For Environmental Engineering Services For Various Cra Projects: Fill & Download for Free

NYC has started to try, but not necessarily to combat homelessness. We have plenty of other housing issues not the least of wish is homelessness. While I can’t comment constructively on other cities, I imagine the issues will be similar to NYC. Furthermore, NYC should make a good example as micro units would be well positioned here and we have a large homeless population. Buckle in, this will be long winded.Ultimately, your largest considerations on the matter will be cost and existing regulations. Mayor Bloomberg tried to push the micro unit concept with a pilot project at Carmel Place in Kips Bay. The open competition was won by nArchitects (we competed as well at my prior firm). This is the product below.The units are all studios with convertible furniture (by Resource Furniture).The project contains 55 units with about 40% of them set aside as affordable and they range in size from 265 SF to about 355 SF. These rent for various rates but looking online it seems the average is about $2,800/month for the market rate units. Let’s assume an average size of 300 SF, that works out to about $112/SF. That’s well above market, but that fee includes various services including WiFi, TV, housekeeping services, in-building amenities (gym, lounge, terraces) and various other events sponsored by the management agency (Ollie CoLiving).Ignoring the CoLiving concept (but we can come back to this later), the impetus for micro units is cost. The market commands a certain cost per rentable SF for housing. In NYC this number ranges from about $50/SF to $75/SF. We’ve seen what I consider a return to “tenement” living in NYC, albeit with significantly better living conditions. Many people share apartments with 1,2,3,4 or more roommates. I had a colleague in grad school sharing an apartment with 8 other roommates. So if we were to use the lower end of the spectrum and say $50/ft - a 700 SF apartment would cost about $2,916/month and might have 2 people sharing it. At 700 SF, that’s going to be a 1 bedroom or a tight 2 bedroom (you can design a fully legal 2 bedroom, 2 bath in 700 SF - I’ve done it). If it’s the former, one person will get the bedroom and the other will more than likely “flex” the living room. I’ve had coworkers dream of one day sleeping in a bedroom with a solid wall. The rent will more than likely be split accordingly with one person paying slightly more but about $1,450/month.If we cut the apartment size to 300 SF and keep all other factors the same, this apartment will rent at about $1,250/SF. Now it’s important to note that studios typically rent for more per SF than higher bedroom count units. That make sense as they cost more to build. You’re still going to have 1 kitchen, maybe 1 bathroom and more than likely the same mechanical system (maybe less ducting). So let’s increase the rent 20% to cover those costs and now you’re paying $1,500/month…for your own space.It’s important to consider the driver of these costs. Development in NYC is expensive. The average cost for residential construction under 12 stories is usually about $350/SF (hard costs / construction costs). Above 12 stories mandates a host of additional construction costs due to site safety requirements and tends to increase the cost to $450/SF. This is before soft costs (architects, engineers, consultants, etc) and financing costs (which are also a soft cost). The latter very often can make up half the soft cost depending on borrowing rates. You also have to factor land costs - which of course are also some of the most expensive in the nation. For a rental, these want to come in at about $250/ft. Depending on the location and the level of finish on the building it becomes difficult to make the numbers work when you go higher. Please keep in mind I’m an architect and these numbers vary with the market. In my experience these are fairly representative though. So now we’re in the neighborhood of $1,200-$1,300/ft and we’ve got our building in place. However, you have to consider operating costs, depreciation, capital expenditures (to maintain the building so it doesn’t fall apart around you) and taxes.Taxes can be reduced or excluded for projects that pursue Inclusionary Housing (more on this in a bit) or Affordable Housing (formerly 421A now Affordable New York). There’s other programs as well, but these are the most popular for new construction. So now with these programs we can reduce some of the developers tax burden, which reduces their operating expenses, but requires the introduction of Affordable Housing. Rents for AH units are set based on a federally calculated AMI (area median income) set by HUD and based on family size. There’s varying AMI’s starting at 30% and going as high as 165%. 130% AMI is a close approximation of market rate in most new construction, but again it depends on neighborhood. This is where we experience a large inconsistency between the way the federal government analyzes NYC and residents actually understand NYC. The Upper East Side realistically has a much different AMI than Bedstuy, Brooklyn. But HUD assigns a city wide AMI ($74,700 for a single person household and $96,100 for a 3 person household). Maximum rents are then computer based on the AMI and family size. So we can reduce the tax burden by setting aside 20%-30% of the units for affordable housing. Of course, some costs(usually operating costs) get passed on to the market units to carry the affordable ones. There’s a limit of course as the rents will have to stay within what the market will bear.Historically, developers have taken advantage of both programs where possible. Inclusionary Housing is a zoning provision that allows for an increase in density by providing affordable floor area. It was first introduced in high density districts (R10) as it was presumed the higher density would allow the market rate units to “carry” the affordable units. It was then further rolled out to medium density Inclusionary Housing Zoned districts. In these districts the city incentivized (forced) the construction of affordable floor area by reducing the base development potential (base floor area ratio FAR) for strictly market rate developments, but permitting an increased FAR (higher than the normal base) for providing affordable floor area. So if your normal base development for a district is 5.4 FAR, in an IHZ district it would be reduced to 4.2 FAR without affordable housing, but increased to 7.2 FAR with affordable housing. This created 80/20 buildings (80% market rate and 20% affordable). Inclusionary Zoning provides the ability to build a larger building but did not grant any financial relief. Developers could then pair this with the 421A and usually deliver an 80/20 or 75/25 or 70/30 building while also capitalizing on the tax breaks for financial relief.The NYC Zoning Resolution (the first in the country established in 1916) controls density by district, by block and also in terms of the maximum amount of units permitted to be developed in a building. It does this using what’s known as the density factor. This is 680SF for medium to high density districts. In other words, you take your maximum residential development potential (your lot size x your residential FAR to arrive at your maximum ZFA and then divide by the factor). Obviously, that doesn’t mean that the apartments are 680SF as that number can include common spaces. But, when developing a micro unit model we now have a problem. If I have 100,000 ZSF (zoning square feet) to work with, and apply the factor, I can build a maximum of 147 apartments. However, if I want to build a micro unit building that factor is grossly misproportional. Assuming an 85% efficiency, the same 147 units in a micro unit configuration would be approximately 52,000 SF (I rounded). So the developer would be leaving nearly 50% of the developable floor area “on the table”. They would also now only have about 50% as much floor area generating income. So we have a problem. We could pack in different uses and use up the floor area. Things like a school or office space. But they might not generate the same return that residential would have (schools pay roughly $30–$50/SF). They may also be incongruent to the proposed design of the building or the site location.We could pursue a variance to modify the density factor on a project by project basis. This would be done through the Board of Standards and Appeals (BSA). Variances are typically awarded based on hardship. In this case we have none. Our argument would be relief from the zoning code in order to construct a non complying project. Unlikely that we’ll get it. But let’s say we do. It will add upward of a year delay into the project and cost more than $250,000-$500,000 of legal and consultant fees. And that doesn’t include any “carry costs” associated with holding a site for an additional year without development. A lender would never sign up for this so the developer has to carry all of these expenses out of their own pocket before they can get started.Alternatively, we could also seek a Special Permit from the Department of City Planning (DCP). This issue is more applicable to homeless shelters. In NYC, most districts require a Special Permit to construct a homeless shelter (they are termed settlement houses in NYC). Settlement Houses can be classified as community facilities in NYC (they do technically provide a community service) which typically allow a higher FAR than residential use. So while some districts require the Permit for the use, many others will only award you the Community Facility FAR via the permit (they restrict you to a lower residential FAR otherwise). A Special Permit from DCP requires undergoing a roughly 2 year process shown as the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure(ULURP). This is most typically undergone to rezone land, but it’s the same procedure here. The process requires a land use attorney, lobbyist, architect and a team of consultants (traffic and environmental engineers for example). It can cost $1mil-$1.5mil. It’s discretionary which means not As of Right. The development team ends up meeting with community stakeholders, politicians, councilmen, city representatives and there is also a community board review where any member of the community can come in and weigh on the proposed action. Can you imagine what a 3 ring circus one of these events can become? How many people do you suppose want a homeless shelter in their neighborhood? Or an even larger shelter if the developer is seeking the higher FAR.Further exacerbating the issue is location. The goal is to locate homeless shelters in the communities where the population stems from. This makes sense. People may have lived there their entire lives, come upon hard times or economics changed and that led to homelessness. But, at the same time if the neighborhood changed drastically the counter argument that it’s not an appropriate location for a homeless shelter is also very valid. Let’s consider Williamsburg or Long Island City. 15 years ago these were fringe neighborhoods with lower costs of living. There wasn’t much there really. But now? Sure you can locate a shelter there, but when you walk out the front door it’s still $5 for a coffee and $4.50 for a slice of pizza. And the cost of land has skyrocketed in those areas. It’s a valid argument to consider that you can get significantly more “bang for your buck” in other neighborhoods.So where does this leave us? Clearly the existing regulations were not designed for the proposed typology (micro-living). And even in the cases where provisions are made (settlement houses) we have to jump through extra hoops to develop such a project. Costs are always a concern. Real estate can be volatile and risky. The people who choose to make money in RE do so because they expect a higher return on their investment than parking those funds in the stock market or a bank (your stocks aren’t going to catch fire or get flooded).And the market is the market. There’s very little one can do to lower land value. Construction costs are also dictated by the market. During a peak market period there’s a lot of construction going on. Which means construction costs are elevated (supply/demand). Conversely, when the market is slow and construction costs are lower - the cost of money is probably very high (lending rates) as the slow down is more than likely indicative of a larger issue. People love to point to the “greedy developer”, but the majority of a project is financed by banks or other types of lenders. On larger projects, the lender will literally have a representative sitting at team meetings taking notes and ensuring their investment is protected. Even if the developer had alternative concerns and wanted to accept a lower return - there’s no guarantee a lender would finance such a proposition. Remember, lenders are also using someone else’s money so they need to meet their return requirements. It could be a pension fund, a REIT, or a conventional bank. These entities are still leveraging a pool of resources that belongs to multiple people.So what can we do about it? Well we can start by revisiting existing regulations. The zoning code was written in 1916. It underwent its first major update in 1961 - this was more like an overhaul. It’s been then modified throughout the years via smaller text amendments or through Special Districts with the largest modification coming in 2015 with Zoning for Quality and Affordability (ZQA). ZQA did a lot of good things including the removal of minimum apartment sizes under Quality Housing regulations. There were proposals for eliminating density regulations entirely, but they were not adopted (note this is density regulations specific to dwelling unit size not density in terms of FAR). So while we solved one problem as it relates to the micro unit typology, we still have the density factor to contend with. Now the City could modify the density factor via another code wide revision - which is difficult and time consuming as you can imagine. It can also decide that it wants to “test” the micro unit typology in local districts and adopt a “text change” or amendment to specific Special Districts only. For example, we could add a single paragraph of text to the Hudson Yards Special Distrct permitting a modification of density regulations under conditions XYZ. This would be much easier. Less stakeholders. More control. Less “chefs in the kitchen”.We would also need to revisit the Multiple Dwelling Law (MDL). This law was written in 1929, but it applies to all multi family housing and hotels in NYC. While it doesn’t set provisions for minimum dwelling unit size, it does set minimum sizes for rooms. The department of buildings would need to implement provisions via which these regulations could be waived or modified under certain conditions. Regulations in NYC regularly contradict each other and are enforced by different entities. Usually you end up complying with everything.Great. We’ve solved our regulatory hurdles. Believe it or not, that was the easy part. Now we have to figure out how to finance these endeavors. Micro units are a significantly easier issue. These are just smaller residential apartments. Remember we are shrinking the size of the apartment so we can still charge market rate rents per SF. So we’re not distorting the market. Once we amend the regulations we can begin rolling out the typology.But what if we want to go more affordable? What if reducing the size of the unit is not enough? Now I’m still not talking about homeless shelters where presumably the operator is carrying the entire financial burden. We’re talking about affordable housing or even workforce housing. Let’s look at a case study.In Newark, NJ there’s a development known as Teacher’s Village (I’m going to call it TV because I can’t be bothered to write it out). TV was developed to provide workforce housing for teachers, affordable housing to the community, and services - namely several charter schools. It’s an incredible project and very well done.Fun fact: see that 2-story long building in the top left? I was working on converting it to rentals and creative space along with a 2–3 story enlargement. I spent an afternoon walking the space and documenting it. The building collapsed under its own weight 2 weeks later. Scary stuff….back to the topic.TV is the brainchild of Ron Reit, CEO of RBH Group. Ron was already a successful developer who saw an opportunity that could to be addressed. Leveraging experience and connections, the project was paid for with State tax credits and excellent investment from Goldman Sachs, TD Bank and others. The private investment groups could channel CRA (community reinvestment act) credits and Opportunity Zone (OZ) finds into the development. OZs allow an investor/developer to defer and reduce capital gains by investing them in identified sites. When you’re dealing with huge sums of capital gains, there could be a huge advantage in OZ sites. I won’t get into all the details (I have some links below for those interested) suffice to say some very smart people with access to large resources leveraged every advantage and government credit they could to make such an endeavor come to life. Not every project can have the same advantages.So what’s the (a) solution? I have no clue. But I’ve been playing with an idea for a while (one of these days I’ll find some time to do some research on it). Affordable housing and homelessness are both public issues. So we shouldn’t necessarily look at private solutions to a public problem. But with that said, the experience and knowledge base to work out a solution is much more prevalent in the private sector than the public one. So we should look for a public/private partnership. What if we could set up a State financed enterprise (similar to China’s State Owned Enterprise’s)? In NYC this could be something like the Empire State Development corporation. The public corporation would take on the debt and financing, but also hold title to the asset. Lenders wouldn’t be financing a developer that could potentially go bankrupt any day. They would make the loan to NYC which presumably has significantly less risk as it can always raise money through taxes or bonds. Presumably NYC can also take a lower return. The asset is performing a service on its own, any income it generates as profit would be “sweetener”. Perhaps it’s acceptable to have a 50 year pay back. Maybe even a 100 year payback. Meanwhile, the private side of the equation would develop and/or manage the project. They would take a fee for that service. It might not be as much as they would have made developing their own project, but this would be a significantly less risky proposition for them. The City can also provide its own variances or special approvals presumably faster than under the current processes. A mayoral override for example can trump the entire ULURP process.Maybe something like this exists? That’s not clear to me yet - but if not it could be interesting. Would be great to see this discussed in the comments.TL:DR Existing regulations might impede the creation/adoption of a micro unit typology. This is further exacerbated by economic realities especially when you consider low to no-income generating uses like homeless shelters.RBH Group / HomeTeachers Villagehttps://www1.nyc.gov/site/hpd/services-and-information/area-median-income.pageAverage Rent in Manhattan & Rent Prices by Neighborhood

Affordable Housing and Community DesignBOOKSAaron, Henry J. Shelter and subsidies: Who Benefits from Federal Housing Policies?. The BrookingsInstitution. 1997.Ackoff, Russell L. and Sheldon Rovin. Redesigning Society. Stanford University Press. 2003.First sentence: "The thinking we use to redesign society stems from three essential concepts:doing the right thing, focusing on what we want, and thinking systematically"Alexander, Christopher. The Production of Houses. Oxford University Press. 1985.As an innovative thinker about building and planning, Christopher Alexander has attracted a devotedfollowing. His seminal books--The Timeless Way of Building, A Pattern Language, the Oregon Experiment,and The Linz Cafe--defined a radical and fundamentally new process of environmental design. Alexandernow gives us the latest book in his series--a book that puts his theories to the test and shows what sort ofproduction system can create the kind of environment he has envisioned.The Production of Houses centers around a group of buildings which Alexander and his associates built in1976 in northern Mexico. Each house is different and the book explains how each family helped to lay outand construct its own home according to the family's own needs and in the framework of the patternlanguage. Numerous diagrams and tables as well as a variety of anecdotes make the day-today processclear. The Mexican project, however, is only the starting point for a comprehensive theory of housingproduction. The Production of Houses describes seven principles which apply to any system of production inany part of the world for housing of any cost in any climate or culture or at any density. In the last part of thebook, "The Shift of Paradigm," Alexander describes, in detail, the devastating nature of the revolution inworld view which is contained in his proposal for housing construction, and its overall implications for deepseatedculturalchange.　Atlas, John and Ellen Shoshkes. Saving Affordable Housing: What Community Groups Can Do & WhatGovernment Should Do. A National Housing Institute Study Funded by the Ford Foundation. 1997.Bauman, John F. and Roger Biles and Fristin Szylvian. From Tenements to Taylor Homes; In Search of anUrban Housing Policy in Twentieth Century America. Pennsylvania State University Press:University Park, PA. 2000.Bell, Bryan. Good Deeds, Good Design: Community Service Through Architecture. Princeton ArchitecturalPress: New York. 2004.Ben- Joseph, Eran. Regulating Place: Standards and the Shaping of Urban America. Routledge: New York.2005.Blau, Eve. The Architecture of Red Vienna. MIT Press: Massachusetts. 1999.Bosma, Koos and Dorine van Hoogstraten and Martijn Vos. Housing for the Millions: John Habraken and theSAR. Nai Publishers. 2000.Brown, David J. The Home House Project: The Future of Affordable Housing. MIT Press: Massachusetts.2004.Davis, Sam. Designing for The Homeless: Architecture That Works. University of California Press: Berkeley.1995.Ehrenkrantz, Ezra. Design in Affordable Housing: A Guidebook. Funded by the Naional Endowment of theArts.Emery, Frederic E. and Eric L. Trist. Towards a Social Ecology. Springer: 1Edition. 1995.stComplex social systems like the human body rely a great deal on the sharing of parts. Just as the mouth isshared by the sub-systems for breathing, eating, speaking, etc., so individuals and organizations act as partsfor a multiplicity of social systems. Just as there are physiological switching mechanisms to prevent uschoking too often over our food, so there are social mechanisms to prevent us having too many CharlieChaplins dashing out of factories to tighten up buttons on women’s dresses (in Modern Times). I think that itis this sharing of parts that enables social processes to grow for quite long periods without detection. If theycould grow only by subordinating parts entirely to themselves then they would be readily detectable. If,however, their parts continue to play traditional roles in the existing familiar systems, then detection becomesdifficult indeed. The examples that most readily come to mind are the pathological ones of cancer andincipient psychoses. Perhaps this is because we strive so hard to detect them. In any case, healthychanges in physical maturation, personality growth or social growth typically follows the same course. Oncewe are confronted with a new fully-fledged system, we find that we can usually trace its roots well back into apast where it was unrecognized for what it was.Source location for this excerpt: Page on members.shaw.caFeldman, Roberta. The Dignity of Resistance: Women Residents’ Activism in Chicago Public Housing.Cambridge. 2004.This comprehensive case study chronicles the four decade history of Chicago's Wentworth Gardens publichousing residents' grassroots activism. It explores why and how the African-American women residentscreatively and effectively engaged in organizing efforts to resist increasing government disinvestment inpublic housing and the threat of demolition. Through the inspirational voices of the activists, RobertaFeldman and Susan Stall challenge portrayals of public housing residents as passive and alienated victims ofdespair. Review source: The Dignity of ResistanceForrester Sprague, Joan. More Than Housing: Lifeboats for Women and Children. Butterworth Architecture.1991.Franck, Karen A. and Sherry Ahrentzen. New Households and New Housing. Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1991.Greer, Nora R. The Creation of Shelter. American Institute of Architects Press. 1988.Greer, Nora R. The Search for Shelter. American Institute of Architects Press. 1986.Hatch, Richard C. Scope of Social Architecture. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1984.Hayden, Delores, Redesigning the American Dream. W. W. Norton & Company, 1edition, 2002.stAmericans still build millions of dream houses in neighborhoods that sustain Victorian stereotypes of thehome as 'woman's place' and the city as 'man's world.' Urban historian and architect Dolores Hayden talliesthe personal and social costs of an American 'architecture of gender' for the two-earner family, the singleparentfamily,andsinglepeople.Manysocietieshavestruggledwiththearchitecturalandurbanconsequences of women's paid employment: Hayden traces three models of home in historical perspective—the haven strategy in the United States, the industrial strategy in the former USSR, and the neighborhoodstrategy in European social democracies—to document alternative ways to reconstruct neighborhoods.Source location: Page on wwnorton.comJackson, Kenneth T. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. Oxford UniversityPress. 1987.Book Description: This first full-scale history of the development of the American suburb examines how "thegood life" in America came to be equated with the a home of one's own surrounded by a grassy yard andlocated far from the urban workplace. Integrating social history with economic and architecturalanalysis, and taking into account such factors as the availability of cheap land, inexpensive building methods,and rapid transportation, Kenneth Jackson chronicles the phenomenal growth of the American suburb fromthe middle of the 19th century to the present day. He treats communities in every section of the U.S. andcompares American residential patterns with those of Japan and Europe. In conclusion, Jackson offers acontroversial prediction: that the future of residential deconcentration will be very different from its past inboth the U.S. and Europe.Source location:Amazon.com: Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (9780195049831): Kenneth T. Jackson: BooksJones, Tom and William Pettus and Michael Pyatok. Good Neighbors: Affordable Family Housing. McGrawHill.1995.Leeuwen, Jos van and HJP Timmermans. Recent Advances in Design and Decision Support.Kluwer:Dordrecht, Boston. 