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How many signers of the Declaration of Independence owned slaves? <=copied from this websiteSo not about voting rights or freedom it was about pure greed!How many of the signers of the Declaration of Independence owned slaves?41 of the other 16 some were involved in some form of transatlantic trade ( type unknown) or were in correspondence with known slave owners in the West Indies.Button GwinnettLyman HallWilliam HooperJoseph HewesJohn PennEdward RutledgeThomas HeywardThomas Lynch, JrArthur MiddletonJohn HancockSamuel ChaseWilliam PacaThomas StoneCharles Carroll of CarrolltonGeorge WytheRichard Henry LeeThomas JeffersonBenjamin HarrisonThomas Nelson, Jr.Francis Lightfoot LeeCarter BraxtonRobert MorrisBenjamin RushBenjamin FranklinGeorge TaylorJames WilsonGeorge RossCaesar RodneyGeorge ReadWilliam FloydPhilip LivingstonFrancis LewisLewis MorrisRichard StocktonJohn WitherspoonFrancis HopkinsonJohn HartAbraham ClarkJosiah BartlettWilliam WhippleStephen HopkinsMatthew ThorntonAll research was done by the 8th Grade students at Chardon Middle School in Chardon, Ohio during October, 2014.The students were surprised to find that the internet could not offer a satisfactory answer to an important question:How many of the signers of the Declaration of Independence owned slaves?Convinced that they could discover the answer and eager to contribute to world's knowledge, they became historians.SIGNERSLAVES?EVIDENCE #1EVIDENCE #2Adams, JohnNOIn letters from 1819, 1820 and 1821, late in his life, John Adams and slavery views became more obvious as he condemned the practice as "an evil of colossal magnitude" and worried about the effect slavery would have on the nation in the future. For John Adams, slaves were human beings and fully deserved the rights ordained by God that all men were granted. John Adams And SlaveryDid John Adams own slaves? No, and not only because of his family's moderate wealth. Adams was morally opposed to slavery and refused to employ slaves.Source: Acsesed on 10/17/14 John Adams And SlaveryAdams, SamuelNO"Sam Adams and Thomas Paine did not own slaves: Source accessed on 10/16/2014 Which Founding Fathers owned slaves? - Answers“Another patriot and firebrand, Sam Adams, said that "no slave shall live under my roof," and freed the two he inherited from marrying his second wife”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/14http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/educational-resources/article-rise-and-fall-of-slave-trade-part2.shtmlBartlett, JosiahYES“Some of the slaves who fought in the war never received their freedom, including Peter Bartlett, the slave of well known congressional delegate and signer of the Declaration of Independence, Josiah Bartlett. Source: accessed on 10/16/14. The First American Army: The Untold Story of George Washington and the Men behind America's First Fight for Freedom [Bruce Chadwick] on google books.Braxton, CarterYES“Braxton acquired large amounts of land and numbers of slaves, and he both cultivated and traded tobacco.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14Braxton, Carter (1736-1797)“...owned more than 12,000 acres and about 165 slaves during the 1770s and engaged in large-scale tobacco planting…”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14Braxton, Carter (1736-1797)Carroll, Charles of CarrolltonYES“It was actually the employment of over three hundred slaves that caused Charles Carroll more difficulty because he expressed personal discomfort at the notion of human slavery.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/14Charles Carroll of Carrollton | The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence“At the time of his death, he owned over two hundred slaves just on his Doughoregan Manor plantation in Anne Arundel (now Howard) County, Maryland.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/14 http://www.examiner.com/article/charles-carroll-of-carrollton-signer-of-the-declaration-of-independence-and-slaveownerChase, SamuelYES"Recieved L125.0.0 legact from his grandfather 1770. Property in Annapolis valued at L 969.13.4 including 5 slaves and 268 oz. plate. 1783. SOURCE: Accessed on 10/14/2014 http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/000200/000235/pdf/chasenotes.pdfClark, AbrahamYES“In February, 1786 the Jersey legislature passed a bill sponsored by Clark for “An Act to prevent the Importation of Slaves . . . , and to authorize the Manumission of them under certain Restrictions and to prevent the Abuse of Slaves.” Even though Clark owned three slaves, and did not provide for their release until both he and Sarah died, this act was an important recognition by the legislature and Clark, as Bogin noted, that “slavery involved ethical considerations.”.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014Abraham Clark | The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence“In 1786, before leaving the State Legislature, Clark, who was a slave-owner, sponsored a bill titled “An Act to prevent the Importation of Slaves . . . , and to authorize the Manumission of them under certain Restrictions and to prevent the Abuse of Slaves.” Though the bill passed, Clark’s slaves were only freed upon his wife’s death in 1804.” SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014Biographical Sketches of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence representing New JerseyClymer, GeorgeNO"Among the expected glories of the Constitution, next to the abolition of Slavery was that of Rum…”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14cotknorwalk.org -&nbspcotknorwalk Resources and Information.