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Let's start with most important chapter of biology i.e. Genetics ( Ncert + some useful additional info too)Inheritance is the basis of heredity.Watoson received his PhD degree on a study of effect of X rays on bacteriophage multiplication whereas Crick received his PhD degree on X ray diffraction :- polypeptides & proteins.Sahiwaal cows developed in Punjab by artificial selection & domestication of wild cows.Mendel conducted experiment on garden peas for 7 yrs(1856–1863). Large sampling size was taken.Term genetics :- Batson. Father of experimental genetics :- T. H. MorganGenes are unit of inheritance & Alleles are slightly different form of the same gene.Punnett square developed by British geneticist R. C. Punnett.Back cross :- cross btwn F1 individual & Any of the parents. Test cross :- F1 * homozygous recessive. Out cross :- F1* homozygous Dominant.Based on monohybrid cross, Mendel developed law of Inheritance. Law of dominace explains the proportion of 3:1 obtained at F2.Law of segregation also known as law of purity of gamates.Examples of incomplete dominace :- Antirrhinium or snap dragon, flower 🌸 color in mirabilis jalapa,starch grain size in pisum sativum.The phenotype/trait is only dependent upon unmodified allele. Modified allele- recessive & unmodified allele (orijinal allele)- dominant.The plasma membrane of Rbc have sugar polymers that protrude from its surface. Alleles IA & IB produce a slightly different forms of the same gene.Multiple Alleles are found only where population studies are made. (more than 2 alleles)No. of possible genotype :-{n(n+1)}/2; n= no of allelesself incompatibility sterlity & blood grouping ABO are examples of multiple allelism.Dominace is not an autonomous feature of the gene or the product it has info. for.Fruit color in Summer Squash & cucurbita pepo is an example of Dominant epistatis.Linkage is an exception of Law of Independent Assortment.By 1902, the chromosome movement during meiosis had been worked out.Sutton & Boveri noted that the behavior of genes & chromosomes are parellel to each other.Chromosome :- one pair segregate independently of another pair. Gene :- independent pairs secrete independently of each other.Morgan found that the genes(white & yellow) that r tightly linked shows very low recombination i.e. 1.3% while white & miniature shows 37.2% recombination.Alfred Sturtvent (student of Morgan) use recombinant freq & mapped position of genes on chromosomes.Mutation & Recombination leads to Variation in DNA.Pedigree Analysis provides a strong tool, which is utilised to trace the inheritance of a particular trait, abnormality or disease.Polygenic inheritance seen in human height, human skin color. Pleutropic gene eg. Phenylketoneurea (mental retardation, skin pigmentation & reduction in hair).Colorblindness occurs in 8% males & 0.4% in females.Alpha thalassemia :- Cr no 16 (HBA1 & HBA2), Beta thalassemia :- Cr mo 11(HBB). Thalassemia is a quantitative, whereas Sickle cell anemia is a qualitative program.Failure of segregation of chromatids during cell division :- Aneuploidy. Failure of cytokinesis after telophase stage of cell div :- Polyploidy (in plants)P.S. :-, Now, it's time for second most important chapter of biology “MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE”The sensitivity of DNA fingerprinting has been increased by PCR.SNOW DROP ; S- southern blotting related with Dna, N-Northern blotting related with Rna & Western blotting related with Proteins.Commercially used hosts are bacteria & yeast. Commercially used vectors are BAC & YAC.Satellite DNA forms a large portion of human genome, forms high degree of polymorphism & forms the basis of DNA fingerprinting.Goals of HGP :- IDSITA (ist letter of the points mentioned in ncert)Non human model :- Bacteria, Yeast, Caenohabilus Elegans (free living non pathogenic nematode), Drosophilla, plants(Rice & Arabidopsis).1 gene 1 enzyme hypothesis given by Beadle & Taetum in Neurospora.3 loops in tRNA :-Attachment loop(TfieC), Anti codon loop & DHU Loop(Recognition loop).When smaller unit of Ribosome encounters the mRNA, translation begins.UTRs :- present on mRNA, required for efficient translation process, are not translated, present before start codon & after stop codon.Term genetic Code :- Gammao.Niremberg :- cell free system of protein synthesis. Hargovind Khorana :- Synthesize RNA molecules with defined combinations of bases.Sense strand :- coding strand. Trna :- sRNA, Adaptor molecule.Actual str of Trna & 3D model:- inverted L. CLOVER 🍀 LEAF MODEL :- 2D (most accepted too)Severe Orcha Enzyme :- Polynucleotide Phosphorylase.Inducer regulate switching on & off the operon. Eg lactose. Regulation of lac operon by repressor is called negative regulation.F. Sanger Credited for developing method for determining AA sequence in proteins.Smallest Gene :- TDF/ SRY gene present on Y chromosome &largest gene :- Dystrophin present on X chromosome.Hope u like this :-)अभिषेक राजन