2004.　McCamant, Kathryn and Charles Durret and Ellen Hertzman. Cohousing: A Contemporary Approach toHousing Ourselves. Ten Speed Press. 1993.From The Woman Source Catalog & Review: Tools for Connecting the Community for Women; review byIlene RosoffDoes the idea of not having to cook meals for yourself or family every night, deal with traffic on your block, orworry when your children are out playing in the neighborhood appeal to you? If the answer is yes, you maywant to consider exploring cohousing, a concept that originated in Denmark in the early 1970s and hasspread throughout Europe. In Cohousing, a number of European cohousing communities are profiled.Although each community is a unique reflection of its members' tastes and desires, there are some commoncomponents, such as parking lots on the perimeters of the community for pedestrian safety, a commonhouse where meals can be shared, and recreational facilities housing various community activities andservices. With all the responsibilities entailed in managing a home and/or a family, cohousing is a solution forfinding sufficient time to relax and spend with the people who are important to us. (The authors have recentlystarted The Cohousing Company, a design and development company formed specifically to assist groupsinterested in planning and implementing cohousing in this country.)Newman, Oscar. Creating Defensible Space. US Dept . of Housing and Urban Development, Office ofPolicy Development and Research: Washington, DC. 1996.Obelensky, Kira. Good House Cheap House: Adventures in Creating an extraordinary Home at an OrdinaryPrice. Taunton. 2005.The 27 homes in Good House Cheap House prove that good design doesn't have to cost a fortune. Whatgoes into making a good, cheap house? As writer Kira Obolensky discovers, there are three mainingredients: adventuresome homeowners who are actively involved; cutting-edge architects and designerswho can solve tough design challenges; and an array of innovative uses of materials. Industrial bridgewashers make for gorgeous mantelpiece rosettes, old concrete subflooring is given new life with rich-huedstain, and glass sliding doors make for windows that are oversized and affordable.From a Texas farmhouse to a loft in St. Paul, to a prefab cabin on the Wisconsin prairie, these houses, inwhich anyone would feel at home, display a wonderful mix of design smarts and budget savvy. "Good HouseCheap House is chock full of great ideas and creative solutions for those of us on a budget-but even the lessfinancially-challenged can learn a thing or two about stylish and innovative design."--Charles Burbridge, designer, HGTV's Design on a Dime "The cookie-cutter house trend has been aroundlong enough. With its outside-the-box ideas and great resources, Good House Cheap House proves you canbuild a unique space without emptying your bank account."--Amber Jones, Editor, do! MagazineSanoff, Henry. Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning. Wiley-Academy. 1999.Book Description (Source: Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning: Henry Sanoff: 9780471355458: Amazon.com: Books)Theonlyhow-toguidetocommunitydesignwrittenfromthedesignprofessional'sperspective.Inthisgroundbreakingguidetotheincreasinglyimportantdisciplineofcommunitydesign,aleadinginternationalexpertdrawsuponhisownexperiencesandthoseofcolleaguesaroundtheworldtoprovideproventoolsandtechniquesforbringingcommunitymembersintothedesignprocesssuccessfullyandproductively.Thefirstandonlyhow-toguideoncommunitydesigndevelopedfordesignprofessionals,Community Participation Methods in Design and Planning features:* Fifteen case studies chronicling community design projects around the world* Coverage of educational facilities, housing, and urban and rural environments* Design Games-a proven, culture-neutral approach to educating participants in their design options and theconsequences of their choices* Proven techniques for fostering community participation in the design process* Checklists, worksheets, questionnaires, and other valuable toolsCommunity Participation Methods in Design and Planning is an indispensable working resource for urbandesigners and planners, architects, and landscape architects. It is also an excellent resource for students ofthose disciplines.Schmitz, Adrienne, Beta Site. Multifamily Housing Handbook. Urban Land Institute: Washington D.C. 2000.Steiber, Nancy. Housing Design and Society in Amsterdam: Reconfiguring Urban Order and Identity 19001920. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago. 1998.Timmermans, Harry. Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture. Dordrecht: Boston: KluwerAcademic. 1993.Torres, Martha. Affordable Home Design: Innovations and Renovations. Loft Publications by Harper CollinsDesign. 2005.Affordable Home Design showcases a wide array of solutions to this same architectural challenge of gooddesign and structure on a budget. The projects featured include extensions of houses and apartmentsalready in existence, ecological housing design, sustainable and structurally cost-effective homes, and newbuildings in strictly coded conservation zones. Through more than 250 full-color photographs, this essentialbook reveals how today's architects are able to adapt to the necessities of a more affordable budget whenapproaching the always exciting necessity of designing a home.Towers, Graham. At Home in the City: An Introduction to Urban Housing Design. Architectural Press/Elsevier: Oxford. 2005.Trulove, James G. Great Houses on a Budget. Collins Design, 2005.For the typical American homeowner, Great Houses on a Budget presents case studies from across thecountry that achieve high style at an affordable cost. Most homeowners can only fantasize about owning andliving in beautiful dream homes designed by top architects -- houses that are well beyond the reach ofaverage consumers. This splendidly illustrated volume promises to provide a reality check by presentingbeautifully designed houses by the same architects, but with one exception. The houses in this book weredesigned and built for clients with high standards, as well as modest budgets. Fifteen in-depth case studiesdisplay the work of some of today's finest architects in locations ranging from California and Connecticut, toVirginia and Oregon. Each project includes lavish photography accompanied by detailed discussion of theeconomical construction techniques implemented in each house. With an in-depth look at square footagecosts, design techniques, and low-cost building materials, Great Houses on a Budget will provide readerswith everything they need to plan a great home on even the smallest budget.Tucker, William. The Excluded Americans: Homelessness and Housing Policies (Ragnery) and Zoning,Rent Control, and Affordable Housing. Cato Institute.Vale, Lawrence. Reclaiming Public Housing: A Half Century of Struggle in Three Public Neighborhoods.Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Mass. 2002.Vale, Lawrence. From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors. HarvardUniversity Press. 2000.1. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., author of Streetcar Suburbs (Harvard) : In tracing the story of public housing fromPuritan times to the present, Professor Vale pays special attention to the spatial dimensions of povertymanagement. His is not a mechanical tale of segregation, but a careful presentation of the placement of thepoor in response to the policies of aid and discipline. This book, at once both an excellent history and anunusually thorough Boston case study, illustrates the continuing cultural and political ambivalence that playsitself out in ever-changing environments for the poor.2. Sir Peter Hall, author of Cities in Civilization: Culture, Innovation, and Urban Order : Lawrence Vale'smajor study throws new and important light on the contradictions and dilemmas of American public housingpolicy over the past half-century, as they worked themselves out in one of the nation's great cities. It has vitalmessages both for scholars of public policy, planning, and urban studies, and for urban policy-makers, bothin the United States and the wider world. This is a major contribution to the urban literature. Source location:From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors: Prof. Lawrence J. Vale: 9780674002869: Amazon.com: BooksVenkatesh, Sudhir, Alladi. American Project: The Rise and fall of a Modern Ghetto. Harvard UniversityPress: Cambridge, Mass. 2000.Vliet, Williem van. The Encyclopedia of Housing. Sage Publications. 1998.This multidisciplinary work, which aims to summarize and synthesize current information on housing, drawson sociology, economics, urban studies, political science, architecture, and law to provide broad coverage ofthe pertinent concepts, organizations, issues, and policies. The 600 or so entries vary in length, with longerentries containing extensive discussion as well as relevant research, critical analysis, policy information, andhistorical background as appropriate. Though the book focuses primarily on the United States, it includessome international material, and various points of view are represented. Cross references, indexes ofsubjects and cited authors, and brief bibliographies on most entries add to the encyclopedia's usefulness.About 240 academics and professionals in housing or closely related fields contributed to this volume underthe leadership of van Vliet, who has written and edited several works on housing. He notes that the languageused is comprehensible across subject specialties and internationally. A welcome addition to the housingliterature, which has lacked a general encyclopedia, this is sure to be the standard reference forprofessionals in housing and related fields as well as policymakers, students, and the educated public. Anexcellent purchase for all academic and public libraries.AMary Jane Brustman, SUNY at Albany Libs.Copyright 1998 Reed Business Information, Inc.Waldheim, Charles. Chicago Architecture: Histories, Revsions. University of Chicago Press: Chicago. 2005.Woudhuysen, James and Ian Abley, Stephen Muthesius, and Miles Glendinning. Why is Construction soBackward?. Wiley-Academy. 2004.Synopsis Location: Amazon.co.uk: James Woudhuysen, Ian Abley: 9780470852897: BooksWhyarehomessoexpensivetobuyandtomaintain?Constructionhasemergedasamainstreampoliticalissue.Yetthebuildingtradeisoneoftheworld'sweakest:itisfragmented,barelyglobalizedandbehindothersectorsinintroducingdisruptiveinnovationstoitsbasicprocesses.Themodestworldwidescaleofprefabricatedbuildingconfirmshowconstructionremainsa19th-centuryaffair,nota21st-centuryone.Drawingonthelatesttechnologiesthathaveemergedbothinsideandoutsidethesector,Whyisconstructionsobackward?formsadetailed,practicalalternativetotheconventionalwisdominbuildingdesignandurbanplanning.Itisapowerfulcallforreform,andasharpattackagainstarchitectureassocialengineeringandenvironmentalistdogma.'Verycompelling...asignificantpieceofresearchandthoughtleadership.Essential.'ColinBartle-Tubbs,UKOperationsDirector,Deloitte'Welcomeandtimely...takesonanindustrythathasreveledincomplacencyfortoolong.'BernhardBlauel,Principal,BlauelArchitects'Theauthorsarepreparedtobedaring,reframethequestionandpositnewparadigms.Reflectingeffortlesslyacrosstheliteratureofproperty,business,marketresearchandconstruction,thebook'skaleidoscopeofideas, examples and images gives it a refreshing depth of insight and breadth of vision. ' John Worthington,Founder, DEGW 'A tour de force of polemical provocation. This timely work forces one to think aboutconstruction in the broadest terms.ARTICLESAdler, Lynn. "Study warns of affordable US apartment shortage." Wired News. Mar 8. 2006.Allen, Isabel. "Exciting innovation in housing design" (book review). Architect’s Journal. v208, n19. p 68.Nov 1996.A review of "Housing: new alternatives, new systems!", by Manuel Gausa, 1998, described by this revieweras "perhaps the most comprehensive collection of architect-speak in existence..." with, however "an in-depthcompilation of contemporary housing which is breathtaking in its diversity."Anger, David. "Bleak House." Architecture Minnesota. v20, n3. p 44-45, 71-73. May/Jun 1994.Arieff, Allison. "Technology is the New Craft." Dwell. p 100-107. Nov/Dec. 2003.Atlas, John. "The Battle in Brooklyn." Shelterforce: The Journal of Affordable Housing and CommunityBuilding. p 12-15. Nov/Dec. 2005.Barlow, James and Ritsuko Ozaki. "Through innovation in the production system: lessons from Japan."Environment and Planning. v37, n1. p 9-20. Jan 2005.Borden, Lain. "Innovation in social housing in France, 1970-1990." AA Files. n23. p 94-96. Summer 1992.Symposium at the AA, 21 Nov. 1991.Bornstein, Julie. "Designed to Fit." UNITS magazine. Jun. 2005.Published by the National Apartments Association (Article Location:Page on nmhc.org)Bullard, Robert D. "Housing Barriers: Trends in the Nation’s fourth-Largest City." Journal of Black Studies.v21, n1. p 4-14. Sep 1990.Bullard, Robert D. "The Black Family: Housing Alternatives in the 80s." Journal of Black Studies. v14,n3. p 341-351. Mar 1984.Bullivant, Lucy. "Home Front: New Developments in Housing." Architectural Design. v73, n4. p 5-10. Jul/Aug2003.Cardoso, Medina. "Geometria en la vivienda." Obras. v10, n112. p 52, 55-56, 59-60. Apr 1982."Viviendas decorosas," affordable housing prototypes designed by Alfonso Cardoso MedinaColin, Berry. "Artists in residence: Reoccupying Affordable Quarters." Preservation: The Magazine for theNational Trust for Historic Preservation. v55, n4. p 12-13. Jul/Aug 2003.Collins, Timothy L. "Rent Controls on the Edge." City Limits. v23, n4. p 32. Apr 1998.Davis, Braxton C. "Regional planning in the US coastal zone: a comparative analysis of 15 special areaplans." Ocean & Coastal Management. v47. p 79-94. 2004.This article compares the regional planning of 15 very different coastal zones in the United States in attemptto understand their operation and the effectiveness of their planning. The zones evaluated did not use typicalplanning tools, and therefore it is informative to investigate their "goals, environmental and socioeconomicsettings, management approaches, land use planning tools, and keys to success for special area planningunder state and territory coastal programs."34 out of 35 coastal states have adopted the national coastal management program administered by theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management(NOAA/OCRM).Areas were evaluated based on the areas of concern to participate in the program. The Special AreaManagement Practices were then investigated to determine if comprehensive regional planning was takingplace and to what extent, or if "subject-oriented" plans were taking precedent (wetlands, ports, etc.). (DM)Davis, Howard "Learning from Vellore: low income housing project in India." Arcadia. v23, n2 p 8-10.Mar/Apr 1993.Low income housing project for bicycle rickshaw drivers in Vellore is being developed by an internationalcollaboration of three organizations: Centre for Development Madras; Pacific Architecture; and the Center forHousing Innovation of the Univ. of Oregon.Djebarni, R. and P. Hibberd. "The impact of TQM on innovation in the construction industry: a researchagenda." International Journal for Housing Science and its Applications. v21, n2. p 85-95. 1997.Total Quality Management (TQM) as an innovation in the British construction industry is studied to evaluateits effectiveness.Fairbanks, Robert B. "Reform and the Community Development Strategy in Cincinatti, 1890-1960." TheJournal of American History. v77, n2. p 689-690. Sep 1990.Ferrera, Peter J. "Federal Housing and Poverty (in letters)." Science. v248, n4955. p 538-539. May, 1990.Fletcher, Jane. "Affordable." Builder. v12, n9. p 83-92. Sep 1989.Friedman, Avi. "Ten Years Old and Growing (Grow Home, Montreal)." Canadian Architect. v46, n5, p 18-19,May 2001.The Grow Home, a demonstrative project started on the McGill campus in 1990, tapped a market withinaffordable housing. The project initially sold for $76,000, and units spread like wildfire. The attractive rowhousebuildingshaveflexiblelayouts,lowconstructioncost,lowoperatingcosts,andtheirownyards.ThearticlecomparesfinancingandconstructioncostsoftheGrowHomewithstandardconstruction.Italsotalksaboutthehistoryofitssuccess,andthebenefitsofcreating"theHondaCivic"ofhousing.　Thearticleincludesimagesofthreeplanlayouts,andphotosofgrowhomesinfillingneighborhoodsintwodifferentcitiesinCanada.(DM)　Friedman, Avi. "The Home of the 90’s-2: An Urban Starter." Canadian Architect. v35, n4. p 32-33. Apr 1990.Considers household income, level of education, and receptivity to innovation in a study of consumerpreferences.Friedrichs, Jurgen. "Affordable Housing and the Homeless." Contemporary Sociology. v19, n1. p 86-87. Jan1990.The twin issues of affordable housing and homelessness are discussed in this collection from a comparativeinternational persepctive. The central theme in the essays is that advanced industyrial societies, includingsocialist countries, are undergoing significant changes in their ability and willingness to provide affordablehousing to their citizens. Friedrichs points out that affordable housing and homelessness are interrelatedproblems in that the "new" homelessness is primarily the result of structural economic changes and ashortage of affordable housing. - By Howard A. SavageGann, David. "Housing innovation: how we live and what we might live in." Scroope: CambridgeArchitectural Journal. n11. p 55-62. 1999-2000.Ideas about the direction and pace of the changes in the way housing is designed and built in the UnitedKingdom.Gates, Gary J. "Gay America: to understand the real housing choices of the gay community, developersmust move beyond stereotypes." Urban Land. v64, n2. p 78-82. Feb 2005.Today, the gay and lesbian community signals the presence of a diverse and creative population that notonly is important to high-tech innovation but also has taken the initiative of moving to distressed urbanneighborhoods and in doing so has helped bring economic vitality to these neighborhoods.Gilderbloom, John I. and Richard P. Appelbaum. "Rethinking Rental Housing." Contemporary Sociology.v17, n5. p 644-645. Sep 1988.Affordable housing becomes a receding goal when the percentage of U.S. households paying over a quarterof their income for rent is increasing. John Gilderbloom and Richard Appelbaum show that sociologists couldmake a major contribution to debate about a housing policy designed to reverse such trends - if such adebate existed. Combining a critical review of a diverse literature with original analyses, the authors developtwo lines of argument. First, institutions and organizations affect characteristics of rental housing thateconomists attribute to market forces. Second, affordable, habitable housing is a "universal nationalentitlement," and it requires a federal housing program that creates a non-market sector. By Judith J.FriedmanGirling, Cynthia, and Ronald Kellett. "Comparing stormwater impacts and costs on three neighborhood plantypes." Landscape Journal. v21, n1. p 100-109. 2002."This paper summarizes a comparison of three alternative plans for a demonstration development site forenvironmental impacts, particularly stormwater quantity and quality, and costs of development. Two of thethree alternatives are representative of neighborhood plan types in many areas of the United States - aconventional low density pattern typical of many subdivision developments, and a more dense, mixed usenew urbanist-influenced pattern. A third less common but lower environmental impact plan represents similardensity and land use mixes to the mixed use plan with greater open space, urban forest and stormwaterfeatures." Paper presented at the joint ASLA-CELA conference in Boston, Sept. 1999.Goodno, James B. and Elisabeth Hamin. "Good Luck, Arnold." Planning. v70, n1. p 4-9. Jan.2004.Hall, Carlyle. "Carlyle Hall Joins CRA." L.A. Architect. p 7. Mar 1990.His thoughts on the goals and policies of the Community Redevelopment Agency, which focuses onaffordable housingHerszenhorn, David M. "New York Offers Housing Subsidy as Teacher Lure." New York Times. Apr 19.2006.Hoch, Charles J. and William Peterman and William C. Baer. "Homelessness and Housing." Journal of theAmerican Planning Association. v66, n3. p 328-331. Summer 2000.Illia, Tony. "Quigley SROs show affordable housing is possible in Las Vegas." Architectural Record.v189, n4. p 40. Apr 2001.Two SRO apartment developments, Kirby Lofts and L'Octaine, combine apartments with retail and restaurantspace. Architect: Rob Wellington QuigleyLadd, Helen F. and Jens Ludwig. "Educational Opportunities: Evidence from Baltimore." The AmericanEconomic Review. v87, n2. p 272-277. May 1997.Lakshmanan, T.R. and Lata Chatterjee and P. Roy. "Housing Requirements and National Resources."Science. v192, n4243. p 943-949. Jun 1976.Lang, Michael H. "Homelessness amid Affluence: Structure and Paradox in the American PoliticalEconomy." Contemporary Sociology. v20, n1. p 76-77. Jan 1991.LeFevre, Camille. "Joseph Selvaggio: Taking Pride in Housing the Poor." Architecture Minnesota. v18, n3.p 17, 74-75. May/Jun 1992.Linn, Charles. "Auburn Court, Cambridge, Massachusetts." Architectural Record. v185, n 7. p 112-113. Jul1997.Massimo, Alvisi and Kirimoto Junko. "Riken Yamamoto: dalle origini alla luce dell’innovazione: from theorigins to the light of innovation." Architectura. v 42, n17(494). p 674-680. 1995.Matheou, Demetrios. "Council opts for innovation in housing commission." Architects’ Journal. v200, n3.p 17-19. Jul 1994.Potter's Fields housing site, Southwark, London. Architects: Alsop & Sto!rmer.Miles, Henry. "Norse Code: Flats, Nesodden, Norway." Architectural Review. v214, n1281. p 95. Nov 2003.Affordable Housing built of Larch. Architects: Code ArkitekturNoero, Jo. "Red Location Innovation: PELIP Project/ Port Elizabeth." South African Architect. p 28-32.Nov/Dec 1999.Pheng, Low Sui, and Chua Hok Beng. "Promoting innovation in prefabrication for public housing: case studyof Singapore." International Journal for Housing Science and its Applications. v26, n3. p 217-226.2002.Russell, James S. "New Housing at Almere." Architectural Record." v190, n10. p 234-237. Oct 2002.It may not be as "wild" as advertised, but new Housing at Almere, by UN Studios, makes a strong case forresidential innovation.Salversen, David. "HUD announces awards for building innovation." Urban Land. v55, n7. p 22-23. Jul 1996."The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development has announced a nationwide competition - theBuilding Innovation for Homeownership program - to accelerate the adoption of innovative building anddevelopment techniques that will make houses more affordable."Sapolin, Donna. "Now, the Possible Dream." Metropolitan Home. v21, n10. p 111-112, 114. Oct 1989.Schill, Michael H. "Housing and Community Development in New York City." Political Science Quarterly.v114, n4. p 708-709. Winter 1999-2000.Scott, Ralph. "Advocates for Healthy Housing." Shelterforce: The Journal of Affordable Housing andCommunity Building. p 20-23. Mar/Apr 2005.Taylor, David. "Lessons to learn from Dutch housing innovation." Architects’ Journal. v208, n1. p 24. Jul1998.Almere as a model for British housing construction.Taylor, David. "Affordable housing in Harlem." Architecture California. v8, n6. p 9-10. Nov/Dec 1986.Taylor, David. "A New Affordable House." Inform: Architecture, Design, the Arts. v11, n4. p 8-9, 11. 2000.Williams, Austin. "Movement for innovation: rethinking construction." Architects’ Journal v211, n18. p 34-43.May 2000.On the M4I, the Movement for Innovation, established to bring about a radical improvement in the way inwhich the construction industry and its clients work together.Wortman, Arthur. "Convertibility in building practice: DKV on innovation." Archis. n3. p 86-88. 2002.　　　　　　PAPERSBarrios-Paoli, Lilliam and Peter Madonia and William C. Rudin. Uniting for Solutions Beyond Shelter. TheCity of New York. Jun 2004."Uniting for Solutions Beyond Shelter is a 10-year action plan that brings together the business, nonprofit,and public sector communities to address the challenging issue of homelessness at its core, rather thanmanage it at the margins. It reflects my strong belief that every individual and family deserves safe,affordable housing –a goal we can achieve through proactive, coordinated action and investments in costeffectiveinitiativesthatsolvehomelessness."-MayorMichaelR.Bloomberg　Feldman, Ron. The Affordable Housing Shortage: Considering the Problem, Causes and Solutions. FederalReserve Bank of Minneapolis. Aug 2002.Abstract: Many observers claim that we are in the midst of an "affordable housing shortage" or, even worse,an "affordable housing crisis." The primary concern is that too many households live in "unaffordable" rentalunits. We hope to clarify the current debate by first measuring the size of the problem, then diagnosing itsunderlying causes and, finally, discussing treatments that policymakers should consider. While our review ishardly exhaustive, we conclude that a shortage of income is largely behind the housing affordability problemdespite the current focus on housing. Policymakers should recognize that government financing of newhousing units is unlikely to be a cost-effective response to low household income.Hu, Yucum and Qiping Shen. Systems Thinking in the Study of Housing Development in Hong Kong NewTowns. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Building and Real Estate. 