to influence world events and of the American public’s willingness to back such efforts.In 2017, however, the Trump administration made explicit—in both words and actions—its intention to cast off principles that have guided U.S. policy and formed the basis for American leadership over the past seven decades.President Trump’s “America First” slogan, originally coined by isolationists seeking to block U.S. involvement in the war against fascism, targeted traditional notions of collective global security and mutually beneficial trade. The administration’s hostility and skepticism toward binding international agreements on the environment, arms control, and other topics confirmed that a reorientation was taking shape.Even when he chose to acknowledge America’s treaty alliances with fellow democracies, the president spoke of cultural or civilizational ties rather than shared recognition of universal rights; his trips abroad rarely featured any mention of the word “democracy.” Indeed, the American leader expressed feelings of admiration and even personal friendship for some of the world’s most loathsome strongmen and dictators.This marks a sharp break from other U.S. presidents in the postwar period, who cooperated with certain authoritarian regimes for strategic reasons but never wavered from a commitment to democracy as the best form of government and the animating force behind American foreign policy. It also reflects an inability—or unwillingness—by the United States to lead democracies in effectively confronting the growing threat from Russia and China, and from the other states that have come to emulate their authoritarian approach.Democratic Norms Erode within the United StatesThe past year brought further, faster erosion of America’s own democratic standards than at any other time in memory, damaging its international credibility as a champion of good governance and human rights.The United States has experienced a series of setbacks in the conduct of elections and criminal justice over the past decade—under leadership from both major political parties—but in 2017 its core institutions were attacked by an administration that rejects established norms of ethical conduct across many fields of activity. President Trump himself has mingled the concerns of his business empire with his role as president, appointed family members to his senior staff, filled other high positions with lobbyists and representatives of special interests, and refused to abide by disclosure and transparency practices observed by his predecessors.The president has also lambasted and threatened the media—including sharp jabs at individual journalists—for challenging his routinely false statements, spoken disdainfully of judges who blocked his decisions, and attacked the professional staff of law enforcement and intelligence agencies. He signals contempt for Muslims and Latin American immigrants and singles out some African Americans for vitriolic criticism. He pardoned a sheriff convicted of ignoring federal court orders to halt racially discriminatory policies and issued an executive order restricting travel to the United States from a group of Muslim-majority countries after making a campaign promise to ban all foreign Muslims from the United States. And at a time when millions around the world have been forced to flee war, terrorism, and ethnic cleansing, President Trump moved to implement major reductions in the number of legal immigrants and refugees that the United States would accept.The president’s behavior stems in part from a frustration with the country’s democratic checks and balances, including the independent courts, a coequal legislative branch, the free press, and an active civil society. These institutions remained fairly resilient in 2017, but the administration’s statements and actions could ultimately leave them weakened, with serious consequences for the health of U.S. democracy and America’s role in the world.China and Russia Expand Their Antidemocratic InfluenceWhile the United States and other democratic powers grappled with domestic problems and argued about foreign policy priorities, the world’s leading autocracies—Russia and China—continued to make headway. Moscow and Beijing are single-minded in their identification of democracy as a threat to their oppressive regimes, and they work relentlessly, with increasing sophistication, to undermine its institutions and cripple its principal advocates.The eventual outcome of these trends, if unchecked, is obvious. The replacement of global democratic norms with authoritarian practices will mean more elections in which the incumbent’s victory is a foregone conclusion. It will mean a media landscape dominated by propaganda mouthpieces that marginalize the opposition while presenting the leader as omniscient, strong, and devoted to national aggrandizement. It will mean state control over the internet and social media through both censorship and active manipulation that promotes the regime’s message while confusing users with lies and fakery. And it will mean more corruption, injustice, and impunity for state abuses.Already, Vladimir Putin’s Russia has carried out disinformation campaigns before elections in countries including the United States, France, and Germany, cultivated ties to xenophobic political parties across Europe, threatened or invaded its closest neighbors, and served as an alternative source of military aid for Middle Eastern dictatorships. Its chief goal is to disrupt democratic states and fracture the institutions—such as the European Union—that bind them together.Beijing has even greater ambitions—and the resources to achieve them. It has built up a propaganda and censorship apparatus with global reach, used economic and other ties to influence democracies like Australia and New Zealand, compelled various countries to repatriate Chinese citizens seeking refuge abroad, and provided diplomatic and material support to repressive governments from Southeast Asia to Africa. Moscow often plays the role of spoiler, bolstering its position by undercutting its adversaries, but the scope and depth of Beijing’s activities show that the Chinese regime aspires to truly global leadership.Corrupt and Repressive States Threaten Global StabilityThe past year provided ample evidence that undemocratic rule itself can be catastrophic for regional and global stability, with or without active interference from major powers like Russia and China.In Myanmar, the politically dominant military conducted a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing against the Muslim Rohingya minority, enabled by diplomatic cover from China and an impotent response from the rest of the international community. Some 600,000 people have been pushed out, while thousands of others are thought to have been killed. The refugees have strained the resources of an already fragile Bangladesh, and Islamist militants have sought to adopt the Rohingya cause as a new rallying point for violent struggle.Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan broadened and intensified the crackdown on his perceived opponents that began after a failed 2016 coup attempt. In addition to its dire consequences for detained Turkish citizens, shuttered media outlets, and seized businesses, the chaotic purge has become intertwined with an offensive against the Kurdish minority, which in turn has fueled Turkey’s diplomatic and military interventions in neighboring Syria and Iraq.Elsewhere in the Middle East, authoritarian rulers in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Egypt asserted their interests in reckless ways that perpetuated long-running conflicts in Libya and Yemen and initiated a sudden attempt to blockade Qatar, a hub of international trade and transportation. Their similarly repressive archrival, Iran, played its own part in the region’s conflicts, overseeing militia networks that stretched from Lebanon to Afghanistan. Promises of reform from a powerful new crown prince in Saudi Arabia added an unexpected variable in a region that has long resisted greater openness, though his nascent social and economic changes were accompanied by hundreds of arbitrary arrests and aggressive moves against potential rivals, and he showed no inclination to open the political system.The humanitarian crisis produced in Venezuela by President Nicolás Maduro’s determination to stay in power continued to drive residents to seek refuge in neighboring countries. But other Latin American states also proved problematic: Brazil’s sprawling corruption investigations implicated leaders across the region. Mexico’s embattled administration resisted reforms that would help address rampant graft, organized crime, and a crumbling justice system.In the Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi, incumbent rulers’ ongoing use of violence to flout term limits helped to generate internal displacement and refugees. A deeply flawed electoral process in Kenya contributed to political violence there, while South Sudan’s leaders chose to press on with a bloody civil war rather than make peace and face a long-overdue reckoning with voters.North Korea presented one of the most glaring threats to world peace, aggressively building up its nuclear arsenal in an attempt to fortify an exceptionally oppressive and criminal regime.Freedom in One Country Depends on Freedom for AllDemocracies