St 121 2011-2021 Form: Fill & Download for Free

Saint Patrick's Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick (Irish: Lá Fhéile Pádraig,Literal translation - WikipediaWord-by-word translation of a text Literal translation , direct translation or word-for-word translation , is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately, without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. [1] In translation theory , another term for "literal translation" is " metaphrase " and for phrasal ("sense") translation — " paraphrase ." Literal translation leads to mistranslating of idioms , which is a serious problem for machine translation . [2] The term as used in translation studies [ edit ] The term "literal translation" often appeared in the titles of 19th-century English translations of classical, Bible and other texts. Word-for-word translations ("cribs," "ponies" or "trots") are sometimes prepared for a writer who is translating a work written in a language he does not know. For example, Robert Pinsky is reported to have used a literal translation in preparing his translation of Dante 's Inferno (1994), as he does not know Italian. [ citation needed ] Similarly, Richard Pevear worked from literal translations provided by his wife, Larissa Volokhonsky , in their translations of several Russian novels. [ citation needed ] Poetry to prose [ edit ] Literal translation can also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. There is, however, a great deal of difference between a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry may be in prose rather than verse, but also be error free. Charles Singleton's translation of The Divine Comedy (1975) is regarded as a prose translation. As bad practice [ edit ] "Literal" translation implies that it is probably full of errors, since the translator has made no effort to convey, for example, correct idioms or shades of meaning, but it might be also useful in seeing how words are used to convey meaning in the source language. Examples [ edit ] A literal English translation of the German word " Kindergarten " would be "children's garden," but also in English, the expression refers to the pre-school institution. Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in the target language (a process also known as “loan translation”) are called calques , e.g., “beer garden” from German “Biergarten.” The literal translation of the Italian sentence, " So che questo non va bene " ("I know that this is not good"), produces "Know(I) that this not goes(it) well," which has English words and Italian grammar . Machine translation [ edit ] Early machine translations (as of 1962 [2] at least) were notorious for this type of translation as they simply employed a database of words and their translations. Later attempts utilized common phrases which resulted in better grammatical structure and capture of idioms but with many words left in the original language. For trhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation'the Day of the Festival of Patrick'), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick (c.385 – c. 461), the foremost patron saint of Ireland.Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland),[6] the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland,[5] and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general.[7] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, céilís, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.[8] Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services[7][9] and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption.[7][8][10][11]Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland,[12] Northern Ireland,[13] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat. It is also widely celebrated in the United Kingdom,[14] Canada, United States, Brazil, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand, especially amongst Irish diaspora. Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival.[15] Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people.[16]ContentsSaint Patrick's Day - WikipediaCultural and religious holiday celebrated on 17 March Saint Patrick's Day , or the Feast of Saint Patrick ( Irish : Lá Fhéile Pádraig , lit. 'the Day of the Festival of Patrick'), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick ( c. 385 – c. 461 ), the foremost patron saint of Ireland . Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church , the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland ), [6] the Eastern Orthodox Church , and the Lutheran Church . The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland , [5] and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general. [7] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, céilís , and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks . [8] Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services [7] [9] and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption. [7] [8] [10] [11] Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland , [12] Northern Ireland , [13] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat . It is also widely celebrated in the United Kingdom , [14] Canada , United States , Brazil , Argentina , Australia and New Zealand , especially amongst Irish diaspora . Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival . Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people. [16] Saint Patrick [ edit ] Saint Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and Bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration , which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration , at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland . [17] It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he found God. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest. [ citation needed ] According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and convehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Saint_Patrick2Celebration and traditions2.1Wearing green3Celebrations by region3.1Ireland3.2Elsewhere in Europe3.2.1England3.2.2Malta3.2.3Norway3.2.4Russia3.2.5Bosnia and Herzegovina3.2.6Scotland3.2.7Switzerland3.2.8Lithuania3.3Asia3.3.1Japan3.3.2Korea3.3.3Malaysia3.4Caribbean3.4.1Montserrat3.5International Space Station3.6North America3.6.1Canada3.6.2Mexico3.6.3United States3.7South America3.7.1Argentina3.8Oceania3.8.1Australia3.8.2New ZealandSaint Patrick's Day - WikipediaCultural and religious holiday celebrated on 17 March Saint Patrick's Day , or the Feast of Saint Patrick ( Irish : Lá Fhéile Pádraig , lit. 'the Day of the Festival of Patrick'), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick ( c. 385 – c. 461 ), the foremost patron saint of Ireland . Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church , the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland ), [6] the Eastern Orthodox Church , and the Lutheran Church . The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland , [5] and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general. [7] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, céilís , and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks . [8] Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services [7] [9] and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption. [7] [8] [10] [11] Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland , [12] Northern Ireland , [13] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat . It is also widely celebrated in the United Kingdom , [14] Canada , United States , Brazil , Argentina , Australia and New Zealand , especially amongst Irish diaspora . Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival . Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people. [16] Saint Patrick [ edit ] Saint Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and Bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration , which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration , at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland . [17] It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he found God. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest. [ citation needed ] According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and convehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#CriticismSaint Patrick's Day - WikipediaCultural and religious holiday celebrated on 17 March Saint Patrick's Day , or the Feast of Saint Patrick ( Irish : Lá Fhéile Pádraig , lit. 'the Day of the Festival of Patrick'), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick ( c. 385 – c. 461 ), the foremost patron saint of Ireland . Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church , the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland ), [6] the Eastern Orthodox Church , and the Lutheran Church . The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland , [5] and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general. [7] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, céilís , and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks . [8] Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services [7] [9] and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption. [7] [8] [10] [11] Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland , [12] Northern Ireland , [13] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat . It is also widely celebrated in the United Kingdom , [14] Canada , United States , Brazil , Argentina , Australia and New Zealand , especially amongst Irish diaspora . Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival . Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people. [16] Saint Patrick [ edit ] Saint Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and Bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration , which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration , at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland . [17] It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he found God. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest. [ citation needed ] According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and convehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#Sports_eventsSaint Patrick's Day - WikipediaCultural and religious holiday celebrated on 17 March Saint Patrick's Day , or the Feast of Saint Patrick ( Irish : Lá Fhéile Pádraig , lit. 'the Day of the Festival of Patrick'), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick ( c. 385 – c. 461 ), the foremost patron saint of Ireland . Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church , the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland ), [6] the Eastern Orthodox Church , and the Lutheran Church . The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland , [5] and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general. [7] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, céilís , and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks . [8] Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services [7] [9] and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption. [7] [8] [10] [11] Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland , [12] Northern Ireland , [13] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat . It is also widely celebrated in the United Kingdom , [14] Canada , United States , Brazil , Argentina , Australia and New Zealand , especially amongst Irish diaspora . Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival . Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people. [16] Saint Patrick [ edit ] Saint Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and Bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration , which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration , at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland . [17] It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he found God. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest. [ citation needed ] According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and convehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#See_alsoSaint Patrick's Day - WikipediaCultural and religious holiday celebrated on 17 March Saint Patrick's Day , or the Feast of Saint Patrick ( Irish : Lá Fhéile Pádraig , lit. 'the Day of the Festival of Patrick'), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick ( c. 385 – c. 461 ), the foremost patron saint of Ireland . Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church , the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland ), [6] the Eastern Orthodox Church , and the Lutheran Church . The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland , [5] and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general. [7] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, céilís , and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks . [8] Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services [7] [9] and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption. [7] [8] [10] [11] Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland , [12] Northern Ireland , [13] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat . It is also widely celebrated in the United Kingdom , [14] Canada , United States , Brazil , Argentina , Australia and New Zealand , especially amongst Irish diaspora . Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival . Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people. [16] Saint Patrick [ edit ] Saint Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and Bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration , which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration , at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland . [17] It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he found God. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest. [ citation needed ] According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and convehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#ReferencesSaint Patrick's Day - WikipediaCultural and religious holiday celebrated on 17 March Saint Patrick's Day , or the Feast of Saint Patrick ( Irish : Lá Fhéile Pádraig , lit. 'the Day of the Festival of Patrick'), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick ( c. 385 – c. 461 ), the foremost patron saint of Ireland . Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church , the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland ), [6] the Eastern Orthodox Church , and the Lutheran Church . The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland , [5] and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general. [7] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, céilís , and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks . [8] Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services [7] [9] and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption. [7] [8] [10] [11] Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland , [12] Northern Ireland , [13] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat . It is also widely celebrated in the United Kingdom , [14] Canada , United States , Brazil , Argentina , Australia and New Zealand , especially amongst Irish diaspora . Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival . Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people. [16] Saint Patrick [ edit ] Saint Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and Bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration , which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration , at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland . [17] It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he found God. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest. [ citation needed ] According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and convehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day#External_linksSaint PatrickMain article: Saint PatrickSaint Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and Bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration, which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland.[17] It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he found God. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest.[citation needed]According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted thousands.Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at Downpatrick. Over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland's foremost saint.[citation needed]Celebration and traditionsTraditional St Patrick's Day badges from the early 20th century, Museum of Country Life in County MayoAccording to legend, Saint Patrick used the three-leaved shamrock to explain the Holy Trinity to Irish pagans.Today's Saint Patrick's Day celebrations have been greatly influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora, especially in North America. Until the late 20th century, Saint Patrick's Day was often a bigger celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland.[15]Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, Irish traditional music sessions (céilithe), and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.[8] There are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, although these were more common in the past. Saint Patrick's Day parades began in North America in the 18th century but did not spread to Ireland until the 20th century.[18] The participants generally include marching bands, the military, fire brigades, cultural organisations, charitable organisations, voluntary associations, youth groups, fraternities, and so on. However, over time, many of the parades have become more akin to a carnival. More effort is made to use the Irish language, especially in Ireland, where the 1st March to St Patrick's Day on 17th March is Seachtain na Gaeilge ("Irish language week").[19]Since 2010, famous landmarks have been lit up in green on Saint Patrick's Day as part of Tourism Ireland's "Global Greening Initiative" or "Going Green for St Patrick's Day".[20][21] The Sydney Opera House and the Sky Tower in Auckland were the first landmarks to participate and since then over 300 landmarks in fifty countries across the globe have gone green for Saint Patricks day.[22][23]Christians may also attend church services,[7][9] and the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol are lifted for the day. Perhaps because of this, drinking alcohol – particularly Irish whiskey, beer, or cider – has become an integral part of the celebrations.[7][8][10][11] The Saint Patrick's Day custom of "drowning the shamrock" or "wetting the shamrock" was historically popular. At the end of the celebrations, especially in Ireland. At the end of the celebrations, a shamrock is put into the bottom of a cup, which is then filled with whiskey, beer, or cider. It is then drunk as a toast to Saint Patrick, Ireland, or those present. The shamrock would either be swallowed with the drink or taken out and tossed over the shoulder for good luck. [24][25][26]Irish Government Ministers travel abroad on official visits to various countries around the globe to celebrate Saint Patrick's Day and promote Ireland.[27][28] The most prominent of these is the visit of the Irish Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister) with the U.S. President which happens on or around Saint Patrick's Day.[29][30] Traditionally the Taoiseach presents the U.S. President a Waterford Crystal bowl filled with shamrocks.[31] This tradition began when in 1952, Irish Ambassador to the U.S. John Hearne sent a box of shamrocks to President Harry S. Truman. From then on it became an annual tradition of the Irish ambassador to the U.S. to present the Saint Patrick's Day shamrock to an official in the U.S. President's administration, although on some occasions the shamrock presentation was made by the Irish Taoiseach or Irish President to the U.S. President personally in Washington, such as when President Dwight D. Eisenhower met Taoiseach John A. Costello in 1956 and President Seán T. O'Kelly in 1959 or when President Ronald Reagan met Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald in 1986 and Taoiseach Charles J. Haughey in 1987.[29][31] However it was only after the meeting between Taoiseach Albert Reynolds and President Bill Clinton in 1994 that the presenting of the shamrock ceremony became an annual event for the leaders of both countries for Saint Patrick's Day.[29][32] The presenting of the Shamrock ceremony was cancelled in 2020 due to the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic.[33][34]Wearing greenWomen wearing green in LondonOn Saint Patrick's Day, it is customary to wear shamrocks, green clothing or green accessories. Saint Patrick is said to have used the shamrock, a three-leaved plant, to explain the Holy Trinity to the pagan Irish.[35][36] This story first appears in writing in 1726, though it may be older. In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many triple deities, a fact that may have aided St Patrick in his evangelisation efforts.[37][38] Patricia Monaghan says there is no evidence that the shamrock was sacred to the pagan Irish.[37] However, Jack Santino speculates that it may have represented the regenerative powers of nature, and was recast in a Christian context‍—‌icons of St Patrick often depict the saint "with a cross in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other".[39] Roger Homan writes, "We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the triskele when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity".[40]The first association of the colour green with Ireland is from the 11th century pseudo-historical book Lebor Gabála Érenn (The Book of the Taking of Ireland), which forms part of the Mythological Cycle in Irish Mythology and describes the story of Goídel Glas who is credited as the eponymous ancestor of the Gaels and creator of the Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx).[41][42] In the story Goídel Glas, who was the son of Scota and Niul, was bitten by a snake and was saved from death by Moses placing his staff on the snakebite. As a reminder of the incident he would retain a green mark that would stay with him and he would lead his people to a land that would be free of snakes.[43] This is emphasized in his name Goídel which was anglicised to the word Gaelic and Glas which is the Irish word for green.[41][42] Another story from the Lebor Gabála Érenn written after the adventures of Goídel Glas refers to Íth climbing the tower (in reference to the Tower of Hercules) his father Breogán builds in Brigantia (modern day Corunna in Galicia, Spain) on a winters day and is so captivated by the sight of a beautiful green island in the distance that he must set sail immediately. This story also introduces three national personifications of Ireland, Banba, Fódla and Ériu.[41][42][43]The colour green was further associated with Ireland from the 1640s, when the green harp flag was used by the Irish Catholic Confederation. James Connolly would later describe this flag. prior to the 1916 Easter Rising, as representing "the sacred emblem of Ireland's unconquered soul".[44] Green ribbons and shamrocks have been worn on St Patrick's Day since at least the 1680s.[45] The Friendly Brothers of St Patrick, an Irish fraternity founded in about 1750,[46] adopted green as its colour.[47] However, when the Order of St. Patrick—an Anglo-Irish chivalric order—was founded in 1783 it adopted blue as its colour, which led to blue being associated with St Patrick. During the 1790s, green would become associated with Irish nationalism, due to its use by the United Irishmen. This was a republican organisation—led mostly by Protestants but with many Catholic members—who launched a rebellion in 1798 against British rule. Ireland was described as "the Emerald Isle" for the first time in print in "When Erin First Rose" (1795), a poem by co-founder of the United Irishmen William Drennan, which stresses the historical importance of green to the Irish.[48][49][50][51] The phrase "wearing of the green" comes from a song of the same name, which laments United Irishmen supporters being persecuted for wearing green. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have seen the re-emergence of Irish cultural symbols, such as the Irish Language, Irish mythology, Irish folklore, and the colour green, through the Gaelic Revival and the Irish Literary Revival which served to stir Irish nationalist sentiment. The influence of green was more prominently observable in the flags of the 1916 Easter Rising such as the Sunburst flag, the Starry Plough Banner, and the Proclamation Flag of the Irish Republic which was flown over the General Post Office, Dublin together with the Irish Tricolour. When Ireland did achieve its independence in 1922, the first act by the new Saorstát Éireann (Irish Free State) government was to order all the post boxes to be painted 'Saorstát green' (as it was described), under the slogan "Green paint for a green people";[52][53] in 1924, the government introduced a green Irish passport for Irish citizens, and it would remain this colour until the introduction of the burgundy coloured European Passports in 1985.[54][55][56] Throughout these centuries, the colour green and its association with St Patrick's Day grew.[57]The wearing of the 'St Patrick's Day Cross' was also a popular custom in Ireland until the early 20th century. These were a Celtic Christian cross made of paper that was "covered with silk or ribbon of different colours, and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre".[58]Celebrations by regionIrelandA St Patrick's Day parade in DublinDublin's General Post Office and the Spire on O'Connell Street on St. Patrick's DaySaint Patrick's feast day, as a kind of national day, was already being celebrated by the Irish in Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries. In later times, he became more and more widely seen as the patron of Ireland.[59] Saint Patrick's feast day was finally placed on the universal liturgical calendar in the Catholic Church due to the influence of Waterford-born Franciscan scholar Luke Wadding[60] in the early 1600s. Saint Patrick's Day thus became a holy day of obligation for Roman Catholics in Ireland. It is also a feast day in the Church of Ireland, which is part of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The church calendar avoids the observance of saints' feasts during certain solemnities, moving the saint's day to a time outside those periods. St Patrick's Day is occasionally affected by this requirement, when 17 March falls during Holy Week. This happened in 1940, when Saint Patrick's Day was observed on 3 April to avoid it coinciding with Palm Sunday, and again in 2008, where it was officially observed on 15 March.[61] St Patrick's Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160.[62][63] However, the popular festivities may still be held on 17 March or on a weekend near to the feast day.[citation needed]In 1903, St Patrick's Day became an official public holiday in Ireland. This was thanks to the Bank Holiday (Ireland) Act 1903, an act of the United Kingdom Parliament introduced by Irish Member of Parliament James O'Mara.[64] O'Mara later introduced the law which required that public houses be shut on 17 March, a provision that was later deemed unnecessary and was repealed in the 1970s.[citation needed]The first St Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. The week of St Patrick's Day 1903 had been declared Irish Language Week by the Gaelic League and in Waterford they opted to have a procession on Sunday 15 March. The procession comprised the Mayor and members of Waterford Corporation, the Trades Hall, the various trade unions and bands who included the 'Barrack St Band' and the 'Thomas Francis Meagher Band'.[65] The parade began at the premises of the Gaelic League in George's St and finished in the Peoples Park, where the public were addressed by the Mayor and other dignitaries.[66][67] On Tuesday 17 March, most Waterford businesses—including public houses—were closed and marching bands paraded as they had two days previously.[68] The Waterford Trades Hall had been emphatic that the National Holiday be observed.[66]On St Patrick's Day 1916, the Irish Volunteers—an Irish nationalist paramilitary organisation—held parades throughout Ireland. The authorities recorded 38 St Patrick's Day parades, involving 6,000 marchers, almost half of whom were said to be armed.[69] The following month, the Irish Volunteers launched the Easter Rising against British rule. This marked the beginning of the Irish revolutionary period and led to the Irish War of Independence and Civil War. During this time, St Patrick's Day celebrations in Ireland were muted, although the day was sometimes chosen to hold large political rallies.[70] The celebrations remained low-key after the creation of the Irish Free State; the only state-organized observance was a military procession and trooping of the colours, and an Irish-language mass attended by government ministers.[71] In 1927, the Irish Free State government banned the selling of alcohol on St Patrick's Day, although it remained legal in Northern Ireland. The ban was not repealed until 1961.[72]The first official, state-sponsored St Patrick's Day parade in Dublin took place in 1931.[73] On three occasions, parades across the Republic of Ireland have been cancelled from taking place on St Patrick's Day, with all years involving health and safety reasons.[74][75] In 2001, as a precaution to the foot-and-mouth outbreak, St Patrick's Day celebrations were postponed to May[76][77][78] and in 2020 and 2021, as a consequence to the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, the St Patrick's Day Parade was cancelled outright.[79][80][81][82] Organisers of the St Patrick's Day Festival 2021 will instead host virtual events around Ireland on their SPF TV online channel.[83][84][85]A St Patrick's Day religious procession in Downpatrick, where Saint Patrick is said to be buriedIn Northern Ireland, the celebration of St Patrick's Day was affected by sectarian divisions.[86] A majority of the population were Protestant Ulster unionists who saw themselves as British, while a substantial minority were Catholic Irish nationalists who saw themselves as Irish. Although it was a public holiday, Northern Ireland's unionist government did not officially observe St Patrick's Day.[86] During the conflict known as the Troubles (late 1960s–late 1990s), public St Patrick's Day celebrations were rare and tended to be associated with the Catholic community.[86] In 1976, loyalists detonated a car bomb outside a pub crowded with Catholics celebrating St Patrick's Day in Dungannon; four civilians were killed and many injured. However, some Protestant unionists attempted to 're-claim' the festival, and in 1985 the Orange Order held its own St Patrick's Day parade.[86] Since the end of the conflict in 1998 there have been cross-community St Patrick's Day parades in towns throughout Northern Ireland, which have attracted thousands of spectators.[86]In the mid-1990s the government of the Republic of Ireland began a campaign to use St Patrick's Day to showcase Ireland and its culture.[87] The government set up a group called St Patrick's Festival, with the aims:To offer a national festival that ranks amongst all of the greatest celebrations in the worldTo create energy and excitement throughout Ireland via innovation, creativity, grassroots involvement, and marketing activityTo provide the opportunity and motivation for people of Irish descent (and those who sometimes wish they were Irish) to attend and join in the imaginative and expressive celebrationsTo project, internationally, an accurate image of Ireland as a creative, professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal.[88]The first St Patrick's Festival was held on 17 March 1996. In 1997, it became a three-day event, and by 2000 it was a four-day event. By 2006, the festival was five days long; more than 675,000 people attended the 2009 parade. Overall 2009's five-day festival saw almost 1 million visitors, who took part in festivities that included concerts, outdoor theatre performances, and fireworks.[89] The Skyfest which ran from 2006 to 2012 formed the centrepiece of the St Patrick's festival.[90][91]The topic of the 2004 St Patrick's Symposium was "Talking Irish", during which the nature of Irish identity, economic success, and the future were discussed. Since 1996, there has been a greater emphasis on celebrating and projecting a fluid and inclusive notion of "Irishness" rather than an identity based around traditional religious or ethnic allegiance. The week around St Patrick's Day usually involves Irish language speakers using more Irish during Seachtain na Gaeilge ("Irish Language Week").[92]Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of St Patrick's Day. In The Word magazine's March 2007 issue, Fr Vincent Twomey wrote, "It is time to reclaim St Patrick's Day as a church festival". He questioned the need for "mindless alcohol-fuelled revelry" and concluded that "it is time to bring the piety and the fun together".[93]As well as Dublin, many other cities, towns, and villages in Ireland hold their own parades and festivals, including Cork, Belfast, Derry, Galway, Kilkenny, Limerick, and Waterford.[citation needed]The biggest celebrations outside the cities are in Downpatrick, County Down, where Saint Patrick is said to be buried. The shortest St. Patrick's Day parade in the world formerly took place in Dripsey, County Cork. The parade lasted just 23.4 metres and traveled between the village's two pubs. The annual event began in 1999, but ceased after five years when one of the two pubs closed.[94]Elsewhere in EuropeEnglandSaint Patrick's Day celebration at Trafalgar Square in London, 2006In England, the British Royals traditionally present bowls of shamrock to members of the Irish Guards, a regiment in the British Army, following Queen Alexandra introducing the tradition in 1901.[95][96] Since 2012 the Duchess of Cambridge has presented the bowls of shamrock to the Irish Guards. While female royals are often tasked with presenting the bowls of shamrock, male royals have also undertaking the role, such as King George VI in 1950 to mark the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Irish Guards, and in 2016 the Duke of Cambridge in place of his wife.[97][98] Fresh Shamrocks are presented to the Irish Guards, regardless of where they are stationed, and are flown in from Ireland.[99]While some Saint Patrick's Day celebrations could be conducted openly in Britain pre 1960s, this would change following the commencement by the IRA's bombing campaign on mainland Britain and as a consequence this resulted in a suspicion of all things Irish and those who supported them which led to people of Irish descent wearing a sprig of shamrock on Saint Patrick's day in private or attending specific events.[100] Today after many years following the Good Friday Agreement, people of Irish descent openly wear a sprig of shamrock to celebrate their Irishness.[100]Christian denominations in Great Britain observing his feast day include The Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.[101]Birmingham holds the largest Saint Patrick's Day parade in Britain with a city centre parade[102] over a two-mile (3 km) route through the city centre. The organisers describe it as the third biggest parade in the world after Dublin and New York.[103]London, since 2002, has had an annual Saint Patrick's Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th, usually in Trafalgar Square. In 2008 the water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed green. In 2020 the Parade was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[citation needed]Liverpool has the highest proportion of residents with Irish ancestry of any English city.[104] This has led to a long-standing celebration on St Patrick's Day in terms of music, cultural events and the parade.[citation needed]Manchester hosts a two-week Irish festival in the weeks prior to Saint Patrick's Day. The festival includes an Irish Market based at the city's town hall which flies the Irish tricolour opposite the Union Flag, a large parade as well as a large number of cultural and learning events throughout the two-week period.[105]MaltaPorte des Bombes illuminated in green on Saint Patrick's Day of 2014The first Saint Patrick's Day celebrations in Malta took place in the early 20th century by soldiers of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers who were stationed in Floriana. Celebrations were held in the Balzunetta area of the town, which contained a number of bars and was located close to the barracks. The Irish diaspora in Malta continued to celebrate the feast annually.[106]Today, Saint Patrick's Day is mainly celebrated in Spinola Bay and Paceville areas of St Julian's,[107] although other celebrations still occur at Floriana[106] and other locations.[108][109] Thousands of Maltese attend the celebrations, "which are more associated with drinking beer than traditional Irish culture."[110][111]NorwayNorway has had a St. Patrick's Day parade in Oslo since 2000, first organized by Irish expatriates living in Norway, and partially coordinated with the Irish embassy in Oslo.[112]RussiaMoscow hosts an annual Saint Patrick's Day festival.The first Saint Patrick's Day parade in Russia took place in 1992.[113] Since 1999, there has been a yearly "Saint Patrick's Day" festival in Moscow and other Russian cities.[114] The official part of the Moscow parade is a military-style parade and is held in collaboration with the Moscow government and the Irish embassy in Moscow. The unofficial parade is held by volunteers and resembles a carnival. In 2014, Moscow Irish Week was celebrated from 12 to 23 March, which includes Saint Patrick's Day on 17 March. Over 70 events celebrating Irish culture in Moscow, St Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, and Volgograd were sponsored by the Irish Embassy, the Moscow City Government, and other organisations.[115]In 2017, the Russian Orthodox Church added the feast day of Saint Patrick to its liturgical calendar, to be celebrated on 30 March [O.S. 17 March].[116]Bosnia and HerzegovinaSarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a large Irish expatriate community.