2000."In this paper, we have applied system dynamics to analyze housing development in Hong Kong new towns.Because housing development is concerned with many factors such as population growth, employment,personal income, gross domestic product and government policies, it is a complex social-economic systemthat demands system thinking for its solution. We have constructed a system dynamics model that attemptsto describe housing development in new towns. In this model, the interactions of various factors in urbanhousing development are taken into consideration. The model has been implemented in a computersimulation package named "I think". The simulation provides a trend of future housing development in HongKong new towns. These results can assist decision makers produce more appropriate plans for futurehousing development. We found that the application of system dynamics into housing development is a newand fruitful attempt."Katz, Bruce and Margery Turner, Karen Brown, Mary Cunningham and Noah Sawyer. Rethinking localaffordable housing strategies: lessons from 70 years of policy and practice. The BrookingsInstitution Center in Urban and Metropolitan Policy and The Urban Institute. Dec 2003.Efforts to provide affordable housing are occurring at a time of great change. The responsibilities forimplementing affordable housing are increasingly shifting to state and local actors. The market anddemographic changes in the country are complicating the picture, as sprawling jobs-housing patterns anddowntown revivals in some places are creating demand for affordable housing for working families andimmigrants in both cities and suburbs. To help state and local leaders design fresh solutions to today’saffordable housing challenges, The Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy and theUrban Institute joined forces to examine the lessons of seven decades of major policy approaches and whatthese lessons mean for local reforms. This executive summary of the full report, funded by the John S. andJames L. Knight Foundation, finds that past and current efforts to expand rental housing assistance, promotehomeownership, and increase affordable housing through land use regulations have been uneven in theireffectiveness in promoting stable families and healthy communities. The findings suggest guiding principlesfor local action, with important cautions to avoid pitfalls.Pascale, Connie. The Critical Shortage of Affordable Housing in New Jersey: A Brief Overview. The LegalServices of New Jersey Poverty Research Institute. Jun 2003.For at least three decades, study after study has documented New Jersey’s severe affordable housingshortage. This report from Legal Services of New Jersey’s Poverty Research Institute compiles such studiesand data to present a current portrait of just how bad the housing shortfall has become. It is intended as aresource for policy makers and the public, to help energize and guide the urgent question of what should beNew Jersey’s governmental response to this crisis.The report was prepared primarily by Connie Pascale, Vice President and Assistant General Counsel atLegal Services of New Jersey, with assistance from colleagues Kristin Mateo and Anjali Srivastava. Ourhope is that armed with information, at long last New Jersey’s leaders will guide the state toward acomprehensive and effective government-wide housing policy.Pickard, Deena, et. Al. A Systematic Approach to Service Improvement: Evaluating Systems Thinking inHousing." The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister: London. Sep 2005."This report provides a review of work undertaken to explore the use of systems thinking in a social housingsetting. In particular, the research considered the effects on the delivery of housing management servicesand assessed efficiency gains arising."Pickard, Deena, et. Al. Defining a National Housing Research Agenda Construction Management andProduction. The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister: London. Sep 2004.Soffin, Jeremy. Housing Crises Threatens Regional Economy. The Regional Plan Association and CitizensHousing and Planning Council. May 2004.High housing costs, poor housing quality and long commutes are putting the NY-NJ-CT metropolitan regionat a competitive disadvantage in attracting and retaining a talented workforce, according to a regionalhousing study released today. The report, "Out of Balance: The Housing Crisis from a Regional Perspective,"is a collaborative effort of Regional Plan Association (RPA) and Citizens Housing and Planning Council(CHPC) to survey regional housing trends and identify housing problems that pose obstacles to regionaldevelopment or diminish the quality of life.Tucker, William. How Rent Control Drives Out Affordable Housing. Cato Institute. May 1997.Cato Policy Analysis No. 274 Location: How Rent Control Drives Out Affordable HousingWhite, Lawrence J. Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Housing Finance: Why True Privatization is Good PublicPolicy. Cato Foundation. Aug 2004.WEBSITES/ ADDITIONAL RESOURCESAmhearst H. Wilder Foundation Redirecting to new location...Archvoices ArchVoicesAssociation of Community Design Resources Page on communitydesign.orgThe Brookings Institute HomeThe Cato Foundation Cato InstituteCommunity Development Society Community Development SocietyCommunity Resources Directory of Nonprofit Organizations and Other Community ResourcesDevelopment Training Institute The Center for Leadership InnovationDesign Advisor Design AdvisorDesign Matters: Best Practices in Affordable Housing Landing Page | cada.uic.edu |Doors of Perception Doors of PerceptionThe Enterprise Foundation Enterprise Community PartnersHabitat for Humanity Habitat for Humanity Int'lHousing Again Page on housingagain.web.caHousing First brooklyn apartments rent‎ Resources and Information.Housing Prototypes Housing Prototypes.Inhabitat Design For a Better World!Planning a Housing development Enterprise Community PartnersProject proformas Enterprise Community PartnersThe Housing and Community Development KnowledgePlex The affordable housing and community development resource for professionalsNational Community Building Network Nuovi Bonus Casino Nazionali - bonus senza depositoNational Multi Housing Council National Multifamily Housing CouncilNational Community Housing Forum Page on nchf.org.auNew Village Building Sustainable CulturesNovogradac & Company LLP Affordable Housing Resource CenterPlanners Network Planners NetworkRose Fellowship Page on rose-network.comRudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence Page on buffalo.eduRural Studio Welcome - Rural StudioShimberg Center for Affordable Housing The Shimberg Center at the University of FloridaSocketsite Page on socketsite.comStardust Organization Redirecting your pageStrategy Survival Guide Page on strategy.gov.uk　　　　　　Affordable Housing and Community Design: SustainabilityARTICLESArchitype. "Green Credentials: Housing in Brighton." RIBA Journal.Bone, Eugena. "The House That Max Built." Metropolis. v16, n5, p 37-42, Dec 1996.The Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems (Max’s Pot) built the Advanced Green Builderdemonstration house on the outskirts of Austin with only local materials. It is the place where founderPliny Fisk III and his wife "concoct environmentally sound and sustainable building technologies." BothCalcrete and Solar-Tube were conceived there. The house uses Green Forms, an "open-ended" post andbeam system as structure. The central concept is that the Green Forms provide the frame for site-specific(and therefore more sustainable) elements and finishes. This approach also leaves plenty of potential forpersonalization. Local climates are studied as well as attainable materials for cladding, insulation, andother surfaces from the area. Options may include rammed earth, adobe, straw wall, industrial by-products,and Styrofoam. The project also helps to sustain local businesses, distributors, and craftsmen byutilizing their services within their communities.The article also mentions innovative composite materials that can be used in cladding, including mixingleftover wood fiber with plastic from recycled bottles to make hardy wood-like panels. Water sustainability isaddressed with composting toilets and wetland integration.For further energy consumption reduction photovoltaic panels can be added to roofs, radiant heat can bedistributed from floor slabs, and a gas-fired water heater can double as the heat source for the floor slabs.While the house (at time of article publishing) costs about $250,000, the goal is to build for $10 to $12 persquare foot. The article includes photos of the house in Austin and images of examples of various sitespecificcladdingmaterials.(DM)　Cameron, Kristi."Rebirth: BOASE, Denmark’s Model for Sustainable Mass-Produced Housing, On Stilts."Metropolis. v23, n5. p 66-69. Jan 2004.BOASE is an innovative national competition winning concept proposed by a team of students inDenmark. The primary themes of the project are affordable housing, mass production of units, and soilremediation that occurs through phytoremediation while the housing units sit above the petrochemicallypolluted site in a network of "tree dwellings."The units stand on stilts, and therefore allow rainwater and sunlight to filter down and nourish the soilcleaningplantecology.Theprovocativenotionofdevelopingpollutedsitesisrootedinthecheapnessoflandthatnoonewantstouse-pollutedland.Theplantsareexpectedtocleanthetopsixfeetofcontaminatedsoilinaperiodoftenyears,which,bysome,maybeworthwhile"ratherthanspendingmillionshaulingthecontaminateddirttoalandfilloftreatmentfacility."Iftheclean-upprocessdoesnotoccurasexpectedthroughphytoremediation,notallislost;"evenifthetreesdon’tmanagetocleanupthesoil,theyaresuckingupwaterandevaporatingitthroughtheirleaves…(it)won’tleachintogroundwatersupplies,takingpollutantswithit."Unitsaremanufacturedfromlightweightfiberglass-reinforcedplastic,givingthemtheadvantagesoflastingstructuralstrengthwithminimalweight.Inthisproject,the"home"becomesindustrialized,aunitofmassproduction.Thethreetechnologiesusedinthisprojectare:GratzelSolarCells,FiberlinePlasticComposites,andPhytoremediation.(DM)　Couling, Nancy and Klaus Overmeyer (of cet-0). "New From Suburbia: Agro City." Architectural Design, v74,n4, p 66-71. Jul/Aug 2004.Couling and Overmeyer have produced a model for areas outlying urban centers to becomeneighborhoods surrounding farming-land green spaces, rather than arbitrary parks and green spaces,commonly ordained by local zoning codes. The theory proposes that the residents maintain and work the"farm-land" and it gives back to them, monetarily, as well as enriching a closer-knit community than atypical suburb. The article includes a model for investment and return based in its proposed operations in anarea outlying Hamburg- the location of cet-0’s Fischbek-Mississippi project. The underlying concept is a"symbiosis of land for farming and land for building…Green areas are a combination of agricultural fields anddomesticated plots, leased to an ecofarmer, or to the Mississippi Club, of which the new residents wouldideally be members"(Couling p. 69). (DM)Diamond, Richard C. "Affordable Housing Through Energy Efficiency." GSD News/ Harvard University..p 14. Winter/Spring. 1993.Ehrenzweig, Dina. "Consumer acceptance of straw-bale housing." International Journal for Housing Scienceand its Applications. v23, n1. p 69-77. 1993.Evans, Barrie. "Making housing sustainable." Architect’s Journal. v205, n2. p 48. Jan 1998.On the potential provision of housing for the 4.4 million new English households predicted for the period from1991 to 2016. Taken from presentations at the BRE 75th anniversary international conference, "SustainableConstruction: an Agenda for Innovation".Gifford, H. "Third Street: Can architects and builders work together to produce highly energy-efficient andaffordable multifamily housing without any grant support? Two New Yorkers prove that it can bedone." Home Energy. v22, n5, p 24-29 Energy federation Incorporated. 2005.Third Street considers the assemblies and methods utilized to create more energy-efficient apartmentbuildings in New York City. The buildings are located at 299 E. 3rdSt. (38-family building) and 228 E. 3St.(22-family building) in Manhattan. The project was developed by Mary Spink and the architect is ChrisBenedict.The article denotes specific building assemblies that improve thermal and acoustical insulation. Specificwall sections are shown, as well as efficiency comparisons based on energy consumption and cost.The article also implies concerns about the negative effect of funding sustainable projects through grants,relating this approach to the concept that one can only do good if funded. Another interesting issueexemplified by these projects is that buildings that may be extremely energy efficient and "green" to a greatextent will never satisfy current LEED criteria because of certain detailing that, in a sense, make them evenmore sustainable. (DM)Gregory, Rob. "Wake Up Call." The Architectural Review. p 44, Nov 2003.BedZED is a prototype for sustainable high affordable housing complexes by Bill Dunster Architects. It is anexample of high density suburban-urbanization in Sutton, England. Highlights of the project include liveworkunits,acommunityhall,southfacingspacesandterraces.Theonebedroomloftapartmentshavetheirownentrancesandopenontoaskygarden.Thearticleincludesphotographs,asiteplan,anelevation,sections,andasunstudy.(DM)Koebel, Theodore "Sustaining sustainability: innovation in housing and the built environment." Journal ofUrban Technology. v6, n3. p 75-94. Dec 1999.Sustaining Sustainability discusses a wide spectrum of issues related to spreading the desire for, andacceptance of, sustainable housing. The article theorizes the necessity for technological developments topush the viability of sustainability into mainstream construction. Koebel also articulates various circuits withinthe development and construction industries through which sustainable practices must spread if they areto effectively diffuse within our culture. Included issues are mass production, adaptability, change agents,codes, and policies (and their makers). The general message is that everyone needs the tools and the knowhow,ascollectivelyacceptedacrosstheindustry,toprogressinsupportingandencouragingsustainablehousing.　rdAn interesting theory on the method of diffusion and its characteristics is delineated and discussed.Koebel’s research designates certain "characteristics of innovations that influence adoption," (Koebel p.79)including relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability.Koebel goes further into the issue of diffusion by discussing various initiatives in sustainable housing andtheir overall performance. (DM)Makovsky, Paul. "Green Space: In the country's first green residential tower, a temporary showcase interioroffers lasting ideas." Metropolis. vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 118-120, Nov 2003Makovsky outlines various sustainable furniture and finishes used at the Solaire in Battery Park City, NewYork. The Solaire is significant in that it is the country’s first high-rise sustainable apartment building. Theinterior design of the apartments was created by Stedila Design.The article describes the innovative finishes and furniture and interesting descriptions of their origins andhow they are designated as sustainable for this project. Perhaps most helpful are the actual names,manufacturers, and distributors of many pieces.Sustainable finishes and furniture mentioned include:Uba Tuba granite from BrazilUrea-free formaldehyde fiberboard cabinetsNon-Urea formaldehyde parquet floorsReclaimed-recycled lines of carpet and furnitureAbaca fiber instead of plasticsA "less than 500 miles" philosophy, aiding in cutting embodied energy expenditure (DM)Martin, Glen and Frank Escher and Andrew Wagner. "Shades of Green: Dwell Home II."Dwell. v5, n6, p 114, 116. June 2005.Dwell Home II was constructed in Topanga Canyon, California as a test home for green design. It’sconstruction in such an isolated area prompted many questions about the true sustainability of remotenessin this modern world, since a car must be used for traveling into town for commodities. Andrew Wagnerfacilitated a discussion/ interview with the homeowner Glen Martin and architect Frank Escher, prompted byquestions written to Dwell magazine regarding the project.In the project’s defense, the convenience and viability of bus lines and telecommuting are available for usein the remote setting. Aside from those conveniences, Escher maintained that the building, when seen assiteless, is extremely efficient, performing well, and addresses "environmental questions that need to beaddressed on any site."Dwell Home II cools itself, generates its own electrical power, uses a quarter of the water ofconventional houses, and treats its own wastewater.The article brings up the interesting notion that "in the 70’s, central Europe was going through what we aregoing through in California now. There were some people who were really interested in more intelligent useof resources and sustainable design…" (Escher p.116). (DM)Shore, William B. "Land-use, transportation and sustainability." Technology in Society. v28. p.27-42. 2006.This article proposes three strategies for recentralizing the dispersed population epidemic in the UnitedStates on the grounds that regional planning is a substantial element in reaching a more sustainablelifestyle, and culture. The strategies are: "pricing goods and services to reflect sustainable needs,improving the magnetism of cities, and legislating enforceable regional plans."The article articulates the history of population dispersal away from cities and the ramifications of this trend. Itthen discusses the sustainability of a "spread city" in comparison to "traditional centers andcommunity." (DM)Solomon, Nancy B. "The Pick of the Sustainable Crop." Architectural Record. v193, n7, p 153-156, 158,160, Jul 2005.The Pick of the Sustainable Crop reviews three of the top 10 Green Projects awarded by the AIACommittee on the Environment. The article gives background on the COTE selection process and categoriesthat qualify their concept of sustainable design.With narrative, photos, diagrams and sections, the innovative design aspects of the three built projectsare elaborated.The Pittsburgh Glass Center, in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, has an innovative and effective heat recoverysystem and effective insulation and ventilation systems. It is an industrial building that houses hotshops,offices and exhibition space, designed by DGGP and Bruce Lindsey AIA.Rinker Hall in Gainesville, Florida is the home of the M.E. Rinker School of Building Construction in thedepartment of the University of Florida’s College of Design and Construction. Designed by CroxtonCollaborative Architects + Gould Evans Associates, the building utilizes enthalpy wheel technology, passivesolar design, and high-performance glazing.A connection is made between daylighting and occupants’ circadian rhythms "connecting… to nature’s owncircadian rhythm- allows occupants to experience what Croxton describes as `the most primitive, deepseatedaspectsofcomfort’."TheAustinResourceCenterfortheHomeless(ARCH)isa26,800sfbuildingthathouseshomelesstemporarilyandforthelongterm,whileprovidingsupportprogramsinAustinTexas.ThebuildingwasdevelopedconcurrentlywithAustin’sadoptionofanewpolicythatthedesignofanynewmunicipalbuildingmust follow the guidelines put forth by the U.S. Green Building Council for its LEED rating system. Theproject utilized the method of stack-cast tilt-frame construction, cutting down on the cost of formwork forconcrete. Fly-ash was substituted for 45% of the portland cement in the concrete mix. A rain-watercollection system was also developed to mediate Austin’s serious flooding problems (due to poor topsoilconditions). (DM)Zhang, Zhihui and Xing Wu, Xiaomin Yang, and Yimin Zhu. "BEPAS- a life cycle building environmentalperformance assessment model." Building and Environment. v41. p 669-675. 2006.In this journal article, BEPAS (building environmental performance analysis system) is explained and testedin a case study. It has been proposed that the system’s methodologies can be utilized on both new andexisting buildings, evaluating their facilities (operation phase consumption and pollution), location,and materials. This article seems to have been inspired by the "rapid process of industrialization andurbanization" currently underway in China. It is also in response to the relative subjectiveness ofsustainability evaluation checklist-type methods such as LEED. The BEPAS researchers responded tothese issues by creating a more objective analytical approach to evaluating building performance,building upon the in-depth model of LCA (life cycle analysis). Results of the article’s case study show the testbuilding’s environmental impact was 96.6% from the facility operation, and only 5.6% from the buildingmaterials.BEPAS attempts to include more variables than other existing analysis models of a similar genre.(DM)Affordable Housing and Community Design: Gulf Coast RegionARTICLESAllais, Lucia. "Building Dwelling, Not Thinking" Thresholds. v20. p 50-55. 2000.Allais theorizes that housing typologies can have underlying social implications that must be recognized,especially when addressing affordable housing for poor predominantly African American populations incertain areas of the country. She specifically addresses the symbolism embodied in the shotgun-stylehousing that is commonly constructed as affordable infill housing.The discussion of the possible sociological ramifications of typology arose through a competition for DelrayBeach Florida’s Redevelopment Agency to design "affordable infill housing" in the predominantly blackMount Olive community.Allais sites the works of Marylis Nepomechie and Heidegger as current and historical thinkers on the samesubject; the architects’ argument about the pride of ownership.The theories, as presented in this article, are very subjective, and tend to make difficult assumptions thatsometimes waiver on the verge of being credible. However, the concepts put forth are extremely provoking,and are frequently neglected in design of affordable housing. The relationship between form and meaningcan have great impact, and the architect needs to be held responsible for intervening in the best interest ofmediating this phenomenon, downplaying the tones of social segregation in affordable housing. (DM)Burby, R. J."Reconstruction/Disaster Planning: United States." International Encyclopedia of the Social &Behavioral Sciences. p 12841-12844. 2004.This encyclopedic entry is a good introduction to the basic elements of procedures and plans typically setup for post-disaster reconstruction in the United States.The organization of the short article is in five sections: the problem, evolution of planning for resilience, postdisasterandrecoveryplans,hazardmitigationplans,andconclusion.　Onecanimaginethattheseproceduresareeffectedbythemagnitudeofkeydisastersinthecountry’shistory,andthusdonotincludethedevastationofHurricanesKatrinaandRita,northeresultantpoliciesthatmayhavebeendeveloped.　Thearticleelaboratestheprimaryelementsofplansthataddressnaturalhazards,fallingintwocategories:post-disasterreconstructionandhazardmitigation.(DM)Kroloff, Reed and Kevin Pratt. "A Newer Orleans: Six Proposals." Artforum. v44, n7, p 266-283, Mar 2006.An overview of the current search for inspiration for hope and design for a "newer Orleans" sets theprecedent for the summary of 6 design proposals, or "six visions" to invoke a "spirit of possibility." Theintroduction mentions that the Congress for the New Urbanism (led by Andres Duany) had an extensivedesign charette to provide design guidance for Mississippi’s devastated regions, and it has now "seduced"Louisiana’s government as well. Artforum suggests that a fresh, inventive dialogue needs to commence.These proposals do not situate themselves in the realistic realm of feasibility any time in the near future, butthey are refreshing and drastically different takes on how a new city might reshape itself after a disaster ofsuch enormous destruction.The six teams were proposed by Artforum for proposals to be published, two each (one Dutch and oneAmerican team) for three segments: community (MVRDV, Huff + Gooden), urban icon (UN Studio,Morphosis), and landscape (West 8, Hargreaves Associates). The proposals did not address affordablehousing within their broad assigned categories.Recurring themes within the variety of proposals were: public space, connections (both communicationand physical), pride and dignity, high density revitalized areas, reinvigoration and symbolism. (DM)Shepard, Richard . "Refilling a Neighborhood: West Coconut Grove, Miami." Places. v14, n3, p 44-45,Spring 2002.Shepard (as director of the Center for Urban and Community Design at the University of Miami School ofArchitecture) describes a studio project that integrated students and university with a strugglingneighborhood whose population, property, and quality of life has drastically declined. The project was forstudents to design an affordable house after surveying the conditions, lifestyles and policies of itsneighborhood and jurisdiction. The project set a precedent of trust between the University and theneighborhood that could potentially lead to similar future collaborations benefiting both parties, the academyand the struggling neighborhood.The underlying concept driving the development of the project is Shepard’s assertion that "If vacant lots andabandoned buildings could be developed for low-and moderate- income families, the proportion ofstakeholders could increase and the community pride of ownership could return" (Shepard p. 44).The studio culminated in the actual approval and eventual building of a two-story shotgun housedesigned by students who saw it take shape before graduating from architecture school. A local developerhad become an enthusiast of the studio and funded the projectShepard’s concept and its follow-through becomes an exemplar for students, teachers and developerswondering how they can do more in their "own back yard." (DM)Sorkin, Michael."Will new plans for the Gulf drown it again, this time in nostaligia?" Architectural Record.New York, v194, n2, p.47. Feb 2006.This article critically expresses concerns related to the Congress for the New Urbanism’s (CNU) recentcharette and resultant design recommendations for post-hurricane redevelopment of 11 towns examinedalong the Mississippi Gulf coast. While the report calls for ample transportation (along with a virtual "concretekimono"), it is also overtly concerned with regulating every facet of architecture in a someone’s aestheticutopian ideal, it pays little attention to disaster mitigation and future damage precautions, nor sustainablestrategies and environmental conscientiousness. (DM)Voss Matthews, Sherrie. "Orlando Planners Build Energy-Efficient House." Planning. Chicago. v69, n5. p 40.May 2005.The house at 2516 East Church St. in Orlando, Florida is not, by most means "affordable at an appraisalvalue of $300,000. However, it is an example of the availability of systems, materials and labor available inFlorida to conduct sustainable construction. The house includes 9-foot tall ceilings and a floorplan thatsupports good ventilation through airflow. Since termites are often a problem in Florida, no wood was usedin construction. The house is clad, instead with wood fiber cement plank siding over steel frame. Flooringfinishes include bamboo (impregnated with borates) and ceramic tile. Energy Star criteria were met forappliances throughout the house, reducing greenhouse emissions. In terms of water conservation, low flowfixtures and toilets were installed. Water is heated with solar heat, and the house has an integratedinsulation system. The house, at 2,000 square feet, is "affordable to operate, and runs on $60 per month,for everything." (DM)PAPERSFEMA/ US Department of Homeland Security. Home Builder’s Guide to Coastal ConstructionTechnical Sheet Series. FEMA 499, Aug 2005.In August of 2005, FEMA produced guidelines for coastal construction in a technical fact sheet series. Theseries of 31 fact sheets gives guidance and recommendations for coastal residential buildings. This guidewas produced to improve building performance in high winds and flood conditions. The document includesinformation that incorporates national Flood Insurance Program regulatory requirements. Topics emphasizedand illustrated are siting, structural connections, the building envelope, utilities and additional resources onvarious subjects. (DM)