generally remain the world’s wealthiest societies, the most open to new ideas and opportunities, the least corrupt, and the most protective of individual liberties. When people around the globe are asked about their preferred political conditions, they embrace democracy’s ideals: honest elections, free speech, accountable government, and effective legal constraints on the police, military, and other institutions of authority.In the 21st century, however, it is increasingly difficult to create and sustain these conditions in one country while ignoring them in another. The autocratic regimes in Russia and China clearly recognize that to maintain power at home, they must squelch open debate, pursue dissidents, and compromise rules-based institutions beyond their borders. The citizens and leaders of democracies must now recognize that the reverse is also true: To maintain their own freedoms, they must defend the rights of their counterparts in all countries. The reality of globalization is that our fates are interlinked.In August 1968, when Soviet tanks entered Czechoslovakia to put down the Prague Spring, a small group of dissidents gathered in Red Square in Moscow and unfurled a banner that read, “For your freedom and ours.” Almost 50 years later, it is this spirit of transnational democratic solidarity and defiance in the face of autocracy that we must summon and revive.Status ChangesThe Gambia: The Gambia’s status improved from Not Free to Partly Free due to the installation of newly elected president Adama Barrow into office in January and the holding of competitive legislative elections in April. Among other openings associated with the departure of former president Yahya Jammeh, exiled journalists and activists returned, political prisoners were released, ministers declared their assets to an ombudsman, and the press union began work on media-sector reform.Timor-Leste: Timor-Leste’s status improved from Partly Free to Free due to fair elections that led to a smooth transfer of power and enabled new parties and candidates to enter the political system.Turkey: Turkey’s status declined from Partly Free to Not Free due to a deeply flawed constitutional referendum that centralized power in the presidency, the mass replacement of elected mayors with government appointees, arbitrary prosecutions of rights activists and other perceived enemies of the state, and continued purges of state employees, all of which have left citizens hesitant to express their views on sensitive topics.Uganda: Uganda’s status improved from Not Free to Partly Free due to the resilience of the media sector and the willingness of journalists, bloggers, and citizens to voice their opinions, though the political environment remained tightly restricted under the regime of long-ruling president Yoweri Museveni.Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe’s status declined from Partly Free to Not Free due to the process by which elected president Robert Mugabe was compelled to resign in November under pressure from the military.Regional TrendsAmericas: Gains and Declines Show Value of Electoral TurnoverDespite the decline in democracy worldwide in 2017—and Venezuela’s continued descent into dictatorship and humanitarian crisis—the Americas region displayed some signs of resilience.Under new president Lenín Moreno, Ecuador turned away from the personalized and often repressive rule of his predecessor, Rafael Correa. Moreno has eased pressure on the media, promoted greater engagement with civil society, proposed the restoration of term limits, and supported anticorruption efforts, including a case against his own vice president. Moreno had been Correa’s chosen successor, but his unexpectedly reformist stance once again demonstrated the potential for regular elections and transfers of power to disrupt authoritarian entrenchment.Meanwhile, under a new administration that took office in late 2015, Argentines benefited from a freer press as part of the country’s recovery from the authoritarian tendencies of former president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. In Colombia, more citizens could enjoy basic due process rights as the government implemented reforms to limit pretrial detention and continued to expand its territorial control under a 2016 peace agreement with left-wing rebels.Nevertheless, declines outpaced gains in the region as a whole in 2017. In Honduras, after an early presidential vote count favored the opposition candidate, a belatedly updated total handed victory to the incumbent, prompting protests, curfews, and calls for a new election. In Bolivia, the constitutional court—which had been elected through a highly politicized process—struck down term limits that would have prevented incumbent leader Evo Morales from seeking reelection. Voters had rejected the lifting of term limits in a 2016 referendum, and international observers called the court’s reasoning a distortion of human rights law.Nicaragua carried out deeply flawed municipal elections that favored the party of President Daniel Ortega, and the government enacted judicial reforms that further centralized state authority and shifted power from juries to judges. Separately, Mexico was shaken by new revelations of extensive state surveillance aimed at journalists and civil society activists who threatened to expose government corruption and other wrongdoing.Asia-Pacific: Antidemocratic Forces on the MarchRepressive regimes in Asia continued to consolidate their power in 2017, while marginalized communities faced dire new threats.Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen oversaw a decisive crackdown on the country’s beleaguered opposition and press corps as his Cambodian People’s Party prepared for national elections in 2018. The politicized Supreme Court dissolved the opposition Cambodia National Rescue Party, and party leader Kem Sokha was charged with treason. In a series of blows to free expression, the authorities shuttered the independent Cambodia Daily, pushed several radio stations off the air, and announced that sharing criticism of the government on social media was a crime.The Communist Party leadership in Beijing exercised ever-greater influence in Hong Kong as it attempted to stamp out growing public support for local self-determination. Four prodemocracy lawmakers were expelled from the legislature on the grounds that their oaths of office were “insincere,” making it easier for progovernment forces to pass major legislation and rules changes. In addition, the government obtained harsher sentences against three prominent protest leaders, and the Chinese legislature annexed a law criminalizing disrespect of the national anthem—which is often booed by Hong Kong soccer fans—to the territory’s Basic Law, effectively compelling the local legislature to draft a matching measure.In Myanmar, the military’s brutal campaign of rape, mutilation, and slaughter aimed at the Rohingya minority forced over 600,000 Rohingya to flee the country. The crisis, and the civilian leadership’s failure to stop it, underscored severe flaws in the country’s hybrid political system, which grants the military enormous autonomy and political power.The Maldives suffered from acute pressure on freedom of speech and dissent in 2017. The murder of prominent liberal blogger Yameen Rasheed had a chilling effect, encouraging people to self-censor rather than speak out against religious extremism. Moreover, the military was used to block opposition efforts to remove the speaker of parliament, and a number of lawmakers were ousted for defecting from the ruling party.In a bright spot for the region, Timor-Leste, one of the poorest nations in Southeast Asia, conducted fair elections that led to a smooth transfer of power. The process helped to consolidate democratic development in the country and allowed new parties and younger politicians to gain seats in the parliament.Ethnic cleansing in MyanmarMyanmar has a long history of persecuting the Rohingya, a mostly Muslim community of more than a million people living in western Rakhine State. In August 2017, the military reacted to attacks from a small armed faction of the Rohingya by launching a violent campaign against civilians that many in the international community have described as ethnic cleansing. Over 600,000 Rohingya have sought refuge in neighboring Bangladesh, reporting widespread arson, rape, and mass murder by military personnel.These horrific events underscored how far Myanmar still is from becoming a democracy. In 2015, voters elected a civilian leadership after decades of military rule. However, under a hybrid political system created by the outgoing regime, the military retains immense power and autonomy. It continues to use brutal tactics to fight multiple ethnic insurgencies, and its campaign in Rakhine State is supported by radical Buddhist leaders who portray the Rohingya as a menace to national unity and security.Eurasia: Some Doors Open as Others CloseObservers have long speculated about the problems and opportunities posed by presidential succession in Central Asia, where a number of entrenched rulers have held office for decades. In Uzbekistan, speculation turned into cautious optimism in 2017, as the country’s new administration—formed following the 2016 death of longtime president Islam Karimov—took steps toward reform. Among other moves, the government