[117][118] The community established the Sarajevo Irish Festival in 2015, which is held for three days around and including Saint Patrick's Day. The festival organizes an annual a parade, hosts Irish theatre companies, screens Irish films and organizes concerts of Irish folk musicians. The festival has hosted numerous Irish artists, filmmakers, theatre directors and musicians such as Conor Horgan, Ailis Ni Riain, Dermot Dunne, Mick Moloney, Chloë Agnew and others.[119][120][121]Scotland2009 Saint Patrick's Day festival celebration in Coatbridge, ScotlandThe Scottish town of Coatbridge, where the majority of the town's population are of Irish descent,[122][123] also has a Saint Patrick's Day Festival which includes celebrations and parades in the town centre.[123][124]Glasgow has a considerably large Irish population; due, for the most part, to the Irish immigration during the 19th century. This immigration was the main cause in raising the population of Glasgow by over 100,000 people.[125] Due to this large Irish population, there are many Irish-themed pubs and Irish interest groups who hold yearly celebrations on Saint Patrick's day in Glasgow. Glasgow has held a yearly Saint Patrick's Day parade and festival since 2007.[126]SwitzerlandWhile Saint Patrick's Day in Switzerland is commonly celebrated on 17 March with festivities similar to those in neighbouring central European countries, it is not unusual for Swiss students to organise celebrations in their own living spaces on Saint Patrick's Eve. Most popular are usually those in Zurich's Kreis 4. Traditionally, guests also contribute with beverages and dress in green.[127]LithuaniaAlthough it is not a national holiday in Lithuania, the Vilnia River is dyed green every year on the Saint Patrick's Day in the capital Vilnius.[128]AsiaJapanSaint Patrick's Day in Motomachi, YokohamaSaint Patrick's parades are now held in many locations across Japan.[129] The first parade, in Tokyo, was organised by The Irish Network Japan (INJ) in 1992.KoreaThe Irish Association of Korea has celebrated Saint Patrick's Day since 1976 in Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. The place of the parade and festival has been moved from Itaewon and Daehangno to Cheonggyecheon.[130]MalaysiaIn Malaysia, the St Patrick's Society of Selangor, founded in 1925, organises a yearly St Patrick's Ball, described as the biggest Saint Patrick's Day celebration in Asia. Guinness Anchor Berhad also organises 36 parties across the country in places like the Klang Valley, Penang, Johor Bahru, Malacca, Ipoh, Kuantan, Kota Kinabalu, Miri and Kuching.CaribbeanMontserratThe island of Montserrat is known as the "Emerald Island of the Caribbean" because of its founding by Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis. Montserrat is one of three places where Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday, along with Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland & Labrador. The holiday in Montserrat also commemorates a failed slave uprising that occurred on 17 March 1768.[131]International Space StationAstronaut Chris Hadfield wearing green in the International Space Station on Saint Patrick's Day, 2013Astronauts on board the International Space Station have celebrated the festival in different ways. Irish-American Catherine Coleman played a hundred-year-old flute belonging to Matt Molloy and a tin whistle belonging to Paddy Moloney, both members of the Irish music group The Chieftains, while floating weightless in the space station on Saint Patrick's Day in 2011.[132][133][134] Her performance was later included in a track called "The Chieftains in Orbit" on the group's album, Voice of Ages.[135]Chris Hadfield took photographs of Ireland from Earth orbit, and a picture of himself wearing green clothing in the space station, and posted them online on Saint Patrick's Day in 2013. He also posted online a recording of himself singing "Danny Boy" in space.[136][137]North AmericaCanadaMontreal hosts one of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick's Day parades in North AmericaOne of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick's Day (French: le jour de la Saint-Patrick) parades in North America occurs each year in Montreal,[138] whose city flag includes a shamrock in its lower-right quadrant. The yearly celebration has been organised by the United Irish Societies of Montreal since 1929. The parade has been held yearly without interruption since 1824. St Patrick's Day itself, however, has been celebrated in Montreal since as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France.In Saint John, New Brunswick Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated as a week-long celebration. Shortly after the JP Collins Celtic Festival is an Irish festival celebrating Saint John's Irish heritage. The festival is named for a young Irish doctor James Patrick Collins who worked on Partridge Island (Saint John County) quarantine station tending to sick Irish immigrants before he died there himself.In Manitoba, the Irish Association of Manitoba runs a yearly three-day festival of music and culture based around St Patrick's Day.[139]In 2004, the CelticFest Vancouver Society organised its first yearly festival in downtown Vancouver to celebrate the Celtic Nations and their cultures. This event, which includes a parade, occurs each year during the weekend nearest St Patrick's Day.[140]In Quebec City, there was a parade from 1837 to 1926. The Quebec City St-Patrick Parade returned in 2010 after more than 84 years. For the occasion, a portion of the New York Police Department Pipes and Drums were present as special guests.There has been a parade held in Toronto since at least 1863.[141] There is a large parade in the city's downtown on the Sunday before 17 March.[citation needed]The Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team was known as the Toronto St. Patricks from 1919 to 1927, and wore green jerseys. In 1999, when the Maple Leafs played on St Patrick's Day, they wore green St Patrick's retro uniforms.[citation needed]Some groups, notably Guinness, have lobbied to make Saint Patrick's Day a national holiday.[142]In March 2009, the Calgary Tower changed its top exterior lights to new green CFL bulbs just in time for St Patrick's Day. Part of an environmental non-profit organisation's campaign (Project Porchlight), the green represented environmental concerns. Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for Saint Patrick's Day, and resembled a Leprechaun's hat. After a week, white CFLs took their place. The change was estimated to save the Calgary Tower some $12,000 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 104 tonnes.[143]MexicoThe Saint Patrick's Battalion is honored in Mexico on Saint Patrick's Day.[144]United StatesThe Chicago River dyed green[145]Main article: Saint Patrick's Day in the United StatesSaint Patrick's Day, while not a legal holiday in the United States, is nonetheless widely recognised and observed throughout the country as a celebration of Irish and Irish-American culture. Celebrations include prominent displays of the colour green, religious observances, numerous parades, and copious consumption of alcohol.[10] The holiday has been celebrated in what is now the U.S since 1601.[146]In 2020, for the first time in over 250 years, the parade in New York City, the largest in the world, was postponed due to concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic.[147]South AmericaArgentinaCelebrations in Buenos Aires centre on Reconquista street.In Buenos Aires, a party is held in the downtown street of Reconquista, where there are several Irish pubs;[148][149] in 2006, there were 50,000 people in this street and the pubs nearby.[150] Neither the Catholic Church nor the Irish community, the fifth largest in the world outside Ireland,[151] take part in the organisation of the parties.OceaniaAustraliaSt Patrick's Day is not a national holiday in Australia, although it is celebrated each year across the country's states and territories.[152][153][154] Festivals and parades are often held on weekends around the 17th March in cities such as Sydney,[155] Brisbane,[156] Adelaide,[157] and Melbourne.[158] On occasion, festivals and parades are cancelled. For instance, Melbourne's 2006 and 2007 St Patrick's Day festivals and parades were cancelled due to sporting events (Commonwealth Games and Australian Grand Prix) being booked on and around the planned St Patrick's Day festivals and parades in the city.[159] In Sydney the parade and family day was cancelled in 2016 due to financial problems.[160][161] However, Brisbane's St Patrick's Day parade, which was cancelled at the outbreak of World War II and wasn't revived until 1990,[162] was not called off in 2020 as precaution for the COVID-19 pandemic, in contrast to many other St Patrick's Day parades around the world.[163]The first mention of St Patrick's Day being celebrated in Australia was in 1795, when Irish convicts and administrators, Catholic and Protestant, in the penal colony came together to celebrate the day as a national holiday, despite a ban against assemblies being in place at the time.[164] This unified day of Irish nationalist observance would soon dissipate over time, with celebrations on St Patrick's Day becoming divisive between religions and social classes, representative more of Australianness than of Irishness and held intermittingly throughout the years.[164][165][166] Historian Patrick O'Farrell credits the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin and Archbishop Daniel Mannix of Melbourne for re-igniting St Patrick's Day celebrations in Australia and reviving the sense of Irishness amongst those with Irish heritage.[164] The organisers of the St Patrick's festivities in the past were, more often than not, the Catholic clergy[167] which often courted controversy.[168][169] Bishop Patrick Phelan of Sale described in 1921 how the authorities in Victoria had ordered that a Union Jack be flown at the front of the St Patrick's Day parade and following the refusal by Irishmen and Irish-Australians to do so, the authorities paid for an individual to carry the flag at the head of the parade.[170][171] This individual was later assaulted by two men who were later fined in court.[172][173]New ZealandFrom 1878 to 1955, St Patrick's Day was recognised as a public holiday in New Zealand, together with St George's Day (England) and St Andrew's Day (Scotland).[174][175][176] Auckland attracted many Irish migrants in the 1850s and 1860s, and it was here where some of the earliest St Patrick's Day celebrations took place, which often entailed the hosting of community picnics.[177] However, this rapidly evolved from the late 1860s onwards to include holding parades with pipe bands and marching children wearing green, sporting events, concerts, balls and other social events, where people displayed their Irishness with pride.[177] While St Patrick's Day is no longer recognised as a public holiday, it continues to be celebrated across New Zealand with festivals and parades at weekends on or around the 17th March.[178][179]CriticismSaint Patrick's Day celebrations have been criticised, particularly for their association with public drunkenness and disorderly conduct. Some argue that the festivities have become too commercialised and tacky,[180][181] and have strayed from their original purpose of honouring St Patrick and Irish heritage.[182][183][180] Journalist Niall O'Dowd has criticised attempts to recast Saint Patrick's Day as a celebration of multiculturalism rather than a celebration of Irishness.[184]Man in Leprechaun Outfit on St Patrick's DaySaint Patrick's Day celebrations have also been criticised for fostering demeaning stereotypes of Ireland and Irish people.[180] An example is the wearing of 'leprechaun outfits',[185] which are based on derogatory 19th century caricatures of the Irish.[186] In the run up to St Patrick's Day 2014, the Ancient Order of Hibernians successfully campaigned to stop major American retailers from selling novelty merchandise that promoted negative Irish stereotypes.[187]Some[who?] have described Saint Patrick's Day celebrations outside Ireland as displays of "Plastic Paddyness"; where foreigners appropriate and misrepresent Irish culture, claim Irish identity, and enact Irish stereotypes.[188]LGBT groups in the US were banned from marching in Saint Patrick's Day parades in New York City and Boston, resulting in the landmark Supreme Court decision of Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston. In New York City, the ban was lifted in 2014,[189] but LGBT groups still find that barriers to participation exist.[190] In Boston, the ban on LGBT group participation was lifted in 2015.[191]Sports eventsTraditionally the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship and All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship are held on Saint Patrick's Day in Croke Park, Dublin. The Interprovincial Championship was previously held on 17 March but this was switched to games being played in Autumn.The Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup, Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup and Ulster Schools Senior Cup are held on Saint Patrick's Day. The Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup is held on the weekend before Saint Patrick's Day.Horse racing at the Cheltenham Festival attracts large numbers of Irish people, both residents of Britain and many who travel from Ireland, and usually coincides with Saint Patrick's Day.[192]The Six Nations Championship is an annual international rugby Union tournament competed by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, and Wales and reaches its climax on or around Saint Patrick's Day.[193][194] On St Patrick's Day 2018, Ireland defeated England 24–15 at Twickenham, London to claim the third Grand Slam in their history.[195][196]The Saint Patrick's Day Test is an international rugby league tournament that is played between the US and Ireland. The competition was first started in 1995 and continued in 1996, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, and 2012. Ireland won the first two tests as well as the one in 2011, with the US winning the remaining 5. The game is usually held on or around 17 March to coincide with Saint Patrick's Day.[197]The major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada that play during March often wear special third jerseys to acknowledge the holiday. Examples include the Buffalo Sabres (who have worn special Irish-themed practice jerseys), Toronto Maple Leafs (who wear Toronto St. Patricks throwbacks), New York Knicks, Toronto Raptors, and most Major League Baseball teams. The New Jersey Devils have worn their green-and-red throwback jerseys on or around Saint Patrick's Day in recent years.[198]