Want to know the most interesting use cases of ArcGIS?In this answer, I will tell you 1000 GIS Applications & their Uses.So keep reading till the end because you are going to get a lot of information from it.One year in the making, these are some of your favorite GIS applications you haven’t heard of yet:GIS student project ideas, GIS case studies, GIS projects, GIS uses – From over 50 industries, this jam-packed guide of 1000 GIS applications will open your mind to our amazing planet and its inter-connectivity.1 Agriculture GIS Applications1. Precision Farming – Harvesting more bushels per acre while spending less on fertilizer using precision farming and software. (How to win the farm using GIS)2. Disease Control – Combating the spread of pests through by identifying critical intervention areas and efficient targeting control interventions.3. Swiss Alps Farming – Cultivating south-facing slopes in the Swiss Alps using aspect data because it shelters from cold and dry winds which is critical to successful crop growth.4. 3D Scanners for Biomass – Measuring with laser accuracy 3D biomass using the FARO scanner.5. Real-time Crop Yields – Shifting to real-time crop monitoring and targeted, automated responses with drones and precision watering sensors.6. Current Food Security – Safeguarding food insecure populations by establishing underlying causes through satellite, mobile-collected and GIS data storage.7. Agri-tourism – Navigating through crop mazes with GPS receivers in the developing field of agri-tourism.8. Plant Hardiness – Defining distinct boundaries in which plants are capable of growing as defined by climatic conditions.9. Machine Performance – Logging geographic coordinates of agricultural machinery in a farm field to better understand the spatially variability cost of field operation and machinery performance.10. Future Food Demand – Diagnosing the future food demand and planning how to fulfill the needs of a growing and increasingly affluent population.11. Crop Assimilation Model – Simulating soil, water and crop processes to better understand crop productivity and monitoring using the Crop Assimilation Model tool in GRASS GIS.12. Water Stress – Balancing the ratio of local withdrawal (demand) over the available water (supply).13. Historical Agricultural Land – Plotting the historical and future farming trends served.14. Hunger Map – Raising awareness about global hunger and places that are in need.15. Agromap – Breaking down primary food crops by sub-national administrative districts and aggregating by crop production, area harvested and crop yields.16. Crop Resilience to Climate Change – Adapting to climate change and shifting weather patterns by promote the continued health of your fields.17. Crop Productivity – Calibrating crop productivity using indices like Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to estimate global crop productivity. (Satellite Image Corporation AgroWatch Green Vegetation Index)18. Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) – Prioritizing cropland conservation program implementations through “Model Simulation of Soil Loss, Nutrient Loss, and Change in Soil Organic Carbon Associated with Crop Production”.19. Agriculture Capability – Classifying the varying potential for agricultural production using the Canadian Land Inventory.20. Ranch Pasture Management – Collecting soils types, fence lines, roads and other data for better management for more meaningful reports and maps.21. Agricultural Pollution – Quantifying the impacts on climate and the environment from agricultural pollution.22. Agriculture Revenue – Determining the Effective Opportunity Cost relating to deforestation and potential agricultural revenue with IDRISI GeOSIRIS for REDD.23. Irrigation – Capturing irrigation infrastructure for land management decisions more than two-thirds of the world’s freshwater withdrawals are for irrigating crops.24. Farm Preservation – Establishing farm priority zones by analyzing the local farming landscape and constructing criteria for high-quality farming areas.25. Versatile Soil Moisture Budget – Simulating soil moisture conditions of cropland areas taking into account evapotranspiration, rainfall, runoff and other factors.26. Drought – Minimizing the impact of drought by analyzing the spatial distribution of rainfall and real-time sensors like SMAP, SMOS and synthetic aperture radar.27. CropScape – Estimating acreage of crop types and spatial distribution using satellite imagery with National Agricultural Statistics Services. (USDA NASS CropScape)28. Crop Forecasting – Predicting crop yields using NDVI, weather, soil moisture, soil types and other parameters.29. Organic Farming – Managing various sources of data for organic farming permits including tillage history, field inputs, crop rotations, and pest management measures on a field-by-field basis.30. Agricultural Non-Point Source (AGNPS) Model – Predicting the effects of agriculture on water quality using Agricultural Non-Point Source pollution model in MapWindow31. Drainage Ditches – Tracing farm field drainage lines using stereo imagery in MicroImages TNTMips. (TNT Stereo Viewing Tools)32. Length of Growing Period – Meeting the full evapotranspiration demands of crops when average temperatures are greater or equal to 5°C and precipitation plus moisture store in the soil exceed half the potential evapotranspiration.2 Astronomy/Planetary GIS Applications33. Asteroids – Gazing the sky and tracking asteroids with NASA’s bolide events map. (NASA’s Bolide Events)34. Mapping Mars with MOLA – Start mapping a whole entire new planet using NASA’s MOLA. (USGS Planetary GIS Web Server – PIGWAD)35. Mars Terrain – Going for a spin on the rugged terrain of Mars using data captured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instrument on the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). (Mars Terrain)36. Mars Rover Landing – Examining how to landing the Mars Rover safely with operations criteria including latitude for solar power, soil softness, slopes using laser altimetry, dustiness, rockiness and a landing footprint.37. Water Flow on Mars – Hillshading the Mars Digital Elevation Model to augment legibility and understand where rivers may have flowed and oceans flourished. (Mars Water Flow)38. Satellite Orbits – Gazing the sky for satellites and even programming satellites for image acquisition. (Satellite Map)39. Magnetic Fields – Investigating magnetic field lines in 3D with international geomagnetic field maps.40. Astrogeology – Delivering planetary mapping to the international science community in public domain – from planetary topology to lunar geology. (Astrogeology Science Centre)41. UFO Sightings – Speculating UFO sightings with proportional symbols with over 90,000 reports dating back to 1905. m42. Light Pollution – Recognizing the artificial light introduced by humans in the night sky and how it interferes with the observation of stars. (NOAA’s VIIRS data) / Light Pollution Map)43. Mars in Google Earth – Searching for Martian landmarks with Google Earth’s “Live from Mars” layer.44. International Space Station – Tracking the real-time location of the International Space Station (ISS) in ArcGIS Online Data.45. Venus – Mapping the altimetry, shaded relief and geology of Venus. (Venus Map)46. Magnetic Declination – Positioning with the magnetic declination, a varying angle from a true geographic north using NOAA National Geophysical Data Center 2015 data and the Magnetic Declination QGIS Plugin.47. Gravity Anomaly – Understanding our Earth’s gravity by mapping the unusual concentrations of mass in a different regions on Earth. (The Geoid)48. NASA Visible Earth – Cataloging images and animations of our home planet in the electromagnetic spectrum from various sensors. (NASA Visible Earth)49. Tycho – Mapping Tycho, the youngest moon crater.50. Milky Way – Surveying the inner part of the Milky Way Galaxy with GLIMPSE (Galactic Legacy Infrared Midplane Extraordinaire)3 Archaeology GIS Applications51. Lost Cities – Revealing lost cities in the ground and their forgotten past using ground penetrating radar and infrared sensors. (LiDAR uncovers lost cities)52. Archaeological Survey – Tackling a huge problem archaeologists face every day – collecting physical locations of their excavation findings from a wealth of sites.53. Middle Eastern Geodatabase for Antiquities – Recording, monitoring, and protecting archaeological sites to avoid impacting, factor cost for site mitigation – developed by the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) and the World Monuments Fund (WMF). (MEGA Geodatabase)54. Geographic Text Analysis – Incorporating a semi-automated exploration of large written texts combining Natural Language Processing techniques, Corpus Linguistics and GIS.55. QGIS Archaeology Tools – Computerizing the archaeological community with their record keeping with the pyArchInit QGIS plugin.56. Mediterranean Landscape Dynamics – Modeling surface process change and landscape evolution to better understand the long-term interactions of humans and landscapes in the Mediterranean using GRASS GIS. (Mediterranean Landscape Dynamics)57. Preliminary Site Investigation – Searching ancient maps for buildings, cemeteries, roads and fences as these sites present important clues to archaeological sites.58. Stone Tools – Characterizing geographic features suitable for making stone tools and clay pottery such as lithic materials, water resources, stream hydrology with geologic controls like bedrock outcrops and drainage basin floodplains.59. Viewshed – Scoping out a site by determining what is within eyesight considering all prehistoric conditions associated to that viewshed.60. Archaeological Site Prediction – Connecting favorable slope, aspect, geology, hydrology and distance to water using the Multiple Criteria Evaluation (MCE) to predict archaeological sites.61. Cultural Heritage Inventory – Customizing and deploying the collection of cultural heritage field observations with open source geospatial software Arches. (Arches Heritage Inventory & Management System)62. 3D Archaeology – Rendering accurate and efficient 3D recordings of archaeological heritage sites, in particular archaeological excavations with aerial imagery and 3D environments.63. Shovel Test Pits – Logging transects, shovel test pits and other recordings when they visit potential locations to conduct field investigations.64. Predicting Dinosaur Tracks – Getting the inside track on understanding exactly where dinosaurs once roamed the Earth with vegetation coverage, slope, aspect and proximity to landslides.4 Architecture GIS Applications65. Line of Sight – Planning high-rise buildings so they don’t obstruct the view of the mountains in Portland using line of sight.66. Exposure to Noise – Orchestrating urban mobility plans with special consideration for the impact environmental noise using OrbisGIS. (Urban Noise)67. Development Planning – Making citizens happy through smart development planning and understanding the bigger picture.68. Crowd Simulation – Mastering the collective dynamics of interacting objects in urban phenomena at the scale of individual households, people, and units of real estate and at time-scales approaching “real time”. (Crowd Simulation)69. Solar Exposure – Harvesting light to assess the suitability of installing solar (photovoltaic) panels on roofs using 3D city models and geometric information such as the tilt, orientation and area of the roof.70. City Engine – Assessing feasibility and plan implementation using Esri’s City Engine improving urban planning, architecture, and overall design.71. Pedestrian Behavior – Discerning the movements of pedestrians and urban behavior throughout through a plaza in Copenhagen.72. Shadow Analysis – Diagnosing how much shadow will be casted in the pre-construction phase onto its surrounding using Bentley Map.73. Parking Availability – Orchestrating a parking available by collecting the percent of spaces occupied versus search time.74. Integration of GIS and BIM – Operating a facility with BIM (building information modeling) because of its ability to analyze information and integrate data from different systems.75. Tangible Landscape – Experimenting with the potential impact of different building configurations with an easy-to-use 3D sketching tool. (Tangible Landscape)76. Geodesign – Conceptualizing building plans with focus on stakeholder participation and collaboration to closely follow natural systems.77. Propagation of Noise in Urban Environments – Modelling 3D data to answer how urban citizens are harmed by noise pollution, and how to mitigate it with noise barriers.78. Space Utilization – Augmenting NASA’s Langley Research Center by applying optimization algorithms to space utilization. (Space Utilization)79. Ordnance Survey Geovation – Pioneering location innovation in the United Kingdom through Geovation – the collaboration, exchange of ideas and inspiring innovation. (Ordnance Survey Geovation)5 Arctic / Antarctica GIS Applications80. Quantarctica – Familiarizing yourself with Antarctic with the free, open-source source collection of geographical datasets. (Quantarctica)81. Exclusive Economic Zones – Carving out boundaries in the Arctic – Canada, Norway, Russia, Denmark (via Greenland) and the United States are limited to their economic adjacent to their coasts while all waters beyond is considered international water.82. Shipping Route Shortcuts – Transporting goods through the Arctic passage because of melting ice in the North Pole.83. Sea Ice Motion – Maintaining an inventory of sea ice extents snapshots from NOAA’s National Snow and Ice Data Center. (Sea Ice Motion)84. Aspect – Using aspect and incoming solar radiation data to understand how glaciers accumulate on the poleward side.85. Subglacial Lakes – Mapping lakes under glaciers – isolated from the outside world for up to 35 million years, and may be final refuges for life, the like of which exists nowhere else on Earth. (Subglacial Lakes)86. Antarctic Digital Magnetic Anomaly Project (ADMAP) – Uncovering the tectonic evolution using near-surface magnetic anomaly data. (Antarctic Magnetic Anomaly)87. Wildlife Tracking – Logging the species richness of marine mammals like whales, seals, walruses and narwhals and seabirds or waterfowl in the Arctic.88. Sea Ice Index – Bringing together data on Antarctica’s ice sheet surface, thickness and boundary using passive remote sensing. (Sea NSIDC Ice Index)89. Fish – Showing the probability of occurrence and observations for fish species – from Atlantic cod to Walleye Pollock. (Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources)90. Arctic Research Projects – Displaying research projects, showing available data and exploring possible collaborations. (Arctic Research Projects)91. Arctic Ocean Floor – Sculpting the Arctic Ocean with the sonic depth finder and discovering dynamic with trenches, ridges and abyssal plains.92. Arctic’s Geology – Interpreting the geology of the Arctic using enhanced magnetic data, Landsat imagery and topographic data. (Arctic Geology)93. COMNAP Facilities – Mapping out the COMNAP facilities in Antarctica that currently supports a range of scientific research. (COMNAP Facilities)94. Polar Bear – Keeping counts of the most vulnerable populations of polar bear (due to climate change) by comparing two satellite images over time.95. Search and Rescue – Lunging into search and rescue operations using the Safety and Operability Index which calculates risk based on factors such as sea ice, visibility, temperature, distance from SAR resources.96. Environmental Risk – Assessing the environmental vulnerability of marine resources with respect to oil spill as external stressor. (Arctic Environmental Risk)97. Polar Ice Melt – Monitoring the polar ice melt using satellites like GOCE and GRACE that measures how much mass is on Earth. (GOCE and GRACE Satellites)6 Aquatics GIS Applications98. Stream Order – Defining stream size based on a hierarchy of tributaries the Strahler Index (or Horton-Strahler Index) – an important indicator of fisheries and aquatic habitat.99. Fish Habitat Models – Connecting fish species with their habitat using habitat suitability indexes.100. Whale Tracking – Stalking pigmy killer, sperm, beaked and false killer whales in the Pacific Ocean with online mapping applications. (Whale Tracking)101. Global Shark Tracker – Monitoring sharks recovery rates with acoustic tags allowing detection in multiple dimensions. (OCEARCH)102. Fish Eradication – Eradicating Northern pike which negatively affect local trout fishery and the economy by tracking their movements with GPS. (Northern Pike Eradication)103. Spawning Sites – Drawing spawning site boundaries for migratory fish that are known to release eggs.104. Hydro-Acoustics – Listening to echoes with hydro-acoustics for the Crean Lake Hydro-Acoustics project – capturing lake depth, fish class, fish stock numbers, habitat preference related to temperature. (Crean Lake Hydro-Acoustics)105. Mercury in Stream – Grasping the origin of mercury – which are contaminants to fish tissue – by studying the landscape such as soils and humus.106. Fish Habitat Conservation Areas – Fine-tuning fish habitat conservation areas by knowing the big picture of fish distribution.107. Overfishing – Maintaining sustainable fish population levels with satellite monitoring of sea surface temperature and ocean colors (because they are indicative of specific fish species).108. Stress Monitoring – Correlating fish stresses from the local environment such as heat stress from the removal of trees along a stream.109. SCIMAP – Identifying locations of diffuse pollution risk for polluted water and aquatic habitat using SCIMAP. (Diffuse Pollution Risk Mapping)7 Aviation GIS Applications110. Live Air Traffic – Turning your computer into air traffic control center using Flight Radar 24. (Flight Radar 24)111. Airplane Identification – Pointing your phone to the sky and identifying airplanes above you using Flight Radar 24.112. World’s Busiest Airports – Surfing the world’s top 25 busiest airports with the Esri Global Crossroads Story Map. (World’s Busiest Airports)113. Voronoi Diagram – Discovering that Mataveri Airport in Easter Island is the most remote airport in the world with the Voronoi airport proximity map. (Voronoi Diagram)114. Obstruction Evaluation – Securing safe take-offs and landings with the Federal Aviation Agency’s (FAA) vertical obstruction database115. Flight Path – Simulating flight paths integrated with elevation data, imagery and other spatial data using Falcon View.116. Search for Flight MH370 – Crowd-sourcing the search for flight MH370 with satellite imagery provided by DigitalGlobe.117. Airspace Builder – Visualizing the air available to aircraft to fly in with 3D volumes using NASA’s World Wind. (NASA World Wind)118. Air Traffic Control – Fine-tuning air traffic control with a common operational picture for security vulnerability and land use permitting.119. Drone No-fly Zones – Delineating drone no-fly zones where it’s illegal to fly such as near airports and military bases.120. Aeronautical Charts – Scouting out best routes, safe altitudes and navigation aids in the sky with aeronautical charts.121. Runway Approach Zone Encroachment – Pinpointing obstructions in the approach zone of a runway using detailed elevation data to ensure no collisions FAA Safety Analysis.122. Airport Sound Exposure – Assessing the relationship between aircraft-generated noise levels and land uses, noise receptors, and demographics in the airport environs.123. Fly Through – Cruising the high altitudes with interactive 3D viewing and fly-throughs with Landserf. (Landserf)124. Flight Simulator – Becoming a pilot in the cockpit with three-dimensional perspective views of an area by combined with elevation and imagery. (Online Flight Simulator)125. Air Space Review – Automating the dissemination and portrayal of Special Activity Airspace information via OGC Web Services. (Envitia Special Air Space)8 Automobile Integration GIS Applications126. Toyota Vehicle Crowd Sourcing – Piecing together hyper-precise and up-to-date maps using Toyota vehicle’s GPS and camera.127. In-Vehicle Usage – Monitoring driving habits like speed, sudden acceleration and pushing hard on the brakes for insurance underwriting.128. GeoFencing – Immobilizing cross border travel with geofencing (virtual barriers) – perfect for car sharing and rental programs. (To Geofence or not)129. Self-Driving Vehicles – Sitting back and relaxing while Google’s autonomous car does all the work equipped with LiDAR, GPS, an inertial unit and sophisticated software. (Google’s Self-Driving Car)130. GPS Receivers – Nurturing mapping technology as it’s almost standard to have a GPS receiver and a monitor with all the latest maps.131. Waze Real-Time Driving – Saving time and money on your commute as drivers share real-time traffic information and road alerts with each other with Waze. (Waze Live Map)132. Estimated Travel Time – Locking in your destination and getting live updates for estimated travel time.133. Morgan Freeman’s Voice – Enjoying the calm, soothing voice of Morgan Freeman as he delivers directions from your GPS navigation system. (Morgan Freeman GPS)9 Banking GIS Applications134. Market Share – Examining branch locations, competitor locations and demographic characteristics to identify areas worthy of expansion or determine market share in Maptitude. (Market Share)135. ATM Machine – Filling in market and service gaps by understanding where customers, facilities, and competitors are with address locating, database management and query tools.136. World Bank Economic Statistics – Slicing and dicing raw financial data from the World Bank. (World Bank Data)137. Merger and Acquisitions – Profiling and finding opportunities to gain and build where customers are with market profiling138. Supply and Demand – Identifying under-served areas and analyzing your competitor’s market.139. Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) – Fulfilling the obligations to loan in areas with particular attention to low- and moderate-income households – using GIS to understand spatial demographics. (Bank of America uses MapInfo for CRA)140. Mobile Banking – Capturing locations where existing mobile transaction occur and assisting in mobile security infrastructure.10 Business & Commerce GIS Applications141. Fleet Management – Staying in route and solving scheduling problems with fleet management.142. Augmented Reality – Augmenting reality with commercial use in mind – such as advertising and restaurant reviews. (Google Glass)143. Direct Marketing – Revitalizing selling strategies by reaching out to customers directly with locational intelligence.144. Drive-Time Analysis – Determining a trade area based on how long a customer must drive to get to the store – factoring in street speed limits, traffic volumes, and other impedance.145. Internet of Things – Improving efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit through a network of physical objects such as devices, vehicles, buildings and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange information with one another.146. Market Share Analysis – Optimizing the locations of facilities so the allocated demand is maximized in the presence of competitors using tools like location-allocation in ArcGIS. (Location-Allocation Tool)147. Nearest Location – Resolving the nearest gas station, restaurants or coffee shop using GPS-based positioning and geocoded business data.148. Property Appraisal – Appraising residential properties using Census data and finding your property online through interactive property assessment viewers.149. Internet Geocoding – Mapping and analyzing user generated geocoded data to get a glimpse of what internet users (in the aggregate) think about particular places.150. Geocoding Businesses – Pinpointing anything to everything from restaurants, banks and donut shops with a list of addresses.151. Reverse Geocoding – Geocoding in reverse; taking locations from a map and listing their addresses.152. Daytime Population – Marketing products effectively with detailed daytime population demographics for an area reflecting who works in that area as opposed to residential demographics.153. Local Advertising – Advertising through social, local and mobile mediums through location and making presence more known.154. Tax Havens – Sheltering tax through tax havens then putting it all on a map. (Open Corporates)155. GeoBranding – Increasing credibility and increasing sales with prospective clients, vendors and media by conveying complex data to increase sales.156. Desire Lines – Plotting desire lines showing stores that serves customers. (Origin and Destination – QGIS Oursins Plugin)157. Commercial Establishments – Updating commercial establishment using gvSIG Mobile and a local databases. (Commercial Establishment Database)158. Supply Chain – Finding which supply chains are vulnerable to better plan for interruptions (Boundless Supply Chain)159. Integrated Freight Network Model – Integrating highly detailed information about shipping costs, transfer costs, traffic volumes and network interconnectivity properties in a GIS-based platform. (Integrated Freight Network Model)160. Capital Projects – Listing all the capital projects with different stages of completion.161. Gravity Models – Determining the likelihood of customers patronizing a particular store based on the store’s proximity, competition, and other factors.162. Employee Travel Times – Modelling travel times in urban networks for employee travel times.163. Store Openings – Historicizing a company’s store openings. (IKEA Store Openings)164. Foursquare – Recommending 50 million users search for restaurants, recommend bars, and check-in around the world with a Mapbox custom branded map. (Foursquare)165. Infrastructure Expansion – Comparing historical data to current conditions with satellite data from Astro Digital.11 Consumer Science and Behavior GIS Applications166. Data Analytics – Analyzing location-based information to reveal relationship between individuals, families, and communities, and the environment in which they live.167. Huff Model – Calculating sales potential based on the Huff Model – an interaction model measuring the probabilities of consumers at each origin location patronizing a new store instead of other stores.168. Consumer Profiling – Optimizing consumer profiling with location-based information on age, ethnicity, education, housing and more.169. Retail Customer Segmentation – Segmenting markets by customer prototypes to improve the effectiveness of campaigns.170. Buying Behavior – Correlating unthinkable variables like weather and location with buying behaviors to find sales opportunities.171. Retail Store Movement – Detailing how customers move through retail stores, what they bought, rejected and looked at.172. Real-Time Gas Prices – Crowdsourcing gas price updates at various gas stations on or along a route. (Waze Crowdsourced Gas Prices)173. Store Placement – Guiding the placement of new stores by studying disposable income, population, or other variables to best serve the population.12 Climate Change GIS Applications174. NASA Earth Observatory – Exploring the causes and effects of climate change of our atmosphere, oceans, land and life through the use of satellite data. (NASA Earth Observatory)175. Climate Change Skeptics – Turning skeptics into believers. Maps make climate change findings easier for skeptics to understand and accept. (Climate Viewer)176. Earth Interactions – Modelling vegetation, atmospheric, rainfall and ecosystems to study their interactions simultaneously177. Sea Level Rise – Collecting data to study sea level rise and climate change from Jason-3 satellite. (Climate Central)178. County Climate – See for yourself how average maximum temperature rises/falls in each county in the United States. (County Climate)179. Desertification – Understanding the underlying causes of desertification such as inappropriate agriculture practices, deforestation and drought.180. Land Surface Temperature Change – Using map algebra to see how land surface temperature changes year-by-year. (Land Surface Temperature)181. Piecing Together the Climate Change Puzzle – Combining various climate change data sets from various sources – for example relating land practices with atmosphere aerosols. (ArcGIS Online)182. Pollution Modelling – Mapping air pollution sources and impacts on environment and people.183. Google Planetary Engine – Seeing with your own two eyes the alarming changes of our planet. (Google Planetary Engine)184. Bird Risk and Richness – Studying the effects of shrinking habitats on bird populations in the world. (Audubon)185. Carbon Sequestration – Deferring global warming through carbon sequestration through location-based carbon management systems.186. Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification – Modelling observed and projected climate change scenarios with variables such as population growth, economic development and varying energy use and technological innovations.187. Smog – Squinting your eyes to see through all of that smog. (Mapbox Smog from Space)188. Temperature Change – Measuring the effects of greenhouse gases being the main culprit of temperature change by mapping temperature at levels above the Earth’s surface.189. Climate Change Design – Redesigning to accommodate climate change and pinpointing those locations needed most.190. Land Change Modeller – Simplifying innovative land planning and decision support with IDRISI’s Land Change Modeler. It includes special tools for the assessment of REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) climate change mitigation strategies.191. Vegetation Indices – Using remote sensing vegetation indices like NDVI, CTVI, NRVI and PVI to monitor vegetation change throughout time.13 Crime GIS Applications192. Crime Patterns – Responding to crimes with a data-driven approach and deliver tailored responses through rapid deployment of personnel and resources. (Spillman CompStat)193. Incident Map – Keeping the community safer by streaming visual mediums for arson, assault, burglary, homicide, prostitution, robbery, theft, and vandalism in a city.194. Auto Theft and Recovery – Tracking auto theft with GPS-enabled vehicles.195. Sex Offenders – Tracking past criminal offenders with GPS movement patterns in relationship to schools and other entities.196. Emergency Calls and Dispatch – An emergency call starts and ends at a location. GIS can manage both 911 calls and dispatching units to precise locations. (Zetron Computer-Aided Dispatch)197. Law Enforcement Operations – Allocating and dispatching police officers where it’s needed most by studying crime activities.198. Unlawful Landlords – Capturing thermal signatures of illegal tenants in sheds because renting out sheds is illegal in London, England. (Pitney Bowes Crime Solution)199. Predictive Policing – Patrolling Mapping clusters of burglaries or other crimes assigning more police in those locations using heat maps or Getis-Ord General G and point patterns.200. Missing Body Search – Narrowing down the search of a missing by finding subtle terrain anomalies in the ground using LiDAR.201. Megan’s Law – Obeying the requirement for local law enforcement agencies to notify residents about the presence of certain sex offenders in their area by only contacting a buffered area of the offender’s residence.202. Forensic GIS – Applying science and geographic information for the investigating of a crime – such as using GPS-recorded information in vehicles to prove the location at the scene of a crime. (Forensic GIS – The Role of Geospatial Technologies for Investigating Crime and Providing Evidence)203. GeoEvent Notification – Avoiding high-crime areas with geofencing when delivering high-valued goods.204. Extra Penalties – Dishing out extra penalties to criminals if convicted of selling drugs within a specified distance of a school property.205. Illegal Smuggling – Monitoring cross-border smuggling activity by placing a GPS on a vehicle with a warrant to do so.206. Fear of Crime – Interviewing individuals for fear of crime using GPS-enabled mobile computing.207. Geographic Profiling – Using a connected series of crimes to determine the most probabilistic location of a criminal offender or offense – useful for finding serial criminals.208. Stalking – Abusing GPS technology by stalking with a GPS receiver. A GPS jammer prevents positional monitoring.209. First Response – Getting to a crime scene quicker with all the critical information needed in the field. (Adashi Incident Command Software)210. Traffic Violations – Collecting and mapping traffic incident to assess if units should be spread out or concentrated in certain locations.211. Open Air Drug Markets – Uncovering relationship between crimes and the location of open air drug markets based on analogous crimes throughout other communities212. Ankle Monitor – Homing in on those under house arrest or parole. GPS bracelets only have value if you know where they are going.14 Defense/Military GIS Applications213. Augmented Reality Sandtable (ARES) – Improving battlespace visualization with projected GIS data on a sandtable. (Augmented Reality)214. Terrorism Search – Finding Osama Bin Laden using remote sensing imagery with biogeographic theory (distance-decay theory and island biogeography theory). (Finding Osama Bin Laden)215. Anti-aircraft – Answering anti-aircraft gun reach using 3D dome layers to avoid dangerous airspace (Anti-aircraft)216. Safe Landings– Parachuting from the skies safely by evaluation the underlying surroundings of the area.217. Intelligence Data Integration – Overlaying accurate geographic data for battlefield application and make life saving decisions218. Combat Flight Planning Software (CFPS) – Previewing combat routes, weapon delivery and air drop planning in Falcon View. (Falcon View)219. Reconnaissance Satellites – Spying on enemies with satellites – from Corona in 1959 to the tiny CubeSat’s being used today.220. Base Construction Planning – Constructing a base site without it being visible from nearby major roads using the 3D skyline tool.221. GEOINT – Revealing human activity through the use of geospatial investigation and ultraviolet to microwave imagery.222. Military Simulation – Simulating ground vehicle in a highly realistic virtual world.223. US Army Corps of Engineers – Delivering vital public and military engineering services keeping geospatial information in mind. (US Army Corps of Engineers)224. Pigeon Mapping – Spying on enemies in World War II with the Bavarian Pigeon Corps – a flock of pigeons equipped with cameras.225. Chokepoint – Safeguarding chokepoints like bridges or dams where critical infrastructure converge – explosions here would cause multiple effects.226. Bird Strike – Flying safely through the Bird Avoidance Model (BAM) – a temporal raster grids equal to the sum of the mean bird mass for all species present.227. Uranium Depletion – Mapping depleted uranium and preventing it from getting into the wrong hands.228. President Assassination – Preventing assassinations by understanding the logistics of a past one. (Assassination Prevention)229. Mobile Command Modeling – Setting up shop by finding the most optimal mobile command location.230. Common Operating Picture – Getting everyone on the same page with a Common Operating Picture.231. Military Mission Planning – Increasing operational awareness to helicopter pilots through 3D for conducting ingress and egress movement.232. Locational Intelligence – Creating safety and danger areas for ground-to-ground weapons (Surface Danger Zones) and air-to-ground Weapon Danger Zone. (Range Management Toolkit (RMTK))233. United Nations Peacekeeping – Peacekeeping by means of having the geographic necessary for humanitarian aid, developing peace in war-torn countries and providing the necessary support.234. Critical Features – Identifying threats to homeland security by collecting knowledge of the built and cultural environments.235. Tactical Planning – Deploying troops and military equipment to combat zones intelligently by searching compressed and quick-loading reconnaissance imagery.236. Motion Video – Capturing georeferenced video to assess anything such as operational status of an industrial plant, bomb damage on a target or length of a runway. (GeoMedia Motion Video Analyst)237. Homeland Security – Addressing vulnerabilities and formulating preparedness measures in case of terrorism and emergency situations.238. Virtual Reality – Simulating military and training in a 3D environment using GIS data.239. Attack Modelling – Modeling a potential attack to legitimize the needs and have policy makers truly understand the consequences of an attack with preparedness expenditures.240. Helicopter Landing – Inventorying potential landing zones to helicopters unseen, unheard and on flat terrain.241. Guard Posting – Posting armed guards in optimal locations to eliminate chokepoints.242. 3D Fences – Building security fences with post interval and number of wires/boards with heights in a 3D GIS environment.243. War Maps – Familiarizing oneself with the enemy defenses and territory by mapping strategic attacks.244. World Trade Center – Responding to terrorist attacks including real-time data delivery, victim tracking, facility and resource vulnerability, data availability, implementation, environmental exposure and air monitoring (World Trade Center GIS Response)245. Georeferenced Video – Cataloging and retrieving full motion video using the ArcGIS Full Motion Video Add-In or Hexagon Geospatial GeoMedia Motion GeoVideo Analyst.246. Detecting IED – Monitoring disturbed surfaces one day to next to find Improvised Explosive Devices247. Logistics – Responding to military and security decisions with timely logistics and support.248. Camouflage Detection – Carrying out early reconnaissance missions during war using near-infrared.249. Military Grid Reference System – Locating points on the Earth with from three parts – grid zone designator, square identifier and numerical location.15 Disaster GIS Applications250. Richter Scale – Depicting earthquakes on a 3D globe like spikes on a porcupine for each reading on the Richter scale. (3D Richter Scale Map)251. Shared Operations – Responding to disasters with quickness and reliability using a Common Operating Picture and cloud services (Cloud GIS for Disaster Monitoring)252. Chernobyl Exclusion Zone – Buffering a radius of 18.6 miles (30 km) which is now known as the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone.253. Landslide Vulnerability – Dodging landslides with relief maps and 3D analysis.254. Hurricane Response – Sidestepping the threat of hurricanes by tracking historical hurricane paths and through better disaster response/assistance.255. Earthquake Prediction – Obtaining earthquake signatures measuring subduction events with GRACE satellite and the geoid. (Earthquake Prediction)256. Coastal Surges – Estimating risk in three steps using HAZUS software by FEMA.257. Citizen Alert – Guaranteeing protection of citizens by delivering geo-targeted alerts on mobile. (FME Server Real-Time Earthquake Reporting)258. What-if Scenarios – Determining higher likelihood events based on historical data and spatial analysis.259. Evacuation – Evaluating evacuation capabilities neighborhoods may face and generating effective design.260. Oil Spill – Degreasing oil spills by identifying current direction and rate of oil movement.261. Tornado Warning Siren – Safeguarding residents with effective siren coverage in tornado alley. (Tornado Warning Siren Modelling)262. Fire Severity – Prioritizing prevention and planning efforts during forest fires.263. Flood Forecasting – Simulating with stream discharge hydrographs with variations of water over time.264. Tornado Alley – Finding patterns of historical tornadoes in Tornado Alley.265. Avalanche Modeling – Uncovering areas prone to avalanches by assessing high slopes with sparse vegetation for residential planning, ski resorts and highway safety planning.266. Tsunami Damage – Identifying high risk areas for tsunami damage267. Emergency Shelter – Allocating emergency shelter at time of disaster268. Consequences Assessment Tool Set (CATS) – Analyzing damage to the environment, the exposed population, and provides real-time resource allocation information to mitigate the consequences. (Leidos Consequences Assessment Tool Set)269. Vulnerability to Natural Hazards – Deselecting hazard-prone land for more resilient communities through smart land planning.270. Search and Rescue – Rescuing missing persons drones using small, highly maneuverable unmanned aerial vehicles (drones).271. Volcanic Ash – Rendering volcanic ash clouds in 3D for their dispersion of spillages underwater.272. Earthquake Epicenter/Hypocenter – Establishing the epicenter, hypocenters, faults and lineaments, radius and frequency of earthquakes.273. Volcano Activity – Monitoring thermal emission from the volcano’s summit in Iceland using Landsat’s Thermal Infrared.274. Disaster Warning – Alerting citizens before a large-scale earthquake happens with a new generation of inter-operable early warning systems for multiple hazards. (DEWS – Distant Early Warning System for Tsunamis – uDig)275. Earthquake Assistance – Assisting in the aftermath of the massive Ecuador earthquake by listing “Safe Place” locations from government listings. (Waze Community Assistance)276. Disaster Debris – Estimating debris amounts to better prepare and respond to a major debris generating event.277. Earthquake-Landslide Susceptibility – Mapping the susceptibility of earthquake induced landslides using an artificial neural networks and factors such as slope, aspect, curvature and distance from drainage. (Earthquake-Landslide Susceptibility Using Neural Networks)16 Ecology GIS Applications278. Telemetry – Collecting GPS locations from collared mammals for the purpose of storing, displaying and analyzing their coordinates.279. Habitat Suitability – Factoring in all the variables to understand the habitat that animals select and avoid using linear regression.280. Land Facet Corridor Analysis – Identifying linkages between wildlife and landscapes. (Land Facet Corridor Analysis)281. Landscape Fragmentation Tools (LFT) – Classifying land cover types into forest fragmentation categories – patch, edge, perforated, and core. (Landscape Fragmentation Tools LFT)282. Migration Patterns – Simulating the East African wildebeest migration patterns for the Serengeti–Mara ecosystem in East Africa.283. Path Metrics – Calculates turn angles, step lengths, bearings, time intervals for a point time series dataset using GME. (Geospatial Modelling Environment – GME)284. DNA Traits – Mapping the richness, distribution and diversity of organisms on the landscape based on molecular marker (DNA).285. Surui Tribe – Equipping the Surui tribe with geo-tagging equipment to put an end to the deforestation and cultural devastation in their section of the Brazilian rain forest. (Surui Tribe)286. Species Biodiversity – Gauging over time a decrease in biodiversity or an abundance of species (invasive or disturbance-increasing) using temporal GIS. (Refractions Biodiversity BC)287. Honey Bees – Stimulating spatial thinking processes by analyzing relationships between environmental characteristics and honey bee health and abundance (GIS Honey Bee Research)288. Elk Ranges – Estimating an average home range for an entire herd of mammals using the Minimum Convex Polygon in Hawth’s Tools.289. Anthropogenic Disturbances – Understanding the effects of transmission line construction by monitoring mammals with helicopter surveys. Get to the choppa!290. Migratory Birds – Cross-referencing telemetry GPS migratory (Osprey) bird locations with Langley Air Force Base flying operations in an effort to reduce an aircraft strike. (NASA Langley Research – Bird/Wildlife Aircraft Strike Hazard)291. Shannon’s H Diversity Index – Measuring mathematically species diversity and richness in a community.292. Microclimates – Analyzing exposure to sunlight with aspect data as an indication of microclimates and species occurrence.293. Topographic Ruggedness Index – Estimating terrain heterogeneity which is useful for predicting which habitats are used by species294. De-Extinction – Bringing extinct species back to life and marking their previous habitats – like the passenger pigeon from 5 billion birds to zero in a couple of decades.295. Sky View – Maximizing the portion of visible sky and understanding potential forest habitat.296. FragStats – Computing a wide variety of landscape metrics for categorical map patterns. (FragStats)297. Topographic Position Index – Classifying the landscape into slope position and land-form category298. Global Ecology Land Units – Characterizing distinct physical environments and associated land cover of global ecosystems (USGS). (Global Ecology Land Units)299. Biogeography – Studying ecosystems in geographic space and through (geological) time along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area.300. Species Modelling – Running the Maximum Entropy Model (MAXENT). (QGIS Species Distribution Modelling (QSDM) plugin)301. Flocking Birds – Mimicking flocking birds in a system of interactive parts using Agent Based Modeling. (NetLogo Flocking Birds)302. Risk of Extinction – Describing existing conditions of habitat and predicting risk of extinctions, chance of recovery and mitigation measures – such as prohibiting hunting.303. Habitat Priority Planner – Prioritizing conservation, restoration, and planning through NOAA’s Habitat Priority Planner. (Habitat Priority Planner)304. DNA Barcoding – Attaching a specific location when barcoding life. Smithsonian Institution national Museum of Natural History – (DNA Barcoding – Natural History)305. Society for Conservation GIS (SCGIS) – Assisting conservationists worldwide through community involvement and for the conservation of natural resources and cultural heritage. (SCGIS)306. Sanctuary Ecologically Significant Areas – Delineating remarkable, representative and/or sensitive marine habitats, communities and ecological processes as SESAs. (Sanctuary Ecological Significant Areas)307. Mammal Magnetic Alignment – Discovering how deer can sense magnetism through satellite image analysis and field observations of body alignments of deer beds in snow. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008)308. Sustainable Populations Counts – Counting polar bears and their geographic distribution analyzing two satellite images over time.309. Crocodile Eggs – Monitoring in real-time factors like temperature and humidity for crocodile eggs. (Crocodile Eggs Real-Time Monitoring)310. Into the Okavango – Trekking the Okavango in a journal style map – the world’s last great wetland wildernesses and UNESCO World Heritage Site. (Into the Okavango)311. World Animal Protection – Becoming more resilient from future disasters. (World Animal Protection)312. Linear Directional Mean – Determining the trend for the movement of elk and moose in a stream valley could calculate the directional trend of migration routes for the two species.313. Wa-Tor Predator-Prey Simulation – Simulating ecological predator-prey populations with randomness and rule-based responses.314. Golden Eagle Tracking – Tracking Golden eagle populations using a Biodiversity Tracking System in Manifold GIS.315. Earth Trends Modeler – Assessing long term climate trends, measuring seasonal trends in phenology, and decomposing image time series to seek recurrent patterns in space and time in IDRISI TerraSet.316. Ecological Barrier – Marking physically isolated barriers between species.317. Geotagging Photos – Specifying wildlife photo locations through geotagging and streamlining the importing process with ArcPhoto.17 Economics GIS Applications318. Spatial Econometrics – Intersecting spatial analysis with economics. (GeoDa)319. World Economic Outlook – Projecting the future economy and key macroeconomic indicators with the World Economic Outlook – IMF (World Economic Outlook)320. Goods Flow – Illustrating the flow of people or goods from point to point based on values with desire lines. (Maptitude Flow Lines)321. Globalization – Measuring the degree and extent of economic globalization using international trade data through time.322. The Thünen Model – Distributing the production themselves in space incorporating costs of transport and factor mobility.323. Economic Freedom – Mapping economic freedom throughout the world – an annual guide published by The Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation (Economic Freedom Heat Map)324. Geographic Portfolio – Diversifying your stock portfolio geographically for different countries and stock markets of the world.325. Global Trade – Exporting goods start at a location and ends up in another.326. Geographic Innovation Index – Investigating the relations between geographic proximity to innovation resources and stock returns. (Geographic Innovation Index)327. Economic Base Indicator – Viewing economic indicators for business, industry and demography based on radial, drive and proximity.328. Thematic Mapping – Portraying economic data like unemployment and labor information in time-series thematic maps because maps speak to people329. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) – Carving out boundaries for sovereign rights regarding the exploration of marine resources below the surface of the sea330. Gross Domestic Product – Creating continuous area cartograms. (Cartogram QGIS Plugin)331. Global Transition to a New Economy – Prioritizing human well-being through a crowd-sourced sustainable projects map. (Global Transition to a New Economy)332. Trade Area – Delineating the geographic area where a certain percentage of a store’s customers live.333. Economic Costs of Pollution – Assessing greener growth options and the costs of pollution in India by understanding the current state of environment degradation.18 Education GIS Applications334. Campus Navigation – Navigate through a university campus with online mapping applications.335. Neogeography – Opening the floodgates for individuals to create their own maps, on their own terms and by combining elements of an existing toolset336. Projection Art – Investigating our Earth by understanding map projections. (National Geographic – Projection Art)337. Macroscope – Seeing through the macroscope – our earth as a whole rather than be taken apart In their constituents. (Macroscope)338. Bus Services – Assessing which addresses in proximity to a school are eligible for busing.339. Safe Routes to School Mapping Toolkit – Deciding the safest route to school.340. Geospatial Revolution – Captivating audiences with the Penn State Geospatial Revolution341. Cartographic Modelling – Using map algebra to depict the relationships of transportation and geography on access to adult literacy centers in Philadelphia.19 Energy GIS Applications342. Nuclear Power Risk – Conceptualizing nuclear power plant radioactive release with evacuation time and population exposed.343. Marine Renewable Energy – Seeing the ocean of information with wave heights and wind for electric dam selection.344. Concession – Putting concession licenses that give a company the right to drill for oil or gas and exploratory drilling boreholes on a map.345. World Power Types – Seeing how much of the world is being powered by fossil fuels, nuclear and renewable sources. (What Powers the World?)346. Nuclear Waste Site Selection – Safeguarding people with proper nuclear waste disposal347. Water Yields and Scarcity – Estimating water yields and scarcity at a sub-watershed level to calculate hydroelectric potential to the year 2100. Water Scarcity with Ecosystem Services Modeler IDRISI – The Ecosystem Services Modeler (ESM)348. Access Limitation – Calculating access limitations for building like slope being a major factor for getting wagons up the hill to the site.349. Coal Stockpiles – Capturing satellite imagery of frequent shots of open pit mines and resource stockpiles to better understand how much coal has been mined each month. (Coal Stockpiles)350. Shale Gas Plays – Depicting current and prospective shale gas resource areas in shale basins from the Energy Information Association.351. Dam Sites Selection – Comparing hypothetical dam sites by potential water storage to understand how land use/land cover is impacted.352. Energy Consumption – Drawing out energy capacity and consumption on a map. (World Energy Consumption Map)353. Wind Farm Site Selection – Selecting suitable wind farm by understanding wind power, transmission capacity, road access and developable land.354. Turbine Visibility – Discerning visibility of wind for potential changes on a landscape, such as the effect of adding wind farms, or the addition of a new building to an urban area.355. Radar Interference – Calculating potential radar interference and conflicts between turbines and airport approach/landing surfaces with 3D analysis.20 Engineering GIS Applications356. Asset Management – Managing infrastructure data maintenance along with their lifecycle (GeoMedia Asset Management)357. Building Permits – Helping the user determine whether or not a requested permit is in an historic district, an aquifer protection district, wetland, or floodplain.358. CAD Interoperability – Integrating CAD data (DWG, DXF) into GIS and vice versa.359. Construction Environmental Management Plan – Mitigating the potential negative impacts of engineering projects by identifying environmentally sensitive sites and mitigation measures.360. COGO – Constructing points, spirals, curves and arcs with coordinate geometry.361. Real-time Sensors – Monitoring carbon monoxide in real-time with GeoEvent Extension with set thresholds and alerts (Valarm Monitoring Company)362. Augmented Reality – Pulling up engineering diagrams and real-time sensor networks to view water pressure or amperage. (Augmented Reality)363. Cut & Fill – Carving out 3D cut and fills for major civil engineering projects such as major road constructions.364. Department of Interior – Constructing dams, power plants, and canals for protecting water and water-related resources in the United States. (Bureau of Reclamation)365. Facility Management – Optimizing energy efficiency with building automation services for a more comprehensive view