“Committee Assignments: Committee of Assumption of State Debt, Committee of Slave Trade.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/14Delegates to the Constitutional Convention: George ClymerElery, WilliamNO“At this time, he was a judge of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island and made strong efforts to have slavery in the United States abolished, supporting the resolution made by Rufus King.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014William ElleryDuring this time William vocally advocated the abolition of slavery…Still, and continuing on, the slavery was a sore spot and not one that Ellery was afraid to affront…”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014On William ElleryFloyd, WilliamYES“When Floyd reached his 20th year, his father and mother died within 2 months of each other, and he inherited their large estate on Long Island along with the responsibility of caring for his brothers and sisters. Six years later he married. His bride helped care for the family and assisted in managing the farm, for which slaves supplied most of the labor.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014General William Floyd House.Franklin, BenjaminYES“Franklin owned two slaves, George and King, who worked as personal servants, and his newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette, commonly ran notices involving the sale or purchase of slaves and contracts for indentured laborers. “Source: Accessed on 10/16/2014Benjamin Franklin . Citizen Ben . Abolitionist“Franklin did not publicly speak out against slavery until very late in his life. As a young man he owned slaves, and he carried advertisements for the sale of slaves in his newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette.”Source: Accessed on 10/16/2014Benjamin Franklin's Anti-Slavery Petitions to CongressGerry, ElbridgeNO"Mr. Elbridge Gerry [MA] thought we had nothing to do with the conduct of the states as to slaves, but ought to be careful not to give any sanction to it." Accessed 10/16/2014 AccountSupporthe ultimately refused and rejected to sign the Constitution because it did not include a bill of rights.SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/2014Constitution of United States of America 1789Gwinnett,ButtonYESHe acquired slaves to work the plantation and build him a house. “SOURCE:Accessed on On May 13, 2011http://derrickjeter.com/2011/05/13/founding-fathers-friday-button-gwinnett/The Times presented an idyllic image of how “Mr. Keys arrives by plane to his own landing strip and lives in Button Gwinnett’s remodeled house, putting his guest in converted slave quarters.” Interestingly, the Keys never built a landing strip and Button Gwinnett never lived in the house that bears his name. Guests stayed in cabins built in the style of slave quarters.”SOURCE:Accessed on July 6, 2009 10:47 a.m.http://www.coastalcourier.com/archives/15071/Hall, LymanYES“He became the owner of a small plantation north of the Midway Meeting House on the Savannah-Darien highway.”Source. Accessed on 10/16/2014Lyman Hall | The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence"for he then purchased a fine plantation on the Savannah River, not far from Shell Bluff, and furnished it with a considerable number of negro slaves, and all animals, implements, and provisions requisite for its proper cultivation." Accessed on 10/16/2014 http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~galiber3/bios/hall2.htmlHancock, JohnYESHancock's family lived comfortably, but only owned one slave to help around the house. John was sent to live with his aunt and uncle after the death of his father in 1744.John Hancock | Facts, Early Years, Life, Death & PoliticsHis father was a reverend who made a comfortable living; the family even owned one slave.John Hancock: Facts, Biography & History | Study.comHarrison, BenjaminYES“I also give to my dear Wife the use of all my tract of land whereon I now live called Berkley, with all the Slaves thereon” Said Benjamin Harrison in his will.SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14William HARRISON“I give unto my son Benjamin and his heirs forever all the negroes he has of mine in his possession at Hard Labor”Benjamin also said this in his will.SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14William HARRISONHart, JohnYES“On his prosperous plantation Hart had many cattle, sheep, swine, horses and fowl, and he also owned four slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14John Hart | The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence“On his prosperous plantation Hart had many cattle, sheep, swine, horses and fowl, and he also owned four slaves.”Hewes, JosephYES“While Hewes was raised as Quaker, he was indeed also a slave owner and a supporter of slavery.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/14Joseph Hewes - First "Secretary of the Navy" and Signer of the Declaration of Independence“A 1779 inventory signed by Hewes, as well as a 1780 newspaper account of his estate sale, both indicate that Hewes owned slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/14http://www.hollandlodge.