List of Indian Premier League records and statisticsLanguageDownload PDFWatchEditThe Indian Premier League is a Twenty20 (T20) competition in men's cricket. Organised by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), the tournament has taken place every year since it was first held in 2008. Several teams went in and out of the tournament at different years, while the names of some teams were changed. The tournament format has always been a round-robin format, where each team plays with each other team twice, each match in either of the team's homeground.Indian Premier League (IPL)CountriesIndiaAdministratorBCCIFormatT20First edition2008Latest edition2020Next edition2021Tournament formatDouble round-robin league and PlayoffsNumber of teams8Current championMumbai IndiansMost successfulMumbai Indians (4 titles)Most runsVirat Kohli (5827)[1]Most wicketsLasith Malinga (170)[2]TVList of broadcastersWebsiteiplt20.comTournaments2008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020Virat Kohli has scored the most runs in IPL history.Lasith Malinga has taken the most wickets in IPL history.Indian batsman Virat Kohli holds the record for the most runs made in the IPL, since its beginning in 2008. Chris Gayle, however, holds many of the individual scoring records including, highest-individual score in a match (175 runs off 66 balls), most centuries (6), the most 6s scored (326) most 6s in a match (17), fastest century (from 30 balls). Gayle also holds the record for Player of the match award (21).Lasith Malinga holds the record for the most wickets taken (170) and shares the highest number of 4-wicket hauls with Sunil Narine (7).MS Dhoni, Dinesh Karthik and Robin Uthappa dominate the Wicket-keeping records, all 3 being among the top 5 players of most stumps and most catches. The most overall catches by any fielder is 102 catches by the batsman Suresh Raina.RCB has scored the highest runs in a match with an astounding score of 263–5 against PWI in 2013, the same match in which Gayle hit his record score for a match in IPL, and also the record for the highest number of 6's in an innings. This is also the second highest innings total by any team in a T20 match. The second record is also set by RCB against GL, having scored 248–5. CSK set the record 246-5 and 240-5 while KKR scoring 245–6 in a match against KXIP in 2018.Only 5 teams have won a title since the beginning of the league. MI, who holds the current champion title, has won the highest number of tournaments i.e. 4 with CSK winning 3 titles and KKR winning 2.Listing criteriaIn general the top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, when all the tied record holders are noted).Listing notationTeam notation(200–3) indicates that a team scored 200 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained(200) indicates that a team scored 200 runs and was all outBatting notation(100) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was out(100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not outBowling notation(5–20) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while conceding 20 runsCurrently playingindicates a current cricketerStart Dateindicates the date the match startsTeam recordsTeam PerformanceMain article: List of Indian Premier League seasons and resultsOut of the thirteen teams that have played in the Indian Premier League since its inception, one team has won the competition four times, one team has won the competition three times, one team has won the competition twice and three other teams have won it once. MI are the most successful team in the league's history with four IPL titles to their name. CSK have won the title thrice, and are the only team to have reached the playoff stage of the competition every year they have played. The KKR have won two titles, and the other three teams who have won the tournament are the DC, RR and SRH. The current champions are MI who beat CSK in the final of the 2019 season to secure their fourth title.Season & No. of Teams2008(8)2009(8)2010(8)2011(10)2012(9)2013(9)2014(8)2015(8)2016(8)2017(8)2018(8)2019(8)2020(8)Team \ HostRajasthan Royals (RR)1st6th7th6th7th3rd5th4thSuspended4th7thChennai Super Kings (CSK)2ndSF1st1st2nd2nd3rd2ndSuspended1st2ndKolkata Knight Riders (KKR)6th8th6th4th1st7th1st5th4th3rd3rd5thMumbai Indians (MI)5th7th2nd3rd4th1st4th1st5th1st5th1stDelhi Capitals (DC)SFSF5th10th3rd9th8th7th6th6th8th3rdKings XI Punjab (KXIP)SF5th8th5th6th6th2nd8th8th5th7th6thRoyal Challengers Bangalore (RCB)7th2nd3rd2nd5th5th7th3rd2nd8th6th8thSunrisers Hyderabad (SRH)Team did not exist4th6th6th1st4th2nd4thDeccan Chargers†(DC)8th1st4th7th8thTeam replacedPune Warriors India†(PWI)Team did not exist9th9th8thTeam defunctKochi Tuskers Kerala†(KTK)Team did not exist8thTeam defunctRising Pune Supergiant†(RPS)Team did not exist7th2ndTeam defunctGujarat Lions†(GL)Team did not exist3rd7thTeam defunct†No longer exists.Team wins, losses and drawsPlaying teamsTeamSpanMatchesWonLostTied and wonTied and lostNo ResultWin %TitlesCSK2008–2015, 2018–20201781057101159.603DC2008–20201898210121244.650KXIP2008–20201898510031046.030KKR2008–2020191979013051.832MI2008–20201991158022058.794RR2008–2015, 2018–2020160797621150.941RCB2008–2020193899721447.880SRH2013–2020119615512052.911Last updated: 30 October 2020[3]Note:Tie+W and Tie+L indicates matches tied and then won or lost by super overThe result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a winThe total matches does not include matches played for Champions League T20DC- Delhi CapitalsDefunct teamsTeamSpanMatchesWonLostNo resultTied and wonTied and lostWin %TitlesDC2008–201275294600038.661KTK2011146800042.850PWI2011–201346123300126.660GL2016–201730131601045.000RPS2016–201730151500050.000Last updated: 11 September 2020[3]Note:Tie+W and Tie+L indicates matches tied and then won or lost by super overThe result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a winThe total matches does not include matches played for Champions League T20DC- Deccan ChargersResult recordsGreatest win margin (by runs)MarginTeamOppositionVenueDate146 RunsMIDD(Now DC)Arun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India6 May 2017144 RunsRCBGLM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India14 May 2016140 RunsKKRRCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India18 April 2008138 RunsRCBKXIPM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India6 May 2015130 RunsRCBPWIM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India23 April 2013Last Updated: 11 September 2020[4]Greatest win margin (by balls remaining)Balls remainingMarginTeamOppositionVenueDate878 wicketsMIKKRWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India16 May 2008768 wicketsKTKRRHolkar Stadium, Indore, India15 May 20117310 wicketsKXIPDDPunjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India30 April 20177110 wicketsRCBKXIPHolkar Stadium, Indore, India14 May 20185710 wicketsRCBDDArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India26 April 2015Last Updated: 11 September 2020[4]Greatest win margins (by 10 wickets)TeamOppositionVenueDateDCMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India27 April 2008DDKXIPNewlands, Cape Town, South Africa19 April 2009RCBRRM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India18 March 2010RRMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India20 May 2011MIRRSawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, India20 May 2012CSKKXIPPunjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India10 April 2013RCBDDArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India26 April 2015SRHGLSaurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Rajkot, India21 April 2016KKRGLSaurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Rajkot, India7 April 2017KXIPDDPunjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India30 April 2017RCBKXIPHolkar Stadium, Indore, India14 May 2018CSKKXIPDubai International Stadium, Dubai, UAE4 October 2020MICSKSharjah Cricket Stadium, Sharjah, UAE23 October 2020Last Updated: 23 October 2020[4]Narrowest win margin (by 1 run)TeamOppositionVenueDateKXIPMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India21 May 2008KXIPDCNew Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa17 May 2009DDRRArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India29 April 2012MIPWIMaharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune, India3 May 2012CSKDDM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India9 April 2015GLDDArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India27 April 2016RCBKXIPPunjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India9 May 2016MIRPSRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India21 May 2017RCBCSKM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India21 April 2019MICSKRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India12 May 2019Last Updated: 11 September 2020[5]Win off the last ballMarginTeamOppositionVenueDate4 wicketsCSKDDArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India8 May 20085 wicketsRRMISawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, India26 May 20083 wicketsRRCSKDY Patil Stadium, Mumbai, India1 June 20086 wicketsKXIPKKRSt George's Park Cricket Ground, Port Elizabeth, South Africa3 May 20096 wicketsDCKKRNew Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa16 May 20097 wicketsKKRCSKCenturion Park, Centurion, South Africa18 May 20097 wicketsMIPWIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India20 April 20115 wicketsMIKKREden Gardens, Kolkata, India22 May 20115 wicketsMIDCDr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam, India9 April 20125 wicketsCSKRCBM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India12 April 20126 wicketsRCBPWIM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India17 April 20127 wicketsCSKRRM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India21 April 20122 wicketsMICSKWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India6 May 20124 wicketsKXIPDCPunjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India13 May 20125 wicketsCSKKKREden Gardens, Kolkata, India14 May 20123 wicketsRRDDArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India12 April 20156 wicketsRRSRHDr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam, India16 April 20153 wicketsGLMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India16 April 20163 wicketsGLRPSMaharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune, India29 April 20166 wicketsDDSRHShaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium, Raipur, India20 May 20164 wicketsRPSKXIPDr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam, India21 May 20166 wicketsRPSSRHMaharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune, India22 April 20171 wicketSRHMIRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India12 April 20187 wicketsDDMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India14 April 20183 wicketsMIKXIPWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India10 April 20194 wicketsCSKRRSawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, India11 April 20198 wicketsKXIPRCBSharjah Cricket Stadium, Sharjah, UAE15 October 20206 wicketsCSKKKRDubai International Stadium, Dubai, UAE29 October 2020Last Updated: 29 October 2020[5]Narrowest win margins (by wickets)MarginTeamOppositionVenueDate1 wicketKKRKXIPEden Gardens, Kolkata, India9 May 2015CSKMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India7 April 2018SRHMIRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India12 April 20182 wicketsRCBCSKKingsmead, Durban, South Africa14 May 2009MICSKWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India6 May 2012KKRRPSMaharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune, India24 April 2016DDGLGreen Park Stadium, Kanpur, India10 May 2017CSKSRHWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India22 May 2018DDSRHDr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam, India8 May 2019Last Updated: 11 September 2020[5]Highest successful chasesScoreTeamOppositionTargetVenueDate226/6RRKXIP224Sharjah Cricket Stadium, Sharjah, UAE27 September 2020217/7RRDC215Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India24 April 2008214/3DDGL209Arun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India4 May 2017211/4KXIPSRH206Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India14 May 2014208/5CSKRCB206M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India12 April 2012Last updated: 27 September 2020[6]Lowest successful defenseTargetTeamOppositionScoreVenueDate117CSKKXIP92/8Kingsmead, Durban, South Africa20 May 2009119SRHMI87Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India24 April 2018120KXIPMI116/7Kingsmead, Durban, South Africa29 April 2009SRHPWI108Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune, India17 April 2013121MIPWI119/6Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune, India3 May 2012Last updated: 11 September 2020[7]Tied MatchesTeam 1Team 2VenueDateKKRRRNewlands, Cape Town, South Africa23 April 2009CSKKXIPM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India21 March 2010SRHRCBRajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Hyderabad, India7 April 2013RCBDDM Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India16 April 2013KKRRRSheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi, India29 April 2014RRKXIPSardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad, India21 April 2015GLMISaurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Rajkot, India29 April 2017DDKKRArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India30 March 2019MISRHWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India2 May 2019DDKXIPDubai International Cricket Stadium, Dubai, UAE20 September 2020RCBMIDubai International Cricket Stadium, Dubai, UAE28 September 2020KKRSRHSheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi, UAE18 October 2020KXIPMIDubai International Stadium, Dubai, UAE18 October 2020Last Updated: 18 October 2020[5]Team scoring recordsHighest TotalsScoreTeamOppositionVenueDate263/5RCBPWIM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India23 April 2013248/3RCBGLM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India14 May 2016246/5CSKRRM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India14 May 2016245/6KKRKXIPHolkar Stadium, Indore, India12 May 2018240/5CSKKXIPPunjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India19 April 2008Last updated: 11 September 2020[8]Lowest TotalsScoreTeamOppositionVenueDate49RCBKKREden Gardens, Kolkata, India23 April 201758RRRCBNewlands, Cape Town, South Africa18 April 200966DDMIArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India6 May 201767DDKXIPPunjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India30 April 2017KKRMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India16 May 2008Last updated: 11 September 2020[9]Highest match aggregateAggregateTeam 1Team 2VenueDate469/10CSK (246/5)RR (223/5)M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India3 April 2010459/14KKR (245/6)KXIP (214/8)Holkar Stadium, Indore, India12 May 2018453/9KXIP (230/3)MI (223/6)Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India11 May 2017449/8KXIP (223/2)RR (226/6)Sharjah Cricket Stadium, Sharjah, UAE27 September 2020447/9CSK (240/5)KXIP (207/4)Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India19 April 2008Last updated: 27 September 2020[10]Lowest match aggregateAggregateTeam 1Team 2VenueDate135/10DD (67)KXIP (68/0)Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India30 April 2017135/12KKR (67)MI (68/2)Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India16 May 2008141/13RCB (70)CSK (71/3)M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India23 March 2019141/14RCB (70)RR (71/4)Sheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi, UAE26 April 2014151/11KXIP (73)RPS (78/1)Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune, India14 May 2017Last updated: 12 September 2020[11]Individual Records (Batting)Most runsRankRunsPlayerTeamsMatchesInningsPeriod15,836Virat KohliRCB1891812008-202025,368Suresh RainaCSK/GL1931892008-201935,158Rohit SharmaDC/MI1971922008-202045,142David WarnerDD/SRH1381382009-202045,050Shikhar DhawanDD/MI/DC/SRH1711702008-2020Last Updated: 29 October 2020[1]Most runs against each teamOppositionRunsPlayerTeamsMatchesInningsPeriodRefCSK887Virat KohliRCB26252008-2020[12]DC339Rahul DravidRCB/RR11112008-2012[13]DD868Virat KohliRCB22212008-2020[14]GL336David WarnerSRH552016-2017[15]KXIP906DD/SRH19192009-2020[16]KTK100Sachin TendulkarMI112011[17]KKR939Rohit SharmaDC/MI27272008-2020[18]MI818Suresh RainaCSK/GL32322008-2019[19]PWI383Chris GayleRCB552011-2013[20]RR648AB de VilliersDD/RCB20192008-2020[21]RPS271Virat KohliRCB442016-2017[22]RCB823MS DhoniCSK/RPS29272008-2020[23]SRH566Shane WatsonRR/RCB/CSK18182013-2020[24]Last Updated: 25 October 2020Highest individual scoreRankRunsPlayerTeamsOppositionVenueDate1175*Chris GayleRCBPWIM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India23 April 20132158*Brendon McCullumKKRRCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India18 April 20083133*AB de VilliersRCBMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India10 May 20154132*KL RahulKXIPRCBDubai International Stadium, Dubai, UAE24 September 20205129*AB de VilliersRCBGLM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India14 May 2016Last Updated: 24 September 2020[25]Highest individual score against each teamOppositionRunsPlayerTeamsVenueDateRefCSK122Virender SehwagKXIPWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India30 May 2014[26]DC119Virender SehwagDDRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India5 May 2011[27]DD128*Chris GayleRCBArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India17 May 2012[28]GL129*AB de VilliersRCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India14 May 2016[29]KXIP117Chris GayleRCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India6 May 2015[30]KTK100*Sachin TendulkarMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India15 April 2011[31]KKR126David WarnerSRHRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India30 April 2017[32]MI133*AB de VilliersRCBWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India10 May 2015[33]PWI175*Chris GayleRCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India23 April 2013[34]RR127Murali VijayCSKM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India3 April 2010[35]RPS108*Virat KohliRCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India7 May 2016[36]RCB158*Brendon McCullumKKRM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India18 April 2008[37]SRH128*Rishabh PantDDArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India10 May 2018[38]Last Updated: 12 September 2020Highest career averageRankAveragePlayerTeamsInningsNot outRunsPeriod145.13KL RahulRCB/SRH/KXIP71132,6182013-2020244.38Hashim AmlaKXIP1635772016-2017344.00Iqbal AbdullaKKR/RR/RCB1311882008-2017442.85David WarnerDD/SRH138185,1422009-2020541.57Jonny BairstowSRH2127902019-2020Qualification: 10 innings. Last Updated: 30 October 2020[39]Most half-centuriesRankHalf centuriesPlayerTeamsInningsRunsPeriod147David WarnerDD/SRH1385,1422009-2020239Shikhar DhawanDD/MI/DC/SRH1705,0502008-2020Virat KohliRCB1815,8362008-2020438Suresh RainaCSK/GL1895,3682008-2019Rohit SharmaDC/MI1925,1582008-2020Last Updated: 29 October 2020[40]Fastest FiftiesRankBallsPlayerTeamOpponentVenueDate114KL RahulKXIPDDPunjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India8 April 2018215Yusuf PathanKKRSRHEden Gardens, Kolkata, India24 May 2014Sunil NarineKKRRCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India7 May 2017416Suresh RainaCSKKXIPWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India30 May 2014517Adam GilchristDCDDCenturion Park, Centurion, South Africa22 May 2009Chris GayleRCBPWIM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India23 April 2013Chris MorrisDDGLArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India27 April 2016Kieron PollardMIKKRWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India28 April 2016Hardik PandyaMIKKREden Gardens, Kolkata, India28 April 2017Sunil NarineKKRRCBEden Gardens, Kolkata, India8 April 2018Ishan KishanMIKKREden Gardens, Kolkata, India9 May 2018Nicholas PooranKXIPSRHDubai International Stadium, Dubai, UAE8 October 2020Last Updated: 8 October 2020[41]Most centuriesRankCenturiesPlayerTeamsInningsRunsPeriod16Chris GayleKKR/RCB/KXIP1304,7602009-202025Virat KohliRCB1815,8362008-202034David WarnerDD/SRH1385,1422009-2020Shane WatsonRR/RCB/CSK1413,8742008-202053AB de VilliersDD/RCB1534,7342008-2020Last Updated: 30 October 2020[42]Fastest CenturiesRankBallsPlayerTeamOpponentVenueDate130Chris GayleRCBPWIM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India23 April 2013237Yusuf PathanKKRMIBrabourne Stadium, Mumbai, India13 March 2010338David MillerKXIPRCBPunjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India6 May 2013442Adam GilchristDCMIDY Patil Stadium, Mumbai, India27 April 2008343AB de VilliersRCBGLM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India14 May 2016David WarnerSRHKKRRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India30 April 2017Last Updated: 14 September 2020[43]Most SixesRankSixesPlayerTeamsInningsRunsPeriod1349Chris GayleKKR/RCB/KXIP1304,7602009-20202232AB de VilliersDD/RCB1534,7342008-20203216MS DhoniCSK/RPS1824,6322008-20204209Rohit SharmaDC/MI1925,1582008-20205200Virat KohliRCB1815,8362008-2020Last Updated: 29 October 2020[44]Most sixes in an inningRankSixesPlayerTeamOppositionVenueDate117Chris GayleRCBPWIM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India23 April 2013213Brendon McCullumKKRRCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India18 April 2008Chris GayleRCBDDArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India17 May 2012412Chris GayleRCBKXIPM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India6 May 2015AB de VilliersRCBGLM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India14 May 2016Last Updated: 14 September 2020[45]Most FoursRankFoursPlayerTeamsInningsRunsPeriod1576Shikhar DhawanDD/MI/DC/SRH1705,0502008-20202501Virat KohliRCB1805,8272008-20203497David WarnerDD/SRH1385,1422009-20204493Suresh RainaCSK/GL1895,3682008-20195492Gautam GambhirDD/KKR1524,2172008-2018Last Updated: 27 October 2020[46]Most fours in an inningRankFoursPlayerTeamOppositionVenueDate119Paul ValthatyKXIPCSKPunjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India13 April 2011AB de VilliersRCBMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India10 May 2015316Michael LumbRRKXIPSawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, India7 April 2010Ajinkya RahaneRRKXIPSawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, India6 April 2012515M VijayCSKDDM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India25 May 2012Glenn MaxwellKXIPCSKSheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi, UAE18 April 2014Quinton de KockDDRCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru, India17 April 2016Shreyas IyerDDGujarat LionsGreen Park Stadium, Kanpur India10 May 2017Rishabh PantDDSRHArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India10 May 2018Last Updated: 20 September 2020[47]Highest strike ratesRankStrike RatePlayerTeamsRunsBalls FacedPeriod1181.72Andre RussellDD/KKR1,4929212012-20202168.79Ben CuttingMI/RR/SRH2381412014-20193167.96Nicholas PooranKXIP5193092019-20204164.87Sunil NarineKKR8925412012-20205159.76Chris MorrisCSK/RR/DD/RCB5483432013-2020Qualification= 125 balls faced. Last Updated: 30 October 2020[48]Highest strike rates in an inningRankStrike RatePlayerTeamRunsBalls FacedOppositionVenueDate1422.22Chris MorrisDD38*9RPSMaharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune, India11 April 20172400.00Albie MorkelCSK287RCBM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India12 