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This answer concerns practical boxing: the application of boxing-related skills for personal defence and ring fights. I can’t comment on any other usage.……….In my case, it was possible to massively increase my punching power by using a general weights sked and concentrating on bench work: bench press, flyes, and incline press; this improvement began several years into my combat system training at a stage when I needed more power. I built up my bodyweight from welter (~145) to lightheavy (175), while doing plenty of bench work.It also worked for my students, later on.Punch powerThere are many things that combine to produce power in a punch. The technique, speed, accuracy and ability to connect with a punch are more important for at least the first year of training.In boxing, which I view as the application of technique to stop an opponent, power is a crucial factor - in that without any, no punch can work. Speed and accuracy are best worked on initially - but there comes a point at which the boxer needs more power in order to win more fights. This is the stage at which power becomes of greater importance than other factors.Measuring powerThere is only ever one measure of importance in boxing: how effective is the boxer at stopping the opponent. This is crucial for any practical usage.You can see many boxers at all levels of power: some only ever get points wins; some can stop opponents occasionally; some regularly stop opponents by the eventual effects of connecting with many hard shots; some get one-hit KOs occasionally; some get regular one-shot stoppages. Although what is being demonstrated in these various results includes many things such as distancing, speed, technique, accuracy and above all timing - power is the differentiator between a regular points winner and a regular KO winner.It’s correct to view power as only one of the important factors in stopping the opponent, because it isn’t always the hardest punchers who get the most KO’s: it is the fighters with the best combination of power and timing.However we do need to test the basic power available and this is done with the ‘Big George’ test, named after George Foreman, who was reputed to be unbeatable at it: with a medium-heavy 4 foot punchbag, blast it back and up at an angle with power hooks and keep it up there for several seconds.When you have the requisite power, it can be combined with the necessary skills in timing, accuracy and strategy, to create the perfectly-timed hits that finish the opponent.Chest or back?There is a persistent theme running through boxing that a strong back produces the hardest punches. I wanted to test this principle in the late 1970s / early 80s because this was when it would make a difference for me, and for my gym members as well.Analysing and deconstructing boxing technique and practice is my game. I made a career out of it. An engineer by trade, I ignore myth, rumour, convention and tradition: I need to measure it and improve on it. This is what I do.I found that what was creating hard punches in reality for those with a rep for it due to a strong and muscular-looking back was in fact wide shoulders, not a powerful back. It certainly looked as if the strength of the back had some influence - but all the big hitters spoken of as ‘hitting hard because of their strong back’ in fact had wide shoulders. The width and therefore the size of the back was confusing the issue. To see typical example of a ‘strong back’ hitter, take a look at Khaosai Galaxy, the Thai with the superb international boxing record of 19 successful world title defences - very rare. He hit hard at the weight (super fly) - and had shoulders that look barn door wide for his size. It wasn’t his back producing the bombs, it was his wide shoulders.How to leverage itI couldn’t create wide shoulders in my trainees because that is a frame size issue. But I did find that the more they could bench, the harder they hit, assuming all the other factors were kept sharp: speed, fluidity, timing and so on.Obviously, stiffness due to excess weight training and bulking up is going to be detrimental - because although you will get more power, the punch is less likely to connect since it will be too slow and stiff. Boxing is about the balance: power + speed + timing.I had found that while putting on 30 pounds, from 145 to 175, and assiduously maintaining speed and flexibility, my punch power increased dramatically. There was just no comparison between the starting point and the end point. You could make a valid point that putting on 30 pounds of bone and muscle is the key here; and you would be right. However, the more I did on the bench, the harder I hit; and the same applied to those I coached.The biggest problem for me in the end is that I was hitting at good lightheavy power