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If India did not exist, it would have far ranging effects on the world. Long answer ahead, so please bear for a while!The world’s geography would have been very different.None of the countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka would have existed. All of them exist on the Indian Plate.[1]Indonesia, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and West Indies region would have different names.Indonesia: The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indos (Ἰνδός) and the word nesos (νῆσος), meaning "Indian islands". [2]Cambodia: English word "Cambodia" is an anglicisation of the French "Cambodge", which in turn is the French transliteration of the Khmer Kampuchea, the shortened alternative to the country's official name in Khmer, Preah Reacheanachak Kampuchea (Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា). Kampuchea derives from the Sanskrit name Kambojadeśa (कम्बोजदेश), composed of देश, desa("land of" or "country of") and कम्बोज, Kambojas, which alludes to the foundation myths of the first ancient Khmer kingdom.[3]Sri Lanka: In antiquity, Sri Lanka was known to travellers by a variety of names. According to the Mahavamsa, the legendary Prince Vijaya named the land Tambapanni ("copper-red hands" or "copper-red earth"), because his followers' hands were reddened by the red soil of the area. In Hindu mythology, such as the Ramayana, the island was referred to as Lanka ("Island"). The Tamil term Eelam (Tamil: ஈழம், īḻam), was used to designate the whole island in Sangam literature. [4]Coming to Sri Lanka, no Tamil people to settle there and likely no Sinhala people either.[As a side note, since Bangladesh would not have existed, Bangla would not have been an official language of Sierra Leone, made so to honor UNPKF largely comprising Bangladeshi soldiers during the country’s civil war.Why Bangla is an official language in Sierra Leone | Dhaka Tribune]The AmericasChristopher Columbus would likely have not reached Americas. And even if he did he would not have considered it India and the people living there as Indians. The Americas might still have been discovered by Europeans since atleast Greenland was already discovered and occupied by Nordic people and before them the Eskimos.[5] It should be kept in mind that native Americans were already living in the Americas.Mountains and rivers of the worldMany of the major rivers in the world originate in the mighty Himalaya mountains. Alongside, the majority of the highest mountains of the world lie there.Image source: Himalayan GlaciersAnd while due to non existence of India, the absence of Ganga, Satluj, Indus and Brahmaputra would not have mattered, the absence of Yangtze, Hwang Ho (Yellow river), Irrawaddy and Mekong would have prevented the present population densities to exist in the countries they flow in. The last four rivers originate from Tibetan Plateau which owes its elevation to continental drift of Indian plate towards Eurasian plate.[Edit 1]As a side note, China has control over the sources of almost all these rivers, effectively having already won the water war and ensuring adequate supply of drinking water and hydroenergy.Places of the worldThe Thai city of Ayutthaya[6] would have had a different name. It is believed that this city is associated with the Thai national epic, the Ramakien[7] , which is the Thai version of Ramayana.Also, one of the theories of etymology of the name Java suggests Indian origin.[8]There are many cities named after Indian cities:Delhi - Delhi, New York, USA and a village of the same name located within that town.Patna - Patna, East Ayrshire, Scotland.Bombay -Bombay Hills, New Zealand mark the traditional southern boundary of Auckland, Bombay, a small village in the Bombay HillsBombay, New York, a town in the United StatesBombay Beach, California, a settlement in the United States (likely; it is not mentioned as such on Wikipedia page hence further information is welcome)Calcutta -Calcutta, OhioCalcutta, West VirginiaLucknow - Lucknow, PennsylvaniaBaroda - Baroda, MichiganMangalore - Mangalore, TasmaniaGolconda -Golconda, IllinoisGolconda, NevadaGondwana (region of India, named after the Gondi people who live there) -Gondwana or Gondwanaland, a supercontinent that formed from the unification of several cratons in the Late Neoproterozoic, merged with Euramerica in the Carboniferous to form Pangaea, and began to fragment in the Mesozoic. (Okay, not a place at present but something worth knowing) [9] [10]2. Various weapons were created in India, some of which are known/used worldwide. ([Edit 2]Purposely removed/left out the not so known weapons)Indians created Chakram[11] which could be thrown or used as knuckle duster. It was wielded primarily by Sikhs. In mythology it is wielded by Lord Vishnu as Sudarshan Chakra. Chakram inspired the creation of Aerobie flying disc.Modern WeaponsThe Mysorean rockets were invented in erstwhile Mysore Kingdom under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan which later paved the way for Congreve Rockets by British. [12][13]Bangalore Torpedo was developed in Bangalore by Captain R. L. McClintock, of the Royal Engineers while attached to the Madras Sappers and Miners unit of Indian Army in 1912.[14]The INSAS weapon system has become the standard battle rifle for the Indian Army and paramilitary units. Bulk production of a LMG variant commenced in 1998. It has since been selected as the standard assault rifle of the Royal Army of Oman.Explosive Detection Kit widely used in India by bomb detection squads and the armed forces since 2002, would be manufactured and sold in the US.3. India has been the birthplace of a plethora of fighting styles among which Kalaripayattu has special significance.Kalaripayattu[15] had developed into its present form by the 11th century, during an extended period of warfare between Chera and Chola dynasties. It is said to be developed by sage Parashuram and sage Agastya who is also credited for developing Silambam[16] fighting style. Today, Silambam is the most famous and widely practiced Indian martial art in Malaysia where demonstrations are held for cultural shows. Bodhidharma[17][18] was a Buddhist monk who lived during 5th or 6th century. He was instrumental is spread of Buddhism and martial arts in Southeast Asia and China. Many traditions hold him as a practitioner of Indian Martial arts, mostly Kalaripayattu.Source: Bodhidharma - WikipediaBodhidharma is traditionally credited as the transmitter of Chan Buddhism to China, and regarded as its first Chinese patriarch. Chan spread to Vietnam as Thiền and to Korea as Seon, and, in 13th century, to Japan as Zen. According to Chinese legend, he also began the physical training of the monks of Shaolin Monastery that led to the creation of Shaolin kungfu. Shaolin Kungfu itself led to development or influenced many martial arts in China and other countries. Some lineages of karate have oral traditions that claim Shaolin origins. Martial arts traditions in Japan, Korea, Sri Lanka and certain Southeast Asian countries cite Chinese influence as transmitted by Buddhist monks.Source: Daruma Dolls (Bodhidharma is known as Daruma in Japan)Several contemporary popular traditions exist regarding Bodhidharma's origins. An Indian tradition regards Bodhidharma to be the third son of a Pallava king from Kanchipuram, linking his skills to Kalaripayattu. This is consistent with the Southeast Asian traditions which also describe Bodhidharma as a former South Indian Tamil prince who had awakened his kundalini and renounced royal life to become a monk. The Tibetan version similarly characterizes him as a dark-skinned siddha from South India.