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/2014_09_The_Holland_Herald.pdfHeyward, Thomas Jr.YES“During his absence, he suffered greatly in respect to his property; his plantation being much injured by a party of marauders, and all his slaves seized and carried away. Some of his slaves were afterwards reclaimed; but one hundred and thirty were finally lost, being transported, as was supposed, for the benefit of the sugar planters on the island of Jamaica.”Thomas Heyward, Jr.“Also during this time he suffered greatly in respect to his property; the British injured his plantations and a band of marauders, his slaves seized and carried away, some of which were afterwards recovered.”Thomas Heyward Jr. | The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of IndependenceHooper, WilliamYESThe decision--which side to support -had no neat and simple answer.When the Britsh evacuted Wilimington in November 1781.Willam Hoopers slaves acted in different ways.http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editons/nchist-revolution /1917.Hopkins, StephenYES“In a clear statement on the morality of slavery, Rhode Island’s Stephen Hopkins manumits his slave, Saint Jago Hopkins, because slavery is a violation of God’s will. Rhode Island would not abolish slavery through gradual emancipation until 1784..”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014Four Years Prior to Signing the Declaration, R.I.’s Stephen Hopkins Declares His Slave’s Independence (SOLD)“In 1772, Hopkins was again elected to the general assembly. He freed his slaves in 1773 and the following year he sponsored a bill that prohibited the importation of slaves into the colony.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://virtualology.com/StephenHopkins.com/Hopkinson, FrancisYES“Like a number of the other signers, Hopkinson was also a slaveholder.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/17/2014Francis Hopkinson and the Constitution“This is a list of 167 slaves from General Francis Hopkins”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/14http://www.glynngen.com/slaverec/hopkins_F.htmHuntington, SamuelNo“Huntington also was a proponent of abolishing slavery.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_connecticut/col2-content/main-content-list/title_huntington_samuel.html“I am this day honoured with your letter of the 12th. of January, accompanied with a number of Copies of the Constitution of the Pennsylvania Society for promoting the abolition of Slavery, and the relief of free Negroes unlawfully held in bondage; and the laws of Pensylvania which related to one of the Objects of their Constitution, as also a Copy of Thomas Clarksons excellent Essay upon the Commerce and Slavery of the Africans; which several Pamphlets I receive with pleasure and request You to accept my grateful Acknowledgments for the same.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/14/2014http://franklinpapers.org/franklin/framedVolumes.jsp?vol=45&page=497Jefferson, ThomasYES“A new portrait of the founding father challenges the long-held perception of Thomas Jefferson as a benevolent slaveholder”The Dark Side of Thomas Jefferson“Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence, wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, and founded the University of Virginia. Yet, over the course of his life, Jefferson owned 600 people.”The Paradox of Liberty: Slavery at Jefferson’s MonticelloLee, Francis LightfootYES“The year 1750 was painful for Francis and his younger siblings while their older brothers were still in England: Both parents died that year when Francis turned 16. The children inherited a combination of land, money, slaves and company stock for land speculation in the Ohio River valley.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/2014Francis Lightfoot Lee | The Society of the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence“Lee was a signer of the Declaration of the Independence, a slaveholder, and a leading figure in the Virginia gentry at the time of the Revolution.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/2014A Visit to “Menokin”Lee, Richard HenryYES“As a young adult, Richard Henry Lee decided to rent out many of his inherited slaves as well as his inherited lands hoping to support his family on the proceeds while devoting his professional efforts to politics.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014 Richard Henry Lee“Richard Henry Lee, Virginia, owned slaves but sought to end the slave trade and considered slavery to be evil.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/2014From Slave Patrol Militias to School ShootingsLewis, FrancisYES“From other passages in the book, we know that Francis Lewis definitely did own enslaved Africans.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/14(page 67, paragraph 6) New York and SlaveryThey also owned slaves, and in The City of Alexandria, several manumitted slaves gave Charles Lewis name as their former owner.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/18/14http://richmondthenandnow.com/Charles-and-Ambrose-Lewis.htmlLivingston, PhilipYES“When Robert died, Philip Livingston inherited six of the twelve slaves listed in his father's will (9).”SOURCE: Accesed on 10/16/14First Endowed Professorship“Philip Livingston, slave trader and slave owner.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14George Bush's Slave Trading Kin - NYC ExhibitLynch Jr. , ThomasYESMy kinsman who signed as “Thomas Lynch Jr” owned slaves and a plantation as well. He did not free his slaves afterwards.