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Some commentators wrongly suggest that officers cannot even ask passengers’ names and can never request identification documents. One court relied on the Supreme Court decision in Muehler v. Mena to establish the bright line rule that an officer may ask a passenger for identifying information. United States v. Hernandez, 418 F.3d 1206 (11th Cir. 2005) (“arguments that the trooper asked questions unrelated to either officer safety, the speeding offense, or processing the citation are not determinative of our evaluation of the constitutionality of the seizure here. We are to look only at the duration of the seizure given all the circumstances: was it for an unreasonable time?”). When an officer uses a friendly, conversation tone to request passenger identification, most courts rule that the request is voluntary and requires no reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. State v. Williams, 590 S.E.2d 151 (Ga. App. 2003); State v. Smith, 683 N.W.2d 542 (Iowa 2004); People v. Jackson, 39 P.3d 1174 (Colo. 2002). Other courts have allowed officers’ requests for passenger identification based on the need to record witnesses’ names, even on a traffic citation. State v. Jones, 5 P.3d 1012 (Kan. App. 2000), aff’d, 17 P.3d 359 (Kan. 2001); State v. Chagaris, 669 N.E.2d 92 (Ohio App. 1995); People v. Grant, 266 Cal.Rptr. 587 (Cal. App. 1990). [1][1][1][1]Footnotes[1] Is a passenger "seized" during a traffic stop? The Supreme Court answers[1] Is a passenger "seized" during a traffic stop? The Supreme Court answers[1] Is a passenger "seized" during a traffic stop? The Supreme Court answers[1] Is a passenger "seized" during a traffic stop? The Supreme Court answers

How has the rate of tectonic activity changed over geologic history? Are tectonic plates speeding up or getting slower?Well Tyler, we need some good research to deduce a possible answer.First, I think some evidence showing that plate movement may have slowed down and stopped would be relevant to our search for an answer.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223745786_Evidence_and_implications_for_a_widespread_magmatic_shutdown_for_250_My_on_EarthEarth & Planetary Sci. Letters 282, (2009): 294-298 Condie, K. C., O’Neill, C. and Aster, R.Abstract"Analysis of the global distribution of U/Pb ages of both subduction-related granitoids and of detrital zircons suggests that a widespread reduction in magmatic activity on Earth beginning about 2.45 Ga and lasting for 200–250 My. . . . . . .There is little Nd or Hf isotopic evidence to support significant additions to the continental crust at convergent plate margins between 2.45 and 2.2 Ga. . . . . . . Oxygenation of the atmosphere at 2.4 Ga followed by widespread glaciation at 2.4–2.3 Ga also may be related to the initiation of the global magmatic lull. We suggest that an episodic mantle thermal regime, during which a large part of the plate circuit effectively stagnates, may explain the 250-My magmatic age gap on Earth and a remarkable feature of the Paleoproterozoic record."Conclusions"The distribution of U/Pb zircon ages from both subduction-related granitoids and detrital sediments shows a pronounced and robust minimum between 2.45 and 2.2Ga .Furthermore, there is a sparsity of greenstones and subduction-related granitoids, as well as evidence for juvenile continental crust in this 250-My time window. We hypothesize that this reflects a globally significant period of cessation or slowdown global magmatism and perhaps in plate tectonics".Well, there you go. Some evidence that shows that at least once the tectonic plates have possibly slowed and even maybe stopped completely. What is even more remarkable is this occurred at a time when the world entered a period called snow-ball Earth.Now this is a significant observation, not only in that the plate tectonic movement was tied to a significant climate change event, but because this was also one of the major mass extinction events in Earth’s history.Tyler, as your original question has lead us to this possibility, I would suggest you consider that the plate movement we see happening right now is capable of a variable rate of movement. I would also propose that the variability in this plate movement is intimately tied to the amount of gravitational potential energy derived compression available in each one of the tectonic plates at any given time.http://www-geodyn.mit.edu/zubersite/pdfs/Zuber_92JGR1987.pdfMARIA T. ZUBERDepartment of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"As most of the oceanic lithosphere is in a state of net compression, the question arises as to why intraplate deformation has developed in these regions and not in others."How significant can this crustal compression get?http://ceas.iisc.ern...h_geology06.pdfGravitational potential energy of the