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Here are some sites which I frequently visit.Note: Some of them have been already mentioned above.These pander to various interests, so I hope there is at least one new site which you discovered through this answer.The Whole Brain AtlasThis is a sub-website of Harvard. It explains all about the brain including how various brain diseases occur and such stuff.Human AnatomyThis will help you learn about the Human Anatomy. It is more of a course, but a casual learner can pick up quite a few things.http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/If you are interested in learning genetics, then this site is for you. Teaches a lot about genetics. It is a nice place to pick up information on your genes.http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/index.htmlBasic Human AnatomyAnatomy Drill and PracticeThis site details every little thing about your anatomy, from its constituent tissues to its constituent molecules.Human Genome ProjectThe Human Genome Project. Everything related to the Human Genome Project is archived here, from results to publications to funding.http://www.livescience.com/For news about Science.http://www.compadre.org/Contains resources and articles on Astronomy and Physics.http://www.gnowledge.comTests on various subjects, including programming, TV shows, teaching, history, etc. You can pick up a lot of knowledge by simply frequenting this site a lot.http://lesswrong.com/It has articles on human rationality. It will help you become a more rational and logical person. The articles on this site are amazing. As a sneak-peek to the articles on the site, check out this one: http://lesswrong.com/lw/2b0/bayes_theorem_illustrated_my_way/, it illustrates Bayes' Theorem in layman terms.http://www.3quarksdaily.comThis site posts interesting articles around the web, six days a week. The articles are related to either Science, Literature, current affairs, art and anything else that is fascinating.http://www.janes.com/This site hosts articles related to Defense and Intelligence, like which country has what weapons, artillery and missiles and such. It also carries an analysis of each country's firepower.http://science.nasa.gov/The name says it all.http://deoxy.org/Contains articles on every topic under the sun. Very interesting.http://www.todayifoundout.com/Learn new facts everyday.http://www.defensetech.orgArticles relating to military power of each country.http://www.fas.org/index.htmlAgain, articles related to defense and military power.http://missilethreat.com/A site which analyses missile power of each country. Like, for example, India just tested Agni III, so it will analyse that tests and its implications for the world.http://www.allmilitaryweapons.com/A catalog of the most powerful weapons on earth ever built.http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/All about the Indian Military.http://www.myvocabulary.com/Improve your vocabulary.http://etymonline.comFor those of you interested in Etymology, this site gives the etymology of each and every word found in a standard dictionary.http://thefreedictionary.comSame as myvocabulary, but with a lot of difference.Visuwords™ online • Visual Dictionary, Visual ThesaurusVisualise each wrod. See what it is related. It will help you become fluent in English and especially in synonyms.Free online speed reading softwareIncrease your reading speed. This software claims to triple your reading speed.http://virtualsalt.comArticles on various topics.http://dailywritingtips.comFor those interested in writing, this site has got numerous invaluable tips.http://dailygrammar.comImprove your English Grammar. Helps in finding out faults in your grammar.The Story of MankindThe story of man since the beginning of time. Related to History. It'll be interesting for all the history buffs out there.http://authentichistory.comLearn about Contemporary World History.http://historylearningsite.co.ukA History of the United Kingdoms.ClassZone - World HistoryWill help you become a modern History expert.http://www.icivics.org/Become a better citizen. Learn civis. Civics made so interesting, you'll probably fall in love with it.http://historylink101.com/2/greece3/index.htmLearn about Greek Mythology.http://listhings.comTake online notes. Its like sticky