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Between August 6 when Hiroshima was bombed and August 9, there were no meetings of the Japanese Cabinet or the Supreme War Council.Several meetings of the Japanese Cabinet and the Supreme War Council were convened on August 9, but both were deadlocked between those who accepted the Potsdam Declaration terms with a condition that Emperor be retained and those who pushed for additional conditions (no occupation of Japan, no war crimes trials and no disarmament).The Supreme War Council’s decisions had to be unanimous but it was split between Prime Minister Kantaro Suzuki, Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo and Navy Minister Mitsumasa Yonai who supported the 1 condition formula versus War Minister Korechika Anami, Imperial Army Chief of Staff Yoshijiro Umezu and Imperial Navy Chief of Staff Soemu Toyoda who backed the 4 condition formula.Hours after the bombing of Hiroshima, Foreign Minister Togo had met with Emperor Hirohito. Togo persuaded the Emperor that the Potsdam terms were compatible with the continuance of the Imperial Throne and Hirohito promised to convene an Imperial Conference if the Cabinet and the Supreme War Council deadlocked on surrender.In the late afternoon of August 9, Suzuki and Togo met the Emperor and requested the Imperial Conference be convened. The conference was scheduled to begin at midnight.In the early of hours of August 10, both side repeated their arguments and Prime Minister Suzuki asked the Emperor for a decision. Hirohito noted that the preparations for Operation Ketsu-Go, the defence of Kyushu and Honshu against American invasions, were lacking and therefor Japan must surrender accepting the Potsdam terms with one condition: the retention of the Emperor.Foreign Minister Togo communicated Japan’s conditional acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration through the Swiss Ambassador:August 10, 1945Sir; I have the honor to inform you that the Japanese Minister in Switzerland, upon instructions received from his Government, has requested the Swiss Political Department to advise the Government of the United States of America of the following:"In obedience to the gracious command of His Majesty the Emperor who, ever anxious to enhance the cause of world peace, desires earnestly to bring about a speedy termination of hostilities with a view to saving mankind from the calamities to be imposed upon them by further continuation of the war, the Japanese Government several weeks ago asked the Soviet Government, with which neutral relations then prevailed, to render good offices in restoring peace vis a vis the enemy powers. Unfortunately, these efforts in the interest of peace having failed, the Japanese Government in conformity with the august wish of His Majesty to restore the general peace and desiring to put an end to the untold sufferings entailed by war as quickly as possible, have decided upon the following."The Japanese Government are ready to accept the terms enumerated in the joint declaration which was issued at Potsdam on July 26th, 1945, by the heads of the Governments of the United States, Great Britain, and China, and later subscribed to by the Soviet Government, with the understanding that the said declaration does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler."The Japanese Government sincerely hope that this understanding is warranted and desire keenly that an explicit indication to that effect will be speedily forthcoming."In transmitting the above message the Japanese Minister added that his Government begs the Government of the United States to forward its answer through the intermediary of Switzerland. Similar requests are being transmitted to the Governments of Great Britain and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics through the intermediary of Sweden, as well as to the Government of China through the intermediary of Switzerland. The Chinese Minister at Berne has already been informed of the foregoing through the channel of the Swiss Political Department.Please be assured that I am at your disposal at any time to accept for and forward to my Government the reply of Government of the United States.Accept (etc.)Grassli,Charge d'Affaires ad interim of SwitzerlandThe Japanese surrender offer reignited the debate within the US government over the status of the Emperor.Secretary of War Henry Stimson and Ambassador Joseph Grew were inclined to accept the Japanese offer. Secretary of State James Byrnes wanted to refuse it and President Truman sided with Byrnes.Both sides thought an outright refusal would be impolitic, so Byrnes drafted a somewhat ambiguous response that deferred a decision on the status of the Emperor:The Honorable James F. ByrnesSecretary of State August 11, 1945Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your note of August 10, and in reply to inform you that the President of the United States has directed me to send you for transmission to the Japanese Government the following message on behalf of the Governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and China:"With regard to the Japanese Government's message accepting the terms of the Potsdam proclamation but containing the statement, 'with the understanding that the said declaration does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a sovereign ruler,' our position is as follows:"From the moment of surrender the authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied powers who will take such steps as he deems proper to effectuate the surrender terms."The Emperor will be required to authorize and ensure the signature by the Government of Japan and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters of the surrender terms necessary to carry out the provisions of the Potsdam Declaration, and shall issue his commands to all the Japanese military, naval and air authorities and to all the forces under their control wherever located to cease active operations and to surrender their arms, and to issue such other orders as the Supreme Commander may require to give effect to the surrender terms."Immediately upon the surrender the Japanese Government shall transport prisoners of war and civilian internees to places of safety, as directed, where