(Although, the Japanese tradition generally regards Bodhidharma as Persian.)According to Southeast Asian folklore, Bodhidharma traveled from Jambudvipa by sea to Palembang, Indonesia. Passing through Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Malaysia, he eventually entered China through Nanyue. In his travels through the region, Bodhidharma is said to have transmitted his knowledge of Mahayana doctrine and the martial arts. Malay legend holds that he introduced forms to silat.Vajrayana tradition links Bodhidharma with 11th-century south Indian monk Dampa Sangye who travelled extensively to Tibet and China spreading tantric teachings.In Southern Chinese folklore, the Five Elders of Shaolin[19], also known as the Five Generals are the survivors of one of the destructions of the Shaolin temple by the Qing Dynasty, namely Ji Sin, Ng Mui, Bak Mei, Fung Dou Dak and Miu Hin.Ng Mui is credited as the founder of the martial arts Wǔ Méi Pài (Ng Mui style), Wing Chun, Dragon style, White Crane, and Five-Pattern Hung Kuen. Notable practioners of Wing Chun include Yip Man/Ip Man on whom a series of movies has been made and Bruce Lee (no introduction needed for the legend).4. Faiths and Belief Systems[20] [21] [22] [23][24] , and related literature and symbolismExpansion of Hinduism in Southeast Asia. Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia.svg (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Hinduism_Expansion_in_Asia.svg)Indian faiths and belief systems have heavily influenced the countries of Southeast Asia, particularly Buddhism, Shaivism and Vaishnavism.Buddhism is thought to have entered Southeast Asia from trade with India, China and Sri Lanka during 1st, 2nd and 3rd centuries. One of the earliest accounts of Buddhism in Southeast Asia was of a Theravada Buddhist mission sent by emperor Ashoka to modern-day Burma in 250 BCE. The mission was received by Mon kingdom and many people were converted to Buddhism. Via this early encounter with Buddhism, as well as others due to continuous regional trade between Southeast Asia, China and South Asia, Buddhism spread throughout Southeast Asia. After arrival in modern-day Burma, Buddhism spread throughout mainland Southeast Asia, Malaysia and Indonesia.Cambodia was first influenced by Hinduism during the beginning of Kingdom of Funan. Hinduism was one of Khmer Empire's official religions. Cambodia is the home of the holy temple of Angkor Wat, the largest Hindu temple in the world. The main religion adhered in Khmer kingdom was Hinduism, followed by Buddhism in popularity.Source: Angkor what? Getting to know Cambodia's most iconic temple(Hinduism in Indonesia) Hindu influences reached Indonesia as early as 1st century. In 4th-century, Kutai kingdom in East Kalimantan, Tarumanagara in West Java, and Holing (Kalingga) in Central Java, were among the early Hindu states established in the region. Notable ancient Indonesian Hindu kingdoms are Mdang i Bhumi Mataram, famous for the construction of the majestic 9th-century Trimurti Prambanan temple, followed by Kediri, Singosari, and reached the peak of its influence in 14th-century Majapahit, the last and largest among Hindu-Buddhist Javanese empires. Hindu civilisation has left its marks in Indonesian culture. The epics Mahabharata and Ramayana, became enduring traditions among Indonesian artforms, expressed in wayang shadow puppet and dance performances. Many Indonesian names are Sanskrit-based, and Bahasa Indonesia contains loads of loandwords of Sanskrit origin. The vehicle of Vishnu, Garuda, was adopted as both national emblem Garuda Pancasila and flag carrier of national airline named Garuda Indonesia.Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Borobudur-Temple-Park_Indonesia_Stupas-of-Borobudur-04.jpgSource: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Prambanan_Java245.jpgLaos used to be part of Khmer Empire. Wat Phou is one of the last influences of that period. Laotian adaptation of Ramayana is called Phra Lak Phra Lam.(Hinduism in Myanmar) In modern Myanmar, most Hindus are found in the urban centres of Yangon and Mandalay. Ancient Hindu temples are present in other parts of Burma, such as 11th century Nathlaung Kyaung Temple dedicated to Vishnu in Bagan. Hinduism in Myanmar has been influenced by Buddhism with many Hindu temples in Myanmar housing statues of the Buddha. Aspects of Hinduism continue in Burma today, for example, Thagyamin is worshiped whose origins are in Indra. Burmese literature has been enriched by Hinduism, including the Burmese adaptation of Ramayana, called Yama Zatdaw. Many Hindu gods are likewise worshipped by many Burmese people, such as Saraswati (known as Thuyathadi), who is often worshipped before examinations; Shiva is called Paramizwa; Vishnu is called Withano, and others. Many of these ideas are part of thirty seven Nat or deities found in Burmese culturePhillipine Islands: Before the arrival of an Arab trader to Sulu Island in 1450 and Ferdinand Magellan, the chiefs of many Philippine islands were called Rajas, and the script was derived from Brahmi. Karma, a Hindu concept is understood as part of the traditional view of the universe by many Philippine peoples, and have counterparts such as kalma in Pampangan language, and Gabâ in Visayan languages. The vocabulary in all Philippine languages reflect Hindu influences.