notes, except that its online. So you can access it from anywhere.http://www.freedos.org/An OS compatible with MS DOShttp://geology.comA site based on earth sciences. It even contains articles on paleontology.http://paleosoc.orgPaleontological society.http://english.fossiel.netInformation on location of fossils and related stuffhttp://paleodatabase.orgA database containing information on every fossil found till now.http://fossilmuseum.netThe evolution of fossils.http://www.biography.com/Biography of famous people.http://immunicity.orgCircumvent censorshiphttp://breathingearth.netSimulates real time Carbon Dioxide data.http://cia.govThe World Factbookhttp://gunsandammo.comLearn about guns and ammunition. An excellent magzine.http://fedstats.govContains each and every statistic. Just click and you can see the statistics.Additionshttp://www.inventorbasics.com/For wannabe inventors. This site lists out all legalities you would need to take care of.http://www.epo.org/learning-events/materials/inventors-handbook.htmlThe Inventor's Handbook.http://www.calresco.org/For those curious about Chaos TheoryDefencyclopediaFor those interested in matters related to militaryMilitary Space News, Nuclear Weapons, Missile DefenseAgain for military newsPilots & Planes MilitaryInformation related to aircraft that militaries all over the world use.Anne's Astronomy NewsStuff related to astronomyIndian Defence ReviewA site dedicated to articles on threats to indian security as well as highlighting India's firepower.http://lookingforpullrequests.comFor those people who want to contribute to opensource but do not have any idea as to which projects to contribute to, this site will list the projects which need contributors.http://rbwhitaker.wikidot.comA site for learning about how to make games. This guy makes game using C#, and his games are simply awesome!http://aigamedev.comExplains the nuances of Artificial Intelligence in games.http://gameai.comIf you want to learn how to build AI in your game, this is the site for you.Learn Excel, Charting OnlineLearn Excel. You will be amazed at the things you can do with Excel.http://governancenow.comCommentary on India PoliticsQuick and Dirty TipsImprove your grammarMake A Flash GameLearn how to create flash games.http://ipcs.orgA think tank site related to issues between India and Pakistan.StratforA website, dedicated to geopolitics.ArthapediaLearn terms frequently encountered in economics. The best site for picking up economics fast.http://allmilitaryweapons.comWebsite providing information about all kinds of military weapons from around the world.Army TechnologyWebsite for those in defence industries.http://blackanthem.comOffers military news not generally found in mainstream media.AnandTech | HomeWebsite which reviews all laptops and gadgets and explains latest electronics technology.Defence and Security Alert MagazineIndian Defence MagazineNational Defense MagazineA military magazine analysing everything related to the armed forces.Indian Defence Analysis - Another military forumForce IndiaAn intelligence and national security magazineReality Sandwich: Evolving Consciousness, Bite by BiteA nice site containing good articlesErowidAll documentation relating to drugs.Factropolis -- A Fun Fact Every Day!A fun fact everyday!FactMe! Your Interesting Fact of the DayInteresting facts everyday!Wordorigins.orgA site dedicated to etymologyEtymologically Speaking...A nice page which gives you the curious origins of some words.http://grammar-monster.comImprove your grammarhttp://eyewitnesstohistory.comHistory told by those who witnessed it.http://www.statistics.com/A site for those who love statistics. Get every statistic available on the Internet.http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/A geopolitics website. A commentary on foreign affairs.http://www.worldpoliticsreview.comAnother geopolitical website.These are some of the sites that I find interesting.As an aside, there is a site, http://www.pearltrees.com, which lets you bookmark sites to visit them later. You organize bookmarks into related trees. This lets you keep track of good sites so you can visit them later if you are bored. It also has a social networking component so you can see others who have interesting sites also.I will be adding more sites to this answer soon.