April 20123387.50AB de VilliersRCB318PWIM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India23 April 20134385.71Balachandra AkhilRCB27*7DCRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India25 May 20085372.72AB de VilliersRCB41*11MIM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India19 April 2015Qualification: Minimum 25 runs. Last Updated: 14 September 2020[49]Most runs in a seriesRankRunsPlayerTeamMatchesInningsSeries1973Virat KohliRCB16162016 Indian Premier League2848David WarnerSRH17172016 Indian Premier League3735Kane WilliamsonSRH17172018 Indian Premier League4733Chris GayleRCB15142012 Indian Premier LeagueMichael HusseyCSK17172013 Indian Premier LeagueLast Updated: 14 September 2020[50]Most ducksRankDucksPlayerTeamsMatchesInningsPeriod113Harbhajan SinghMI/CSK160882008-2019Parthiv PatelCSK/KTK/DC/SRH/RCB/MI1391372008-2019312Piyush ChawlaKXIP/KKR/CSK164812008-2020Manish PandeyMI/RCB/PWI/KKR/SRH1421322009-2020Ambati RayuduMI/CSK1581502010-2020Gautam GambhirDD/KKR1541522008-2018Rohit SharmaDC/MI1971922008-2020Ajinkya RahaneMI/RR/RPS/DD1451372008-2020Mandeep SinghKKR/KXIP/RCB103902010-2020Last Updated: 30 October 2020[51]Individual Records (Bowling)Most career wicketsRankWicketsPlayerTeamMatchesInningsRunsPeriod1170Lasith MalingaMI1221223,3662009-20192160Amit MishraDD/DC/SRH1501503,8672008-20203156Piyush ChawlaKXIP/KKR/CSK1641634,2632008-20204153Dwayne BravoMI/CSK/GL1401373,7982008-20205150Harbhajan SinghMI/CSK1601573,9672008-2019Last Updated: 19 October 2020[2]Most wickets against each teamOpponentWicketsPlayerTeamMatchesInningsRunsPeriodRefCSK31Lasith MalingaMI21215902009-2019[52]DC19881442009-2012[53]DD24Harbhajan SinghMI/CSK23225632009-2019[54]GL12Bhuvneshwar KumarSRH551302016-2017[55]KXIP29Umesh YadavDD/KKR/RCB19195412012-2020[56]KTK5Ishant SharmaDC11122011[57]KKR27Bhuvneshwar KumarPWI/SRH20205482011-2020[58]MI28Dwayne BravoCSK/GL19195392012-2020[59]PWI12Lasith MalingaMI661432011-2013[60]RR30Amit MishraDD/DC/SRH19194832008-2020[61]RPS7Jasprit BumrahMI661762016-2017[62]RCB23Ashish NehraMI/DD/PWI/CSK/SRH13133912008-2017[63]Harbhajan SinghMI/CSK22225642008-2019SRH19Dwayne BravoCSK/GL14144182013-2020[64]Last Updated: 14 October 2020Best figures in an inningsRankFiguresPlayerTeamOppositionVenueDate16/12Alzarri JosephMISRHRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India6 April 201926/14Sohail TanvirRRCSKSawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, India4 May 200836/19Adam ZampaRPSSRHDr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam, India10 May 201645/5Anil KumbleRCBRRNewlands, Cape Town, South Africa18 April 200955/12Ishant SharmaDCKTKJawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi, India27 April 2011Last Updated: 14 September 2020[65]Best figures in an innings against each teamOpponentFiguresPlayerTeamVenueDateRefCSK6/19Sohail TanvirRRSawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, India4 May 2008[66]DC5/16Ravindra JadejaCSKDr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam, India7 April 2012[67]DD5/13Lasith MalingaMIArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India10 April 2011[68]GL4/11Chris JordanRCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India14 May 2016[69]KXIP5/19Sunil NarineKKREden Gardens, Kolkata, India15 April 2012[70]Bhuvneshwar KumarSRHRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India17 April 2017[71]KTK5/12Ishant SharmaDCJawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi, India27 April 2011[72]KKR4/8Dwayne SmithGLGreen Park Stadium, Kanpur, India19 May 2016[73]MI4/6Rohit SharmaDCCenturion Park, Centurion, South Africa6 May 2009[74]PWI4/25Dimitri MascarenhasKXIPPunjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India12 April 2012[75]RR5/5Anil KumbleRCBNewlands, Cape Town, South Africa18 April 2009[76]RPS5/17Andrew TyeGLSaurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Rajkot, India14 April 2017[77]RCB4/10Ashish NehraCSKM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India22 April 2015[78]SRH6/12Alzarri JosephMIRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India6 April 2019[79]Last Updated: 14 September 2020Best career averageRankAveragePlayerTeamsWicketsRunsBallsPeriod117.48Kagiso RabadaDD549446962017-2020217.90Adam ZampaRPS/RCB203582632016-2020318.72Doug BollingerCSK376935762010-2012418.73Dimitri MascarenhasRR/KXIP193563082008-2013519.25Farveez MaharoofDD275204202008-2010Qualification: 250 balls. Last Updated: 27 October 2020[80]Best career economy rateRankEconomy ratePlayerTeamsWicketsRunsBallsPeriod16.23Rashid KhanSRH721,4331,3802017-202026.54Shaun PollockMI113012762008-2008Mohammad NabiSRH113222952017-202046.57Anil KumbleRCB451,0589652008-201056.61Glenn McGrathDD123573242008-2008Qualification: 250 balls. Last Updated: 27 October 2020[81]Best career strike rateRankStrike ratePlayerTeamWicketsRunsBallsPeriod112.8Kagiso RabadaDD549446962017-2020213.1Adam ZampaRPS/RCB203582632016-2020314.1Khaleel AhmedSRH275673812018-2020414.5Ashish ReddyDC/SRH183962622012-2016514.9Chris WoakesKKR/RCB255763742017-2018Qualification: 250 balls. Last Updated: 25 October 2020[82]Most four-wickets (& over) hauls in an inningsRankFour-wicket haulsPlayerTeamMatchesBallsWicketsPeriod17Sunil NarineKKR1192,7611272012-2020Lasith MalingaMI1222,8271702009-201924Andrew TyeGL/KXIP27618402017-2020Lakshmipathy BalajiCSK//KKR/KXIP731,513762018-2014Ravindra JadejaRR/KTK/CSK/GL1832,6991132008-2020Amit MishraDD/DC/SRH1503,1611602008-2020Last Updated: 29 October 2020[83]Best economy rates in an inningRankEconomyPlayerTeamOversRunsWicketsOppositionVenueDate11.50Fidel EdwardsDC460KKRNewlands, Cape Town, South Africa19 April 2009Ashish NehraDD461KXIPMangaung Oval, Bloemfontein, South Africa15 May 2009Yusuf PathanRR230DCVidarbha Cricket Association Stadium, Nagpur, India5 April 2010Jacques KallisRCB232DCDY Patil Stadium, Mumbai, India24 April 2010JP DuminyDC231MIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India14 May 2011Stuart BinnyRR231DDSawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, India7 May 2013Ravichandran AshwinCSK232DDSheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi, UAE21 April 2014Jaydev UnadkatDD231KXIPPunjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India25 May 2014Chris GayleRCB230GLM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India14 May 2016Varun AaronKXIP232DDPunjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India30 April 2017Yuzvendra ChahalRCB461CSKM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India23 March 2019Qualification: 12 balls bowled. Last Updated: 14 September 2020[84]Best strike rates in an inningRankStrike ratePlayerTeamBallsRunsWicketsOppositionVenueDate11.5Suresh RainaCSK302RRSawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, India9 May 201121.6Laxmi Ratan ShuklaKKR563DDEden Gardens, Kolkata, India13 May 200832.0Sachin BabyRCB442GLM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India14 May 2016Shreyas GopalRR6123RCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India30 April 201953.0James HopesKXIP622DDArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India17 May 2008Rohit SharmaDC1264MICenturion Park, Centurion, South Africa6 May 2009Sanath JayasuriyaMI632RRKingsmead, Durban, South Africa14 May 2009Yusuf PathanKKR642RRSawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, India15 April 2011Lakshmipathy BalajiKKR672PWIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India19 May 2011David HusseyKXIP622DCRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India8 May 2012Chris GayleRCB652PWIM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India23 April 2013Zaheer KhanRCB12174CSKM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India18 May 2013Kieron PollardMI662RREden Gardens, Kolkata, India24 May 2013Corey AndersonMI6182SRHDubai International Cricket Stadium, Dubai, UAE30 April 2014Moises HenriquesSRH632RCBRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India15 May 2015Pawan NegiRCB632DDM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India8 April 2017Nitish RanaKKR6112RCBEden Gardens, Kolkata, India8 April 2018Oshane ThomasRR662RCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India30 April 2019Ravichandran AshwinDD622KXIPDubai International Cricket Stadium, Dubai, UAE20 September 2020Qualification: Minimum 2 wickets. Last Updated: 14 September 2020.[85]Most runs conceded in a matchRankFiguresPlayerTeamOversOppositionVenueDate10/70Basil ThampiSRH4RCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India17 May 201820/66Ishant SharmaSRH4CSKRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India8 May 2013Mujeeb ur RahmanKXIP4SRHRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India29 April 201940/65Umesh YadavDD4RCBArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India10 May 20131/65Sandeep SharmaKXIP4SRHRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India14 May 2014Last updated:14 September 2020[86]Most wickets in a seriesRankWicketsPlayerTeamMatchesSeries132Dwayne BravoCSK182013 Indian Premier League228Lasith MalingaMI162011 Indian Premier LeagueJames FaulknerRR162013 Indian Premier League426Bhuvneshwar KumarSRH142017 Indian Premier LeagueDwayne BravoCSK172015 Indian Premier LeagueImran TahirCSK172019 Indian Premier LeagueLast Updated: 14 September 2020[87]Hat-trickS. NoBowlerTeamAgainstWicketsVenueDateRef.1Lakshmipathy BalajiCSKKXIPIrfan Pathan (c Suresh Raina)Piyush Chawla (c Chamara Kapugedera)VRV Singh (c MS Dhoni)M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India10 May 2008[88]2Amit MishraDDDCRavi Teja (c Shoaib Malik)Pragyan Ojha (c Tillakaratne Dilshan)RP Singh (st Dinesh Karthik)Arun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India15 May 2008[89]3Makhaya NtiniCSKKKRSourav Ganguly (b)Debabrata Das (b)David Hussey (b)Eden Gardens, Kolkata, India18 May 2008[90]4Yuvraj SinghKXIPRCBRobin Uthappa (c Simon Katich)Debabrata Das (b)David Hussey (lbw)Kingsmead, Durban, South Africa1 May 2009[91]5Rohit SharmaDCMIAbhishek Nayar (b)Harbhajan Singh (b)JP Duminy (c Adam Gilchrist)Centurion Park, Centurion, South Africa6 May 2009[92]6Yuvraj SinghKXIPDCHerschelle Gibbs (c Piyush Chawla)Harbhajan Singh (st Kumar Sangakkara)Venugopal Rao (b)Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa17 May 2009[93]7Praveen KumarRCBRRDamien Martyn (b)Sumit Narwal (c Manish Pandey)Paras Dogra (b)M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India18 March 2010[94]8Amit MishraDCKXIPRyan McLaren (c Daniel Christian)Mandeep Singh (st Kedar Devdhar)Ryan Harris (c Shikhar Dhawan)Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium, Dharamshala, India21 May 2011[95]9Ajit ChandilaRRPWIJesse Ryder (c Shane Watson)Sourav Ganguly (st Shreevats Goswami)Robin Uthappa (st Shreevats Goswami)Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, India13 May 2012[96]10Sunil NarineKKRKXIPDavid Hussey (c Manvinder Bisla)Azhar Mahmood (c and b)Gurkeerat Singh (b)Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India16 April 2013[97]11Amit MishraSRHPWIBhuvneshwar Kumar (lbw)Rahul Sharma (b)Ashok Dinda (b)Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune, India17 April 2013[98]12Pravin TambeRRKKRManish Pandey (st Sanju Samson)Yusuf Pathan (c and b)Ryan ten Doeschate (lbw)Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad, India5 May 2014[99]13Shane WatsonRRSRHShikhar Dhawan (b)Moises Henriques (c Ajinkya Rahane)Karn Sharma (c Sanju Samson)Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad, India8 May 2014[100]14Axar PatelKXIPGLDinesh Karthik (b)Dwayne Bravo (b)Ravindra Jadeja (c Wriddhiman Saha)Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Rajkot, India1 May 2016[101]15Samuel BadreeRCBMIParthiv Patel (c Chris Gayle)Mitchell McClenaghan (c Mandeep Singh)Rohit Sharma (b)M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India14 April 2017[102]16Andrew TyeGLRPSAnkit Sharma (c Brendon McCullum)Manoj Tiwary (c Ishan Kishan)Shardul Thakur (b)Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Rajkot, India[103]17Jaydev UnadkatRPSSRHBipul Sharma (c Ben Stokes)Rashid Khan (c and b)Bhuvneshwar Kumar (c Manoj Tiwary)Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Hyderabad, India6 May 2017[104]18Sam CurranKXIPDDHarshal Patel (c KL Rahul)Kagiso Rabada (b)Sandeep Lamichhane (b)Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali, India1 April 2019[105]19Shreyas GopalRRRCBVirat Kohli (c Liam Livingstone)AB de Villiers (c Riyan Parag)Marcus Stoinis (c Steven Smith)M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India30 April 2019[106]Last Updated: 16 September 2020Individual Records (Wicket-keeping)Most career dismissalsRankDismissalsPlayerTeamsMatchesInningsPeriod1147MS DhoniCSK/RPS2031962008-20202136Dinesh KarthikDD/KXIP/MI/RCB/GL/KKR1951792008-2020390Robin UthappaMI/RCB/PWI/KKR/RR1871142008-2020482Parthiv PatelCSK/KTK/DC/SRH/RCB/MI1391222008-2020575Wriddhiman SahaCSK/KXIP/KKR/SRH1221022008-2020Naman