ended forced labor in the annual cotton harvest for some segments of the population, and announced plans to lift the draconian exit-visa regime and make the national currency fully convertible. The new administration has also granted more breathing room to civil society; some local groups reported a decrease in state harassment, and a Human Rights Watch delegation was allowed to enter Uzbekistan for the first time since 2010.In other parts of the region, however, governments sought to stave off change. In Armenia and Kyrgyzstan, heavily flawed voting highlighted the continuing erosion of democratic norms surrounding elections. The dominant parties in both countries relied on harassment of the opposition, voter intimidation, and misuse of administrative resources to maintain a grip on power. In Armenia’s case, the blatant electoral misconduct stands at odds with the country’s pursuit of a closer relationship with the European Union, with which it signed a Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement in November.Perhaps the most alarming threats to democracy in the region involved authoritarian forces reaching across borders to punish their critics. Exiled Azerbaijani journalist Afgan Mukhtarli was kidnapped in Tbilisi by men who allegedly spoke Georgian, then transported across the border to Azerbaijan, raising concerns that Georgian authorities were complicit in the abduction. In Ukraine, a prominent Chechen couple who were fierce opponents of Vladimir Putin and supported Ukraine in the Donbas conflict fell victim to an assassination attempt that killed one and injured the other. Numerous plots against politicians were also reported during the year, with Ukrainian authorities mostly pointing the finger at Russian security services.Europe: Right-Wing Populists Win Seats and Reject Democratic ValuesReverberations from the 2015–16 refugee crisis continued to fuel the rise of xenophobic, far-right parties, which gained ground in elections in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Austria.Marine Le Pen, leader of France’s far-right National Front, defeated mainstream presidential candidates with her pledges to suspend immigration and hold a referendum on France’s EU membership, though she lost in the second round to centrist newcomer Emmanuel Macron. The Euroskeptic, anti-immigrant Alternative for Germany became the first far-right party to enter Germany’s legislature since 1945, following a campaign in which its leaders demanded the deportation of “large numbers of refugees” and characterized Islam as incompatible with German identity. In Austria, the similarly Islamophobic Freedom Party finished third in parliamentary elections and entered a governing coalition headed by the conservative People’s Party. In the Netherlands, the notoriously xenophobic Party for Freedom chipped away enough support from mainstream parties to finish second, becoming the parliament’s primary opposition group.In Hungary and Poland, populist leaders continued to consolidate power by uprooting democratic institutions and intimidating critics in civil society. Smears of the opposition appeared in public media in both countries, and both passed laws designed to curb the activities of nongovernmental organizations. Poland’s ruling party also pressed ahead with an effort to assert political control over the judiciary, adopting laws that will affect the Supreme Court, the local courts, and a council responsible for judicial appointments.Events in the Western Balkans demonstrated a need for continued engagement in the region by major democracies. In Macedonia, mediation by Washington and Brussels helped resolve a years-long political crisis, paving the way for a new, democratically elected government. But in Serbia, EU leaders’ tolerance of Prime Minister Aleksandar Vučić’s authoritarian tendencies allowed him to further sideline the opposition and undermine what remains of the independent media after winning the country’s presidency in April.Turkey moves to ‘Not Free’Turkey’s passage over the threshold from Partly Free to Not Free is the culmination of a long and accelerating slide in Freedom in the World. The country’s score has been in free fall since 2014 due to an escalating series of assaults on the press, social media users, protesters, political parties, the judiciary, and the electoral system, as President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan fights to impose personalized control over the state and society in a deteriorating domestic and regional security environment.Erdoğan has pushed out his rivals and former allies within the ruling party, reshaped media ownership to fit his needs, and rammed through an unpopular constitutional referendum to create a “super-presidential” system without meaningful checks and balances. His response to the July 2016 coup attempt has become a sprawling witch hunt, resulting in the arrest of some 60,000 people, the closure of over 160 media outlets, and the imprisonment of over 150 journalists. The leaders of the third-largest party in the parliament are in prison, and nearly 100 mayors across the country have been replaced through emergency measures or political pressure from the president. The government has even pressed its crackdown beyond Turkey’s borders, triggering a flood of Interpol “red notice” requests to detain critics abroad, among other effects.Middle East and North Africa: Authoritarian Rule and Instability Reinforce One AnotherIn a region ravaged by war and dictatorship, Tunisia has stood out for its successful transition to democratic rule after hosting the first Arab Spring uprising in 2011. In 2017, however, earlier signs of backsliding became far clearer: municipal elections were once again postponed, leaving unelected councils in place seven years after the revolution, and figures associated with the old regime increased their influence over the vulnerable political system, for example by securing passage of a new amnesty law despite strong public opposition. The extension of a two-year-old state of emergency also signaled the erosion of democratic order in Tunisia.Tunisia’s security situation has been undermined by lawlessness in neighboring Libya, where disputes between rival authorities in the east and west have led to political paralysis. Reports of modern-day slave markets were added to other abuses against refugees and migrants stranded in militia-run detention camps. Their captivity in Libya stems in part from an EU-led crackdown on human trafficking across the Mediterranean.Libya’s problems also pose a threat to Egypt. The authoritarian government of President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi has allegedly supported the anti-Islamist campaign of the de facto government in eastern Libya in order to buttress its own floundering efforts to combat extremist violence, which has extended from the Sinai to touch all corners of Egypt. Rather than reforming its abusive security services and enlisting support from all segments of Egyptian society, however, the regime continued its repression of dissent in 2017 and adopted a restrictive new law designed to choke off international funding for nongovernmental organizations and provide legal cover for their arbitrary closure.Elsewhere in the region, Iraqi forces declared victory over the Islamic State (IS) militant group in December, and improved security has helped to create space for competition among newly registered parties and candidates ahead of the 2018 elections. IS also lost territory in Syria, but the repressive Assad regime gained ground, and civilians in areas captured from IS by U.S.-backed fighters faced widespread devastation and concealed explosives.Yemen’s civil war churned on despite a late-year rift in the rebel alliance, leaving some three-quarters of the population in need of humanitarian aid. Small groups of war-weary protesters in Sanaa repeatedly turned out to demand the release of political prisoners and an international response aimed at ending the violence. The Saudi-led coalition supporting Yemen’s ousted government continued its indiscriminate bombing campaign, while in Saudi Arabia itself, Mohammed bin Salman worked to consolidate power after replacing the previous crown prince in June. Among other rapid and opaque decisions during the year, he arbitrarily detained hundreds of princes, officials, and businessmen under the pretense of an anticorruption campaign.An Arab success story founders in TunisiaSharp democratic declines in Tunisia in 2017 threatened to downgrade the only country in the Arab world with a status of Free. Following the ouster of its longtime dictator in 2011, which launched the Arab Spring, Tunisian political factions and civil society worked together to draft a democratic constitution and hold free elections, moving the country from Not Free to Free in just four years. However, the events of the past year indicate that while the international community was quick to praise the country’s achievements, it did not provide enough sustained support and attention. Without careful development and consolidation, the new democracy may not withstand pressure from a resurgent old guard that was never fully dismantled.Looming problems in 2017 included the continued postponement of subnational elections, the ability of power brokers from the old regime to protect their interests through new