(Hinduism in Singapore) The introduction of Hinduism into Singapore dates back to early 10th century, during Chola period. Immigrants from southern India, mostly Tamils, arrived as labourers for the British East India Company, bringing with them their religion and culture. Their arrival saw the building of Dravidian temples throughout the island, and the beginnings of a vibrant Hindu culture. The first temple, Sri Mariamman Temple in Singapore's Chinatown. There are currently about thirty main temples in Singapore, dedicated to various gods and goddesses from the Hindu pantheon.Thailand also came under the influence of Khmer Empire. It is a Buddhist majority nation but many elements of its culture and symbolism demonstrate Hindu influences and heritage. The popular epic, Ramakien, is based on Ramayana. Royal emblem of Thailand depicts Garuda, the vehicle of Vishnu. The city, Ayutthaya near Bangkok, is named after Ayodhya (Described in Point 1). Numerous rituals derived from Brahmanism are preserved in rituals, such as use of holy strings and pouring of water from conch shells. Hindu deities are worshipped by many Thais alongside Buddhism, such as Brahma at Erawan Shrine, and statues of Ganesh, Indra, and Shiva, as well as numerous symbols relating to Hindu deities are found, e.g., Garuda, a symbol of the monarchy. Reliefs in temple walls, such as 12th-century Prasat Sikhoraphum near Surin (Thailand), show a dancing Shiva, with smaller images of Parvati, Vishnu, Brahma and Ganesha. Devasathan is a Hindu temple established in 1784 by King Rama I. The temple is the centre of Brahminism in Thailand. The royal court Brahmins operates the temple, they perform several royal ceremonies per year. The kings of Thailand under the ruling Chakri Dynasty assume the title of Ram.In Vietnam, Champa civilisation was located in the more southern part of today’s Central Vietnam, and was a highly Indianized Hindu Kingdom, practising a form of Shaiv Hinduism brought by sea from India. Mỹ Sơn, a Hindu temple complex in central Vietnam built by the Cham people is still standing albeit in ruins in Quảng Nam Province, in Vietnam.[As a side note, you may see: Nandivarman II]5. MediaIn Dragon Ball, Goku’s character is based on Monkey King (Son Goku) from the Chinese Novel Journey to the West[25] wherein the protagonist travels to the west, which for the Chinese people represented India. No India, no Buddhism for whose teachings the protagonist travels to India, no Journey, no Monkey King, no our beloved Goku.Oh Naruto fan you are? Continue reading.Six Paths Technique is based upon the six Buddhist Paths of Reincarnation, each technique was named after one of the different "Paths": Deva, Asura, Human, Animal, Preta, and Naraka.Senju clan’s symbol resembles a Vajra, both a symbol and a ritual object present in Buddhism and Hinduism.And you would have to find other names for Indra and Ashura Otsuksuki, and Sasuke’s attack Indra’s arrow.Ohh and the Four-Tails. His name is Son Goku.The absence of Shaolin Kungfu (atleast as we know it presently, since Chinese people already had martial arts) means many movies based on it and derived martial arts would not have been made.The movies directly based on Shaolin include:36th Chamber Trilogy (The 36th Chamber of Shaolin, Return to the 36th Chamber and Disciples of the 36th Chamber). The first one is a personal recommendation from me.Shaolin (film)Shaolin Temple (1976 film) and Shaolin Temple (1982 film), which marked Jet Li’s debutShaolin and Wu TangSnake & Crane Arts of ShaolinShaolin vs LamaShaolin SoccerThe association of Wing Chun with Shaolin has been described in Point 3. The movies based on Wing Chun or having it as primary martial art include:Ip Man (film series)Wing Chun (film)And in case you don’t know please do search about the legend Bruce Lee.Buddhism, due to its reach in other countries also inspired movies itself. Some other movies have Buddhism as a focal point, if not based on it directly. These include:Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior (Tony Jaa’s debut), Ong Bak 2 & Ong Bak 3 - Wikipedia, and Tom-Yum-Goong & Tom Yum Goong 2 (all starring Tony Jaa)Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East?Avalokitesvara (film)[ Additional reading/viewing:The Wrath of Vajra.Yamada: The Samurai of Ayothaya ]6. India’s contribution towards mathematics[26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31][32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39]In my opinion, the contribution of India towards mathematics has undoubtedly influenced the world in entirety and not just some regions of the world.[Note: Purposely left out Indus Valley mathematics and Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics as their contributions are not certain to have been known outside India at their time]The Number SystemZero:It should be noted that ancient Indians were not the only ones to develop Zero as a placeholder or base-10 (decimal) number system, but they were the first ones to give the concept of Zero as a number itself and also negative numbers. [40] [41] [42] [43]It is considered that the earliest text to use a decimal place-value system, including a zero, is Lokavibhāga[44], a Jain text on cosmology surviving in a medieval Sanskrit translation of the Prakrit original, which is internally dated to AD 458 (Saka era 380). In this text, śūnya ("void, empty") is used to refer to zero.Decimal System:The origin of the modern decimal-based place value notation can be traced to the Aryabhatiya[45] (c. 500), which states sthānāt sthānaṁ daśaguṇaṁ syāt "from place to place each is ten times the preceding."The concept of zero as a digit in the decimal place value notation was developed in India, presumably as early as during the Gupta period (c. 5th century), with the oldest unambiguous evidence dating to 7th century. The rules governing the use of zero appeared for the first time in Brahmagupta's Brahmasputha Siddhanta[46] (7th century). This work considers not only zero, but negative numbers, and the algebraic rules for the elementary operations of arithmetic with such numbers. (In some instances, his rules differ from the modern standard, specifically the definition of the value of zero divided by zero as zero.)The numerals:Hindu–Arabic numerals[47], are the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, based on the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world today. They are descended from Hindu-Arabic numeral system developed by ancient Indian mathematicians around 500 CE.Trigonometry:[48] [49]The trigonometric functions of sine and versine, from which it was trivial to derive the cosine, were used by Aryabhata I, in 5th century.Jyā, koti-jyā and utkrama-jyā are three trigonometric functions introduced by Indian mathematicians and astronomers. The earliest known Indian treatise containing references to these functions is Surya Siddhanta. These are functions of arcs of circles and not functions of angles. Jyā and koti-jyā are closely related to the modern trigonometric functions of sine and cosine. This term was adopted in medieval Islamic mathematics, transliterated in Arabic as jībaجيب. Since Arabic is written without short vowels, this was interpreted as the homographic jaib, which means "bosom". The text's 12th-century Latin translator used the Latin equivalent for "bosom", sinus. When jyā became sinus, by analogy kojyā became co-sinus.Aryabhata I’s contributionsAryabhata’s contributions towards zero, number system and trigonometry have already been described. Aryabhata worked on the approximation for pi (π), and may have come to the conclusion that π is irrational. In the second part of the Aryabhatiyam (gaṇitapāda 10), he writes:caturadhikaṃ śatamaṣṭaguṇaṃ dvāṣaṣṭistathā sahasrāṇāmayutadvayaviṣkambhasyāsanno vṛttapariṇāhaḥ."Add four to 100, multiply by eight, and then add 62,000. By this rule the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 20,000 can be approached."This implies that the ratio of the circumference to the diameter is ((4 + 100) × 8 + 62000)/20000 = 62832/20000 = 3.1416, which is accurate to five significant figures.It is speculated that Aryabhata used the word āsanna (approaching), to mean that not only is this an approximation but that the value is incommensurable (or irrational). If correct, it is quite a sophisticated insight, because the irrationality of pi (π) was proved in Europe only in 1761 by Lambert. After Aryabhatiya was translated into Arabic (c. 820 CE) this approximation was mentioned in Al-Khwarizmi's book on algebra, himself being an eminent mathematician.[Some words reflect the importance of al-Khwārizmī's contributions to mathematics. "Algebra" is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations he used to solve quadratic equations. Algorism and algorithm stem from Algoritmi, the Latin form of his name. His name is also the origin of (Spanish) guarismo and of (Portuguese) algarismo, both meaning digit.]Solar and lunar eclipses were scientifically explained by Aryabhata. He states that Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. He explains eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth. Thus, lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon enters into Earth's shadow (verse gola.37). He discusses the size and extent of Earth's shadow (verses gola.38–48) and provides the computation and the size of the eclipsed part during an eclipse. His computational paradigm was so accurate that 18th-century scientist Guillaume Le Gentil, during a visit to Pondicherry, India, found the Indian computations of the duration of the lunar eclipse of 30 August 1765 to be short by 41 seconds, whereas his charts (by Tobias Mayer, 1752) were long by 68 seconds.Additional Reading (about Indian scientists):https://www.thebetterindia.com/10725/12-indian-scientists-changed-the-world-inspiring/Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany (Father of Fibre Optics): Vineet Sharma's answer to Who is the most underrated Indian scientist?Ashoke Sen: Neil Menon's answer to Who is the most underrated Indian scientist?Yellapragada Subbarow: Venkatraman Radhakrishnan's answer to Who is the most underrated Indian scientist?7. Vocabulary[50] [51] [52] [53]Too many words to list, so i will give some examples and the rest the readers can see for themselves if they wish. Any word derived directly/indirectly from Sindhu/Hind/India or places in India obviously would not have existed.European LanguagesIndigo (both the color/dye and the plant from which it is derived) got its name from India (Indus).Copra, Coir, Teak, Mango, Betel, Areca etc derive from Malayalam.Clay, Catamaran, Mulligatawny come from Tamil, Bandicoot and Mogoose from Telugu and Bamboo from Kannada. Avatar, Bandanna, Cheetah, Chutney, Juggernaut, Shampoo, Veranda among others are derived from Hindi/Sanskrit. (Ultimate origins of some words themselves may be from Turkish, Arabic, Persian or some other western Asian languages)The English name Singapore is an anglicisation of the native Malay name, Singapura, which was in turn derived from Sanskrit (सिंहपुर, IAST: Siṃhapura; siṃha is "lion", pura is "town" or "city").Muslin was named after the city where Europeans first encountered it, Mosul in Iraq, but the fabric originated from Dhaka, Bangladesh.Southeast Asian languagesSoutheast Asian languages have many loanwords of Indian origin as well; Southeast Asia has anyway been in contact with Indian civilization longer than Europe.Thai language bears close affinity with Dravidian languages. An indication of the close linguistic affiliation can be found in common Thai words like Ratha Mantri, Vidhya, Samuthra, Karuna, Prannee etc. which are almost identical to their Indian counterparts. His Majesty King Ramkhamhaeng the Great created Thai alphabet in 1283. He modeled it on ancient Indian alphabets of Sanskrit and Pali through the medium of old Khmer characters. Like most world languages, Thai language is a complicated mixture derived from several sources with many Thai words used today derived from Pali, Sanskrit, Khmer, Malay, English and Chinese.All articles sourced from Wikipedia unless stated otherwise. Thats it for now. Suggestions are welcome.Please also see the following answers that contain some related information:Suvarna Sagar's answer to What do you know that most people don’t?. In relation to this question read about Indigo and YInMn.Rajiv Satyanarayana's answer to Who are some of the major women writers in human history, in any tradition, pre-Christine de Pizan (1300s)?Dachacal's answer to Where can I find any reliable sources on the history of Ahom empire?Ankit Pandey's answer to Which is the unheard Indian battle that took place in history?Aditya Kulkarni's answer to What was the extent of Lalitaditya's kingdom?Siddharth Sinha's answer to What are the most interesting facts about Hinduism?Rajiv Satyanarayana's answer to How much did Admiral Ming Zheng He know about India and did Indian king meet with him? What was the political situation on the Indian continent?Rajiv Satyanarayana's answer to What is the importance of Barkur in Karnataka's history?Rajiv Satyanarayana (ರಾಜೀವ ಎಸ್)'s answer to Did India have any influence from or on West Asia before the arrival of Islam?Aditya Kulkarni's answer to What are the best answers of 2017 in History and politics? In relation to this question, you may read about answers on Indian history.Ratnakar Sadasyula's answer to What are some of the dynasties of historical India that we haven't even heard of?Alcatraz Dey's answer to How old is the allegory of 'Bharat Mata'?Rahul Shrivastava's answer to Is India the most overrated country in the world?P.S. I have bookmarked the answers I have mentioned :-)A different take on this question can be found on these answers, where the scenario is assumed to be India’s absence as the present political entity:Dhana Latchmi Mahesh's answer to What would the world be like if India did not exist?Rahul Yadav's answer to What would the world be like if India did not exist?Edit 1:Added the