“Thomas Lynch Jr owned slaves and a plantation as well. He did not free his slaves afterwards”.Source accessed on 10/15/2014http://mariannsregan.com/slaveholders-among-the-founders-part-3-of-3/McKean, ThomasNO“He augmented the rights of defendants and sought penal reform, but on the other hand was slow to recognize expansion of the legal rights of women and the process in the state’s gradual elimination of slavery.” SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14 http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-274Copy of Thomas Mckean“Thomas Mckean was born in 1734 in Delaware, and he died in 1817 at the age of 83 and did not own slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/14Middleton, ArthurYES“Arthur's plantation had begun to make money. By 1720, his estate consisted of over 5000 acres and he owned over 100 slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/12014http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p282.html“By 1720, the estate consisted of over 5,000 acres and Middleton owned over 100 slaves”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Middleton_(1681%E2%80%931737)Morris, LewisYES“With the uncles death in 1691, Lewis Morris, at the age of twenty, inherited the New York and New Jersey estates, a major interest in mills and iron works, sixty-six slaves, and extensive personal properties.” SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014 http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1919535?uid=3739760&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21104857957857“Soon after, more than a thousand acres of woodland, all located on navigable water, were burned, his house was ransacked, his family driven away, his livestock captured, his domestics and tenants dispersed, and the entire property laid waste and ruined.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/14http://virtualology.com/virtualmuseumofhistory/hallofusa/declarationofindependence/LewisMorris.com/Morris, RobertYES“Morris did own slaves eight generations ago, as did Benjamin Franklin and other prominent Philadelphians. Robert Morris and Thomas Willing also "engaged in the slave trade" as a side business to their shipping and property investments, said Morris, a software consultant.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/news/inq061205.htm“He owned slaves that worked as servants in his home.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://kids.laws.com/robert-morrisMorton, JohnYESChartSOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/14http://library.uncg.edu/slavery/petitions/owship-byowner.aspx?pID=94829&s=2¨Speaker Isaac Norris was a slaveowner, as were Chester County Legistlators, John Morton, Joshua Ash, Joseph Gibbons, and Isaac Wayne.¨SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014Nelson, Thomas Jr.YES“Thomas Nelson, Jr., a rich planter-merchant who at one time owned more than 400 slaves, was one of the most active of the Virginia patriots.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://www.adherents.com/people/pn/Thomas_Nelson.html“When Thomas Nelson’s father died, Thomas received 20,000 acres of land and over 400 slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/14http://kids.laws.com/thomas-nelsonPaca, WilliamYES“ William B. Paca, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and a Maryland governor. Juliana and her husband lived on Wye Island in Queen Anne's County, where she had inherited the Wye Plantation. John also inherited Wye Hall from his father, who had owned the other half of the island. The census recorded 117 slaves on their Wye Island property in 1800, and 100 slaves in 1810.” SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5400/sc5496/029900/029983/html/029983bio.html“Census: Wm. Paca, head of household 1790, Queen Anns County, MD; 2 males over 16 and 92 slaves.” SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/h/i/l/Garrick-D-Hill/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0200.htmPaine, Robert TreatNOAccording to the “Slaveholders among prominent Founding Fathers” chart found on http://britannica.com, Robert Treat Paine was a non-slaveholder.SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/2014http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1269536/The-Founding-Fathers-and-Slavery“Just a few weeks later on April 14, 1775 the first anti-slavery society in America was formed in Philadelphia. Paine was a founding member.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/2014http://www.constitution.org/tp/afri.htmPenn, JohnYES“One son of a 'servant' named, Virgil, was sold in 1733 (16 years after William Penn's death) to Thomas Penn by Joseph Warder thus providing evidence that the Penn family had never given up the ownership of slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/~rstephen/livingeaston/local_history/Penn/Penn_family_part_1.html“There have been claims that he also fought slavery, but that seems unlikely, as he owned and even traded slaves himself and his writings do not support that idea.