legislation, failure to create and fully fund independent bodies called for in the constitution, executive domination of the legislature, and intimidation of the media. If Tunisia continues on its current path, the hard-won gains of 2011 could disappear, and democracy will lose its foothold in a repressive and unstable region.Sub-Saharan Africa: New Leaders from Old Parties May Fail to Bring ReformNew leaders replaced longtime incumbents in Angola and Zimbabwe in 2017, but their background in the ruling elite raised doubts about their promises of change.The dramatic exit of President Robert Mugabe in late 2017 left the future of democracy in Zimbabwe uncertain. While his departure after nearly four decades in office was widely welcomed, he resigned under pressure from the military, and his successor, former vice president and ruling party stalwart Emmerson Mnangagwa, was a key member of Mugabe’s repressive regime.In Angola, newly elected president João Lourenço began to dismantle the family-based power structure set up by his predecessor, José Eduardo dos Santos, who served as president for 38 years and was still head of the ruling party. In one of his first moves as head of state, Lourenço, a ruling party member who had served as dos Santos’s defense minister, fired the former leader’s daughter as chairwoman of the national oil company. It remained unclear, however, whether Lourenço would tackle corruption comprehensively or simply consolidate his own control over the levers of power and public wealth.Leaders in several other countries clung to power, often at the expense of their citizens’ basic rights. Kenya’s Supreme Court initially won broad praise for annulling the results of what it deemed to be a flawed presidential election. However, the period before the court-mandated rerun was marred by a lack of substantive reforms, incidents of political violence, and a boycott by the main opposition candidate, Raila Odinga. These factors undermined the credibility of President Uhuru Kenyatta’s victory, in which he claimed 98 percent of the vote amid low turnout.In neighboring Tanzania, the government of President John Magufuli—who took office in 2015 as a member of the only ruling party the country has ever known—stepped up repression of dissent, detaining opposition politicians, shuttering media outlets, and arresting citizens for posting critical views on social media. And in Uganda, 73-year-old president Yoweri Museveni, in power since 1986, sought to remove the presidential age limit of 75, which would permit him to run again in 2021. Museveni had just won reelection the previous year in a process that featured police violence, internet shutdowns, and treason charges against his main challenger.Even in South Africa, a relatively strong democratic performer, the corrosive effect of perpetual incumbency on leaders and parties was apparent. A major corruption scandal continued to plague President Jacob Zuma, with additional revelations about the wealthy Gupta family’s vast influence over his government. The story played a role in the ruling African National Congress’s December leadership election, in which Zuma’s ex-wife and ally, Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, was defeated by Deputy President Cyril Ramaphosa.Mugabe’s fall from power in ZimbabweThe process by which elected president Robert Mugabe was compelled to resign in November under pressure from the military pushed Zimbabwe over the threshold from Partly Free to Not Free in Freedom in the World 2018. This downgrade may seem counterintuitive given Mugabe’s long and often harsh rule, the sudden termination of which prompted celebration in the streets. But it was the regime’s years of repression of the opposition, the media, and civil society, and its high levels of corruption and disregard for the rule of law, that placed Zimbabwe at the tipping point between Not Free and Partly Free prior to 2017.The next year will be crucial for Zimbabwe, as general elections are expected. It remains to be seen whether newly installed president Emmerson Mnangagwa—a stalwart of the ruling party—is prepared make much-needed reforms that would enable free elections, or will simply retain the uneven playing field that had allowed Mugabe to remain in power since 1980.International pressure helps end decades of oppression in The GambiaThe Gambia secured one of the largest-ever improvements in Freedom in the World for 2017, registering a 21-point score increase and moving from Not Free to Partly Free. For more than two decades, the country had suffered under the oppressive rule of President Yahya Jammeh, who first took power in a military coup. Under his regime, government opponents, independent journalists, and rights activists faced intimidation, arbitrary arrest, torture, and forced disappearance.Although the country’s past elections had been marred by violence and rigging, the December 2016 presidential vote resulted in a surprise victory for opposition candidate Adama Barrow. For weeks, Jammeh refused to concede, but he relented after the regional body ECOWAS sent in troops in January 2017. While much-needed institutional reforms still lie ahead, fundamental freedoms have improved under Barrow’s government, and successful legislative elections were held in April. Among other positive developments, exiled journalists and activists returned, political prisoners were released, ministers declared their assets to an ombudsman, the press union began work on media-sector reform, and arrest warrants were issued for suspects in the 2004 murder of journalist Deyda Hydara.The year’s developments illustrated the decisive value of robust and well-timed international support for democratic transitions, though long-term advice and incentives will be necessary to ensure that good governance takes root.Countries to WatchThe following countries are among those that may be approaching important turning points in their democratic trajectory, and deserve special scrutiny during the coming year.Afghanistan: Opposition alliances are crystallizing ahead of long-overdue parliamentary elections, but preparations for the polls have been lacking, and it is uncertain whether they will be held as planned in 2018.Angola: Newly elected president João Lourenço moved to weaken the control of his predecessor’s family in 2017, but it remains to be seen whether he will make a serious effort to stem endemic corruption or ease restrictions on politics, the media, and civil society.Georgia: The ruling Georgian Dream party recently pushed through constitutional amendments that—combined with the financial backing of its reclusive billionaire patron—will make an effective challenge by the fractured opposition in future elections even more unlikely, potentially cementing the party’s control for years to come.Iraq: Improved security has helped create space for competition among newly registered parties and candidates ahead of the 2018 elections, which will test the resilience of the country’s political system.Macedonia: A democratically elected, ethnically inclusive government is seeking to root out corruption and other systemic abuses that grew worse under its scandal-plagued predecessor, and it could even resolve the lingering “name dispute” with Greece that has impeded the country’s path toward EU membership.Mexico: The July 2018 general elections will serve as a referendum on an administration that has failed to curb rampant violence and corruption, and has become increasingly hostile toward independent media and civil society activists.Saudi Arabia: Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s controversial reform program is likely to cause even more upheaval in Saudi government and society, as small gains in social freedoms and efforts to attract foreign investors go hand in hand with attempts to quash dissent and fight off perceived opponents.South Africa: Under a new leadership elected in December, the ruling African National Congress will be under pressure to clean up its image—which has been sullied by corrupt former party leader and current national president Jacob Zuma—ahead of general elections in 2019.United States: The media and the judiciary—both of which have a long history of independence—face acute pressure from the Trump administration, whose smears threaten to undermine their legitimacy.Uzbekistan: The new government has taken tentative steps toward greater openness and international engagement, but lasting change in one of the world’s most repressive political systems will require sustained international attention as well as support for independent voices in the country’s media and civil society.