side note about China in Point 1.Added Golconda and Gondwana in Point 1.Edit 2:Removed relatively unknown weapons and fighting styles in Points 2 and 3. Added Bangalore Torpedo in Point 2.Added footnotes wherever seemed necessary.Added the side note about Sierra Leone.Added the information about Bodhidharma in Point 3.Added Point 4 (Faiths and Belief Systems).Expanded Point 5, adding the movies about Shaolin, Wing Chun and Buddhism.Added Point 6, with Zero as commented by Shikhar Singh.Edit 3:Added Mangalore in Point 1.Added Point 7.Edit 4:Removed some content about topics that have not been proven or known to have influenced any developments outside India.Added links to answers having a different perspective on the question.Added links to some related answers.Edit 5:Added links to answers about Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany, Ashoke Sen and Yellapragada Subbarow.Footnotes[1] Indian Plate - Wikipedia[2] Names of Indonesia - Wikipedia[3] http://Cambodia - Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia#cite_note-20)[4] http://Names of Sri Lanka (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Sri_Lanka)[5] http://History of Greenland - Wikipedia (http://History of Greenland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Greenland))[6] http://Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city) -Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_(city)#Etymology)[7] http://(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakien)[8] http://Java - Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java#Etymology)[9] http://14 Places Around The World That Share Their Names With Famous Indian Cities (https://www.scoopwhoop.com/places-around-the-world-same-name-as-indian-cities/#.tsgh5ls7k)[10] https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/travel/9-cities-and-towns-in-india-and-the-world-that-share-the-same-name-part-ii-232640.html (https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/travel/9-cities-and-towns-in-india-and-the-world-that-share-the-same-name-part-ii-232640.html)[11] http://Chakram (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakram) [12] http://Mysorean rockets (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorean_rockets)[13] Congreve rocket - Wikipedia[14] Bangalore torpedo - Wikipedia[15] Kalaripayattu - Wikipedia[16] Silambam - Wikipedia[17] Bodhidharma - Wikipedia[18] Patriarch of Zen Buddhism in China and Japan[19] Five Elders - Wikipedia[20] Hinduism in Southeast Asia - Wikipedia[21] Buddhism in Southeast Asia - Wikipedia[22] Greater India - Wikipedia[23] Jainism in Southeast Asia - Wikipedia[24] History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia - Wikipedia[25] http://journey%20to%20the%20west%20%28https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West)[26] Indian mathematics - Wikipedia[27] List of Indian mathematicians - Wikipedia[28] Aryabhata - Wikipedia[29] Aryabhata II - Wikipedia[30] Brahmagupta - Wikipedia[31] Mahāvīra (mathematician) - Wikipedia[32] Bhāskara I - Wikipedia[33] Bhāskara II - Wikipedia[34] Madhava of Sangamagrama - Wikipedia[35] Nilakantha Somayaji - Wikipedia[36] Indian mathematics - Wikipedia[37] Yajurveda - Wikipedia[38] Shatapatha Brahmana - Wikipedia[39] Shulba Sutras - Wikipedia[40] Egyptian numerals - Wikipedia[41] Babylonian mathematics - Wikipedia[42] Mesoamerican Long Count calendar - Wikipedia[43] 0 - Wikipedia[44] http://*Lokavibhāga* (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokavibhaga)[45] http://*Aryabhatiya* (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhatiya)[46] http://*Brahmasputha Siddhanta* (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmasphutasiddhanta)[47] http://Hindu–Arabic numeral system (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system)[48] Jyā, koti-jyā and utkrama-jyā - Wikipedia[49] History of trigonometry - Wikipedia[50] List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin - Wikipedia[51] List of English words of Dravidian origin - Wikipedia[52] http://List of loanwords in Indonesian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Indonesian#From_Indian_languages)[53] Languages of Asia - Wikipedia

In the short term…maybe-and here’s why.“Dirty” foods are typically higher in sodium.Sodium is crucial for performance, and is used by the body for a LOT of different functions, including storing glycogen and the actual muscle contraction, as well.Magnesium, calcium, potassium and sodium…all pretty important for performance.Furthermore, it’s just important for general health. The 2300mg recommended by the government actually has a quite high mortality rate, as measured by something called the Mortality Odds Ratio-no need to explain what that means, I hope.I’ll get some pushback on this; but that’s true of criticizing anything that is “common knowledge”…EAT MORE SALT!Ideally you want at least double what is recommended. If you are exercising in the heat, you may want far more, as you are losing a lot in your sweat. Not easy off of a diet off of pure broccoli……and chicken breast.In fact, for performance, you should likely add salt to every meal-that’s how important it is. This flies in the face of what most people have been told for many years, but keep your mind open.That’s all I ask.Maybe don’t trust what organizations or corporations or agencies or bureaus tell you.They also tried to get us to do this in the 1970s, and look what happened to our diets…and our waistlines.Not convinced? Here are the ADA sponsors.This picture is because I like to add humor to my posts.“Dirty” foods are typically higher in carbs.There is a big pushback against carbs, likely because people are finally waking up to the fact that for most people, the food pyramid is a bought and paid for LIE pushed out by food corporations.This might make this bullet point seem like it’s contradicting the previous point, but it’s not. I’m talking about people training HARD in the gym. In this scenario, they are very useful for performance in the gym.Sedentary people=carbs are poison.Hard training people looking to gain muscle=carbs are panacea.They allow you to do more work, recover faster, reduce your perceived effort, need less rest time between sets and definitely help strength. They’ll increase your IGF-1 and possibly your testosterone, too.Protein is great; but don’t act like carbs aren’t important, too.“Dirty” foods are typically higher in fat, especially saturated fat.Guess what; saturated fat is really, really important for proper testosterone levels. Again, this might ruffle some feathers, but saturated fat just isn’t as bad for you as you’ve been led to believe. I say *led* for a reason; there is a lot of BS out there, and a lot of myths that people push for various agendas.I don’t have one. Eat whatever you want.But know the facts of how it impacts your performance and health.