of a building.366. Artificial Dam – Damming a site artificially by raising the elevations along a dam site using a Euclidean distance grid and map algebra.367. Development Area – Getting the big picture by tapping into GIS data like gentle slopes, and closeness to roads.21 Environment GIS Applications368. Environmental Impact Assessment – Measuring anticipated effects on the environment of a proposed development project369. Site Remediation – Removing contamination from a plot of land detailing risk exposure and an overview with maps.370. Fire Growth Simulation – Extinguishing fires faster by understand how they grow in discrete steps bringing together wind, weather and fuel for the fire. (FireScience BehavePlus)371. Surface Water Flow – Characterizing water flow to be identified as high consequence for oil spill mitigation.372. Dead Zones – Mapping out dead zones where marine life is unable to be supported.373. Canadian Land Inventory – Charting out land capability to sustain agriculture, forestry and recreation.374. Non-point Source Pollution – Modelling non-point source pollution like soil erosion and sedimentation which are often controlled by variables such as land use/cover, topography, soils and rainfall.375. Wetland Inventory – Delineating wetlands by types and function. (National Wetlands Inventory)376. Invasive Species Modular Dispersal – Modelling the spread of a species’ population distribution through time occupancy maps (GRASS GIS Species Dispersal)377. Storm Water Runoff – Conserving nearby resources such as water and flora by better managing runoff.378. Brownfield and Greenfield Sites – Digging up the background information (Phase 1) and conducting the necessary geo-technical analyses to explore economic opportunities at brownfield and greenfield sites.379. Ozone – Motivating the world to do their part by mapping the spatial distribution of ozone concentrations.380. SWAT Model – Testing the effectiveness of agriculture and environmental policies for pollution control systems in a given watershed like the mwSWAT Plugin in MapWindow381. Karst – Identifying known cave and karst resources into a sinkhole digitization database for best interstate alignment selection. (Karst Database)382. Permafrost – Interpreting permafrost probability in the Yukon. (Yukon Permafrost Probability Map)383. Traffic Sign Deterioration – Assessing the effects of air pollutants on traffic sign deterioration. (Traffic Sign Deterioration)384. Impoundment Index Tool for Wetlands – Unearthing wetlands with Impoundment Index Tool to site potential wetland restoration projects, monitor wetland drainage and model beaver habitat. (Whitebox GAT Impoundment Index Tool)22 Forestry GIS Applications385. Forest Inventory – Prioritizing timber harvesting units by referring to age class and forest type to better measure timber acreage and average estimates.386. Forest Fires – Plotting out forest fires with MODIS. (University of Maryland Forest Fires)387. Deforestation – Gauging deforestation using land cover change in time.388. Reforestation – Recharging forests through tree planting planning on a map.389. Forest Heights – Measuring tree heights with altimetry and noticing how trees generally differ 20m with taller ones at the equator. (GLAS Satellite)390. Vertical Point Profile – Viewing vertical profile of 3D LiDAR points to better understand tree structure and height. (TNT LiDAR)391. Cut Lines – Finding cut lines in ortho imagery to find easy access.392. Tree Lines – Drawing tree lines in the Canadian Arctic.393. Illegal Logging – Identify potential illegal activity with satellite data. (Global Forest Watch)394. Forest Carbon Reserves – Sequestering carbon through forest reserves and carbon observed in atmosphere.395. Agent-Based Simulation – Simulating the spread of an agent (like a fire) triggered by random events (such as lightning) on a raster landscape in discrete time. (GME Cellular Automata Model)396. Global Forest Watch – Putting all the pieces together with an integrated forest watch online platform.397. Drones for Indonesia Indigenous – Promoting sustainable forests using drones in Setulang village, Indonesia. (Drones for Indonesia)398. Wildfire Rescue – Saving lives through real-time wildfire satellite monitoring.399. Vegetation Potential – Analyzing tree growth & distribution of vegetation with west/east-facing and aspect data.400. Leaf Area Index – Summing the total area of leaves per ground unit.401. Amazon Rain Forest – Maximizing satellite potential viewing soil erosion, watershed destabilization, climate degradation, and species extinction in Brazil.402. Remnant Rain Forest – Studying aspect data to find how remnants of rainforest are almost always found on east-facing slopes (with aspect) which are protected from dry westerly wind.403. 4D GIS – Getting to know the XYZ’s with time of timber harvesting and subsequent vegetation growth.404. Age of Trees – Inventorying the XY position and rings of trees in a database to understand its age.405. Forest Disease – Mapping the impact of how forest infestations like the mountain pine beetle has on forests and the economy. (Google Fusion Tables – Disease Map)406. Wildfire Simulation – Automating the spread of wildfire in time using the 3D virtual workspace of Capaware.23 Gaming GIS Applications407. Oculus Rift – Building realistic 3D environments with Esri CityEngine because virtual reality is all about location and a sense of place. (Esri CityEngine and Oculus Rift)408. Building Virtual Environments – Designing future buildings, roads, cities, and parks with video game contributions. (GIS and Gaming – Matt Artz)409. Geoguessr – Embarking on an educational journey that takes you all over the world (Geoguessr)410. Mercator Projection Game – Learning about shape, size, and conformity of the Earth with map projections.411. Spatial Data Integration – Intersecting the gaming world with rich, real-world, spatial data integration.412. Planet Hunters – Finding undiscovered planets with crowd-source style online games. (Planet Hunters)24 Gardening GIS Applications413. Living Plant Collection – Managing garden collections and plant records with the ArcGIS Public Garden Data Model like the UC Davis Arboretum, Arnold Arboretum at Harvard University and Smithsonian Garden. (Public Gardens GIS)414. Gardening Microclimates – Studying microclimates (temperature from large bodies of water, topography, urban areas trapping heat) to carefully choose and position their plants and make them thrive.415. Information Delivery – Inspire and educate your visitors with intelligent web maps of your park or garden.416. Weeds – Storing weeds and herbicide dosage in a database to manage effectiveness and control measures.417. Roof Gardening – Assessing average temperatures by zoning, water availability and position sheltering to identify buildings with the greatest potential for rooftop gardens.418. Garden Reporting – Creating data-driven reports and mapbooks on collections of plants about conditions and hazards.25 Geology GIS Applications419. Drill Hole Planner – Drilling with 3D planning tools including depth, azimuth and positions.420. Aquifer Recharge – Determining potential aquifer recharge using steepness of slope and soil permeability421. Well & Volumetric Data Visualization – Creating powerful, fast, customized 3D models with a fusion of geologic data, GIS data, well/borehole data, and point cloud data. (Voxler Golden Software)422. Plate Wizard Project – Reconstructing converging and diverging plates through geologic time.423. Geological Interpretation – Digitizing surficial geology (surface sediments, their morphology and properties) with air photo interpretation and field validation.424. qgSurf – Interpreting geomorphological analyses based on their surface and orientation.425. Marine Geology – Inventorying marine geology. (NOAA Marine Geology)426. Geomorphology Features – Studying the nature and origin of landforms, including relationships to underlying structures and processes of formation.427. Dip and Strike – Plotting dip and strike readings and their geological orientation with rotational symbols.428. Digital Rock Engineering – Tunneling underground with attention to existing topography and its surrounding which includes above-ground and underground structures429. Aeromagnetic Anomalies – Correlating aeromagnetic anomalies with surface geology in tectonically active region.430. Continental Drift – Measuring tectonics plate movement with GPS431. EnterVol Geology – Creating full 3D, volumetric models of geology direct from collected data integrating lithology data with surfaces. (EnterVol Geology)432. Subsurface Mapping – Mapping the subsurface through well-log data by drillers with standard lithological terms and classification system433. Landform Classification – Classifying landforms with qualitative analysis of the surface like summits, passes, convex/concave break lines, crests and more with gvSIG geomorphology tools.434. Geologic Structure – Using photogrammetry in inaccessible regions in 2D and 3D cross-sections for geologic structure mapping. (Hexagon Geospatial Photogrammetry)26 Geostatistics435. Spatial Autocorrelation – Testing whether the observed value of a variable at one locality is independent of the values of the variable at neighboring localities. (GeoDa Spatial Autocorrelation)436. Data Mining – Automating the search for hidden patterns in large databases437. Spatial Regression – Building spatial regression to models for estimating the relationship between spatial variables. (GeoDa Spatial Regression)438. Zonal Statistics – Summing, averaging or finding the range, minimum or maximum in a given range.439. Hexagon Tesselation – Defining sampling locations, helping to ensure that all regions within the study area are represented by the sampling results. (Hexagon Tesselation)440. First Law of Geography – Using Tobbler’s First Law of Geography in analysis- “Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.”441. Semi-variogram – Graphing the variance in measure with distance between sampled paired locations.442. Space-Time Cube – Binning data (netCDF) into a cube input and running statistics, trends and hot spot analyses over time. (ArcGIS Space-Time Cube)443. Map-ematics – Making math operations in maps like adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, exponentiation, root, log, cosine and differentiation (Map-ematics – Joseph Berry)444. Kriging – Interpolating unknown measurements using kriging and other techniques.445. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) – Combining input layers and a table with a number of factors comparing their comparative weights to calculate a new layer as a linear combination of the input layers.446. Ordered Weighted Average (OWA) – Calculating the weighted average of a group of layers based on the order of values. (OWA – gvSIG)447. Fishnet – Creating a fishnet to correlate coefficient between boating accidents and dams using a fishnet.448. Geospatial Modelling Environment – Leveraging open source software R as the statistical engine to drive powerful analysis tools in ArcGIS.449. Principal Components Analysis – Reducing dimensions with Principal Components Analysis. (Principal Component Analysis)450. Data Visualization in R – Writing each line of code to programmatically create maps (R Data Visualization – Robin Lovelace)451. Fuzzy Logic – Applying fuzzy logic with degrees of truth because often do not have clearly defined boundaries.452. Pivot Tables – Generate dynamic pivot tables in QGIS. (QGIS Group Stats Plugin)453. Monte Carlo Simulation – Modeling spatial phenomena in with simulation models.454. Minkowski Generalization – Determining how complicated object are with Minkowski fractal dimension (Minkowski–Bouligand dimension QGIS plugin)455. Map Algebra – Applying local, focal and zonal functions techniques. (“GIS and Cartographic Modeling” by Dana Tomlin)27 Groundwater GIS Applications456. Darcy Flow – Examining the movement of groundwater flow through coarse materials like sand.457. MODFLOW – Modelling groundwater demand and predicting impact of groundwater demand in basins. (Aquaveo Water Modeling)458. Groundwater Availability – Analyzing land use practices with water availability and quality.459. Aquifer Recharge – Measuring permeability recharge and quantifying growth over time.460. Groundwater Plume – Delineating groundwater contamination and its change.461. Hydrostratigraphy – Identifying mappable units on the basis of aquifer hydraulic properties.462. DRASTIC – Evaluating the vulnerability of pollution of groundwater resources based on hydrogeological parameters.463. 3D Borehole – Symbolizing sub-surface data like bore holes magnitude with inverted depths.464. Groundwater Volume – Determining to drill a new well by examining existing groundwater and surface water.465. Stratigraphy – Plotting boreholes, cross section and well logs. (Golden Software Strata)466. Contamination – Evaluating the risk of impact for the construction and situating industrial plants, landfills, agricultural activities and other potential groundwater contamination sources467. Porous Puff – Calculating mass per volume of a solute at a discrete point into a vertically mixed aquifer with the ArcGIS Groundwater Tools.468. Shallow Slope Stability (SHALSTAB) – Computing grid cells that are critical shallow groundwater recharge values.28 Healthy Mapping Applications469. HealthMap – Delivering real-time, global disease monitoring (HealthMap)470. Centre for Disease Control (CDC) – Serving county-level maps of heart disease and stroke by race/ethnicity, gender, and age group, along with maps of social and economic factors and health services for the entire United States or for a chosen state or territory. (Interactive Atlas of Heart and Stroke)471. Leukemia Research – Investigating leukemia clusters with proximity to transmission lines.472. John Snow – Forging a whole new field of study (epidemiology) by studying the spatial distribution of cholera cases and identifying the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street.473. Ebola – Mapping the change of confirmed and probable cases of Ebola over time. (World Health Organization)474. Distance to Health Care – Finding the closest doctor is a spatial problem475. Vital Records – Recording of events, such as births and deaths that are maintained by public health agencies.476. Lead Concentrations – Correlating how children with lead poisoning were found to be closer to an old lead refinery.477. Cluster Analysis – Identifying built environmental patterns using cluster analysis and GIS: relationships with walking, cycling and body mass index. (Cluster Analysis)478. Euclidean Distance – Finding the distance to disposal sites during an avian flu outbreak.479. Disease Surveillance – Monitoring West Nile Virus with GIS on handheld devices.480. Asthma – Connecting the dots of asthma and air pollution.481. Epidemiology – Tracking disease and epidemiological information in a spatial database. (CDC Epi-Info)482. UV Exposure – Exposing the risks of harmful UV rays with birth rates.483. Mobile Flu Shots – Determining an optimal site location for mobile flu shot vehicles to service where demand is needed most with location-allocation.484. Geomedicine –Tracking patient’s location history to determine if environmental and industrial hazards put them at risk for certain types of diseases485. Madrid’s Air – Visualization Madrid´s air (gases, particles, pollen, diseases, etc) with the aim to make visible the microscopic and invisible agents. (Madrid’s Air Map)486. Ambulance Response – Responding to emergencies faster with the quickest geographic route.487. Infant Mortality – Track child immunizations with mortality rates.488. Food Trust – Overlapping factors like poverty and obesity, fresh supermarkets, diet-related disease – space to target for policy-makers489. Public Health Informatics – Ensuring patients get the care they need with public health care informatics.490. Walgreens Prescription Mapping – Mapping and analyzing influenza based on the prescriptions customers are making to respond to the need of users more efficiently. (Walgreens Weekly Flu Index Webmap)491. Disease Spread Patterns – Plotting ellipses for a disease outbreak over time to model its spread.492. Walkability – Piecing together walkable neighborhoods with health diseases like heart disease, hypertension, obesity and even breast cancer.493. Anti-Smoking Campaigns – Targeting Anti-smoking campaigns where it’s needed most and most visible to target audience.494. Cancer Research – Researching cancer from the sky with the Landsat satellite. (Landsat Cancer Research)495. Mosquitoes-borne Illness – Identifying areas with high indices of mosquito infestation and interpreting the spatial relationship of these areas with potential larval development sites such as garbage piles and large pools of standing water.496. HIV AIDS Database – Making the distribution of HIV/AIDS to manage treatment.497. Tele-medicine – Quantifying populations and health care availability when distance separates patients and health care providers.29 History GIS Applications498. Shipwrecks – Documenting the remains of shipwrecks, aircraft, hulks, lost anchors and any other objects on the seabed through the SHIPS Project. (SHIPS Project – Shipwrecks Mapping)499. American Museum of Natural History – Apply biodiversity information to collect, organize and analyze biological and environmental data with the aim to provide new insights in conservation, ecology and evolution.500. Topoview Slider Publishing maps with a slider style map to see how an area looked before development and how it changes over time. (USGS Topoview)501. Micronesian Navigational Chart – Navigating by canoe using stick charts as ocean swell patterns.502. Historical Photos – Geo-locating historical photos in augmented reality. (WhatWasThere application)503. Babylonians – Etching the lay of the land on clay.504. Old Weather – Tracking past ship movements and telling the stories of the people on board by studying weather patterns. (Old Weather)505. Pilgrimages – Setting foot on a pilgrimage and mapping the distances traveled.506. Boundary Changes – Carving out how boundaries change in time such as after World War II.507. Spy Glass – Time-travelling back to 1836 in New York powered by Esri. (Smithsonian Institution)508. Industrial Revolution Radioactivity – Putting radioactivity on the map since the industrial revolution.509. 3D Historical Fly-through – Soaring through historical imagery with ArcScene.510. Smoke Signals – Using viewsheds to put yourself in Native Americans shoes when smoke signals were used.511. Ancestry – Surveying through ancestry with geophylogeny – the evolution and geographic spread of common ancestry and geographic connectedness.512. ArcGIS Online Historical Maps – Exploring the old USGS historic maps. (USGS Historic Maps)513. Manhattan Immigration Patterns – Showing how immigrants in Manhattan varied not only through space, but also time. (Past Time, Past Place: GIS For History)514. Aztec vs Mexican Last Names – Aligning current place-names to historical place-names to understand the ancient geography of Aztec culture. (Aztec and Mexican Last Names)515. Witchcraft Accusers – Gathering the geographic location of the accusers and accused during the Salem witch trials to show inter-family feuds were a strong case for the trials instead of hysteria among young girls.516. Cultural Preservation – Preserving historic properties whose documentation must still be located and entered into this GIS.517. Pangea – Drawing the different stages of the continental evolution from Pangea to the Earth we see today.518. Napolean’s March to Moscow in 3D – Visualizing troop movement, cities, basemaps, temperature in time slices using Esri’s CityEngine Napolean’s March to Moscow. (Napolean March in 3D)519. Georeferencing Historical Imagery – Straightening historical imagery using georeferencing.520. Human Activity Patterns – Engraving activity on maps showing human movement patterns with time-enabled GIS.521. Land Bridges – Agreeing on an acceptable term for “land bridge” – which was an area available due to the water tied up in ice sheets.522. Lewis and Clark – Charting out the Lewis and Clark expedition.30 Hydrology GIS Applications523. Braided Rivers – Managing braided rivers with their complex geometry and state in flux.524. Sedimentation Rate – Characterizing erosion and sedimentation with the Sediment Transport Index.525. Catchment Areas – Delineating watershed catchment areas, where rainfall flows into a river. (Mapping Watersheds in Whitebox GAT)526. Topographic Wetness Index – Combining slope and upstream area to give you relative measure of wetness as the first places where the ground saturates, begins to pool, and generates runoff.527. Flow Direction – Coding the direction of flow with eight valid directions. (Flo 2D)528. Flow Estimator – Estimating flow rates with a series of spatially-located gauging stations.529. Height Above River – Generating predictive surfaces for plant species distribution modeling using high resolution DEM data. (LiDAR Height Above River)530. Sinuosity – Measuring the degree of channelization and meandering for a given watercourse.531. Stream Feature Extractor – Extracting stream features (wells, sinks, confluences etc.) from a stream network. (Stream Feature Extractor QGIS Plugin)532. Hydrologic Volume – Measuring volumes for the Hydrologic Budget Equation and amount of precipitation in a given watershed.533. HEC-HMS – Simulating the complete hydrologic processes of dendritic watershed systems with the HEC-HMS GIS-based methodology.534. Flow Accumulation – Answering the question “where did water come from” by picking a point (a single cell in the DEM) and tracing backwards showing all the contributing cells. (TauDEM)535. Scalgo – Understanding Earth’s hydrology as a function of topography using the SRTM DEM. (SCALGO)536. GHydraulics – Analyzing water supply networks using EPANET. (Ghydraulics QGIS Plugin)537. Aqueduct – Mining, Modeling and analyzing water risk with the current and future stresses. (Aqueduct Atlas)538. Contour Lines – Delineating contour lines because floods follow contour lines.539. Flood Extents – Digitizing flood extents worth satellite data like synthetic aperture radar.540. BASINS (Better Assessment Science Integrating point & Non-point Source) – Running water quality assessments with land use, point source discharges, and water supply withdrawals.541. Crayfish QGIS Plugin – Animating flood model outputs and flood propagation. (TUFLOW)542. ArcHydro – Operating ArcHydro in ArcMap to delineate and characterize watersheds.543. Drainage Channel Builder – Cutting a simple, trapezoidal channel in a DEM and calculate cut volumes. (Drainage Channel Builder QGIS Plugin)544. HEC-RAS Flow Model – Predicting where the water will go (flooding) to prevent inundated roads and inaccessibility. (RiverGIS QGIS Plugin)545. Horton Statistics – Calculating the number of streams, the average stream length, the average area of catchments for Strahler stream orders (ILWIS)546. Flow Stations – Marking flow stations on a map.547. Water Shortage – Modelling water shortage California548. Upstream/Downstream – Finding the origin of water from a specific point. (Hydro Hierarchy)549. MIKE21 – Simulating physical, chemical or biological processes in coastal or marine areas. (MIKE21)550. Oxbows – Mapping the evolving process of how rivers change in time and become oxbows31 Humanitarian GIS Applications551. Election Violence – Reporting issues like outbreaks of violence, intimidation, or vote fraud during Tanzania’s election. (Restless Development – What3Words)552. Ushahidi Haiti Project – Plotting out crisis reports during the Haiti earthquake for humanitarian/tech workers aid with crowdsourcing. (Ushahidi Haiti Project)553. Humanitarian OpenStreetMap – Responding to humanitarian issues and economic development through open data sharing. (Humanitarian OpenStreetMap)554. Community Engagement – Harnessing human potential by leveraging open data and civic technology. (Kathmandu’s Living Labs)555. Kibera Slum – Mapping sites of rape and crime by the people themselves to solve where a police station should be located (and more). (Kibera Slum)556. Crisis Mapping – Using drones to aid Nepalese in a time of crisis.557. Food Security – Delivering assistance with expected outputs to those in need most.558. Humanitarian Assistance – Plotting the spatial distribution of humanitarian assistance for planning purposes.559. Food Insecurity Drivers – Pinpointing the underlying drivers to food insecurity such as farming practices, climate change and changing demographics.32 Insurance GIS Applications560. Insurance Risk – Charging higher insurance premiums in flood-prone areas using radar561. Monitoring Driving Habits – Fastening seat belts and monitoring people’s usage to charge car insurance.562. Insurance Fraud – Doing the detective work for fraudulent crop insurance claims563. Floodplain – Minimizing losses by flooding through FEMA flood maps.564. Real-time Hazard – Using location intelligence to Identify areas of hazard in real-time.565. Climate Change Risk – Adjusting to climate change with better future risk prediction.566. Social Media Integrating – Finding all Flickr posts within 100 meters of a property during incidents.567. Sinkholes – Preventing risk by understanding landscape characteristics – such as resulting depressions in a karst landscape.568. Underwriting – Accelerating underwriting by sharing enterprise geographic data with risk factors, customer interaction and economic conditions.569. Swimming Pools – Crowd sourcing the search for swimming pools from sponsored campaigns who compile public and private sector data for a variety of markets including education, public safety, and insurance.33 Internet GIS Applications570. Geoblocking – Limiting your access to the internet, based on your geographic location.571. Hyperlinking – Embedding hyperlinks with access actual photos, video, audio, text and data associated with map locations.572. Mapzen Search – Searching geographically with a spatial search engine for places based entirely on open-source tools and powered by entirely open data. (Mapzen Search)573. Geosocial Tools – Searching twitter geographically for tweets with the gvSIG Geosocial Toolbox.574. GIS-Based Search Engine – Correlating products and services to a GIS database record that corresponds to a unique geographic location – to geographically target advertising over the Internet (GIS-Based Search Engine)34 Land Use Planning575. Urban Model Development Feasibility – Evaluating multiple land use scenarios; testing and refining transportation plans; producing small-area concept plans, and modeling complex regional issues with Envision Tomorrow (Envision Tomorrow)576. Land-use Conflict Identification (LUCIS) Model – Making smart land-use decisions with a model-builder framework land-use conflict identification strategy. (Smart Land-Use Analysis: The LUCIS Model)577. Beijing Building Footprints – Crowd-sourcing digital mapping of Beijing building footprints.578. Food Deserts – Accessing grocery stores in low income areas by incorporating information such as sidewalks, bicycle lanes, and public transit.579. Service Areas – Measuring how far paramedics and firefighters can service an area.580. Agent-Based Models – Exploring cities using Agent-Based Models and GIS. (GIS Agents)581. Cloud Computing-Based Land Base Mapping – Bringing land use planning to the cloud for Smart Cities like the City of Portland. (Cloud Computing)582. OpenStreetMap – Harnessing the power of the OpenStreetMap by download the physical data for free (OSM Download)583. Landfill Site Selection – Analyzing and eliminating sites within a buffer distance of sensitive populations (elderly, schools, hospitals, etc) and other overlay information like groundwater, transportation networks and surface water.584. TerraClip – Clipping data like you’ve never clipped before – extracting land cover, climate and agriculture data easily to the extent of your chosen country. (TerraClip)585. Green Roofs – Greening roofs in metropolitan areas with a focus on lighting and shadow analysis.586. Stamen Maps – Orienting yourself with Stamen’s terrain maps with hill shading and natural vegetation colors.587. Cellular Automata – Stimulating urban growth expansion simulation. (IDRISI Cellular Automata)588. Tax Parcel Viewer – Assembling tax parcels, zoning information with color schemes on a web viewer.589. Economic Viability – Making decisions of parcels of prime agricultural land using Analytic Hierarchy Process.590. Water Distribution – Tracking flow, pressure and chemical concentrations for nodes, valves, pipes and tanks in a water distribution modelling software. (EPANET)591. Commercial Space Availability – Checking zoning data for any city such as commercial space availability.592. Land Use Policy – Reproducing individual behavior with agent-based modeling to simulate their behaviors and outcomes having a direct impact of the surrounding landscape. (Agent-Based Modeling)593. City Heating – Addressing the GIS requirements of municipal hot water heating networks in Tatuk GIS (Tatuk GIS- City Heating)594. Commuter Shed – Finding where the commuter sheds are.595. Recycling Centres/Drop-offs – Allocating recycling drop-offs centers with data integration and quantification and assigning alternatives for vehicle routing.596. Walkshed – Calculating walking times using Tobbler’s hiking function based on slope (QGIS Walking Time Plugin) Walkshed Web GIS597. 