n:Pages with references, Articles containing French language text, Articles containing Spanish language text,and 8 morePrincipality of AndanyEditSharePrincipality of AndanyPrincipauté d'Andany (French)Principado de Andany (Spanish)안다니 공국 (Korean)PRINCIPATVS ANDANY (Latin)←July 25, 2017–presentFlagCoat of ArmsMotto: Template:If emptyAnthem: Template:If emptyLocation of Andany (blue) in Europe (dark grey)InformationCapital cityDistrict of Floriano (D.F.)Official language(s)French, Spanish, Italian, EnglishOfficial religion(s)Christianity (Roman Catholicism)Short nameAndanyDemonymAndanian (Ándano es) (singular),Andanians (Ándanos es) (plural)GovernmentConstitutional Monarchy- PrincePablo MaciasLegislatureNational Assembly- Number of seats33Area claimed2.641788 km2(1.02 mi2)PopulationTotal: 8├Female: 2└Male: 6Currency§ Regal (REG)Time zoneASTNational sportGolfPatron saintSaint Michael the ArchangelStatisticsMatthew's Democracy System of Classification▬ 4.25 (2017)Linden's Revised System of Classification▲ 4.2 (2017)Dresner's System of Classification▬ 4.5 (2017)Economic Potential Index▲ 4.2 (2017)GDP▲ 1,800 REG (2017)GNI▲ 600 REG (2017)Country code abbreviationAN (ISO 3166-1 alpha 2)ADY (ISO 3166-1 alpha 3)MiscellaniousAndanyAndany (/ˈændəni/ AND-ə-nee), more commonly known as the Principality of Andany, is a democratic semi-crowned principality composed of three states, a federal district, and three territories. Andany is mainly located on the island of Sardinia with three embassies, located in Nevada, another located in Canada, and finally one in the People's Republic of Kaion. The nation was founded on 25 July 2017 and is surrounded by the Province of Olbia-Tempio in Italy. Andany is also considered a micronation by external observers, with citizens believing it to be an un-macronationally recognized microstate. It has a surface area of 2.641788 km² (664.64 acres) and a population of 16 full citizens, of whom all are territorial residents except two. It is solely based on a democratic capitalist ideology and educational system. The Principality's form of government is a democratic semi-crowned republic with an assemblaic system, defined by the Principality's constitution, the National Assembly. The current Prince of Andany is Prince Pablo Ailani Macías, who has ruled Andany since it was founded on 25 July 2017. Also, the current Prime Minister of Andany is Syrus B. Andany's official capital is the District of Floriano. Other cities include Ginepro and Menditsa. The Principality consists of three states, and three territories. The Principality's total size has increased throughout its history, starting out with 0.015 km² as the District of Floriano in Andany when it was first founded in 2017. The majority of the Principality's area comes from the Sardinian coastline, a territory which covers a large coastal area. The Principality's current surface area is at 2.641788 km² (664.64 acres). With all its territory surrounded by Italy. French, Spanish, and Italian are the native languages of most Andanian citizens, and this is reflected in the fact that Etruscan and Spanish are the Principality's official languages.Andany has a small services-based economy and the government's main source of income is through contributions from citizens, also known as voluntary taxation. Intermicronationally, Andany has had numerous periods of heightened influence in many places, with Prince Pablo Macias serving as Chair of the Federated Union of Micronations in 2017, of which Andany was a former member state. Under the Economic Potential Index, it has a score of 4.2, and under Linden's Revised System it scores 4.2. Andany is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life, and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Micropact, Andany has been the founder of many other organizations, such as the Intercontinental Union. Andany's unique cultural heritage, tourism industry, prominent shipping sector and geostrategic importance classify it as a middle power, according to the Andanian Census Bereau. It is so far the largest economy in the Italian micronations according ot the Nueva Ventura Stock Exchange, where it is an important regional investor. Andany can unofficially rank among the highest micronations in several measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP, and productivity per person. Andany is a Security Council member of the Intercontinental Union as of the founding of the IU.Contents[show]EtymologyIn March 2017, Pablo Macias, the then-to-be Prince of Andany, founded the Republic of Coral Rock. It was later disestablished due to inactivity. In the coming months, Pablo Macias scoured to find a new micronation. After buying the current Andanian Territory, the future 33 National Assembly members voted on a name for the almost-founded country. The street the Prince lived on was then called "Avenida Andany". If a Prince is voted [unanimously] in, then it would be a sovereign Principality. The name State of Celestine was because celestial bodies were easily visible from Andany. The name Principality of Andany won with a two-thirds majority compared with one-third to the State of Celestine. The Prince of Andany (Pablo Macias) was voted in by the National Assembly and by the people with no objections. The short form "Andany" is also a standard. A citizen of the Principality of Andany is an "Andanian".HistoryMain article: History of AndanyIndigenous peoplesThe Principality of Andany is located on the Italian island of Sardinia, which embodies a lot of history. Much of the island’s arable land is devoted to cereal cultivation and fruit growing. Macchia - grasslands mingled with a scrub of cistus, lentisk, myrtle, prickly pear, and dwarf oaks—covers most of the uncultivated countryside. A rich salt-loving vegetation is found along the shores and cliffs, and salty marshes extend along the coast. Most of the mammals are like those found in Italy, but some of those deserving special mention are a Sardinian weasel, a native wild cat, the mouflon (a wild sheep found only in Sardinia, Corsica, and Cyprus), and the Cape hare. The dominating feature of the island (some 7,000 examples of which are said to exist) is the nuraghi: truncated conic structures of huge blocks of basalt taken from extinct volcanoes, built in prehistoric times without any bonding. Most nuraghi are quite small, but a few are obviously fortresses. There is also a nuraghic village near Dorgali with traces of about 80 buildings identified. Expert opinion now dates the nuraghi to about 1500 to 400 BCE.The civilization that built the nuraghi probably had its roots in the prehistoric population of the island, but its origins and affinities are uncertain, and it left no written records. Mant archaeological sites have been fully discovered in Sardinia. Examples include the Torre Di Longosardo, Coddu Vecchiu, and the Nuraghe la Prisgiona. Tt is possible, though that the Sherden, one of the Sea People who fought in Egypt in the 13th and 12th centuries BCE, either came from, or settled in Sardinia, and they gave the island its name. Archaeological evidence from the Nuraghi culture suggests a strongly organized power of tribal states. The working of metal from local mines was presumably the chief source of wealth. However, the presence of Phoenician trade settlements along the Sardinian coasts from the 9th or 8th century BCE must have vigorously contributed to Sardinian prosperity. In the centuries that followed, Sardinia often fell prey to passing pirates and marauders, owing to its strategic position in the middle of the Mediterranean sea. It is no wonder therefore that most of the main Sardinian cities are inland, wary as Sardinians were of the dangers that came from the sea. These raids in fact continued right up to recent times, as some of the older folk used to describe. On the Costa Smeralda, for example, the natural caves at Liscia di Vacca were used as hiding places from the pirates by the Orecchioni family, just at the turn of the century. The highest local peak, Monte Moro, is so called because it provided a useful look-out against the Moors. Monte Canaglia (Rascal Hill), is the name given to the place where the scoundrels settled down and you can find traces in some local surnames, like Ragnedda, "wicked like a spider" or in place names, Lu Saraghinu "the Saracen", La Petra di li Tulchi, the rock where the Turks set ashore.There is still memory in present day families of not too distant events, like the mother who left her child on the beach to play, while she collected berries close by. When she returned, she found the Saracens sailing off with her child and in grief lost all reason. She became known as "La scasciata d'Agnula Maria", Mad Angle Maria. The Casalloni family that today resides in nearby San Pantaleo, narrowly escaped a bitter fate for their two small children, Stephen and Luke, who fortunately were not in their house but under a nearby olive tree, when it was ravaged by the Moors. In thanksgiving they made a donation to the church of an 18th century flag. It is curious to note a further indication of the natural fear of invaders from the sea, that on the coast, the old Sardinian cottages never have a sea view as they were always built in positions where they couldn't be seen from the sea. Moreover, Sardinians completely lack a fishing tradition and the few fishermen on the island are all migrants, or their descendants, from the Pontine Islands, close to the mainland. It is an ironic quirk of fate, that today the recent economic prosperity of Sardinia has actually come from the sea, from an invasion of many summer tourists. This has also led to many intermarriages, with mainland Italians, Germans, Swiss, English, French, Scandinavian and even with Australians. Andany wouldn't be founded until many years later, when Sardinia colonized immensely and became civilized greatly.Independence and expansionAt 8:30 AST on 25 July 2017, Pablo Macias declared independence from Italy as the Principality of Andany. Unanimously, Pablo Macias was crowned as the Prince of Andany shortly after. A Declaration of Independence was sent in paper form and by email to the Italian Government. No response has come back so far. The Prince was on holiday when Andany declared Independence. An Instagram post was made on the founding of Andany. The purpose of the Principality of Andany was to protect the endangered Mediterranean species Queen conch[1], and the Posidonia oceanica, or Mediterranean seagrass.