“Dirty” foods are typically higher in cholesterol.Cholesterol, another myth-funny how almost everything you learned about nutrition was wrong, eh? What are the odds…There are two types of people, those who can extrapolate from incomplete data…Your dietary cholesterol intake has MINIMAL impact on your blood cholesterol. Heart disease is a disease of inflammation, not cholesterol.If you saw someone with a bandage on their arm over a cut, would you say…“The bandage is causing the cut!”No. Bandages and cuts are CORRELATED. If you see a bandage, there’s probably a cut.But a bandage is NOT CAUSATIVE.Cholesterol is the bandage. Inflammation is the cut. More about that later. For now, just another chart, from Is cholesterol the forgotten anabolic?This is when controlling for protein and fat intake. Pretty astounding.Probably part of the reason why a mixed diet beat a lactoovovegetarian (no meat, but eggs and milk as well as veggies).The mixed diet gained 16% quad muscle, meatless gained 7.3%...less than half.Imagine how the pure vegans would have done? I’m guessing even lower.Effects of an omnivorous diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet on resistance-training-induced changes in body composition and skeletal muscl... - PubMed - NCBI“Dirty” foods are typically higher in calories.This is a product of just higher carbs and fats, and especially important for hard-gainers. They get full pretty easily, so it’s vital that they are getting more calorie dense foods in. If you are struggling to gain weight, and I mean really struggling…you might need to get a little dirty.So, what are the drawbacks of dirty bulking?A lot of processed, low fiber, high sugar, high carb, high fat, high calorie food is, put bluntly, really shitty for your health. This is mostly due to inflammation, which is a major factor in most modern diseases.This is especially important later in life. It’s hard to make gains with a messed up liver, heart and kidneys. Good luck gaining muscle if you have diabetes, early-onset Alzheimer's and syndrome X. Your body likes survival more than being jacked.Furthermore, for many people-the vast majority-it’s easy to gain too fast.If beginners are gaining more than 1kg per two weeks, reality check, a lot of that is fat!You aren’t going to gain more than 12kg per year of muscle in most cases during your first year of training, so don’t even bother trying.If it’s past your first year of noobie gains, shoot for maybe .5-1kg per month in weight gain.I’d say less than 10% of the population should need to dirty bulk to make gains. For most people, hunger levels are enough that healthier choices are enough.Don’t listen to guys who promise you similar results at a similar pace.If you hear the words “bulk” and “fast” you should train yourself to realize it’s just another method of saying “bullshit”. They even start and end with the same letters.Furthermore, if you get above ~20% fat, it’ll actually decrease your testosterone, by converting a lot of it to estrogen. This is specifically for guys who are natural.Don’t get fat.If your calories are really high, you won’t be able to bulk for very long before you look like ten pounds of fecal matter in a five pound bag. Then you have to cut, which is just time spent that you could have been gaining muscle if you bulked more slowly. Stick to a responsible 200–400 calorie surplus.Finally, your gut bacteria. These can be divided into GOOD and BAD. This, as you might have guessed, is a bit overly simplistic, but…let’s go with that.This picture is awesome or horrifying. Depends if you have the good or bad kind, I guess?If you eat too much “dirty” food, for too long, in large amounts, it can definitely have large impacts on your gut micro-flora. These have very big health affects and are really important!There’s even a link between getting anti-biotics at a young age and autism-these gut bacteria are VITAL for brain health. The excessive use of anti-biotics kill off the gut bacteria, and this is devastating to development at a young age.Treat your gut well and it’ll treat you well-that means lots of fiber, minimal sugar and plenty of veggies.Of all colors.So, would I suggest all-out “dirty bulking”?No. But, you should keep in mind that you want to get enough sodium, carbs, fat, cholesterol and calories.I wish I could turn it into some cool acronym, but there aren’t any vowels, and I don’t expect “SCFCC” to catch on.For the record, it’s pronounced “scuh-fuh-ksssss”. You’re welcome!So, perhaps “semi-dirty” might be an acceptable way to go-a few meals a week truly dirty, preferably after full body or low body workouts, but most fairly clean.This allows you to enjoy your life while maintaining an acceptable caloric surplus for the week, and hitting all of the aforementioned dietary factors that are important for hormones and muscle growth, without wrecking your health in the long run.Follow me on Instagram for daily diet and training tips!

You attempt telling a child ‘er in place of AR pronouncing for R. Learn some phonics and try.They learn much faster.The origins are most probably in Kindergarten schools.Realizing that phonics make children learn reading faster they are adopting it.It is good and right method to worry nothing about. Alphabet learning in the conventional method appears rote.I add over my previous write up.Phonics deals with a very fundamental aspect of learning script. The way some thing/s sounds( called phonemes ) and the way those are spelled ( called graphemes) have relationships.A study of this is phonics study. It is highly useful in children quickly learning spelling,pronunciation,comprehension,vocabulary and finally enhance literacy. Please note I am not any ad agency.I give all from the internet for the interested Quorans whom I liked always in sharing.Some useful refs on phonics:after these refs.you find a line below which refs on phonics& alphabet….etc.,Phonics | Reading A-Zreadinga-z.com/phonicsTeach effective phonics using explicit, systematic instruction and practice. Students must learn to match a unit of sound (a phoneme) to the letter or letters that make the sound (a grapheme). Separating the written word into its individual sounds and blending the individual sounds of letters to make words is the foundation of reading. More About Phonics , Phonics ...Fly with Phonics - Teach and learn how to read through Phonics reading ...phonics.comTeach and learn how to read through Phonics reading program is a FREE online reading program that teaches phonics for children in kindergarten and up. Learning with Teach and learn how to read through Phonics reading program is a colorful combination of words, sounds, images, practice and play. Each lesson