levels but with a welterweight’s hands; which took some fixing.The more I did on the bench, with its associated exercises such as flyes, and variants such as incline, the harder I hit. Simple as that. I don’t see you getting a different result as long as you maintain balance in all respects: do a general weights program as well as the bench work; and all the time, be careful to maintain speed and flexibility. But you must work on a balanced weight sked because working one area alone is no use. And this includes some back work.Today we use more landmine press, which was not known at the time I described.landmine press - with adjustments as needed, it is the closest we have to replicating a punch.The latsWhat I can guarantee you is that if you work the lats / upper back instead of the chest, in the example given above, your punch power will not improve to the same degree. You will become a better rower though.This is because the upper back is a pulling mechanism, and the chest is a pushing and crushing mechanism (as in a wide hook type of move). It is physically impossible for a pulling structure to increase power in a pressing movement.The lats and biceps pull the punch back: they are a pulling, rowing group. The upper back also locks the spine to the shoulders, which is important; but a punch is a pressing move and we have to keep that in mind.The lower back and midsectionHowever the spine, with its hip and shoulder connections, is a critical factor in strength and punch power. Everything has its origin around the central area of the body due to that being the central anchor for all of the structure. The lower back and waist area are critical to power in any kind of movement.Therefore a strong back - in terms of the hips-spine-shoulders link - is of course critical. It’s just that you can’t increase punch power by rowing moves, that’s all; but if your rowing increases lower back strength, overall spinal strength, and spine-shoulder lock strength - then for sure it’s going to help.Just not as much as increasing strength in the pressing chain from leg through to hand.The how and whySo, what we need is a general boxing program, a general weights program, extra bench / chest / front shoulder work, and a way to measure the result. The fight results are the only thing that counts in the end, but at least we can see how progress develops with the Big George test.On the bench, this is what worked:Do pyramid sets on the bench press, to build the max weight up as fast as possible. I got from 125 lbs start weight on the bench at BW 145, to 305 lbs eventually at a higher bodyweight of 175 - while sacrificing no speed or fluidity of motion. Indeed it seemed that speed increased.A pyramid set requires a spotter or two (assistants) and goes something like this:8 reps 100 pounds6 reps 1204 reps 1302 reps 1401 rep 145…adjust to suit your lifts, of course. You are building up to your max lift, within one set. The aim is to increase it every couple of weeks. So 2 or 3 weeks after the set itemised above, you will add 5 lbs on the last two rep groups in the sequence. The idea is that you continually raise your max lift.Follow this with heavy dumbbell bench flyes. Work up to the max weight you can handle for 4 sets of 8 reps, using cheat form: elbows bent.Now do some leg work, and moves that use the biceps not the triceps. Bent rowing or whatever. So keep working your sked, but allowing the triceps and pecs / front delts to rest.Now come back to the bench. This time: incline bench press, a heavy 6 x 6 lift, with the bench raised only to the first setting on the incline. This drives the top strip of the pecs, and the front delts (and the triceps, the arm’s punching muscle).After some leg work, resting the arms and shoulders: it’s time for landmine press.To feel the muscle chain pressing the punch out: stand facing a wall, a little more than arm’s length away. Lean against the wall with an arm extended in a long right hook punch, palm down, knuckles taking your bodyweight on the wall. With the other hand feel across the top of the pec on the side of the punch, the front delt, and the tricep of the extended arm. You will notice a hard band of muscle extending from the sternum at the centre of the chest, across the top of the right chest, across the front right shoulder, and under the right upper arm - this is the muscle chain you have been working on the bench.If you drive the bench work more than anything else, and keep your speed and fluidity in punching maintained, you will see more punching power increase than with any other method. Measure it regularly with the Big George test, and see how it affects your fight results.Over-developmentBulk is no use to the fighter as it slows you down, reduces flexibility and fluidity, and might even in some cases get in the way.We need strength not bulk.