[2]The Queen conch species is being killed and their habitats have been destroyed by fishermen and boats. The Posidonia oceanica, is known in Italy as "the olive of the sea".[3]The Prince really likes Queen Conch, thus creating the Queen Conch Restorations Act. The Queen conch Restoration Act was signed the day Andany was founded. It consists of it being the current National Animal and having extra care from the Oceanic Conservation Agency. Andany was founded with basic principles based on the Etruscan societal standards.Revolutionary WarThe Andanian Revolutionary War was an internal conflict in the Principality of Andany about conserving the Hudson Mountain Range into a nature conservation area. The rebel against the conservation idea was Will van den Boom, a Roman Imperial Party Senator who claimed that making a preserve wouldn't help the flora and fauna. The conflict began on 12 March 2018 after the National Assembly of Andany could not make a resolution towards the conservation area. It ended on 14 March 2018 after a peace agreement was signed in order to maintain Andany as a country and for nature to be preserved in Andanian culture and society. The Prince, Will van den Boom, and their respective followers all signed a peace agreement called the "Hudson Agreement". The purpose was to establish recreational parks for the flora and fauna of the Hudson Mountain Range and River Valley. Two Andanian citizens did remain neutral throughout the entire ordeal. Some propaganda for either side was shown on national television. Following the signing of the Hudson Agreement, the Prince himself visited the nature reserve along with Will van den Boom. They explored and found some of the Painted lady butterflies still in Andany. This inspired the Prince to start the National Conservation Agency. The national organization was created to find, help, and protect Andanian flora and fauna.La RevoluciónA rebellion between people of a total of eight micronations ensued, On 20 May 2018, the Iustian 2nd division of Jaax Town was sent over to Fort Dealvi and captured the Andanian Embassy in Iustus and territory which was annexed by Iustus and Vedecsco. On 22 May 2018, some of those micronations took to Twitter to express their opinion on the Andanian Government lying about some events. They declared independence on 22 May 2018 as the “Republic of Andany”. This led to many disputes and ruckus in many Discord severs. Tensions were continuously high between people in the morning of 23 May 2018. Finally, on 23 May 2018, negotiations between the Republic of Andany and the Principality of Andany began. These were considered to be going very well. The results were the Republic of Andany becoming defunct and merging with Principality of Andany; thus creating the new position of a Duceño. This was because of the Duceño Act creating a royal seat equal to the Prince. More agreements were made on MicroWiki. After, the Dukian Foreign Affairs Department built a new embassy for the Principality on 23 May 2018 to show peace.Contemporary historyOn 3 January 2018, the Kingdom of Imvrassia sent an email to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. They asked if Andany could unite with the Kingdom of Imvrassia or become a single federation: "The Government of the Kingdom of Imvrassia proposes the union of Andany with Imvrassia or we can create a federation.". For safety reasons, the Prince himself asked, "We don't quite get the cache on a "union" or federation being created.". The citizens of Andany had mixed feelings about the message. The population took a quick vote online, with a staggering 100% voting no. After the Prince sent the message, a response came back on January 5 at 5:53 AST. The response astonished everyone in Andany. It read, "1. The Principality of Andany would made an official request to form a union with the Kingdom of Imvrassia. 2. The Government of Imvrassia will immediately accept this request and Andany will be proclaimed as an Imvrassian Province. 3. His Highness Prince Pablo Macias will be appointed as Governor-General of the Province of Andany. 4. His Highness Prince Pablo Macias will be appointed as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Imvrassia. 5. His Highness Prince Pablo Macias will be awarded the title of Count of Imvrassia. 6. The Province of Andany will have the full inner workings of local government and will be allowed the establishment and operation of a representative-public advisory body under the name of the House of Representatives. This body will be under the chairmanship and responsibility of the Governor-General. 7. The Governor-General of the Province will be the Commander of the Provincial Guard of Andany.". The Prince voted later in the day, along with the entire population. Non-surpsrisingly, the Prince and the residents voted no. This was a major part in Andanian history, as a country tried to turn an entire country (micronation) into a province. While the Ministry of Foreign Affairs replied with a no, the Principality of Andany did however recognize the Kingdom of Imvrassia.Geography, climate, and environmentAndany is located Sardinia, between the latitudes of 41° and 42° N, and longitudes 9° and 10° E. All the land surrounding Andany is part of Italy. The land area of the entirety of Andany is approximately 2.641788 km2(1.02 mi2), of which 2.640 km² (1.019 sq mi) is land and 0.001788 km² (0.0007 sq mi) is water. Floris is the largest state at 0.983 km2(0.4 sq mi). The smallest state, Mendia, is 0.685 km2(0.3 sq mi) in area. The unpopulated territories of Gaea Rock and Emperor Island together cover 115.59016 km2(44.62961 mi sq). The entirety of Andany’s coastline and land border stretches 5.82 km (3.61 mi) on the Mediterranean Sea and Gulf of Andany. The ground is part of the Variscan basement, which consits of a plutonic complexity. Some volcanic sedimentary rocks can be found in Andany, more likely on Juniper Peak. The valley that Andany is in is called Gallura. The Lipán Tribe of Andany created the first Native Andanian Indian Reservation, with a steady population of 2.To the north, Andany has the Duyatán Peninsula, with the Bay of Menditsua to the right, and the Gulf of Andany to the left. Also, Juniper Peak, a granite promontory topped with junipers, towers over the entire country. The Hudson Mountain Range is a mountain range the northern part of Andany; which was turned into a conoevration area with the "Hudson Agreement" after the Revolutionary War occured. The 4 meter wide Saint Michael's River runs parallel to the state lines of Floris and Mendia, only to meet with the Frenchman River. To the south, it consists of the Gallura Chip. Most of the land in the southern portion is flatland and small hills. It borders Italy (3.76 km) and the Mediterranean Sea. Andany’s only claims are of Gaea Rock, which is an islet that lies a few meters from Juniper Peak, and Snow Island in Antarctica; used as a sanctuary for Emperor Penguins. Andany is mostly flat in the southern Zuhaitzan regions. Though, the northern portion is more mountainous. The Frenchman River is a 15 meter wide river that passes through Mendia and Floris from central Sardinia to Hibiscus Bay, emptying at Aintzira Lake. Gaea Rock is a territorial islet of Andany, lying off the coast of Juniper Peak.ClimateThanks to the great elevational changes of Juniper Peak, Duyatán Peninsula, and the mostly mountainous northern conformation, the climate of Andany is highly diverse. In most of the inland southern and central regions, the climate ranges from humid subtropical to humid continental and oceanic. In particular, the climate of the Hudson Mountain Range geographical region is mostly continental, with harsh winters and hot summers. The average temperature in Andany is 48°F (9°C) and with 8 mph (12 kph) winds. It is also humid. The coastal areas of Zuhaitza and most of Floris generally fit the Mediterranean climate stereotype (Köppen climate classification Csa). Conditions on peninsular coastal areas can be very different from the north's higher ground and valleys, particularly during the winter months when the higher altitudes tend to be cold, wet, and often snowy. The coastal regions have mild winters and warm and generally dry summers, although lowland valleys can be quite hot in summer.