3D Viewshed – Showing what is visible with distance, direction and pitch with viewable areas in green and hidden areas in red. (3D Viewshed – Geomedia 3D)598. Anaglyph 3D – Viewing anaglyph 3D images with the SAGA GIS Anaglyph Tool.599. Land Use Change – Summarizing statistics, graphs and tables in spatial units600. Tax Collection – Increasing tax revenue by updated land and building property records, new construction records, and integrated departmental data into a single cadastral information system using Bentley Map.601. COAST COastal Adaptation to Sea level Rise Tool – Adapting to climate change decisions (building sea walls, proactive building ordinance, levees, zoning change, relocation with COAST. (COAST – Global Mapper)602. Space Syntax Models – Gaining a better understanding of human behavior and connectivity through graphic representation of space configuration in urban structures.603. Philadelphia Redevelopment – Developing urban planning scenarios using a 3D swipe view. (Philadelphia CityEngine)604. Future Development Patterns – Locating future growth and evaluating scenarios such as loss of prime agricultural land. (Tale of Two Cities)605. Land Use – Generating polygons and classification with the multi-resolution segmentation algorithm. (Trimble ECognition)606. Building Constraints – Prohibiting construction where the overall stability of a bluff using aspect to understand how- south-facing slopes undergo more extensive freeze/thaw cycles.35 Mail Services GIS Applications607. National Addressing – Delivering parcels to a specific address, all speed in a single national database.608. Natural Area Coding System – Unifying the representations of geographic coordinates, area codes, street addresses, postal codes, map grids and property identifiers of every location or area in the world.609. Shared Mailboxes – Spreading mailboxes out to address demand and existing population with algorithms like location-allocation.610. Amazon Mail Delivery Drone – Shipping parcels in style using drone technology.611. Non-Address Delivery – Generating addresses for businesses and people without one using a 3×3 meter global grid system.612. Zip Code Maps – Splicing the nation with geo-located zip/postal codes and Mapping them out.613. Daily Routing Efficiency – Balancing postal routes based on time and optimizing routes, number of routes or volume with sequenced stops. (ArcGIS RouteSmart)614. FedEx Package Tracking – Meeting timelines and managing routes for special types of deliveries.36 Media GIS Applications615. Targeting Advertising – Positioning advertisements for target demographics using census data and the right location.616. Communicating Stories – Storytelling in news events with maps such as oil spills, crime scenes and weather damage.617. Social Media Mapping – Monitoring social media by location.618. Movie Maps – Creating ultra-realistic 3D cities for big box office movies. (Esri Goes to Hollywood)619. Bigfoot Field Researchers Network – Finding Bigfoot in a spatial sightings database. (Bigfoot Research)37 Municipality/Urban GIS Applications620. Potholes – Reporting potholes or automatically detecting them with LiDAR for infrastructure management.621. Asset Management – Reporting infrastructure defects with photos and geo-locations. (City of Portland PDX Reporter App)622. Smart Cities – Integrating urban development visions with GIS such as smart urban planning, smart utilities, smart transportation, smart public works and citizen engagement.623. London in Maps – Charting life in London, England like never before with 100 maps and graphics. r624. 3D Printing Oslo – Printing off 3D models of the City of Oslo with data preparation in FME. (3D Printing of Oslo)625. Water Main Breaks – Knowing exactly where water lines and shut-off valves are located, prior to work.626. Lightscape – Lighting up bridges picking out the illuminated details and obscured areas.627. Curb Cuts – Finding curb cuts that give access to people with disabilities628. Utility Poles – Inventorying utility poles with important attributes like overhead/underground, number of lines and date of construction.629. Waste Collection – Defining areas of waste collection, finding suitable rounds of service when given a waste or transfer station. (Waste Collection – uDig)630. Fire Hydrants – Locating hydrants in a municipality marking its general condition, date for greasing the caps and exercising the valve.631. Spatial Data Infrastructure – Connecting multiple users in separate departments for managing data, metadata, users and tools.632. Insect Control – Spraying pesticides to eliminate mosquitoes and other pests with knowing no-spray zones and status of previous spray.633. Homeless Shelters – Analyzing urban inequalities and homelessness with the aim of allocating homeless shelters appropriately.634. CityScan – Managing city assets (road conditions, utilities, billboards and sign inventories) with mobile LiDAR to inventory and ensure safety standards.635. Sewer Network – Design sewer systems and their networks with right-of-way considerations and using the flow by gravity.636. Advisories – Alerting citizens for boil water advisories by taking an area on a map, and connecting to a central database of phone numbers and automated message alerts.637. Street Cleaning – Plowing geographic zones of a city.638. Speed Limits – Defining speed limits in a road network with proper signage.639. Road Closures – Advising citizens of road closures visually on a map.640. Emergency Water Supply – Preparing emergency water supply when contaminated. (Ordnance Survey – Geomedia)641. Cemetery Mapping – Implemented a system to map cemeteries using unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs) and storing graves in a spatial database.642. Open Information – Reducing need of telephone operators by having data displayed in a map.643. Participatory GIS – Gearing towards decision-making from citizen input and geo-spatial technologies.644. Land for Development – Finding available serviced and unserviced land available for development.645. Toponymy – Giving each place, park, river and feature of interest a name.646. Lift Stations – Move the flow from a lower to a higher elevation for sewer utility.647. Stormwater Pollution – Measuring stormwater pollution by estimating runoff and sources648. Seismic Slope Stability – Modelling stability of slopes using geology and digital elevation models to understand potential of seismically-induced landslide hazards.649. Water Wells – Developing constraints for water wells such as quality, quantity, stressed aquifers and contamination for drinking.650. Real-time Snow Plows – Seeing the grid of snow plows in real-time in a municipal network and GPS.651. Solid Waste – Picking up after ourselves with geo-referenced garbage collection routes.38 Mining GIS Applications652. Subsurface Volume Calculation – Calculating depth values to determine the volume of material between the surfaces or between a subsurface layer and the ground level with Global Mapper.653. Quarries – Capturing volumes of fill removal and forecasting future volumes extracted to understand quarry lifespans.654. Kriging – Using statistical approaches for mining valuation with the geostatistical technique kriging from Daniel Krige.655. Natural Resources – Mapping out natural resources like uranium, metals, stones and gemstones. (United States Natural Industrial Resources Map)656. Mining Operations – Track mining assets in the field with mobile GIS.657. Coal Exploration – Identifying new opportunities and areas for coal exploration by assessing geological data and setting out exploration targets. (Coal Exploration in GIS)658. Mine Rehabilitation – Restoring mines back to their original state using GIS tools like 3D profiling flooding of mine because almost all working mines require pumps to remove water.659. Hazards Assessments – Characterizing infrastructure, risk areas, and disaster zones, planning and implementation of hazards reductions measures to assist planners in selecting mitigation measures and emergency preparedness.660. Hyperspectral Imagery – Discovering new minerals from the existing 4000 types of compositions using airborne and satellite data. (AVIRIS and AISA Hyperspectral)661. Mineral Titles – Administering mining titles for exploration and acquisition available in web map.662. Diamonds – Searching for diamonds in Nairobi in fluvial diamond placer deposits.663. Acid Runoff – Controlling acid waste runoff from mines by capturing terrain topography, mine age and type and stream proximity.39 Nautical GIS Applications664. Anchor Search – Searching for a lost anchor in a restricted area with electrical cables and gas pipelines using sonar and bathymetry. (Anchor Search – Golden Software Surfer)665. Open Sea Map – Sailing the big blue watery road with Open Sea Map.666. Christopher Columbus – Tracing Christopher Columbus footsteps on his voyages and discovery America.667. Shipping Routes – Stitching together shipping routes using the Satellite-based Automatic Identification Systems.668. International Waters – Aligning the boundaries of international waters in a georeferenced system.669. Submarine Routes – Routing twenty thousand leagues under the sea for submarine routes using 3D modelling.670. Live Marine Traffic – Turning your computer into a marine traffic monitoring station giving perspective of nearby ships on the ocean. (Live Marine Traffic)671. Trajectories and Magnitude – Using vectors (U and V) to depict nautical wind speed and direction.672. Global Trading Ports – Climbing buoys as if you’re at giant marine trading ports – the arteries of our global economy. (Global Trading Ports)673. Nautical Charts – Plotting out seamless, collarless, and dynamic mosaic of some 2,100 NOAA raster nautical charts at varying scales. (NOAA Nautical Charts Viewer)40 Ocean / Marine GIS Applications674. Pacific Ocean – Opening Google Earth and realizing how the Pacific Ocean covers one side of the Earth in a global view.675. Underwater Grasses – Diving into the ocean with satellite imagery and delineating their extents.676. Coastal Hazards – Minimizing loss by identifying potential hazards such as algal blooms, eutrophication and tsunamis (Coastal Hazards)677. Ocean Use Planning – Outlining sustainable oceans through careful planning of ocean activity such as energy production, fishing and shipping. (Planning Ocean Uses – Cindy Fowler)678. Marine Pollution – Pinpointing the source of marine pollutants such as industrial, agricultural and residential waste.679. Algae Blooms – Monitoring algal blooms through multiple images over time. (Algae Blooms)680. Wave Reduction – Curtailing wave energy by mapping and building up coral reefs and other coastal habitats as a nature-based solution.681. Deepsea Dawn Wright – Understanding the relationship and patterns of how oceans affect dry land and more. (Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions)682. Marine Tools Plugin – Geoprocessing with marine data to better understand research, conservation and spatial planning problems. (MGET)683. Whale Tracker – Studying the movement and migration patterns of whales around the Hawaiian Islands. (Whale Tracker)684. Underwater Street View – Submarining as if you’re underwater in Google Earth’s underwater street view.685. Build-Out Design – Developing and designing a build-out project in Grenada.686. Bathymetry – Exploring ocean bathymetry in an exaggerated 3D global perspective. (Ocean Bathymetry)687. Rising Sea Levels – Identifying areas of risk as sea levels gradually rise from climate change. (National Geographic)688. Aquaculture – Farming fish in a sustainable manner by understanding where inland fisheries are located. (GISFish)689. Coastal Management – Adapting to climate change through better flood and erosion defense.690. Coral Reef Conservation – Understanding the present state of coral reefs through mapping to better understand future deterioration.691. Energy Budgets – Simulating Earth’s energy budgets for anthropogenic and natural changes with anomalies of surface temperature and sea-level pressure. (Energy Budgets)692. Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) – Combining water columns, geoform, substrate and biotic components that are collectively used to define marine ecosystems. (CMECS)693. Wave Heights – Replicating ocean waves by factoring size, choppiness and wind. (Wave Heights)694. Sea the Animals – Tracking turtles, seals, porpoises and turtles in time-animated webmaps. (CartoDB Sea the Animals)695. Marine Bioregional Plans – Protecting the marine resources by dividing the coasts of Australia in four geographical pieces.696. General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) – Charting out elevation paths along the ocean with GEBCO. (GEBCO)697. Ocean Salinity – Measuring sea surface salinity from space with Aquarius. (Ocean Salinity)698. National Marine Sanctuaries – Designating 12 areas of the marine environment as special significance to better understand marine ecosystems and their spatial, temporal, and functional relationships among creatures, environments, and human perturbations. (National Marine Sanctuaries)699. Ocean Tourism – Getting out your towels and soaking some sun with tourist maps of the ocean.700. Coastline Fractals – Modelling complex natural shapes along coastline’s fractal-like (jagged recurring pattern) properties.41 Oil, Gas and Petroleum GIS Applications701. Directional Drilling – Logging depth, inclination and azimuth (dependent on true and magnetic north) for directional drilling.702. Active Licenses – Exploring active, operations and exploration wells all locations on a map.703. Oil Exploration – Planning and exploring of drilling operations using 3D GIS to analyse the data and visually inspect the results.704. Offshore Production – Mapping oil activity offshore including pipeline, significant oil and gas discoveries and restricted zones.705. Pipeline Rupture – Responding to pipeline ruptures to better understand surrounds and impact zones such as privately-owned parcels and critical fume areas.706. Oil Search – Magnifying the search for resources and extend beyond the core elements (Oil Search – Boundless)707. Pipeline Route Selection – Optimizing route selection by taking a heuristic approach and multiple layers such as the environment, geo-hazards and engineering.708. Geomagnetic Referencing – Using the Earth’s magnetic field obtained by the USGS to more accurately drill direction and position. (Geomagnetic Referencing)709. Oil Reserves – Measuring how much shadow is being casted of a floating roof’s oil tanks using geometry and high spatial resolution imagery.710. Undersea Environmental Impacts – Assessing potential impacts of the undersea environment as oil and gas activity increases.711. Oil Reserves Map – Laying out the top 20 oil producing countries, with reserves in billions of barrels of oil. (Manifold)712. Environmental Impact Assessment – Gauging multiple layer including existing infrastructure, river crossings, soils and vegetation, groundwater and elevation/ slope to determine pipeline impact.713. gvSIG Viewport – Panning along a linear pipeline corridor in 3D with an overview viewport to know location in public consultation.714. Pipeline Infrastructure – Surveying footprints and inventorying pipeline infrastructure like pump stations, tank terminals and pipelines.715. Gulf Basin Depositional Synthesis – Providing context for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico and reducing overall risk oil and gas companies by understanding the depositional history of drill.42 Parks GIS Applications716. Trail Planning – Valuing cells to pave out a path that accumulates the least ‘cost’ from a source to a destination.717. GPS Tracking – Applying tracking technologies on humans in an effort to understand how their movements affect ecosystems in national parks.718. Fuzzy Logic – Identifying suitable locations for the construction of parks with relevant experts to determine significance and weighted of criteria.719. Biodiversity – Managing biodiversity in parks with smart phones.720. Noise Map – Mapping sound levels in parks to show how visitors and wildlife interact with each other and park resources (Noise Map – National Park Service)43 Politics/Government GIS Applications721. Redistricting – Encouraging citizen involvement through web-based applications for the redistricting process (Redistricting QGIS Plugin)722. Voting Patterns – Reviewing how electoral districts voted at the polls.723. Bosnia-Herzegovina – Dividing a road to peace of the former Yugoslavia at the valley bottom using terrain data to support diplomatic negotiation. (Geospatial Revolution Episode 3)724. Stewardship of Land – Supporting Native American decision-making through GIS implementation. (Tribal GIS Book – Joseph Kerski)725. Gerrymandering – Manipulating the geographic boundaries of an electoral constituency to favor one party.726. Open Data – Opening up government (tax-payer) data through geospatial open data portals and data sharing strategies.727. Enabling Governments – Saving money by investing in GIS-based system for decision making.728. Parcel Fabric – Editing zoning, dissemination areas and land designation boundaries.729. Breakaway/Disputed Areas – Delineating international and maritime boundary dispute areas from Kashmir to the Elemi Triangle, Northern Cyprus to Western Sahara (Natural Earth Data)730. Tax Evaders – Catching tax evaders by recognizing areas of wealth such as swimming pools.731. Dissolving Political Boundaries – Grouping separated countries into one like West and East Germany as well as North and South Vietnam.732. International Joint Commission – Solving international watershed issues through international collaboration. (Transboundary Watersheds)733. National Geospatial Data Asset Management – Managing geospatial data as a capital asset for effective sharing, collaboration to support efficient and effective decision-making. (FGDC National Geospatial Data Asset Management Plan)734. Border Safety – Increasing safety at international borders often stretching miles.44 Real Estate GIS Applications735. Buffer Zone Search – Buffering a search area for a query when house hunting.736. Market Analysis – Expanding businesses through customer profiling, estimating sales potential and finding available lots.737. Home Evaluation – Getting a big picture to understand home value including proximity to schools or panoramic view.738. Parcel Dimensioning – Analyzing a property parcel shape to determine the area and dimensions of each identified parcel.739. Viewshed – Prospecting viewsheds through observation points remotely when setting property prices.740. Property Appraisals – Supporting accurate property appraisals741. Foreclosures – Scoping out the effects of recessions on real estate markets by mapping out foreclosures by neighborhood.742. Geocoded Real Estate – Fetching geocoded real estate in Germany through a JSON and R.743. Housing with Mortgages – Charting out occupied houses that have a mortgage or loan. (Housing with Mortgages)744. Wendy’s Restaurant – Prospecting optimal locations for a Wendy’s restaurants. (Real Estate Prospecting)745. Domino’s Pizza – Streamlining the planning of Domino franchise territories (Domino Pizza – Pitney Bowes)746. Retail Site Selection – Inspecting space usage for available commercial space.747. Comparative Real Estate Analysis – Comparing value per square meter in map-form to see how much the price is for similar properties on the block. (Real Estate Comparative)748. Wind Farm Noise – Assessing the population and number of affected buildings affected by the noise of a wind farm.749. High Rise Valuation – Characterizing commercial real estate by its unique age, size, location, and proximity to ensure that the property values are consistent between an assessed value and the sales price with Geomedia 3D visualization.750. Construction – Considering slopes for construction and livability as 15 degrees or less are considered buildable.751. Home Sharing – Scoping out shared homes and surroundings.752. Real Estate Metrics – Choosing the right house to buy or build based on distance to schools, parks, transit stops and other geospatial metrics.753. Google Cardboard – Visiting properties in Google Cardboard’s virtual reality experience.754. Walkability – Understanding health factors like active transportation, bike paths and walking paths in a neighborhood.45 Reporting/News GIS Applications755. Hurricane Andrew – Comparing geographically which homes fared better from Hurricane Andrew’s destruction because of changes in building code from Steve Doig’s piece that earned him a Pulitzer Prize.756. North Korea – Mapping how far North Korea’s missile projectiles threaten other nations – previously a buffer – now corrected. (North Korea Missile Extent)757. GeoJournalism – Assisting journalisms dive into a world of data visualization using geographic data.758. Geotagged Tweets – Spreading the word to make world headlines from local Missouri and eventually the whole world. (CartoDB Geotagged Tweets)759. Mapping Conflict – Putting any crisis, destruction or terror attack on the map.760. Google News Lab – Storytelling around the globe with Google Maps and Fusion Tables (Google News Lab)761. Super GIS – Estimating the number of protestors at a Hong Kong rally by obtaining the average density of the crowd and estimating the number of protesters through aerial photo interpretation. (Protestor Estimate – Super GIS)762. Highway Accidents – Reporting the location of highway accidents on a map763. Demographics Research – Delving into census information for a deep research news story764. Ballot Counts – Depicting the spatial Distribution of states, districts, and parties that won an election765. The Financial Times – Utilizing tools like Mapbox to create elegant basemaps with all the right details. (Financial Times – Mapbox Studio Classic)46 Society Applications – Built & Environment766. Thematic Mapping – Thematic mapping poverty with equal-intervals, quantiles, natural breaks and unique schemes. (“Making Maps Third Edition by John Krygier”)767. Socio-Economic Data and Application Center (SEDAC) – Serving socioeconomic and Earth science data as an information gateway between the Earth and social sciences focuses on human interactions in the environment. (SEDAC)768. World Languages – Mapping the world’s languages through social media and micro-blogging platforms. (World Languages)769. Poverty – Sizing up poverty with the FAO GeoNetwork socio-economic indicators. (FAO GeoNetwork)770. Hunting Zones – Tracing out hunting zones for cultures around the world.771. Citizen Engagement – Empowering populations who have little voice in the public arena to change geographic involvement and awareness on a local level. (Ushahidi Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS))772. Needs of Services – Allocating the proper needs and inclusion of marginalized populations.773. Census – Utilizing decennial TIGER data to support and improve selected demographic and economic studies.774. World Religions – Mapping the intricate details of religions internationally.775. Space-time GIS – Comparing scientific practice in the US and in China (Space-Time GIS – Michael F. Goodchild)776. Center of Population – Centering in on population drift watching its shift in dasymetric mapping. (Population Drift – Joseph Kerski)777. Earthworks – Downloading data from Stanford including labor supply, sex ratio and society data. (Earthworks)778. Gender Inequality – Showing the history of how women are working in the GIS field.779. Demography – Projecting populations worldwide with a dot density style map.780. Chart Symbology – Taking advantage of pie charts, line graphs and bar charts to display socio-economic data by area.781. Indigenous People – Keeping record of traditional land use of indigenous people.782. Public Transportation Availability – Reviewing public transit availability in societies.783. Population Disaggregation – Estimating per-building population through disaggregation of census blocks784. Distance Decay – Observing distance-decay between locations of ethnic groups- the further apart they are, the less likely it is that they will interact very much.785. Refugee Camps – Capturing the movement patterns of refugees through time. (Refugee Patterns)786. Traditional Knowledge – Preserving cultural beliefs and its associated location in a spatial database.787. Tapestry Segmentation – Dividing U.S. residential areas into 67 distinctive segments based on their socioeconomic and demographic composition—then further classifies the segments into LifeMode and Urbanization Groups. (Tapestry Segmentation)788. Migrant Rescue – Improving Humane operations and rescuing migrants through the deployment of emergency water stations on routes known to be used by migrants coming north through our desert. (Migrant Rescue)789. Prism Maps – Drawing each boundary object as a raised prism, where the height of the prism is relative to the associated data value. (Golden Software Map Viewer)790. Group Decision Making – Mediating interests and getting valued-concerns in community and society through PGIS.791. Maori Tribe – Recording, organizing, and making available information of traditional values from Maori elders. (Maori Tribe Elders)792. Human Mobility – Measuring of human mobility using mobile phone records enhanced with GIS data.793. Graffiti – Studying clusters of graffiti with other factors such as proximity to city constructs such as crossing guards, phone boxes and electricity boxes.794. Storytelling with Maps – Harnessing the power of story maps such as understanding the gap between minimum wage and high income earners. (Income Earning in Maps)795. Illiteracy in Myanmar – Building literacy in Myanmar and evaluating literacy programs in a GIS database with indicators such as budgeted funds, dropout levels and available training.796. Gender Studies – Exploring how transportation infrastructure support mobility access to basic services vital to achieving poverty reduction, gender equality, and sustainable development objectives in Ghana.797. Child Abuse – Allocating family service facilities to sites where child abuse is more prevalent.47 Soils GIS Applications798. Soil Types – Modelling soil types through Jenny’s model involving climate, organisms, topography, material and time.799. Soil Grid – Helping agriculture decision-making with ISRIC’s 1km scale soil property and class maps of the world. (SoilsGrid)800. Texture Classification – Digging up the dirt on soil texture through the USDA soil texture classification801. Soil Moisture – Estimating soil moisture from space with the SMAP and SMOS satellites802. Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO) – Making sense of soil parameters like conductivity in the United States. (USDA SSURGO Database)803. Water Retention Capacity – Determining water retention capacity for different type of soils and topographic characteristics.804. Erosion Reduction Strategy – Identifying erosion hot spots through topography, soil and land-use characteristics. (Erosion and Sediment Control)805. Slope Parameters – Developing slope profiles such as convex and concave using 3D profile graphs.806. Soil Loss Equation – Measuring the average annual soil loss caused by rainfall and associated overland flow as defined by the United States Department of Agriculture.807. Lead Concentration in Soils – Collecting soil samples and mapping the lead geochemical landscape. (Mapping Lead Concentrations)808. LS Factor – Calculating slope length (LS) factor as part of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) based on slope and specific catchment area.809. Angle of Repose – Computing the steepest angle (depending on the material) of a surface at which loose material such as soil will remain in place rather than sliding or crumbling.810. Salinity – Inspecting salinity with electromagnetic surveys to find the electrical conductivity in soils and interpolating the results to find unknowns.811. Peaks and Summits – Detecting peaks and summits on a landscape to help model salinity with elevation such as depression areas have higher salinity. (Landserf)812. Vegetation Erosion – Finding the dominant vegetation types dependent on aspect and enhancing erosion modelling using aspect and vegetation to see how slopes will erode over time along with precipitation, temperature and growing periods.813. Stereoscopy Tools – Creating stereo pairs from two aerial photographs with anaglyph and virtual-z mode. (PurVIEW)814. Normalized Difference Soil Index (NDSI) – Gauging soil water content from space using shortwave infrared, near infrared wavelength and NDSI.48 Sports & Recreation GIS Applications815. Strava Heat Map – Heating up the road with over 375 billion data points showing you exactly which routes other cyclists are taking. (Strava Bicycle Routes)816. Fitbit – Plugging in your Fitbit to map your runs.817. Tennis Analytics – Dominating your tennis opponent with in-depth spatial analytics. (Tennis Analytics)818. Ski Hill – Creating vicious triple black diamond ski runs using steepest path.819. Hiking Trail – Incorporating factors in trail development like gentle slopes for an accumulated least cost path.820. Optimal Road Trip – Planning a road trip of the century across the United States using the shortest route for all major landmarks.821. Golf Course Water Systems – Planning a golf course’s underground water system and sprinkler system in 3D.822. Rollercoaster – Creating realistic a fly-through from interpolated paths using 3D animation capability in ArcGIS Pro. (Rollercoaster Animation)823. Heli-skiing – Assessing the impacts of heli-skiing on mountain animal behavior using GPS trackers and frequently skiing areas.824. Stadium Security – Getting the big picture by giving police and emergency responders to track activities on a web-based geospatial platform.825. Mountaineering – Climbing steep slopes in Google Street View.826. Surf Breaks – Sizing up wave heights from satellite radar altimeters in orbit. (GlobWave Project)827. Marathon Routing – Planning the route of a marathon using elevation and base maps.828. 3D Ski Maps – Touring a mountain virtually in realistic 3D virtual tours. (3D Ski Maps in Golden Software)829. Football Stadiums – Turn maps into straight line journeys with FME’s ShortestPathFinder transformer. (Football Stadiums Journeys)830. Google Earth Elevation Transect – Pulling out steep slopes using the elevation transect tool in Google Earth for any given cycling and jogging route.831. Geocaching – Hunting for treasures and even survey monuments through geocaching.832. Swisstopo – Sculpting beautiful topography maps in 3D. (SwissTopo)833. Fishing Maps – Creating 3D bathymetric maps in real-time with Sonar (Navionics)834. Ride Sharing – Providing optimal and dynamic ride sharing in urban areas.835. Mapbox Outdoors – Powering your fitness and outdoor applications with terrain maps that highlight thousands of biking, hiking and running trails as well as ascents through topography lines. (Mapbox Outdoors)836. Sports Stadiums – Viewing complex geometries like sports stadiums in 3D. (Vizitown QGIS 3D Plugin)49 Surveying/Geodesy GIS Applications837. Coordinate Calculator – Converting coordinate conversion tool of choice for GIS. (Geography Calculator – Global Mapper)838. Fibre Optic Cable Design – Extracting LiDAR ground points to assist in fibre optic cable design at water crossings.839. Tissot Circles – Characterizing distortion from map projections (Indicatrix Mapper QGIS Plugin)840. Global Positioning Systems – Locating the position of anything and anywhere on Earth.841. Ordnance Survey – Drafting out maps as one of the largest producers of maps in the World. (Ordnance Survey)842. Equator Bulge – Measuring the bulge of Earth at the equator843. Bearings – Importing bearings and distances from a survey for parcel mapping and transcribing it on a map.844. Triangulation – Using trigonometry to measure the angles in a triangle formed by three survey control points845. Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) – Obtaining a global digital elevation model from inSAR. (SRTM)846. Geodetic National Adjustment – Adjusting datum positions with the Geodetic National Adjustment.50 Telecommunications GIS Applications847. Radio-Wave Propagation – Estimating the propagation of radio-waves for network with complex reflections and diffraction and line-of-sight.848. Locating Cell Towers – Locating cell tower placements in urban areas using 3D building structures.849. Network Management – Managing a network of telecommunication cables and towers in a network data set.850. Fresnel Zones – Finding the region of space between wireless transmitter and receiver where obstructions cause interference to the signal.851. Antenna Height Optimization – Optimizing antenna height using GIS 3D modelling.852. Operations Support Systems (OSS) – Ensuring that network functions properly including outages, billing, and testing through GIS shared services.853. Submarine Cable – Sketching out submarine cables that stretch across oceans. (Submarine Cable Map)854. Network Signal Interpolation – Clustering geographically high and low network signals and interpolating results in cellular signal maps855. Cellular Coverage Analysis – Maximizing cellular coverage using tower height by using interference analysis including viewshed and line-of-sight.856. Frequency Management – Regulating radio spectrum to evaluate frequency interactions when approving applications using use terrain, environment, and building data. (Spectrum Regulation)857. Fibre Optic Cable – Planning fibre optic cable infrastructure through network views showing capacity, equipment and customer demographics.858. Market Segmentation – Segmenting customers geographically and forecast the demand for services where growth is likely to occur.859. Operations – Investigating interruptions in service and managing repair and maintenance work with the Autodesk Topobase infrastructure model. (LIWEST and AutoCAD 3D)860. Signal Expansion – Planning expansion by better understanding signal strengths in three dimensional buildings – or mapping your home Wi-Fi signal in 2D.51 Tourism GIS Applications861. Personality Atlas – Assigning personality stereotypes to countries around the world based on a sample size of global population’s perspectives. (Personality Atlas)862. Tourist Map – Plotting out landmarks in tourist maps.863. Sunrise and Sunset – Finding the perfect sunrise and sunset during at any given location. (SunCalc)864. Subway Map – Simplifying maps for the reader to better understand such as the lines of a subway map in high contrasting colors.865. Linear Referencing – Using linear referencing along shorelines to track volumes of organic debris.866. Off-Beaten Tracks – Finding the off-beaten track for backpackers and marking its position with 3 words. (Off-Beaten Track Location – What3Words)867. Safe Travel – Advising travelers where unsafe location are on a map.868. Tourism Dollars – Tracking the exports of purchased goods and services using desire lines.869. Sustainable Tourism Planning – Identifying conflicting interests from tourism and solving issues by examining suitable locations for proposed developments.870. Hotel Search – Searching geographically for five star hotels using a circle radius.871. Horizon Blockage – Calculating the horizon blocking line in all directions from a given observation point with gvSIG’s Horizon Blockage.872. Travel Mode Detection – Detecting travel mode (walk, car, bus, subway and commuter rail) from a multi-modal transportation network using GIS and GPS in New York City.873. Finding Islands – Using satellite to find uninhabited islands around the world – Landsat found Landsat Island near the coast of Canada.874. Time Zones – Representing time zones around the world.875. Eco-Tourism Site Selection – Gauging environmental impacts for sustainable eco-tourism sites.876. Virtual Travel – Seeing your destination before physically being there. (Google Earth Street View)877. Geo-tagging – Discover places with 360 panoramic camera views. (Mapillary)878. Highway Planning – Constructing viewpoints with multiple layers like ecology, topography and cultural features for a three-dimensional visual highway.879. Virtual Arctic – Exploring the Arctic in Google Street View without getting out of your chair.880. 3D Synthetic Scene – Overlaying synthetic scenes over real scene. (Manifold)881. Life Travels – Accompanying travellers in their life travels in map-form. (Where in the World is Andrew?)882. Yellowstone – Putting all the pieces together in a GIS database at Yellowstone National Park including its geologic past, geyser recharge and seismic activity.883. Trip Planning – Adventuring around for your next road trip with pit stops and offbeat using suggested sites.884. Observer Points – Calculating visibility through multiple observer points.885. Historic Street View – Time-travelling in the past to see just how much a location has changed over time with historic street view.52 Transmission GIS Applications886. Corridor Analyst – Identifying possible corridors and preferred transmission routes using Least Cost Path engineering, environment and combined routing algorithms. (Trimble Corridor Analyst)887. Transmission Line Monitoring – Monitoring overhead transmission towers with active and passive satellite data.888. Viewshed – Understanding the impacts of how a transmission line would look using viewsheds.889. Right-of-way – Buffering proposed transmission lines which will be areas cleared for the transmission line.890. Transmission Line Design – Considering slope, soils and land use for factoring into transmission line design.891. Tree Encroachment – Reducing risk of falling trees with LiDAR in search for dead and dying trees near utility lines.892. Public Consultation – Visualizing the transmission line with towers during public using 2D and 3D environments.893. Line Vision – Synchronizing 2D viewing in 3D environments with viewports. (gvSIG 3D Plugin)894. 3D Geometry – Sketching up custom 3D transmission towers and lines for import into ArcScene. (Google SketchUp and COLLADA)895. Line Profile – Utilizing slope profiles to generate terrain profiles with Manifold GIS.896. Environmental Monitoring – Referencing environmentally sensitive sites along a linear transmission and reporting conflicting points.897. Map Automation – Generating maps automatically from tiles along a transmission corridor with ArcGIS Data Driven Pages or QGIS Atlas.53 Transportation GIS Applications898. Travelling Salesman – Constructing efficient journeys that visit any number of points on a network in no particular order. (Travelling Salesman)899. Hadoop – Leveraging the Hadoop framework for millions of data points with big data spatial analytics. (Hadoop Framework)900. Deadliest Roads – Pinpointing the safest and deadliest roads on the planet with the Roads Kills Map. Spoiler: Dominican Republic has the most dangerous roads. (Roads Kill Map)901. Multimodal – Getting cars off the road for multi-modal options by studying cycling paths and walkability.902. Turn Restrictions – Adding restrictions to U-turns in a network dataset. (TNT Network Analysis)903. Parking Demand – Estimating parking demand and its fit with parking capacity with Python. (PARKFIT)904. A/B Testing – Making real-world choices sending cars to various routes for the fastest deliveries. (Spatial A/B Testing)905. Closest Facility – Solving the cost of traveling between incidents and facilities for which are nearest to one other.906. Infrastructure Damage – Reporting damaged infrastructure in a browser web mapping system.907. Motor Vehicle Collisions – Correlating motor vehicle collisions with spatial attributes such as speed limits, guardrails and on-street parking.908. Intersection Analysis – Improving intersection safety through crash and road safety analysis with the MapWindow Safety Software Plugin.909. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) – Feeding data from GPS units, video cameras, and road monitoring units to advance efficiency and safety of transportation systems.910. Shortest Path – Generating the shortest, fastest, or least-costly route between any number of origins and any number of destinations, with any number of intermediate points. (Shortest Path)911. Vessel Tracking – Plotting automatic identification system (AIS) points on a map in real-time.912. Network Travel Costs – Determining travel costs from each origin to all destinations913. Road Asset Management – Using ground survey data showing assets on a roadway in Manifold GIS.914. UPS Parcel Delivery – Seeing every driver in near-real time to study safety and find shorter routes – saving time, tire tread, and costs.915. Floating Car Systems – Displaying taxi fleet in one hour. (Floating Car Systems – Anita Graser)916. Logistics Management – Planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient effective flow and storage of goods and services from a point of origin to point of consumption.917. Street Repair – Inventorying and reporting repairs on streets.918. Road Assessment – Taking measure of pavement through aerial and mobile LiDAR.919. Trip Generation/Production – Estimating the number of trips that are produced or originate in each zone of a study area. (TransCAD Trip Generation and Production)920. Railways – Tying railways together with CartoDB’s railways map – from cargo to passenger trains. (Railroads – A Staple for Growth)921. Service Areas – Identifying service areas from a fixed points along a network route to show response coverage for emergency vehicles.922. OD Cost Matrix – Improving coordination amongst transportation providers when given multiple origins and multiple destinations.923. Paratransit – Accessing rides through address entry and buffering points to find nearest routes.924. World Traffic – Helping drivers get to destinations efficiently with traffic conditions around the world. (World Traffic Map)925. Transportation Master Plan – Planning future highways and roads by looking at growth of communities and traffic demand.926. Airline Planning – Navigating to safer airspace by including nearby land use to runway lighting systems.927. Routing Workers – Optimizing routes by seeing overlap which saves fuel costs.928. Traffic Ways – Seeing the world as only traffic ways. (Traffic Ways)929. Carpooling – Adding carpool lots by analyzing the number of incoming trips in a city.930. Bus Route – Designing transit routes with cost and demographic impacts. (TransMix Transit Planning)931. Active Transportation Planning – Leveraging the public with Participatory Geographic Information Systems and active transportation932. Conflation – Conflating two road datasets with OpenJump Vivid extension “Road Mapper” or Spatial Adjustment in ArcGIS.933. Infrastructure Life Cycle – Reiterating the process of planning, designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining a transportation system.934. Inter-modal Transportation – Compiling two different modes of transportation (such as rail and truck) to move goods or passengers.935. Rails-to-Trails Conservancy – Converting unused railway into a paved multi-use paths. (Rails-to-Trails)936. Traffic Congestion – Alleviating traffic congestion by making the best possible use of the existing transportation network and gathering data to improve decisions for modifying the network.937. Sidewalk Inventory – Storing sidewalk data in a database with attributes like width, surface type and clearing priority.938. Transit Ridership – Collecting statistics on how many passengers ride transit in a given neighborhood.939. National Bridge Inventory – Making a repository of bridges in a national-wide database.940. UPS Telematics – Monitor performance and safety of package cars Safety including seatbelt usage, speed and whether or not a door was shut.941. Urban Traffic Air Pollution – Recording urban traffic air pollution and quality trough 3D visualization in planar and non-planar views.942. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis – Selecting highway route using multiple criteria. (Multi-criteria Decision Analysis QGIS Plugin)943. Walkability – Mapping out hot spots and cold spots with walkability and kernel density.944. Bike Sharing – Optimizing locations bike-sharing programs stations.54 Utilities GIS Applications945. Billing Systems – Updating and correcting billing system for the cost of street and security lighting. (Spatial Billing Systems)946. Network Management – Visualizing complex spatial webs of utility networks as the foundation to manage the lifecycle of network assets for utilities. (GE Smallworld)947. Emergency Repairs – Flagging potential emergencies with weather forecasts, staging support where needed and logistics for the movement of people.948. Underground Utilities – Penetrating the ground with radar for precise locations of underground gas, water, electrical and telephone utilities.949. Pole Inventory – Pinning down with GPS accuracy utility poles.950. Power Distribution – Figuring out where in a distribution line could take down an entire network.951. Vegetation Encroachment – Overlaying LiDAR data with transmission to see where and how much vegetation is encroaching952. Subsurface 3D Utility Model – Viewing underground utilities in 3D.953. Lifecycle Management – Updating life cycle status of utility information as existing or proposed in GE SmallWorld954. Permafrost – Assessing the impacts of permafrost freezing and thawing on utility lines.955. Utility Pole Replacement – Obtaining all the information when replacing utility poles and other business operations (Asset ID, construction date, overhead/underground conductor and conductors it supports with number of wire and cable segments956. Power Outages – Helping customers keep the lights on with assets and attributes such as poles and transformers in AutoCAD Map 3D.957. Cost Path – Laying out a gas pipeline from one location to another location with a CAD schematic in AutoCAD 3D.958. Energy Usage – Mapping trends of electricity usage that are metered to a network.959. Smart Grids – Determining optimal locations for smart grid and real-time analytic components.960. Infrastructure Design – Planning network infrastructure, build, operations and maintenance with Smallworld Core.961. Energy Demand Estimation – Combining building volume, number of floors and other characteristics to predict the energy demand for heating and cooling using 3D city models in Germany. (Energy Demand Estimates)962. Schematics – Representing a complex utilities network in a simple schematics diagram with ArcGIS Schematics.963. Street View Measure – Examining utility operations in street view and measuring distances (MM Plugin in ArcGIS)964. Line Extension Easements – Creating electrical line extension easements (legal rights of access) in GE SmallWorld Electric Office Geospatial Asset Management965. Cloud Computing – Building and sharing maps in the cloud for common operating and faster decision-making. (GIS Cloud)55 Volunteer GIS and Open Technology966. GIS Corps – Volunteering in GIS projects such as bridging the divide between the world’s insurance markets and the most vulnerable, low-income people. (GIS Corps)967. National Geographic Society – Preserving and protecting our planet as a global non-profit organization funding hundreds of projects each year. (National Geographic Society)968. Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA) – Solving challenges in local and national governments through GIS and other information technologies. (URISA)969. Wikimapia – Describing the world in online, editable maps and mashups with free data available for you to experiment with and create unique applications. (Wikimapia)970. OpenStreetMap – Establishing open information as a free, editable map through volunteered input. (Founder Steve Coast)971. Open Geospatial Consortium – Making quality open standards for the global geospatial community. (Open Geospatial Consortium)972. USGS Earth Explorer – Opening up satellite data to the world for free. (USGS Earth Explorer)973. NASA World Wind – Monitoring weather patterns, visualize cities and terrain, track the movement of planes, vehicles and ships, analyze geospatial data, and educate people about the Earth with the cross-platform, Java-based NASA World Wind. (NASA World Wind)974. Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo) – Supporting the collaborative development of open source geospatial software, and promoting its widespread use. (OSGeo)975. ArcGIS Open Data – Exploring tens of thousands of data sets around the world from thousands of organizations around the world. (ArcGIS Open Data)976. Real-Time Collaboration – Collaborating in OpenStreetMap with multiple user entries. (Real-time Collaboration)977. Natural Earth – Producing public domain data with beautiful cartography layers.978. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) – Harnessing tools to create, assemble, and disseminate geographic data provided voluntarily by individuals (Citizens as Sensors – Goodchild, 2007)979. QGIS – Pioneering the #1 option for open GIS software. (QGIS Founder – Gary Sherman)56 Weather GIS Applications980. Real-time Lightning – Capturing real-time lightning strikes in a map with monitoring stations located around the world. (Real-time Lightning)981. Global Wind Vectors – Displaying gusting winds with vectors as directions. (Global Wind – Null School)982. Albedo – Measuring albedo for Earth’s heat budget using surface reflectance satellite data – bright areas reflect more than dark areas.983. Solar Irradiance – Harnessing the power of solar energy with the Global Horizontal Solar Irradiance. (Global Horizontal Irradiance)984. Night-Day Boundary – Illustrating which parts of the Earth that people are fast asleep and are wide awake with the night-day boundary map. (Night-Day Boundary)985. Rainfall – Illustrating rainfall in NOAA’s National Weather Service web map.986. NASA Ocean Color – Downloading chlorophyll-a concentrations and sea surfaces temperature data sets for studying the increasing risk from ocean acidification and hypoxia. (NASA Ocean Color)987. Historical Weather – Discerning weather patterns by studying old weather. (Old Weather)988. Temperature – Mapping out temperature with multi-dimensional NetCDF which includes dimensions of latitude, longitude, altitude, and time. (NASA Temperature NetCDF)989. Snowfall – Knowing how much snowfall occurred where. (NOAA Snowfall Data)990. Azimuth – Calculating solar elevation, solar azimuth, and sun hours in the sky for each location (R.Sun – GRASS GIS)991. Weather Anomalies – Tracking weather events in a spatial database such as snow in the Sahara desert or southern Algeria.992. 3D Snow Depths – Plotting out 3D snow depths at ski resorts using Golden Software. (Snow Depth Map)993. Pacific Ocean Blob – Mapping the extent of “The Blob” – an anomalous body having sea surface temperature much above the normal.994. 3D Atmospheric Data – Visualizing layers of the atmospheric features as a vertical profile.995. Ocean Surface Current Analysis Real-Time (OSCAR) – Delivering near real-time global ocean surface currents. (OSCAR Data)996. Weather Warnings – Feeding out live warnings with physical locations from National Weather Service. (Weather Warnings)997. Historical Precipitation – Observing historical precipitation from ground stations and radar in NetCDF with MapWindow Meteobase.998. Cirrus Clouds – Detecting cirrus cloud with Landsat’s Cirrus band.999. Hovmoller Diagrams – Plotting meteorological data with latitude and longitude as axis. (Hovmoller Diagrams – ILWIS)1000. Doppler Radar – Predicting rainfall using Doppler Radar.1001. Sky View Factor – Considering the visible sky and topographic influences to estimate radiation balances, temperature and evapotranspiration.1002. Weather Stations – Obtaining the latitude and longitude positions of weather stations around the world.