focuses on a different group of consonant and vowel phonemes, with sound cards to show the relationship between letters and pictures. Free phonics resources. Free worksheets and online activities help kids review their skills before moving on to the next lesson. These free resources ...Phonics Song with TWO Words - A For Apple - ABC Alphabet Songs with ...Phonics Song Global English Version - ChuChu TV Classics - Phonics Song with Two Words | Nursery Rhymes and Kids Songs 🎧 Listen to ChuChu TV on SPOTIFY - Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs 2019, a playlist by ChuChuTV on Spotify ABC "Phonics" song. Please...Phonics Song 2 - YouTubeIt's a phonics song with a picture for each letter. This is designed to help children learn the sounds of the letters in the English alphabet. Written and pe...Phonics Worksheets: Full Listsuperteacherworksheets.com/full-phonics.htmlThis phonics unit has many printable worksheets featuring words with the L-family blend such as: bl-, cl-, fl-, gl-, pl-, and sl-. Blend Family: R-Family Blends. Printable worksheets for teaching students to read and write basic words that begin with the letters br, cr, dr, fr, gr, pr, and tr. Blend: BL. Read and write words with the /bl/ sound. Blend: BR. Use these printable activities to help teach students about the BR consonant blend. Blend: CL. Use the printable activities on this page ...Phonics Program for Preschool, Kindergarten, 1st and 2nd Gradekizphonics.com/phonics-programPhonics Program Online. Kiz Phonics Learning to Read Program for Children - Course Plan. This page is a layout of the structure of our phonics program. This is a general guide on how to progressively teach your child to learn to read. However, mindful of the fact that every child is different, you can always adapt the program according to your ...ABC Letters and Phonics for Kids - Downloadabc-letters-and-phonics-for-kids.en.softonic.comMore about ABC Letters and Phonics for Kids. The program version is 6.0.0.5 and its last update happened on 1/03/2017. ABC Letters and Phonics for Kids is available for users with the operating system Windows 10 and posterior versions, and it is available in English.Since the program was added to our catalog in 2016, it has obtained 8 downloads, and last week it achieved 1 download.The information about the install size of ABC Letters and Phonics for Kids is currently not available.Phonics Song - YouTubeA phonics song to help children learn the letter sounds. Written and performed by A.J. Jenkins Copyright 2009 A.J.Jenkins/KidsTV123: All rights reserved This...PhonicsPlayphonicsplay.co.ukA site packed with interactive phonics games, phonics planning, assessment ideas and many teaching ideas and resources to help children to learn to hear phonemes, recognise graphemes and develop the blending and segmenting skills that are vital for learning to read and spell.Best Engineering College of Uttarakhandphonicsedu.comPhonics Group of Institutions. Amidst the lush green environment and serene cultural atmosphere, Phonics Group of institutions, Roorkee: The Best Engineering College of Uttarakhand has been established under Seth Bimal Prasad Jain Educational Trust with an aim to fulfill best academic and overall personality development of its family members.————————————- phonics and alphabet———- some references from the internet———————-Phonics Online - Fun Phonics for Kids ADIXL | Math, Language Arts, Science, Social Studies, and SpanishReport AdLearn 2000+ K-12 English skills on IXL | Math, Language Arts, Science, Social Studies, and Spanish. Grammar, reading, spelling, & more! Parents nationwide trust IXL to help their kids reach their academic potential.Fun & Engaging · Research-Proven · Standards-based LearningVideos15:26Phonics Song for Children | Alphabet Song | Letter Sounds | Signing for babies | …54M viewsYouTube50:35Phonics - Learn to Read | Awesome Alphabet | Alphablocks17M viewsYouTube35:50Phonics Song | ABC Alphabet Phonics | ABC Baby Songs980K viewsYouTube30:47Phonics - Alien Alphabet | Learn to Read | Alphablocks5.6M viewsYouTube29:02Alphabet Phonics | Level Reading | Phonics Song | How to Read | Made by Red Cat Re…3.3M viewsYouTube1:15:35The Phonics Song | Alphabets Song | Nursery Rhymes | ABC Songs by Farmees24M viewsYouTube1:11:24"Alphabet Phonics Songs" & More | Busy Beavers 70 Min Kids Compilation, Baby L…7.2M viewsYouTube1:00:48Fun Phonics Song for Kids | Phonics Sounds of Alphabets11M viewsYouTube23:50ABC Song Learn English Alphabet for Children with Ryan! | ABC phonics More …135M viewsYouTube33:54Phonics Song | Alphabets and more collection88K viewsYouTubeMore VideosAre these links helpful?YesNoABC Phonics Song with Sounds for Children - Alphabet Song ...Search domain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKsIi1MH4lwhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKsIi1MH4lwThis animated phonics song helps children learn the sounds of the letters in the English alphabet. Colorful characters teach kids two words for each alphabet...Images for phonics and alphabetsA3 Phonics Phoneme Grapheme Education Posters — Funky ...Letter Recognition & Phonics Worksheet - a (lowercase ...Alphabet & Phonics Sound Charts (First Grade Phonics) by ...Phonics, Phonics, Phonics | Teaching AceFREE 6+ Sample Phonics Alphabet Chart Templates in PDFABC Phonics Chart by The Daily Alphabet | Teachers Pay ...Phonics Alphabet Bundle - Whimsy Workshop TeachingPhonics Success! | Willow Lane Primary SchoolPhase 3 Phonics Sound Mat - letters + sounds - Free ...Alphabet Phonics Letter of the Week B | Homeschool Busy ...Jolly Phonics • Brisbane KidsMore Images for phonics and alphabetsAlphabet & Phonics - WordUnitedSearch domain Alphabet & Phonics - WordUnitedAlphabet Toys and Phonics Resources. Phonics is an inventive technique for teaching children to read by developing their ability to hear, identify, and manipulate sounds and the alphabet letter groups that represent them. Learning phonics plays a vital role in how kids develop the accuracy of reading aloud and comprehension.Phonics Song with TWO Words - A For Apple - ABC Alphabet ...Search domain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hq3yfQnllfQhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hq3yfQnllfQPhonics Song Global English Version - ChuChu TV Classics - Phonics Song with Two Words | Nursery Rhymes and Kids Songs 🎧 Listen to ChuChu TV on SPOTIFY - Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs 2019, a playlist by ChuChuTV on Spotify ABC "Phonics" song. Please...ABC PreSchool Kids Tracing & Phonics Learning Game - Apps ...Search domain http://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.gamesforkids.preschoolworksheets.alphabets&hl=en_US&gl=UShttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.gamesforkids.preschoolworksheets.alphabets&hl=en_US&gl=USABC