OjhaRR/DD/SRH1131112009-2018Last updated: 29 October 2020[107]Most career catchesRankCatchesPlayerTeamsMatchesInningsPeriod1108MS DhoniCSK/RPS2031962008-20202106Dinesh KarthikDD/KXIP/MI/RCB/GL/KKR1951792008-2020366Parthiv PatelCSK/KTK/DC/SRH/RCB/MI1391222008-2020465Naman OjhaRR/DD/SRH1131112009-2018558Robin UthappaMI/RCB/PWI/KKR/RR1871142008-2020Last updated: 29 October 2020[107]Most career stumpingsRankStumpingsPlayerTeamsMatchesInningsPeriod139MS DhoniCSK/RPS2031962008-2020232Robin UthappaMI/RCB/PWI/KKR/RR1871142008-2020330Dinesh KarthikDD/KXIP/MI/RCB/GL/KKR1951792008-2020419Wriddhiman SahaCSK/KXIP/KKR/SRH1221022008-2020516Adam GilchristDC/KXIP80802008-2013Parthiv PatelCSK/KTK/DC/SRH/RCB/MI1391222008-2020Last updated: 29 October 2020[107]Most dismissals in an inningsRankDismissalsPlayerTeamOppositionVenueDate15Kumar SangakkaraDCRCBRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India14 April 201124Yogesh TakawaleMIRRDY Patil Stadium, Mumbai, India7 May 2008Morne van WykKKRRCBKingsmead, Durban, South Africa29 April 2009Dinesh KarthikDDRRMangaung Oval, Bloemfontein, South Africa17 May 2009Robin UthappaPWIMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India6 April 2012Adam GilchristKXIPCSKHimachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium, Dharamshala, India17 May 2012Brendon McCullumKKRDDMaharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune, India22 May 2012MS DhoniCSKRCBM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai, India13 April 2013Parthiv PatelMIGLWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India16 April 2016Naman OjhaSRHMIDr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam, India8 May 2016Wriddhiman SahaKXIPRPSDr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam, India21 May 2016Wriddhiman SahaKXIPSRHRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India17 April 2017Dinesh KarthikKKRRREden Gardens, Kolkata, India15 May 2018Heinrich KlaasenRRRCBSawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, India19 May 2018Quinton de KockMICSKWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India3 April 2019Sanju SamsonRRCSKSharjah Cricket Stadium, Sharjah, UAE22 September 2020MS DhoniCSKKKRSheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi, UAE7 October 2020Quinton de KockMICSKSharjah Cricket Stadium, Sharjah, UAE23 October 2020Last Updated: 24 October 2020[108]Most dismissals in a seriesRankDismissalsPlayerTeamMatchesInningsSeries124Rishabh PantDD16162019 Indian Premier League219Kumar SangakkaraDC13132011 Indian Premier LeagueQuinton de KockMI16162019 Indian Premier League418Dinesh KarthikRCB16152015 Indian Premier LeagueAdam GilchristDC16162009 Indian Premier LeagueDinesh KarthikKKR16162018 Indian Premier LeagueNaman OjhaSRH17172016 Indian Premier LeagueLast Updated: 16 September 2020[109]Individual Records (Fielding)Most career catchesRankCatchesPlayerTeamsMatchesInningsPeriod1102Suresh RainaCSK/GL1931922008-2019290Kieron PollardMI1601602010-2020388Rohit SharmaDC/MI1961962008-2020485AB de VilliersDD/RCB1661232008-2020575Dwayne BravoCSK/GL/MI1401392008-2020Virat KohliRCB1891872008-2020Last Updated: 29 October 2020[110]Most catches in an inningsRankDismissalsPlayerTeamOppositionVenueDate14Sachin TendulkarMIKKRWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, india16 May 2008David WarnerDDRRArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India31 March 2010Jacques KallisKKRDCEden Gardens, Kolkata, India11 April 2011Rahul TewatiaDDMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India24 March 2019David MillerKXIPMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India10 April 2019Faf du PlessisCSKKKREden Gardens, Kolkata, India14 April 2019Last Updated: 16 September 2020[111]Most catches in a seriesRankCatchesPlayerTeamMatchesInningsSeries119AB de VilliersRCB16162016 Indian Premier League215Kieron PollardMI17172017 Indian Premier League314David MillerKXIP16162014 Indian Premier LeagueDwayne BravoCSK18182013 Indian Premier League513AB de VilliersDD15152009 Indian Premier LeagueFaf du PlessisCSK15152014 Indian Premier LeagueDwayne BravoCSK17172015 Indian Premier LeagueRavindra JadejaCSK17172015 Indian Premier LeagueRohit SharmaMI17172012 Indian Premier LeagueLast Updated: 16 September 2020[112]Individual Records (Other)Most matchesRankMatchesPlayerTeamPeriod1203MS DhoniCSK/RPS2008-20202197Rohit SharmaDC/MI2008-20203195Dinesh KarthikDD/KXIP/MI/RCB/GL/KKR2008-20204193Suresh RainaCSK/GL2008-20195189Virat KohliRCB2008-2020Last Updated: 29 October 2020[113]Most matches as captainRankMatchesPlayerTeamWonLostTiedNRWin %Period1187MS DhoniCSK/RPS109770158.602008-20202129Gautam GambhirDD/KKR71571055.422009-20183122Virat KohliRCB55603447.882011-20204113Rohit SharmaMI66434060.172013-2020574Adam GilchristDC/KXIP35390047.292008-2013Last Updated: 29 October 2020[114]Miscellaneous recordsRecordsPlayer /TeamStatsSeason /SpanTeamMost fairplay awardsCSK6(2008–2015, 2018–2019 )Most consecutive wins(season)[115]KKR92014Most consecutive wins(overall)[citation needed]KKR10(2014–2015)Most consecutive defeats(season)[116]DDPune Warriors920142012Most consecutive defeats(overall)[citation needed]DDPune Warriors11(2014–2015)(2012–2013)Other MiscellaneousMost 'Man of the match' awards[117]Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)20(2008–2019)Last updated: 12 May 2019Partnership RecordHighest partnerships by wicketWicketRunsFirst batsmanSecond batsmanTeamOppositionVenueDate1st Wicket185Jonny BairstowDavid WarnerSRHRCBRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India31 March 20192nd Wicket229Virat KohliAB de VilliersRCBGLM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India14 May 20163rd Wicket157Cameron WhiteKumar SangakkaraDCPWIBarabati Stadium, Cuttack, India1 May 20124th Wicket144Shimron HetmyerGurkeerat SinghRCBSRHM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India4 May 20195th Wicket134*Shakib Al HasanYusuf PathanKKRGLEden Gardens, Kolkata, India8 May 20166th Wicket122*Ambati RayuduKieron PollardMIRCBM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India14 May 20127th Wicket100Jagadeesha SuchithHarbhajan SinghMIKXIPWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India12 April 20158th Wicket69Brad HodgeJames FaulknerRRMISardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad, India19 May 20149th Wicket43Sam CurranImran TahirCSKMISharjah Cricket Stadium, Sharjah, UAE23 October 202010th Wicket31*Tom CurranAnkit RajpootRRKKRDubai International Stadium, Dubai, UAE30 September 2020Last Updated: 23 October 2020[118]Highest partnerships by runsWicketRunsFirst batsmanSecond batsmanTeamOppositionVenueDate2nd Wicket229Virat KohliAB de VilliersRCBGLM. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India14 May 2016215*Virat KohliAB de VilliersRCBMIWankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India10 May 2015206Adam GilchristShaun MarshKXIPRCBHimachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium, Dharamshala, India17 May 2011204*Virat KohliChris GayleRCBDDArun Jaitley Stadium, Delhi, India17 May 2012189*David WarnerNaman OjhaDDDCRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Hyderabad, India10 May 2012Last Updated: 16 September 2020[119]Umpiring RecordsRankMatchesUmpireCountryPeriod1118Sundaram RaviIndia2009-2020294Kumar DharmasenaSri Lanka2009-2018387Anil ChaudharyIndia2012-2020482Chettithody ShamshuddinIndia2012-2019566Marais ErasmusSouth Africa2009-2019Last Updated: 30 October 2020[120]AwardsMain article: List of Indian Premier League awardsOrange CapMain article: Orange CapThe Orange Cap is awarded to the top run-scorer in the IPL during a season. It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game, with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season.[121]Purple CapMain article: Purple CapThe Purple Cap is awarded to the top wicket-taker in the IPL during a season. It is an ongoing competition with the leader wearing the cap throughout the tournament until the final game, with the eventual winner keeping the cap for the season.[122]

Priyanka Chopra Jonas (pronounced [prɪˈjəŋka ˈtʃoːpɽa]; ( born 18 July 1982) is an Indian actress, singer, and film producer. The winner of the Miss World 2000 pageant, Chopra is one of India's highest-paid and most popular entertainers. She has received numerous accolades, including a National Film Award and five Filmfare Awards. In 2016, the Government of India honored her with the Padma Shri and Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world, and in the next two years Forbes listed her among the World's 100 Most Powerful Women.Born:- Priyanka chopra.18 July 1982 (age 38)Jamshedpur, Bihar (now in Jharkhand), IndiaOccupation:- Actress ,singer, film producer,modelYears active :-2000 – presentTitle :-Miss World 2000Spouse (s):- Nick jonas (m. 2018)Awards:- HonoursPadma Shri (2016)Although Chopra initially aspired to study aeronautical engineering, she accepted offers to join the Indian film industry, which came as a result of her pageant wins, making her Bollywood debut in The Hero: Love Story of a Spy (2003). She played the leading lady in the box-office hits Andaaz (2003) and Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004) and received critical acclaim for her breakout role in the 2004 thriller Aitraaz. Chopra established herself with starring roles in the top-grossing productions Krrish and Don (both 2006), and she later reprised her role in their sequels.Following a brief setback, she garnered success in 2008 for playing a troubled model in the drama Fashion, which won her the National Film Award for Best Actress, and a glamorous journalist in Dostana. Chopra gained wider recognition for portraying a range of characters in the films Kaminey (2009), 7 Khoon Maaf (2011), Barfi! (2012), Mary Kom (2014), Dil Dhadakne Do (2015) and Bajirao Mastani (2015). From 2015 to 2018, she starred as Alex Parrish in the ABC thriller series Quantico and returned to Hindi cinema with the biopic The Sky Is Pink (2019). Chopra has also starred in a number of Hollywood films, most notably in the satirical drama The White Tiger (2021), which she also executive produced.Chopra also promotes social causes such as environment and women's rights, and is vocal about gender equality, the gender pay gap, and feminism. She has worked with UNICEF since 2006 and was appointed as the national and global UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for child rights in 2010 and 2016, respectively. Her namesake foundation for health and education works towards providing support to unprivileged Indian children. As a recording artist, Chopra has released three singles and provided vocals for a number of her film songs. She is also the founder of the production company Purple Pebble Pictures, under which she has produced several regional Indian films, including the acclaimed Marathi film Ventilator (2016). Despite continuing privacy, Chopra's off-screen life, including her marriage to American singer and actor Nick Jonas.Bio:-Nickname (s) :-Piggy Chops, Sunshine, Mimi, PCProfession (s):- Actress, Model, SingerPhysical Stats & More :-Height in centimeters - 169 cmin meters- 1.69 min Feet Inches - 5 '6½ ”Weight (approx.) in Kilograms - 55 kgin Pounds- 121 lbs.Figure Measurements (approx.) 35-28-35Eye Color:-Dark BrownHair Color:-BlackPersonal LifeDate of Birth:- 18 July 1982 Age (as in 2019) 37 YearsBirthplace:-Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, IndiaZodiacsign :-CancerNationality:-IndianHometown:-Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaSchool:- La Martiniere Girls School, LucknowSt. Maria Goretti College, Bareilly Newton North High School in Newton, MassachusettsJohn F. Kennedy High School in Cedar Rapids, LowaArmy School, Bareilly.College:-Jai Hind College and Basant Singh Institute of Science mumbai.Salary (approx.) :-₹ 9-10 crore / film$ 4 million / year for TV show (USR)Income (as in 2018):- ₹ 18 crore / annumNet Worth:- (approx.) $ 32 millionFavourite Food (s) :- Risotto, Burgers, French fries, Chicken / Mutton Biryani, Fish curry, Sarson ka saag, Bourbon biscuits, Red velvet cakeFavourite Actor (s) :- Matthew Mcconaughey, Tom Hardy, Mel Gibson, Shah Rukh Khan, Kishore Kumar and Dharmendra.Favourite Actresses :- Rekha and Sushmita Sen.Favourite film(s):- Bollywood: Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, Mujhse Shaadi Karogi.,Hollywood: Jerry Maguire, Pretty Woman, Walk in the Clouds.Favourite Song (s):- "Careless Whispers" by George Micheal, "I Will Always Love You" by Sarah WashingtonFavourite Book (s):- Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, Tell me your Dreams by Sidney Sheldon, Letters from a Father to His Daughter by Jawaharlal nehruFavourite Colour :- red.Favourite Fashion Designer:- Prabal GurungFavourite Perfume:- Ralph Lauren RomanceFavourite Restaurant:- Olive in MumbaiFavourite Destination (s):- Paris, Brazil and Mexico