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_PennThis states that John Penn’s dad trades slaves against what the Quakers had thought at the time, influencing John.Read, GeorgeYES“State: Delaware (Born in Maryland)Age at Convention: 53Date of Birth: September 18, 1733Date of Death: September 21, 1798Schooling: Religious AcademyOccupation: Lawyer, Public Security Interests, Lending and Investments, Planter and Slave holder”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014http://teachingamericanhistory.org/static/convention/delegates/read.html“Of the 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention, 49% owned slaves.” George Read was one of these delegates.SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014How many of America's founding fathers were slave owners?Rodney, CaesarYESCaesar Rodney was a slaveholder of about 200 slaves on a plantation of about 1,000 acres. 14 year after his death his slaves were freedByfield, Caesar Rodney’s, 800-acre prosperous farm was worked by slaves. With the addition of other adjacent properties, the Rodneys were, by the standards of the day, wealthy members of the local people.Ross, GeorgeNO“That year he also undertook negotiations with the Northwestern Indians on behalf of his colony, and took a seat as vice-president of the first constitutional convention for Pennsylvania.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/ross.htm"Quaker opposition to slavery and the concept of individual liberty that grew out of the colonies’ crisis with Great Britain inspired the foundation of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society (PAS) in 1775…By 1820, only 200 slaves remained in the state, but those black Pennsylvanians who were now indentured servants still did not enjoy complete freedom throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://pacivilwar150.com/Understand/SlaveryandFreedomRush, BenjaminYES“Though still a slave owner himself, Rush decided to dedicate himself to the cause of his "black brethren."SOURCE Accessed on 10/16/2014http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p458.html“Though still a slave owner himself, in 1788, he also promised freedom to his slave, William Grubber.”SOURCE Accessed on 10/16/2014http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Benjamin_RushRutledge, EdwardYES“He became a leading citizen of Charleston, and owned more than 50 slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Edward_Rutledge“Edward had started a law firm with Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. The firm had taken off and made the two men very successful. It wasn't long before Rutledge was one of the leading citizens in Charleston, and owned quite a bit of land and almost 50 slaves.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/2014http://www.revolutionary-war.net/edward-rutledge.htmlSherman, RogerNO“Mr. Roger Sherman [CT] was for leaving the clause as it stands. He disapproved of the slave trade; yet, as the states were now possessed of the right to import slaves, as the public good did not require it to be taken from them, and as it was expedient to have as few objections as possible to the proposed scheme of government, he thought it best to leave the matter as we find it.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14AccountSupport“He also became involved in the anti-slavery movement, and in one of his early cases defended a runaway slave owned by Henry Clay.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/tu_amistad_bio_baldwin.htmlSmith, JamesNO"I would suggest that there were numerous, and not simply one signers who never own slaves. Must be included John Adams and James Smith of Pennsylvania." Source: http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-high-s&month=0309&week=b&msg=E5uCV1zGiWW3IKFaJYTu2w&user=&pw=.Stockton, RichardYESHe was also a slave owner who didn’t free his slaves, in spite of being the father-in-law of Benjamin Rush, one of the most prominent anti-slavery advocates of the revolutionary era. http://stocktonat40.blogspot.com/2010/02/that-which-we-call-stockton-by-any.html accesed on 10/16/2014Richard Stockton of the Class of 1779, a trustee from 1791 to 1828 and the first citizen of Princeton, reputedly owned several slaves, freeing one in 1823 (Princetonians: 1776-1783)http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/slavery.shtml accesed on 10/16/2014Stone, ThomasYES“Stone's original plan was to build a small, modest home for him, his wife, and their two daughters but before the house was completed, his father died and five of his younger brothers and sisters came to live with him at Haberdeventure creating the need for larger living quarters. During the 1780s, the Haberdeventure slave plantation probably supported about 25 to 35 people including a number of slaves.”Source: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stone_National_Historic_Site“It is likely that the Haberdeventure plantation supported a community of 25 to 35 people during Thomas Stone's ownership, including slaves and Stone's extended family.”Source Accessed on 10/16/2014http://somd.com/links/culture/historic-sites/thomas-stone-national-historic-site-1500.phpTaylor, GeorgeYES“George Taylor died in February 1781, His estate included two slaves, Tom, who was sold for 280 bushels of wheat…”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014http://www.dsdi1776.com/signers-by-state/george-taylor/“This little house soon became his world. Here, with his two slaves Tom and Sam, Taylor lived out the last year of his life.