[4]Summer is usually more stable, although the northern regions often have thunderstorms in the afternoon/night hours and some grey and rainy days. So, while in the north, the summer is typically dry and sunny, in the south it tends to be more humid and cloudy. Spring and Autumn weather can be very changeable, with sunny and warm weeks (sometimes with Summer-like temperatures) suddenly broken off by cold spells or followed by rainy and cloudy weeks. The southern places, such as Menditsa International Airport, recieve more rain and clouds. The central plains, such as Ginepro and Kostaldea, get moderate rain and close to no flooding. The northern portion, such as the Hudson Mountain Range and the high city (Menditsua) in elevation, get little rain. Places like Juniper Peak and the Duyatán Peninsula recieve more rain than other higher places because of foliage moisture. Both major rivers in Andany, the Frenchman and the Saint Michael's, induce a little more rain than usual, causing the most minor of three inch flooding. Andany recieves more rain in winter than any other season, causing November through February to be called the "Rainy Season".Climate data for the Principality of Andany (near Santa Teresa Gallura)MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecord high °F (°C)59.0(15)59.0(15)59.0(15)63.5(17.5)68.0(20)72.5(22.5)78.8(26)77.0(25)76.1(24.5)68.0(20)63.5(17.5)54.5(12.5)54.5(12.5)Average high °F (°C)55(12.8)55(12.8)60(15.6)62(16.7)68(20)75(23.9)80(26.7)80(26.7)77(25)71(21.7)62(16.7)58(14.4)80(26.7)Average low °F (°C)38(3.3)39(3.9)41(5)45(7.2)50(10)55(12.8)60(15.6)60(15.6)56(13.3)51(10.6)45(7.2)40(4.4)38(3.3)Record low °F (°C)50.0(10)51.8(11)51.5(10.83)58.4(14.67)59.0(15)63.5(17.5)68.0(20)68.0(20)63.5(17.5)60.8(16)55.4(13)51.8(11)50.0(10)Precipitation inches (mm)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|1.96(49.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|3.93(99.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.78(19.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.39(9.9)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.78(19.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.39(9.9)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.19(4.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.11(2.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|0.98(24.9)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|1.57(39.9)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|2.95(74.9)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen"|3.93(99.8)style="Template:Weather box/colgreen border-left-width:medium"|1.49(37.8)Source no. 1: Weather and Climate.com[1]Source no. 2: Max., Min., Avg. Temperatures of Andany[2]WildlifeThe Andanian ecology is megadiverse: about 300 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous Principality of Andany and Gaea Rock, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Zuhaitza, few of which occur on the Gaea Rock. The Principality of Andany is home to approximately 100 mammal species, 30 bird species, 23 reptile species, and 10 amphibian species. About 400 insect species have been described. The Queen conch is both the national invertebrate and national animal of Andany, and is an enduring symbol of the country itself. The seahorse is also a sacred animal in Andanian culture, with a planned seahorse statue being built at the future Hibiscus Prommenade. The sehorse is also used in Andany TV, the state run television program for Andany. There is a national park, as well as a wilderness conservation area which was fought over in the Andanian Revolutionary War. Altogether, the government owns about 15% of the country's land area. Most of this is protected, though some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching; about 2% is used for military purposes. Environmental issues have been on the national agenda since 2017. Environmental controversies include debates on oil and wildlife area, dealing with air and water pollution, the economic costs of protecting wildlife, logging and deforestation, and international responses to global warming. Many federal and state agencies are involved. The most prominent is the Land Conservation Agency (LCA), created by the Prince's order in 2017. The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 2017, with the Wilderness Act. The Endangered Species Act of 2018 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the National Park Service.PoliticsThe Constitution, which consists of 20 sections and 2 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees of civil liberties and social rights. Women's suffrage was guaranteed with an amendment to the 2018 Constitution. According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the Prince of the Principality and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 2018, the Prince's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister.The position of Prime Minister, Andany's semi-head of government which has yet to be elected, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the National Assembly. The Prince of the Principality formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet.File:National Assembly of Andany.svg (http://micronations.wikia.com/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=National_Assembly_of_Andany.svg&flow=create-page-article-redlink)Legislative powers are exercised by a 33-member elective unicameral National Assembly. Statutes passed by the National Assembly are promulgated by the Prince of the Principality. Assembly elections are held every year, but the Prince is obliged to dissolve the Assembly earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance. The Prince is also obliged to dissolve the Aembly earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence.ProclamationsThe Principality of Andany claims to be a sovereign, independent nation-state, completely surrounded by Italy. As a result, it has adopted a system of government recognizably similar in structure to that of a sovereign state.[3]According to a study made by the Andanian Government, 80% of the citizens say they live a happy life. This conlcudes to the fact that the somewhat "strict" citizenship exam subliminally makes a citizen of Andany happier. This was the case as well for Switzerland. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Andany since 2017.[4]Political structureAndany is a principality governed by a constitution creating a National Assembly and other institutions of state. There are judicial, legislative, and executive branches of the government.[5]The constitution is a very special document in Andany, and is kept at the International History Museum of Andany.[6]The two major political parties in Andany are the Athenian Imperial Party, and the Roman Imperial Party.Democracy Index 2018 for AndanyRankCountryScoreElectoral processand pluralismFunctioning ofgovernmentPoliticalparticipationPoliticalcultureCivillibertiesCategory1Principality of Andany9.029.608.957.758.7510.00Full democracyPolitical divisions (also referred to as administrative divisions) of Andany are the various recognized governing entities that together form the Principality of Andany. The first-level political division (Administrative division division of the Principality of Andany is the Andanian Constituent state. There are 3 states, which are bound together in a political union with each other. Each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a defined geographic territory, and shares its sovereignty with the Federal government of the Principality of Andany.[7]According to numerous decisions of the Principality of Andany Supreme Court, the 3 individual states and the Principality of Andany as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions. All state governments are modeled after the federal government and consist of three branches (although the three-branch structure is not Constitutionally required): Governor, State legislature Principality of Andany, and State court Principality of Andany.[8]They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the Andanian Constitution, Andanian Code, or list of Andanian treaties ratified by the Andanian National Assembly, and are organized as presidential systems where the governor is both head of government and head of state (even though this too is not required). The various states are then subdivided into counties of the Andanian states. Andanian subnational divisions include the District of Floriano, and the Principality of Andany Crown Dependency (Gaea Rock, all of which are administered by the Federal government). The Federal government also maintains exclusive jurisdiction over military installations and Andanian embassies and consulate(s) located in foreign countries. Other special purpose divisions exist separately from those for general governance, examples of which include conservation district(s) and Congressional district(s).[9]File:Andanian States Map.pngStates and their subdivisionsThe primary political entity of the Principality of Andany is the state. The three states — Floris, Zuhaitza, and Mendia — are a "commonwealth". The word commonwealth in this context refers to the common "wealth", or welfare, of the public. The District of Floriano is the capital of the country. It is located in Floris and is also home to the prince, Prince Pablo. The most popular state in Andany is Floris. Floris is known for Hibiscus Bay, and the beautiful granite promontory; Juniper Peak. Zuhaitza is the second most popular state in Andany. It is known for its private beaches at Pearl Point, and Paradise Bay. Mendia is the least populated state, however, it does include small private beach. Also, it's a great spot for camping and snorkeling. Gaea Rock is the small island off the coast of Floris. It is an isle or small island, made from granite. It is accessible by boat.