Note: this is slightly biased to the problems of scalable online processing systems (mostly data storage and messaging). As such I may be leaving out papers related to other (equally important) topics such as HPC, security in distributed systems and may be leaving out important papers in theoretical areas such as Byzantine Fault Tolerance and distributed algorithms.I also am not a researcher in this topic and may be mis-representing some important theorems: please comment or suggest edits in case of mistakes.This is not an exhaustive list. Henry's list contains several additional papers that are a must read for anybody interested in building practical distributed systems."Foundational" papersLeslie Lamport, "Time, Clocks and Ordering of Events in a Distributed System" http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/time-clocks.pdfThis paper is important as it provides for a way to reason about order in distributed system. Concepts such as state machine replication, version vectors also trace their way to this paper.The concept of logical time also provides a "toolkit" that can be used to prove and disprove theorems in distributed systems.Consensus, reliable/atomic multicastA big problem in distributed systems is consensus. That is, how do you enforce that all machines agree upon a certain value. An important "private case" of this problem is the atomic multicast problem, or the case of agreeing upon a message log e.g., a WAL in a database system.Jim Gray, "Notes on Data Base Operating System"http://research.microsoft.com/~Gray/papers/DBOS.pdfThis paper introduces two phase commit. It complements the rather elegant idea of state machine replication by providing a way for multiple nodes in a distributed replication to agree on the order of messages (and thus end up in the same end state)Fisher, Lynch, Patterson, "Impossibility of Distributed Consensus With One Faulty Process"http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/tds/papers/Lynch/jacm85.pdfAKA "The FLP Impossibility Result". Before we get too enamored with consensus and beauty of state machine replication, it's important to understand its limitations. This particular paper proves that it's impossible to achieve consensus in an asynchronous network if any one of the nodes has a non-zero possibility of failure. The currently popular CAP Theorem could be argued to be an elegant restatement and a corollary to the FLP impossibility result.Fault tolerant consensus protocols: 3PC, Paxos, ZAB et alPaxos is a fault tolerant consensus protocol: it can withstand the failure of a coordinator. It's variants (such as Multi-Paxos and ZAB: [note: it's likely that ZooKeeper committers are reading this, so please don't kill me for claiming that Zab is an exact Paxos variant -- it's more nuanced than that]) have also been widely used in the last decade: Google's Chubby Service, Apache ZooKeeper, BerkeleyDB HA. Most common application is providing a consistent view of a cluster (e.g., membership, leader election).Leslie Lamport, "Part Time Parliament" and "Paxos Made Simple"http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/lamport-paxos.pdfhttp://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/paxos-simple.pdfPart time parliament introduces the paper through the allegory of a Greek democracy. Personally I really liked that paper's style, but others found it (pun intended) rather Greek to them. Paxos Made Simple put it in English terms.Industrial paxos papersPaxos made live, Paxos for system builders, ZooKeeper Atomic Broadcasthttp://labs.google.com/papers/paxos_made_live.htmlhttp://www.cnds.jhu.edu/pub/papers/psb_ladis_08.pdfhttp://research.yahoo.com/pub/3514The original Paxos paper solves a somewhat more difficult problem than is practical to implement use in production. These papers present slight modifications of the Paxos algorithms which make it more practical to use (liveness guarantees). ZooKeeper Atomic Broadcast is specifically interesting: it defines new ordering guarantees that are needed to handle passive replication, where state updates are agreed upon instead of operations.[Note: There's an excellent blog post covering the importance of these papers http://betathoughts.blogspot.com/2007/06/brief-history-of-consensus-2pc-and.html ]Ken Birman, "Exploiting Virtual Synchrony in Distributed Systems"http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/rvr/sys/p123-birman.pdfInteresting approach to the reliable multicast problem and message oriented middleware (e.g., pub/sub).Here's a 1993 paper by Cheriton and Skeen on limitations of causally and totally ordered messaging: http://net.pku.edu.cn/~course/cs501/2000/p44-cheriton.pdfData replication, naming and routingPaul Mockapetris, "Development of the Domain Name System"http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/classes/wi01/cse222/papers/mockapetris-dns-sigcomm88.pdfA great example of optimistic replication/eventual consistency and an introduction to naming in a distributed system (DNS, which we're using to get to this very site!)Stoica et al,"Chord: A Scalable Peer-to-peer Lookup Service for Internet Applications"http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/papers/chord:sigcomm01/chord_sigcomm.pdfPeer to peer protocol for data lookupRowston et al, "Pastry"http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/antr/PAST/pastry.pdfOnce you've strummed some chords, you should have a pastry. Another excellent P2P naming/routing paperAkamai, "Consistent Hashing and Random Trees"http://www.akamai.com/dl/technical_publications/ConsistenHashingandRandomTreesDistributedCachingprotocolsforrelievingHotSpotsontheworldwideweb.pdfTo take a wild