Tibetan Plateau and the forces driving the Indian plateAttreyee GhoshABSTRACT"We present a study of the vertically integrated deviatoric stress field for the Indian plate and the Tibetan Plateau associated with gravitational potential energy (GPE) differences. Although the driving forces for the Indian plate have been attributed solely to the mid-oceanic ridges that surround the entire southern boundary of the plate, previous estimates of vertically integrated stress magnitudes of 6–7 1012 N/m in Tibet far exceed those of 3 1012 N/m associated with GPE at mid-oceanic ridges, calling for an additional force to satisfy the stress magnitudes in Tibet. We use the Crust 2.0 data set to infer gravitational potential energy differences in the lithosphere. We then apply the thin sheet approach in order to obtain a global solution of vertically integrated deviatoric stresses associated only with GPE differences. Our results show large N-S extensional deviatoric stresses in Tibet that the ridge-push force fails to cancel.". . . ."there is no complete dynamic explanation for this large GPE of the Tibetan Plateau and the relatively fast movement of the Indian plate. There is no apparent down going slab attached to the Indian plate that might assist in driving the plate into Eurasia through the slab pull mechanism" . . . . .. . . . "However, the ridge push, or vertically integrated deviatoric stress magnitude, which is 3 1012 N/m (Richardson, 1992; Harper, 1975; Lister; 1975; Parsons and Richter, 1980), is not sufficient to satisfy inferred stress magnitudes of 6–7 1012 N/m that result from GPE differences between the Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding lowlands (Molnar and Lyon-Caen, 1988). An additional force is required to explain the disparity between the excess GPE of Tibet relative to that of the mid-oceanic ridges" . . . .Conclusions;. . "It is clear that something is missing as a driving force that does not have its source within the lithospheric shell."So, we have evidence of the variable plate movement of Condie et al. And also evidence from both Zuber and Ghosh et al. of massive compression levels in the crust that are beyond the abilities of known sources. And as Ghosh et al. was directly tied to the making of the Himalayan mountain range, this is very likely a periodic occurrence of increased gravitational potential energy in the crust capable of overriding normal plate movement boundary limits.Now we need to correlate this single mountain building event of the Himalayan mountain range to evidence that it was simply a part of a global buildup and disposition of gravitational potential energy derived compression in the entire crust that would undoubtedly show that the rate of tectonic activity (has) changed over geologic history (and the) tectonic plates (do) speed up or get slower.The Neotectonic Period saw the simultaneous global occurrence of mountain building.ANNALS OF GEOPHYSICS, SUPPLEMENT TO VOL. 49, N. 1, 2006Mountain uplift and the Neotectonic PeriodCLIFF D. OLLIERSchool of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia9.2. EXAMPLES9.2.1. Tibet, Himalayas, Kunlun Mountains(As an example, consider the timing of uplift in Tibet and its bordering mountains. Gansser (1991) wrote: «... we must realize that the morphogenic phase is not only restricted to the Himalayas but involves the whole Tibetan block. This surprising fact shows that an area of 2500000 km2 has been uplifted 3000-4000 m during Pleistocene time and that this uplift is still going on.» In places the uplift rate is 4.5 mm/yr (five times the maximum in the European Alps).According to Wu et al. (2001) from the Pliocene to the Early Quaternary (5-1.1 Million years) the Kunlun Pass area of the Tibetan Plateau was no more than 1500 m high and was warm and humid. They write: «The extreme geomorphic changes in the Kunlun Pass area reflect an abrupt uplift of the Tibet Plateau during the Early and Middle Pleistocene. The Kunlun-Yellow River tectonic movement occurred 1.1-0.6 Million years.» Zheng et al. (2000) concluded from sediments at the foot of the Kunlun Mountains that uplift began around 4.5 Million years.)And consider these studies of the Andes also;http://www.rochester...n-in-the-andes/“This study provides increasing evidence that the plateau formed through periodic rapid pulses, not through a continuous, gradual uplift of the surface, as was traditionally thought,” said Garzione. “In geologic terms, rapid means rising one kilometer or more over several millions of years, which is very impressive.”“What we are learning is that the Altiplano plateau formed by pulses of rapid surface uplift over several million years, separated by long periods (several tens of million years) of stable elevations,” said Garzione.http://www.rochester...how.php?id=3167“Tectonic Theory May Need Revision in Light of New Study in Science”“Mountains may experience a "growth spurt" that can double their heights in as little as two to four million years—several times faster than the prevailing tectonic theory suggests.”