This should do it:$200/acre ($500/hectare) plowing tax - plowed fields trigger soil organic carbon degradation and thus CO2 emissions. Only 25% of US farm land is still plowed, so taxing plowing at this level should rapidly drop that to near 0%.$100/acre ($250/hectare) discing tax - discing triggers the release of less CO2 than plowing, but it prevents the buildup of carbon in soil. About 35% of US cropland is neither disced nor plowed, so it is clear discing isn't mandatory.A 200% tax on fertilizer. Fertilizer allows crops to grow in low quality soil. About 5% of US farmers have dropped their fertilizer application 80–100% by using “green manure” instead. Using green manure not only provides cash crops the nutrients they need, it builds long term soil health and sequesters carbon at large scale.A 200% tax on cattle feed. The world's grasslands evolved to have grazing ruminants on them. The grazing ruminants burp and fart methane, but methanotrophs living in the soil eat the methane so it doesn't make it into the bulk atmosphere. But there are no methanotrophs living in a farmers barn or a feedlot.Those 4 actions combined and done by every government should put the global atmosphere into aggressive GHG drawdown.Ow, you are wondering how the above could be true and you've never heard of it. That's because the above doesn't require de-industrialization nor massive population reduction. Dr-industrialization and massive population reduction are standalone goals of many leading climate change advocates.

Like most things Marvel, it’s complicated to place things exactly where they might be on a map in our Universe. Usually, no one is giving it that kind of thought. Let’s see what we can do.From the Xandar World-Mind’s database on the associated galaxies which deal with most of the larger empires known by the Xandarians. Such resources are rare and almost never give useful information enough to plot every location sufficiently for any budding astrophysicist.New York City: Nice town, like eight or nine million people live there. Really great food. Very noisy subway. Also serves as the economic capital of the world.Brooklyn: the childhood home of Steven Rogers and Bucky Barnes in 1924.Brooklyn was the site of “Project Brooklyn” where Rogers would receive the super-soldier serum and vita-ray treatment which would turn him into Captain America.Agent Carter would spend time in Brooklyn, New York.Manhattan: One of SHIELD’s headquarters was in New York City. Nick Fury had a safehouse there as well.Manhattan: Serves as the future home of Doctor Strange’s Sanctum Santorum at 177A Bleecker Street, New York City, New York. The Sanctum Sanctorum in New York City is one of the three bases of the Masters of the Mystic Arts alongside the London Sanctum and the Hong Kong Sanctum.Spider-Man web-slings and attends school in Manhattan.Midtown Manhattan: Battle of New York- where the Avengers and SHIELD stave off the Chitauri Invasion of Earth.Manhattan: Where the bulk of the Netflix Defenders do their street-level crime fighting; a great deal of it in Harlem, Chinatown and Hell’s Kitchen.Manhattan: The former Stark Tower and where the Avengers fought the Chitauri while S.H.I.E.L.D. considered nuking the Avengers.California:Stark Industry Headquarters is in Los Angeles, California and the new Avengers facility was filmed in Atlanta.Washington DC.The Triskelion: Served as the primary headquarters for S.H.I.E.L.D. It is located on Theodore Roosevelt Island, on the Potomac River between Washington, D.C. and Virginia. It was damaged after an Insight Helicarrier crashed there during the HYDRA Uprising. The sight was later abandoned after being compromised.Arizona:Project P.E.G.A.S.U.S. was the name of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s secret operation of studying the Tesseract. The studying was done in the top secret subterranean research facility located in an unspecified location in the Mojave Desert. The facility was run by S.H.I.E.L.D.'s director Nick Fury. In the comics, this facility was much more interesting being a research center for unusual metahumans, alien technology and the workplace of Wendell Vaughn before he became Quasar. (Which sadly does not happen in the Marvel Cinematic Universe)Sokovia:Somewhere in Eastern Europe (presumably to not have to explain to any nation’s leaders why they were dropping parts of their cities in their stories.) I imagine somewhere near Bosnia and Herzegovina and leave it at that.Novi Grad (a completely fictional city) was capital city of Sokovia, until its destruction during the Battle of Sokovia against Ultron.Wakanda:Wakanda, officially known as the Kingdom of Wakanda, is an isolationist country located in Africa. Wakanda, whose advanced technology allowed them to resist colonization by outside powers.Wakanda