guess, pretty much every popular web site you have open right now in your browser has some content that's delivered via (a variant of) consistent hashing. It could be images delivered from a CDN or S3 or it could be data delivered from a data store such as a Dynamo implementation, custom sharded MySQL/Postgres or (depending on the client) Memcache.Saito et al, "Optimistic Replication"http://www.ysaito.com/survey.pdfAs I've mentioned before, strong consistency is not always a practical choice. This papers covers the many well known alternatives to "pessimistic" (or consensus-based/transactional) replication. Perhaps not as seminal as anything written by Lamport, but immediately accessible applicable. Helps put what you've already used (e.g., DNS, cvs/svn/git) in more formal terms.Google file system: well known paper, I won't go into details herehttp://labs.google.com/papers/gfs.htmlXerox PARC, Epidemic algorithms for replicated database maintenance,http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/xerox/parc/techReports/CSL-89-1_Epidemic_Algorithms_for_Replicated_Database_Maintenance.pdfIntroduces Gossip algorithms for eventual replication.OtherChandra and Toueg, "Unreliable failure detectors and reliable distributed systems",http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/sam/FDpapers/CT96-JACM.psFLP impossibility result is a theoretical limitation (so be wary when a vendor claims to support full blown ACID transactions and advertises nearly continuous availability with low latency!), but in practice imperfect failure detectors can be used to work around it and build commercial systems.Leslie Lamport, The Byzantine Generals Problemhttp://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/byz.pdfMost fault tolerance and consensus protocols so far deal with "nice" failures (machines are slow, machines are down, machines are sending data out of order or sending partial data). Unfortunately, real world is not like this. There are malicious enemies (compromised machines), and machines acting in a completely erratic matter. This is (as far as I understand) still an open area of research.Eric Brewer, "Lessons from giant scale Internet services" http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.83.4274&rep=rep1&type=pdfDiscusses the experiences from building the Inktomi search engine (side note: it's quite fascinating to contrast what was considered "Giant-Scale" in 2001 vs. 2011!). Introduces the concepts of harvest and yield.MapReduce: http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.htmlNeeds no introduction (it's a well known paper) but as Edward Ribeiro pointed out in a comment it really took of as a concept even independent of the Google File System and its implementations. Along with Stonebraker's The Case for Shared Nothing (mentioned in Henry Robinson's answer) it has changed the way large-scale data analysis is done.Interesting recent industrial papersYahoo's PNUTs: http://www.brianfrankcooper.net/pubs/pnuts.pdf Interesting in that it combines the idea of scalable message bus (reliable multicast problem) with a relaxed consistency model that's between eventual consistency and full blown strong (consensus-based) consistency.Amazon's Dynamo:http://www.allthingsdistributed.com/2007/10/amazons_dynamo.htmlEven though the major concepts (consistent hashing, vector clocks, eventual consistency) are mentioned in other papers, this paper shows how they can be tied together to build a highly available low-latency key/value store. The choice of availability over consistency is also rather interesting (it is rather uncommon in the database world) as are the business reasons and trade offs of doing so.9/13/11-- AddendumThere's also great list put together by Swami Sivasubramanian (who has built Amazon's Dynamo and other great distributed systems):http://scalingsystems.com/2011/09/07/reading-list-for-distributed-systems/

I have two suggestions for you which would prove useful in the long run if you don’t mind spending a little more time than you intend to.Study data structures and common algorithms : Big O analysis, LinkedList, Stack, Queue, Binary Trees, AVL Trees, Graph data structures, Binary search, Merge sort, Quick sort, Strings , Arrays.Now after you know what they do and how they work, try implementing them in C. If you can implement them in C, you will achieve great skills in terms of pointers, which is one of your goal. Also these would help you in clearing interview in the future as all Software giants focus primarily on these data structures and algorithms. An excellent source for learning all of the above is GeeksforGeeks | A computer science portal for geeks . I highly recommend it.Study topics of Operating Systems : This is where you will need to put a lot of effort. You only need to go through some specific topics though. These are Processes, Threads, Interrupts, Context Switching, Multithreading, File Handling, Dead Locks and Multiprocessing. These are very important to prepare you for developing Multithreaded applications. For practice, you could start with something as simple as multithreaded linked list. There are many assignments available online if you want to dig more.These topics would help you cover another important aspect of C which is memory management and File handling.I highly recommend Operating System Concepts: Abraham Silberschatz, Peter B. Galvin, Greg Gagne: 9781118063330: Books .Of course there are other ways to learn what you want but then you will always get confused if you face some error like segmentation fault or a deadlock. These topics take a little extra time to learn but are worth the effort.I wish you all the best and happy learning.