PreSchool Kids Tracing & Phonics Learning game (350+ Worksheets) is an educational app to help your toddler learn basic tracing starting from lines, phonics and trace the letters of the alphabet ABCs and numbers 1 to 10, shapes & colors. ABC Preschool Worksheets includes fun, educational activities for toddlers and kids! If your child is in kindergarden, or going to attend preschool, this ...Alphabet Phonics A-Z | Learning ChocolateSearch domain http://www.learningchocolate.com/content/alphabet-phonics-zhttps://www.learningchocolate.com/content/alphabet-phonics-zThis is a game for learning vocabulary words including Aa apple, Bb ball, Cc cat, Ff flower, Gg guitar, Hh hat, Ii igloo, Jj jug, Kk kite, Ll lemon, Mm mouse, Nn nose ...Alphabet Letters | A to Z PhonicsSearch domain http://atozphonics.com/teaching/60/alphabet-letters/atozphonics.com/teaching/60/alphabet-letters/Alphabet Letter Sounds Check List. Some of the words end in the letter to help you isolate the sound you will be modeling for your child A as in apple. B as in bulb. C as in Kite. D as in dad. E as in egg. F as in wolf. G as in wig. H as in horse. I as in igloo. J as in jam. K same as the letter C. L as in girl. M as in mum.Alphabet & Letter WorksheetsSearch domain http://www.superteacherworksheets.com/full-letters-alphabet.htmlhttps://www.superteacherworksheets.com/full-letters-alphabet.htmlEach one includes primary ruled lines, upon which students can print letters. Phonemic Awareness & Phonics: Long E, Short E. Print word wheels, sorting games, matching games, thinking puzzles, flashcards, and worksheets for teaching students about the long-e and short-e vowel sounds.Phonics Song 2 - YouTubeSearch domain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BELlZKpi1Zshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BELlZKpi1ZsIt's a phonics song with a picture for each letter. This is designed to help children learn the sounds of the letters in the English alphabet. Written and pe...The Letter Sounds Song - YouTubeSearch domain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyKdUpJQBTYhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pyKdUpJQBTYIt's a phonics song. Each letter has an anchor picture to represent the sound that the letter makes. Written and performed by A.J. Jenkins. Copyright: 2009 A...The Sounds of the Alphabet: Learn Pronunciation with Speak ...Search domain http://www.speakmethod.com/alphabet_sounds.htmlhttps://www.speakmethod.com/alphabet_sounds.htmlWith this alphabet chart, understand how to say the names of the letters and read about all the sounds of each letter from the alphabet. These are the basic phonetic sounds for American English. To learn important sounds using free videos online, go to Pronunciation in English:Phonics song, ASL & English alphabet song. Order this DVD, click here: Phonics Alphabet Series Sing & Sign with Patty Shukla or free on Amazon Prime. Learn letter sounds of the English...This animated phonics song helps children learn the sounds of the letters in the English alphabet. Colorful characters teach kids two words for each alphabet...Phonics Song Global English Version - ChuChu TV Classics - Phonics Song with Two Words | Nursery Rhymes and Kids Songs 🎧 Listen to ChuChu TV on SPOTIFY - Nursery Rhymes & Kids Songs 2019, a playlist by ChuChuTV on Spotify ABC "Phonics" song. Please...ABC Phonics - 26 Letters and Sounds!nellieedge.com/abc-phonics/26-letters-and-soundsIIntroduce the ABC Phonics: Sing, Sign, and Read! book with four new letters, key phonics symbols, and sounds every two or three days. Always sing to review previous letters: Take advantage of the musical brain! Spend no more than five minutes engaging the children in active, systematic instruction, then provide at least four short (20-30 second) reviews during the day: before morning recess, lining up for lunch, out on the playground, leaving for the day.! Spend no more than five minutes ...Alphabet Letters | A to Z Phonicsatozphonics.com/teaching/60/alphabet-lettersSo it is with alphabet letters, each has a name but also a sound. I would say “this is the letter ‘S’ it says the /sssssss/ sound as in sssun.” Model the sound to copy and use words that are meaningful to your child. If you need a quick reminder of letter sounds here is a quick check list in the box to your right – some words end in the sound to help you isolate the sound you will be modeling for your child. Some letters have more than one sound, but at this stage we just introduce ...Phonics | Reading A-Zreadinga-z.com/phonicsTeach effective phonics using explicit, systematic instruction and practice. Students must learn to match a unit of sound (a phoneme) to the letter or letters that make the sound (a grapheme). Separating the written word into its individual sounds and blending the individual sounds of letters to make words is the foundation of reading. More About Phonics , Phonics ...Teaching Alphabet Letters | A to Z Phonicsatozphonics.com/teaching/65/teaching-alphabet-lettersAlphabet Sounds; Pre-School Alphabet; Alphabet Craft; Alphabet Printables; Find teaching alphabet resources in A to Z’s instant downloads store . What Other Visitors Have Said. Find contributions from other visitors to this page below. Letters Around the Room by S.A. Taylor (Fuerteventura, Spain.) Place 4 letters around the room on adjacent walls. (For example, a, b, c and d.) Tell the children to stand in the middle of the room and run to the letter which starts the word the teacher ...Letters and Sounds for Home and School - YouTubeyoutube.com/channel/UCP_FbjYUP_UtldV2K_-niWwWelcome to the Letters and Sounds for Home and School channel. This resource is designed by experts for use at home with children who are unable to attend school. Evidence shows that learning is ...Pronouncing the Alphabet | Pronunciation | EnglishClubenglishclub.com/pronunciation/alphabet.htmThe letters above (↑) are in normal "alphabetical order". But the letters below (↓) are NOT in alphabetical order. They are in "sound order". They are grouped by sound. There are only 7 basic sounds for the whole alphabet. The letters in each column all have the same vowel sound. Listen to the alphabet sounds as we read them by column:Letters and Soundsletters-and-sounds.comIf you're new to Letters and Sounds and want to find out what it's all about, visit What is Letters and Sounds to find out more. I aim to provide lots of free resources for parents and teachers who are following the Letters and Sounds programme. I've made a special effort to create themes which will engage all children. Looking around I have found resources on other sites which have lots of appeal for girls (flowers, butterflies etc.), but not so much aimed at boys' interests.