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/19/2014http://articles.mcall.com/1984-07-15/news/2436116_1_george-taylor-iron-furnace/3Thornton, MatthewNO"Two signers of the Declaration of Independence, George Taylor of Pennsylvania and Matthew Thornton of New Hampshire had been white servants. Accessed 10/16/2014. http://books.google.com/books?id=FwhqKQbUn9cC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=Signer+Matthew+Thornton+on+slavery&source=bl&ots=dIFELew-jj&sig=qQWCqDYet48XQU3MQWNbvX0_ZpE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=831JVLXUOYKNyATR5YGoAQ&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Signer%20Matthew%20Thornton%20on%20slavery&f=false.Walton, GeorgeNOTo discourage the English class society, strict rules required every man to work his own land: no slavery, no large grants of land, no rum.http://www.dsdi1776.com/signers-by-state/george-walton/“George Walton played a leading role not only in the movement topersuade Friends to free their slaves but also in the confrontation.”Source: Accessed on 100/16/14http://file:///home/chronos/u-83bff9799b28be0e6a053d3211e6951887297ba3/Downloads/upso_Search_Results%20(1).pdfWhipple, WilliamYES“William Whipple was a slave owner. He married Catherine Moffatt and they lived in her father's mansion on the river in downtown Portsmouth, today one of the city's surviving historic houses. The slave quarters, where Prince, his cousin (or brother) Cuffy, and others most likely lived, can still be seen today.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://esperstamps.org/aa10.htm"General Whipple was attended on this expedition by a valuable negro servant named Prince, whom he had imported from Africa many years before.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/15/14http://www.whipple.org/william/declaration.html#PrinceWilliams, WilliamNO***** Upon arriving at congress, he was too late to vote for independence, but he did get a chance to sign the Declaration of Independence. He continued to serve on different committees until the end of the war.SOURCE:Accessed on 10/16/2014http://www.revolutionary-war.net/william-williams.htmlA man of naturally ardent temper, he threw himself vehemently into the struggle for independence, wielding a vigorous pen and drawing generously on his purse in support of military activities. During a great part of the Revolutionary War he was a member of the council of safety, and expended nearly all his property in the patriot cause. He abandoned his business and went from house to house soliciting private donations to supply the army. Williams also made frequent speeches to induce a larger enlistment. Throughout the war, his house was open to the soldiers in their marches to and from the army, and in 1781 he gave up his dwelling to the officers of a detachment that was stationed for the winter in Lebanon. SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://virtualology.com/WilliamWilliams.com/Wilson, JamesNO“Slavery, or an absolute and unlimited power in the master over the life and fortune of the slave, is unauthorized by the common law . . . . The reasons which we sometimes see assigned for the origins and the continuance of slavery appear when examined to the bottom to be built upon a false foundation. In the enjoyment of their persons and of their property, the common law protects all. ”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://westillholdthesetruths.org/quotes/author/james-wilson“He argued that the slave trade clause would in fact allow for the end of slavery itself. In speeches he made the subtle shift from the "trade" to slavery, and since most of his listeners were not as legally sophisticated as Wilson, he was able to fudge the issue. Thus, Wilson told the Pennsylvania ratifying convention that after ‘the lapse of a few years... Congress will have power to exterminate slavery from within our borders.’”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://abolition.nypl.org/essays/us_constitution/3/Witherspoon, JohnYES“Witherspoon was a slave owner.At the time of his death in 1794, his estate includedtwo slaves,”Source accessed on 10/15/2014http://people.hofstra.edu/alan_j_singer/docket/docket/11.1.17_John_Witherspoon_Preacher_and_Patriot_by_Raymond_Frey.pdf“ John Witherspoon, president of the College of New Jersey from 1768-1794, owned slaves. Indeed, Varnum Lansing Collins notes that the inventory of Witherspoon's possessions taken at his death included "two slaves . . “source Accessed on 10/15/2014http://libguides.princeton.edu/c.php?g=84056&p=544524Wolcott, OliverYES“ Oliver Wolcott, the Connecticut born Secretary of the Treasury, wrote to his wife that this palace "cannot be kept in tolerable order without a regiment of servants."Source: Accessed on 10-16-14http://bobarnebeck.com/slavespt5.html“The following is a letter freeing his slave: Deed of Emancipation… And that my said servant, whom I now make free as aforesaid, may be known here-after by a proper cognomen, I hereby give him the name of Jamus.”Source: Accessed on 10-18-14http://wolcottmilitarymen.blogspot.com/2011/08/oliver-wolcott-1726-1797.htmlWythe, GeorgeYES“A young member of his family, on discovering that Wythe had conditionally willed part of the family property to his slaves, decided to enlarge his own share by poisoning them with arsenic.”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/2014http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/wythe.htm“Freeing his own slaves earlier at “Chesterville,” Wythe wrote this opinion on a slavery dispute in 1806, “….freedom is the birthright of every human being….”SOURCE: Accessed on 10/16/14http://www.dsdi1776.com/signers-by-state/george-wythe/