[10]FlagArmsStateCodeCapitalPop.AreaTemplate:SmallOfficiallanguagesZIP CodeHead of statePictureTemplate:SmallFlorisFL (FLR)Ginepro50.983EnglishFrenchItalianSpanish2--N/A70px50pxTemplate:SmallZuhaitzaZH (ZTA)Kostaldea10.940EnglishFrenchSpanish3--N/A150px70px50pxTemplate:SmallMendiaMD (MDA)Menditsua10.685EnglishItalianFrenchSpanishBasque4--N/A150pxThere are four major cities in Andany. They are Ginepro, Kostaldea, Menditsua, and Menditsa.CitiesFlagArmsName/StateCodeCapitalPop.AreaTemplate:SmallOfficiallanguagesZIP CodeHead of statePicture70pxTemplate:SmallGineproTemplate:SmallGP (GPR)Yes50.600EnglishFrenchItalianSpanish21-N/A60px70px50pxTemplate:SmallKostaldeaTemplate:SmallKT (KTD)Yes10.115EnglishItalianSpanish31-N/A80px70px50pxTemplate:SmallMenditsuaTemplate:SmallMT (MDT)Yes10.016EnglishItalianSpanishFrenchBasque41-N/A80px70px50pxTemplate:SmallMenditsaTemplate:SmallMD (MDS)No00.167EnglishItalianSpanish32-N/A80pxDistrict of FlorianoA separate federal district/national capital, the District of Floriano (D.F.), which is under the direct authority of Congress, was formed by the District of Floriano Organic Act of 2017 from land ceded to the Federal Government by the state of Floris. The District does not form part of any state and the Andanian Congress exercises "exclusive jurisdiction in all cases whatsoever", over the district; however, the District of Floriano Home Rule Act provides for limited District of Floriano home rule, including an elected mayor/leader (Prince Pablo) and a district council. Residents of the District can vote in presidential elections, as in Article I, Section 10 to the Andanian Law, grants the District five electors in the Electoral College.[11]Foreign relationsMain article: Foreign relations of AndanyThe foreign relations of the Principality of Andany are made by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Foreign Offices of Andany, also known as embassies, are located primarily in four different countries. Andany is also a member of the Union Against Micronational War, United Micropact, and the founding nation of the Micronational Olympic Group. The Principality has 6 total embassies. None are recognized by any government under which land they are in (México and the United States). The Andanian Embassies in México are in the cities of Aguascaliéntes, Puerto Vallarta, Zacatecas, and Cancún. While the other two in the United States are in Las Vegas and New York City.File:Countries with Andanian Embassies.pngThe Andanian Commonwealth establishes and maintains foreign relations with other states through its Ministry of Foreign Affairs/Foreign Office. The Foreign Office was established in 2017 and is maintained under close supervision by the Prince The Commonwealth has recognized many different territorial entities, some including the Republic of Liber, Kingdom of Befshire and Vatican City. Andany continues to recognize other nations. The Principality of Andany recognizes several other micronations, such as, the Republic of Molossia, the Conch Republic, Filettino, the Republic of Kosovo, and many more.[12]Formal recognitionsAndany recognizes and maintains diplomatic relations with the following nations and micronations:Template:Flaglist (14 January 2018)23px People's Republic of Kaion (2 February 2018)Template:Flaglist (14 December 2017)25px Millania and New Granada (12 February 2018)Template:Flaglist (22 January 2018)Kingdom of Ourania (14 December 2017)Template:Flaglist (7 January 2018)23px Republic of Quietrock (2 February 2018)Unilateral recognitions25px UN Members (12 January 2018)25px Liberland (25 December 2017)Kosovo (1 January 2018)25px Tibet (5 January 2018)Template:Flaglist (12 December 2017)23px Catalonia (16 December 2017)Template:Flaglist (10 December 2017)25px Kingdom of Coria - (12 December 2017)Template:Flaglist (12 December 2017)Template:Flaglist (2 January 2018)Template:Flaglist (12 December 2017)Republic of Molossia (2 February 2018)23px Republic of Eberia (2 February 2018)Andany doesn't recognize25px Islamic State - Considered as a terrorist organization (12 December 2017)EconomyMain article: Economy of AndanyAndany sells a variety of products in person and online, including postcards, signed photographs of the Prince, and more. Stamps are also produced by Andany through its Postal and Telegraph Service.[13]File:Andanian Economy Treemap.PNGMoneyAndany's currency is the Regal.[14]The current exchange rate of §1 Regal to USD is $2.00. Cotton is used to make the banknotes for Andany. They are produced by the Bank of Andany, from which Regal coins made from silver and printed banknotes are redistributed.[15]The Bank of Andany issues Regal banknotes in accordance with the principles and rules established within the Andanian Economical System and controls all the currency in circulation in Italy. As part of the Andanian Economical System, the Bank produces the quantity of Regal banknotes assigned to it, puts them into circulation, withdraws worn notes, takes part in the search for and experimentation of new security features and contributes to the definition of common standards for the quality of the notes in circulation and the fight against counterfeiting.250pxCultureEthnicitiesIn Andany, the majority ethnicity is Méxican at 75%. The other two minorities include American and Russian, both at 12.5%.500pxReligions87.5% of all Andanian citizens are of Chrisitan faith. The minority religion is Muslim, at 12.5%. Below is a chart of the entire religions.400pxNational holidaysHolidayDatePurposeNew Year's DayJanuary 1To celebrate the new and prosperous year.New Year's Day (observed)January 2-5To give chance to remember the previous year and to make preparations for the upcoming year.EpiphanyJanuary 6To celebrate the revelation of God incarnate as Jesus Christ.CandlemasFebruary 2To celebrate the presentation of the child Jesus; Jesus’ first entry into the temple; and it celebrates the Virgin Mary’s purification.Valentine's DayFebruary 14To celebrate the peoples love and to honor the Saints called Valentine.Saint Patrick's DayMarch 17To commemorate the arrival of Christianity in Ireland.March EquinoxMarch 20When the Sun shines directly on the equator and the length of night and day are nearly equal.Monarch DayApril 2To honor the current standing Monarch.Palm SundayApril 9To remember Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday.Titanic DaysApril 10-14To remember the lives of those lost in the Titanic disaster.Good FridayApril 14To commemorate Jesus Christ's crucifixion.Holy SaturdayApril 15To commemorate the day when Jesus Christ lay in the tomb after his death.Easter SundayApril 16To celebrate Jesus Christ's resurrection after his crucifixion.Prince Pablo "Lyon" Macias' BirthdayJune 2To celebrate the birthday of the current Prince.Independence DayJuly 25To celebrate the independence of Andany from Italy.Thanksgiving4th Thursday of Every NovemberTo give thanks, spend time with family, and parade.Christmas EveDecemeber 24To commemorate the birth of Jesus of Nazareth.Christmas DayDecember 25Commemoration of the Nativity of Jesus.New Year's EveDecember 31To prepare for the new year to come.Road sideThe Principality of Andany drives on the right side of the road.File:Countries driving on the left or right.pngTourismThe tourism in the Principality of Andany takes private guided tours of Andany's untouched wilderness. Also, visitors are not allowed to bring certain items onto the property, including tobacco.[16]Visitors are required to produce a passport in order to be admitted into the country. After traveling to the country more than once, its citizen(s) and visitor(s) recieve a card or free registration that allows them to enter and exit the country whenever they wish to.[17]Life in AndanyWhen citizens apply for a citizenship registration form and are accepted into the country, then they will be given a special, one-of-a-kind credit card that will hold their money.[18]Also, it holds their Social Security of Andany number.See alsoList of micronationsAndany's WebsiteReferences↑ . Weather and Climate.com. https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,santa-teresa-gallura,Italy. Retrieved on 9 November 2017.↑ . World Weather Online.com. https://www.worldweatheronline.com/santa-teresa-gallura-weather-averages/sardegna/it.aspx. Retrieved on 9 November 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/about. Retrieved on 29 June 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/bill-of-rights. Retrieved on 13 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/structure. Retrieved on 29 June 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/constitution. Retrieved on 5 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/government. Retrieved on 12 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/federal-goverment. Retrieved on 12 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/discover-andany. Retrieved on 13 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/discover-andany. Retrieved on 13 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/federal-goverment. Retrieved on 13 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/about. Retrieved on 7 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/shop. Retrieved on 5 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/bank. Retrieved on 4 July 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/bank. Retrieved on 29 June 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/structure. Retrieved on 29 June 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/citizenship. Retrieved on 29 June 2017.↑ . https://pablo02mx.wixsite.com/principalityofandany/citizenship. Retrieved on 29 June 2017.Available languages for this page: English