“By studying sedimentary basins in the high Andes Mountains, the team could determine when and at what altitude these ancient sediments were deposited. That record of altitude changes shows that the Andes Mountains rose slowly for tens of millions of years, but then suddenly lifted much faster between 10 and 6 million years ago.”And the North American Cascade range was also part of this global event.The Cascade Episode“the Cascade Range were uplifted and eroded as the modern range was uplifted 4 to 5 million years ago.”This Neotectonic Period was a specific period of time several million years ago when mountain ranges around the world suddenly rose up. These mountains are on continental to continental boundaries (Himalayas) and oceanic to continental boundaries (Andes and Cascades), and others not mentioned here.These are ranges in opposite hemispheres and different continents. This mountain building in the Himalayas, Andes and other locations started with raising large areas of much lower land simultaneously around the world in very short periods of time.The Cascade mountains are stratovolcanoes that we could presume resulted from an increase of plate speed into the subduction zone adjacent to where the volcanic range occurred. The deformation that occurred in the Himalayas was preceded by the Indian subcontinents rapid plate speed, while the Andes display both continental deformation tectonics similar to that of the Himalayas and also volcanic discharge events like those seen in the Cascades.I have a model that explains this in much greater detail and evidence, way too much to post here, but as you can see there is a strong argument for a periodic and variable rate of plate velocities and energies.http://electroplatetectonics.com

1968 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-II), Multiple Personality Disorder was called hysterical neurosis, dissociative type and was defined as an alteration to consciousness and identity.In 1980, the DSM-III was published and the term "dissociative" was first introduced as a class of disorders.Separating Fact from Fiction: An Empirical Examination of Six Myths ...https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4959824/Published 2013, Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is defined in the fifth edition of the DSM ... The first published cases are those of Jeanne Fery, reported in 1586, .... in which DID or multiple personality disorder (MPD) had been diagnosed.Understanding Multiple Personality Disordershttps://www.nurseslearning.com/courses/nrp/NRP-1618/Section1/index.htm“Introduction. Since the first exploration of the phenomenon of Multiple Personality Disorder some hundred years ago, the diagnosis has been the recipient of much confusion and skepticism. Because its presentation can be so dramatic and the precipitating trauma so humanly unacceptable, it was passed off as the hysterical behavior of overwrought or spoiled women. However, with the attention in recent years to the issue of child abuse, Multiple Personality Disorder has gained acceptance as a valid psychiatric diagnosis. Once considered rare, the reported incidence has increased steadily since 1980. It occurs in 1.2% of the general psychiatric population (Steele, 1989 (making it about as common as schizophrenia).Dissociative Disorders (DD), specifically Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD), have received much attention in the past decade, though they are not new phenomena. In fact, these disorders were among the first psychiatric conditions to be scientifically investigated by the nineteenth-century pioneers of psychiatric medicine (Putnam, 1991). However, in the twentieth century, the work of such pioneers was largely set aside and forgotten as Freud introduced his psychoanalytic model which substituted the idea of repression for dissociation in dynamic formulations.MPD remains highly controversial among psychiatric professionals. The reality of the disorder is often challenged. Putnam feels “this distorts the scientific process and places an extra burden of proof on MPD that is not demanded of other psychiatric disorders.” MPD and DD have met all the requirements expected of other psychiatric diagnoses, and Putnam maintains that “by this standard, MPD and the dissociative disorders are as “real” as any other psychiatric condition.”Based on my research and having assisted many people with psychogenic amnesia and Dissociative Idenity I know these coping strategies are caused by profound, severe and relentless mental/emotional, physical and/or sexual abuse. The following sources might be of interest.1. 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