is ruled by the heir of the title of Black Panther and is the only known source of the extraterrestrial metal Vibranium. Wakanda’s technology level exceeds most of the technologies used on the Marvel Earth due to their study and application of vibranium. Such technology affords them with a level of economic prosperity enjoyed by few nations.I have covered a bit of Wakanda and the Black Panther on Quora in the articles:If vibranium is the strongest metal in the universe, how could it be cut to make Captain America's shield and Black Panther's suit?Could a Vibranium mask be used to protect the public from Black Bolt's destructive voice?Who would win in a fight: Black Panther or Batman?This list doesn’t cover every single place on Marvel Earth that has appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, only the ones I thought were interesting.The Nine Worlds:The Marvel Cinematic Universe treats the magically defined Asgard and its relationship to the Nine Realms of Yggdrasil and Thor mythology (which in the comics have been said to be actual other dimensions) as the Nine Realms connected by the technology of the Rainbow Bridge and a nebulously defined cosmic structure dubbed Yggdrasil.Since the realm of Asgard and the Asgardians are defined as a species of interstellar beings who protect and reside over the Nine Worlds, they are part of the galactic community in excellent standing with most worlds.However, they have problematic relationships with Jotunheim, a planet of giant humanoids whose planetary environment has been disrupted since the loss of the legendary Cask of Winters.Helheim which is rumored to be showing up in Thor: Ragnarök as its leader Hela wages war on Asgard because she believes Odin is dead and wants to annex Asgard as her own.Intergalactic Destinations:The Guardians of the Galaxy introduced us to a variety of extraterrestrial worlds which comprise the cosmic part of the Marvel Universe.The Nine Realms are presumably part of our own Galaxy but the rest of the locations were never mapped with any degree of accuracy. It appears starships used by the Kree and related species have sufficient fuel to cross the implied vast interstellar (or even intergalactic distances) presumably via a combinations of wormholes or warp drives.No location references are ever mentioned in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. This is because the comic information regarding these locations has rarely been cleaned up enough for an astronomer to map the Marvel Universe effectively.The only real references will likely come from comics and will be mentioned for completeness.Hala:In the Marvel Cinematic Universe: The Kree Empire is mentioned in Guardians of the Galaxy and in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.While we have never been to the Kree homeworld of Hala, we do hear from them in the Guardians of the Galaxy as the peace agreement with the planet Xander caused rioting throughout the Kree Empire.The peace was after a thousand year war presumably one the Kree wanted to continue having since they were rioting because of the peace treaty.In the comics: The Kree, are a fictional scientifically and technologically advanced militaristic alien race. They are native to the planet Hala in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The Kree made their first comic appearance in Fantastic Four #65 (August 1967) (Wikipedia)The Kree-Skrull War: In the comics, the Kree become known to Earth when the Kree and their mortal shape-changing enemies the Skrull fight to determine who would gain control of Earth (and its extremely variable genetic material capable of producing metahumans).The Large Magellanic Cloud is outside the Milky Way Galaxy (where we live) about 160,000 light years away. This is a huge distance. The distance across our own galaxy is only 100,000 light years! This means literally the Kree and their associated species are capable of intergalactic travel with relative ease.XandarIn the MCU: The Xandarians and the Nova Empire are a benevolent hegemony of associated worlds which, under the leadership of the Xandar homeworld, managed to hold off the militaristic Kree Empire for a thousand years.This conflict is known as the Kree Empire-Nova Empire War. Xandar is located in the Andromeda Galaxy at the Eclipsing Binary Star M31V J00442326+4127082. Xandar orbits around three suns.The Xandarian battle with the Kree Empire was never clearly defined as to where it had occurred. We are left in the dark as to whether it was in the Greater Magellanic Cloud, the Andromeda Galaxy or somewhere else entirely. Unlike the comic version of this planet, the Nova Corps are a cadre of pilots who function as police/military operatives in their home galaxy.In the comics: the homeworld of Xandar resides in the Andromeda