Definitely Zoro. Asta’s main advantages are:1) The fact his swords are anti magic2) His physical strengthBoth of these points allow Asta to beat enemies who highly underestimate him because he has no mana. He is one of the only characters in Black Clover that’s physically strong since he doesn’t rely on magic, and he can fight magic with his swords allowing him to evade, reflect, cut, e.t.c any attack that he receives in the Black Clover universe since the vast majority of attacks are magic.Even if his swords could work on Devil Fruits, Zoro doesn’t have a Devil Fruit (or have any kind of magic), plus he’s in way better physical shape than Asta. Next to someone with no magic, Asta is just a buff kid with huge swords, which doesn’t necessarily mean he’s weak, but when you compare him to Zoro he’s no match. If he fights Zoro it would be a plain sword fight, and Zoro us a master swordsman.Asta does have his “black form” though which make him much much stronger, but again it’s main advantage is against magic users. The non magic related enhancements this form grants him include the ability to fly and a strength and speed boost. I don’t think Asta’s raw power can beat Zoro’s even with the strength boost, and I believe Zoro has fought faster characters than “black form” Asta before. Also flying is neat but I doubt it’s anything Zoro can’t handle.In addition, Asta is only 15 while Zoro is 21, so he has much more experience in fighting.In conclusion, most of Asta’s strong points are pretty useless for him against Zoro which is why I believe Zoro beats him easily. Zoro is part of the “monster trio” in One Piece and I don’t believe that there are that many characters from anime that can beat him. Asta is a very strong character, but mostly in his respective universe.

Yes.Before dismissing, hear me out. Nozel is far from the strongest character in the series, he's not even top 10 as of now. Post—Timeskip Yami destroys him, as does the Dark Triad, most of the current Black Bulls, Wizard King Lumiere, Zagred, Licht all slap.Pre—Timeskip, however, i will say that Nozel very well may have been the strongest Captain in Clover Kingdom. Or atleast I would say that he makes a strong claim to be the strongest. The only real contenders to his spot are Mereoleona and Dorothy.Firstly, I would like to say that “strongest" in the Black Clover universe is a fallacious term due to the ridiculous versatility of it's magic system. Jack can be considered the strongest because he has the highest theoretical peak of any character in BC. His magic allows him to react to any and all magic, even Elf Magic which was low—diffing Captain Class opponents. Yami's Dimension Slash negates durability and warps reality itself, so even if he is slower/weaker than his opponents, he can still win because he only needs one attack to do damage. Dorothy is the most haxed Captain, but on the converse side the weakest in 1v1 combat.When I say Nozel is the strongest Pre—TS captain, I mean that he has the highest base stats of any Pre—TS captain, as well as the greatest 1v1 power, with the possible exception of Mereoleona.Dark Patry was stated to be far above normal Patry.And “normal" Patry was able to give Yami probably the closest fight in the series and was practically equal to him in power, while suppressed.That's right. Patry is actually above Yami because he was roughly equal to him pre timeskip while suppressed. He doesn't use all of his latent mana until he fights Julius. Dark Patry is stated to be above this in power. Nozel could react to Dark Patry and block his attacks multiple times.In this panel, he manages to protect Asta and Yuno from Dark Patry's attacks, and Yuno noted that he was barely able to even react to it with Mana Zone.A weaker form of Yuno could match Rill on equal footing, Rill being a Captain himself.Not only does Yuno get stronger, he also gets amped by being possessed by an elf in the War arc. Having an elf inhabit your body in the BC universe gives people a greater and more fundamental understanding of mana, thus making them significantly stronger than before. Despite this, Dark Patry was faster than Post— Elf amp Yuno, and Nozel was even faster than him as he could react to several of DP's attacks on his own.Now a lot of people like to downplay this fight by saying that Nozel only did as good as he did because his magic is Mercury which counters Light magic. This is bullshit.Firstly, Yami's Dark magic counters Light magic too. Despite this disadvantage, Patry was keeping up with him while suppressed. If an unbiased way of looking at this is applied to Nozel as well, him having a style of magic that counters Patry still puts him above Yami, as both of them hard countered their opponents, but Nozel simply fought a much stronger Patry. On top of that, Yami only specifically counters Light Magic, unlike Nozel whose Mercury Magic hard counters any magic, it's literally a property of his magic to adapt to his opponents magic. Saying Nozel is