Galaxy over two million light years away. This would make Xandar even further away from us than the Kree homeworld, Hala, whose location in the Magallenic Cloud makes them neighborly by comparison!The Nova Corps are a group of interstellar police officers empowered by the Nova Corps with extraordinary physical and energy manipulating capabilities lead by the Xandarian World-Mind.The KlynIn the MCU: The Klyn is a prison where Star-Lord, Gamora, Rocket Raccoon, and Groot were held after their capture by the Nova Corps. The facility was run by the Nova Corps and its location, like so many things in the MCU is never clearly defined. It is presumably inside or at the edge of the Andromeda Galaxy away from civilized folk.In the comics the Klyn is much more interesting. It is the ultimate super-prison where the worst of the galaxy’s criminal element find themselves. It is powered by a matter-antimatter discontinuity in the galactic substance called the Big Crunch.The Klyn was an inescapable, intergalactic prison known to hold very powerful prisoners inside. The scope and level of containment is unknown, but it has demonstrated the capability of holding thousands of very dangerous biological entities and cosmic Elder Gods. Prisoners are exclusively recipients of the Death Penalty, since in most cases inmates survive there less than 3 years.The Klyn was destroyed after the Annihilation Wave used the Big Crunch to enter the positive matter Universe from the Negative Zone. The location of the Kyln was listed as the Verge Galaxy whose location is unknown to Humans.Knowhere:Knowhere is a mining colony located inside the severed head of a Celestial, home of The Collector's museum and the bar, Boot of Jemiah. First seen in the Guardians of the Galaxy, it is the site of sleazy reprobates who hide from the authorities who can’t be bothered to police the region of space site inhabits.Knowhere is a popular spot with pirates, criminals, and traders interested in the rare exotic materials capable of being found inside of the head of Celestial, a being of incredible age and unknown capacities. The Collector made his base there because of its potential to reveal secrets which might increase his power or cachet among his immortal brethren.Knowhere appears as vast a moon which has supported a mining interest for decades with no sign of stopping. It’s location is unknown to Humans. It’s distance from other landmarks is unknown but given the capacities of Kree and Nova Empire ships it is reachable, if you know where it is.In the comics, Knowhere feels more amazing because it also acts as an intergalactic teleportation hub capable of teleporting a person anywhere and anywhen in the Universe (if you know how to calculate the temporal component) using the Continuum Cortex built into the brain stem of the Celestial.Knowhere’s location in the canon comic Universe is listed as the edge of the Universe. It is a site for pilgrims and scientists who want to see the edge of the Universe, though it unknown how they would get there given the distance involved.Who decapitated this Celestial and its former identity are unknown in the MCU or the canon comic Marvel Universe: Which Celestial's head is "Knowhere"? Nowhere’s first appearance was in Nova #8 (2008).Sakarr:A planet, within the Kree influence which was used to recruit units to fill the ranks of Kree military forces. Sakarr, at least of what we can see of it in clips from Thor: Ragnarök, appears to have the wreckage of hundreds of ships from a variety of worlds who are forced to engage in gladiatorial combat.The native Sakaarans are a sentient insectoid race native to the planet which they share with a large number of stranded individuals of many different species.It appears Doctor Banner and Thor have been kidnapped from Earth and forced to engage in the Sakarran gladiatorial events for the gambling pleasure of the Grandmaster, another Elder of the Universe, like the Collector.Sakarr in the comics first appeared in Incredible Hulk #92 (2006) as the beginning of the most famous Hulk story in recent history, the World War Hulk Saga.This is by no means a complete geographic map of every place that is interesting in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. If there’s someplace you want to know more about, let me know and I will look into it.A map of Marvel’s businesses from EmpireFlippers for those of you seeking to know a bit about the business topology of the Marvel Universe.More fun in the Marvel Cinematic Universe:[SPOILER ALERT] Out of the six, which Infinity stones does Thanos already have in his possession?How does the Infinity Gauntlet work?What powers does the mind gem give the Vision? Can he control people the way Loki did with the scepter?Why was Vision able to lift Thor's hammer in Avengers Age of Ultron?