only strong because he “hard counters" Patry is the same as saying Asta is only strong because he has Anti—Magic. Yes, they have it, but that's the point. That's what makes them powerful, why would you take that way from them?Secondly, even if you say that Nozel is only strong because of his magic, he still has to be physically fast enough to react to someone's attacks. If he can't react even react to his opponents, his speed amounts to jackshit— Nozel's stats are high enough to react to opponents far beyond normal Patry, Black Asta (Pre—TS) and Spirit Yuno, even without the use of his magic.Now, to be fair to Yami, he does get stronger after fighting Patry, but that's because he learns a new spell versus Vetto. It was never stated that he got stronger or faster, he just has a more powerful finisher attack. It makes him overall more powerful, sure, but Nozel would still scale higher because he was relative to a stronger opponent than Yami.More evidence for Nozel being stronger than Pre—TS Yami, Yami says that Nozel has more magic than him.While magic does not exactly determine who is stronger, it still means that Nozel would win in a battle of attrition against Yami due to having greater reserves of magic. Tabata, the author has also stated in a QnA that more magic power is what determines the strength of spells.In a fight between Nozel and Pre—TS Yami, I can see Nozel win 7/10 times. He's faster, and has more magic reserve than Yami. Yami however has his Ki and can use his durability negating dimensional slash, if he gets Nozel once, it's over. Then again, Nozel could easily trap Yami via this.Nozel is also far smarter than Yami. Actually, Nozel is the 2nd smartest Captain in Clover Kingdom, only behind Fuegoleon.A lot, and I mean a lot of people try to downplay Nozel why saying that he lost to Kivn, who was beaten by Valkyrie Armor Noelle, and people use it to say even VA Noelle is above him.This is also completely bullshit. For those of you who think Nozel lost because he was “weaker" than Kivn or Noelle, you need to reread the chapter. Nozel was explicitly caught off—guard by the Elf, who made a sneak attack to damage him. You know, just like Patry used a sneak attack to kill Julius. Does it mean Patry>Julius? No, because he was caught off—guard. Same with Nozel. Even the Clover Wiki calls it an off—guard moment for Nozel. He also later said that the environment in that scene disrupted his magic, meaning he was nerfed in the beginning when this happened.Now, since we have established that Nozel is above Pre—TS Yami, we have three other contenders for the spot of strongest Pre—TS Captain— Dorothy, Fuegoleon (w Salamander), and Mereleona.Let me just quickly go over why the other Captains aren't in consideration for the top spot—Jack is roughly relative to Yami, and this is stated multiple times in the manga. He is relative to him Pre—TS, they spar all the time, and Jack was keeping up with Yami's speed in the War Arc. Since Nozel>Yami, he also scales above Jack.Rill is only equal to a Spirit Yuno, with Nozel scaling above an Elf—amped Spirit Yuno as I showed before.Charlotte is strong, but Yami could match her when she was amplified by an Elf. This means Non—Elf Charlotte would be weaker than Yami, and thus below Nozel as well.William Vangenance is featless, or rather it’s more accurate to say that he doesn't scale to anyone who ever fights another Captain. Sure, he beats some people, but we don't know how those “some people" would do against the other Captains. On top of that, William's magic works best with prep time+lots of fighters around, so he's tough to rank in a 1v1.On top of that, Nozel severely outscales William in the Official Black Clover Databook. Here is William's stat spread.Here is Nozel's.Nozel has higher or equal stats with William in every category, so he should be stronger than William Pre—TS.Kaiser lost to Fuegoleon with an Elf—amp, so he's not nearly as strong as the others.Now we're down to three Captains only.Mereoleona is one of the strongest Captains in the series, period. She effortlessly blitzed Black Asta in the training arc, with Black Asta being fast enough to speedblitz an amped Ladros. She was able to mostly dominate Rhya in their match, but it should be noted that Rhya tanked most of her attacks. However, Rhya with the help of spatial magic could tag and damage Mereoleona.And he was also able to tank her strongest attack without too much trouble, because of the massive amount of mana Elves have. Dark Patry is significantly faster than Rhya or any other Elf for that matter, so Nozel being relative to him in speed puts him higher than Pre—TS Mereoleona as well IMO (though Mereoleona would still beat him 4.5/10 times). On top of that, Rhya's DB stats are the exact same as Nozel. And this is after considering the fact that Rhya can copy Light, Dark and Spatial magic to amp his stats. Since Rhya was able to tag Mereleona and tank her attacks, it stands to reason that Nozel can do the same.In terms of DB stats, Mereoleona is actually above Nozel by a single point. Mereleona has a 28 as compared to Nozel's 27. Here is her stat spread.Nozel is equally matched with her in all stats, but Mereleona has a 5/5 over Nozel's 4/5 in physical strength. However, while they both have 4/5 in intelligence, Nozel is stated to be the 2nd smartest Captain by the mangaka, so he would still be smarter than her. Based on the overall score though, you could say that Mereoleona is more powerful than Nozel.However, Rhya said Mereoleona's physical capabilities were only “on par" with Vetto, including her reflexes and reaction speed. Vetto was far below Dark Patry, which means Nozel would still be much faster than Mereoleona in combat. Like I said, it could go either way and Mereoleona certainly outclasses in strength and endurance, but I feel like Nozel's superior range, speed and intellect give him a slight edge here.Fuegoleon with Salamander is tough to scale, but he is roughly relative to Mereoleona if you compare their respective parallel battle against the Elves. We don't have much feats for him after he gets Salamander before the timeskip, so I would just say he scales to Mereoleona and would lose extremely high—diff to Nozel.Which leaves us with Dorothy.Nozel doesn't really have any counters to her hax, so she would be able to beat Nozel. Dorothy's magic does have limits though, she cannot imprison someone who has greater magic power than she does.In the anime #151 she says she needs to become strong enough to trap even a Devil in her dream world, implying she cannot do it right off the bat if the enemy is strong enough. Nozel has supreme quantities of mana, higher than every other Captain, so he might be able to break out of her dream world, and an argument could be made either way. But for now, we have inconclusive evidence.So the strongest Captain before the Timeskip is either Dorothy or Nozel. I would personally bet on Dorothy, but Nozel is stronger than her in a 1v1 situation. So yes, Nozel is probably the strongest Pre—TS Captain.NOTE— We actually do see the Captains in a battle Royale in the Black Clover anime in episode 151. This is anime only and doesn't appear in the manga, but Tabata has approved of this filler arc and considers it canon, so we can use it to find how the Captains do against each other.You might be wondering why I didn't use the anime fight until now, well that's because during the fight the characters (Captains) have gotten far stronger than their Pre—TS versions. Thus any scaling from this fight is with respect to stronger versions of the Captains.While Nozel is a top 2/3 Captain Pre—TS, it seems like a lot of them surpass him during the timeskip.Yami for example, has mastered his Equinox Slash, can use Black Moon, Iai Slash and even negate magic to some extent. He can fight Dante (the strongest of the Triad) and literally would have beaten him solo if not for his regeneration. He was able to go toe to toe with 80% Devil Dante.He would demolish Nozel.In the anime fight, Dorothy is able to blitz Post—TS Yami and trap him in her dream world.She is also able to create several copies of Yami, with each being able to match Yami in her dream world.It's safe to say that she's also above Nozel (who can't counter her at all) and even Yami had to use his strongest attack to escape (a spell which is literally arcane stage, and warps reality itself).Nozel did fight Fuegoleon in the battle Royale, and we don't know who would have won if the 1v1 continued, but Fuegoleon seems to dominate him slightly.Nozel also fails to do significant damage to Timeskip Vangenance's tree magic, though Jack is able to cut through them with ease (this might be because Jack having fought with William before has already adapted to his magic, we can't say for sure).Nonetheless, his magic power is still above Fuegoleon with Salamander. During the end of the Captain's fight, Fuegoleon (w Salamander) combines their power with Charlotte and William to make a final attack. Nozel counters it with Jack and Kaiser. The two attacks are equally matched.But Kaiser previously gets one shotted by Fuegoleon even without him using Salamander, so his magic couldn't have been too significant a contribution to this attack. So the attack was mostly Jack and Nozel against three other Captains, making me feel like Nozel should be individually above Fuegoleon with Salamander. Note that this is complete conjecture and might not be correct, we will have to see once Post—TS Nozel gets a fight in the manga.To end the answer, yes. Nozel is one of the strongest Captains Pre—TS, and he's in the upper half Post—TS, possibly higher. He's very, very strong and should not be downplayed, like at all.But at the end of the day, there is no “strongest Captain”. Everyone has their own niche where they perform the best, everyone is strong enough to contribute to a fight, there are type matches and spells which work best in a team. That is the beauty of magic in Black Clover.