they can quickly be placed aboard Allied transports."The ultimate form of government of Japan shall, in accordance with the Potsdam Declaration, be established by the freely expressed will of the Japanese people."The armed forces of the Allied Powers will remain in Japan until the purposes set forth in the Potsdam Declaration are achieved."Accept (etc.) James F. Byrnes Secretary of StateThe Soviet Union, Great Britain and China approved the response and it was sent via the Swiss government.Truman also decided that further atomic bombings should be carried out only on his direct orders and that conventional air raids on Japan should continue.The US response threw the Japanese government into deadlock again, this time with Suzuki (who flip-flopped briefly), Togo and Yonai pushing for an unconditional acceptance of the Potsdam terms and Anami, Umezu and Toyoda arguing for a continuation of the war.Meanwhile, mid level Imperial Army officers, including War Minister Anami’s son in law, had been plotting a coup to take over the government, install one of Hirohito’s brothers on the throne and continue the war.The US response spurred the plotters to contact War Minister Anami to ask for his support. Anami met with the plotters on August 12. Anami did not agree to support a coup, but he didn’t order the plotters to desist and he didn’t alert anyone else in the Japanese government that a coup was afoot.A second Imperial intervention was needed.A second Imperial Conference was convened on August 13. Both sides made their arguments and Emperor Hirohito decided to accept the Potsdam terms without conditions and ordered Togo to communicate the acceptance of the surrender terms and to prepare an imperial rescript announcing Japan’s surrender.The rescript was prepared and a recording of Emperor Hirohito reading the announcement was made and stored in the Imperial Palace.After the second Imperial decision to surrender, senior Imperial Officers officers, including War Minister Anami and the commander of Imperial Army units around Tokyo, General Shizuichi Tanaka, met and decided to support the Emperor’s decision. Anami did not divulge that a coup was in preparation, but he went along with the move to support the Emperor’s decision.The plotters struck on the night of August 14. The Second Regiment of the Imperial Guards seized the Imperial Palace and convinced another regiment of the Imperial Guards to join the coup. The plotters attempted to assassinate Prime Minister Suzuki (he escaped) but failed to capture anyone of importance in the Palace, failed to find the recording of Hirohito’s surrender announcement and failed to convince any senior Imperial Army officer to join the coup.Meanwhile Tanaka was rallying troops to suppress the coup and by 5:00 am on August 15 he had convinced the coup leaders to disband and the rebellious troops to return to their barracks.Emperor Hirohito’s surrender announcement was broadcast at noon on August 15:After pondering deeply the general trends of the world and the actual conditions obtaining in Our Empire today, We have decided to effect a settlement of the present situation by resorting to an extraordinary measure.We have ordered Our Government to communicate to the Governments of the United States, Great Britain, China and the Soviet Union that Our Empire accepts the provisions of their Joint Declaration.To strive for the common prosperity and happiness of all nations as well as the security and well-being of Our subjects is the solemn obligation which has been handed down by Our Imperial Ancestors and which lies close to Our heart.Indeed, We declared war on America and Britain out of Our sincere desire to ensure Japan's self-preservation and the stabilization of East Asia, it being far from Our thought either to infringe upon the sovereignty of other nations or to embark upon territorial aggrandizement.But now the war has lasted for nearly four years. Despite the best that has been done by everyone—the gallant fighting of the military and naval forces, the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of the State, and the devoted service of Our one hundred million people—the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage, while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest.Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization.Such being the case, how are We to save the millions of Our subjects, or to atone Ourselves before the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors? This is the reason why We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers....The hardships and sufferings to which Our nation is to be subjected hereafter will be certainly great. We are keenly aware of the inmost feelings of all of you, Our subjects. However, it is according to the dictates of time and fate that We have resolved to pave the way for a grand peace for all the generations to come by enduring the unendurable and suffering what is unsufferable.

Every view has some element of truth, and at the same time it ignores the competing views. This is done particularly to show completeness, comprehensiveness and unassailability of one's viewpoint.In light of this general remark let's enumerate the various viewpoint and arguments put forth by different groups, with regards to the three language policy.Argument 1: BJP is imposing it's religious and political views on the whole country.Argument 2: Why every single move of the current government being subjected to public scrutiny? Why weren't similar provisions by previous governments questioned?Argument 3: BJP opposed similar things, when in opposition and is now pushing for them with unparalleled fervor. It's a mere rebranding of schemes proposed by earlier governments.Argument 4: Why learn so many languages when they will not help in one's professional career and overall employment opportunities.Argument 5: It is like imposing supremacy of one language over another.Argument 6: Implementing three language policy helps national integration.Fact: Indian politics has an element of linguistic identity used in defining state boundaries and state politics.Ministry of HRD (@HRDMinistry) Tweeted: #NEP2020Three-language formula will continue to be implemented, with greater flexibility, while keeping in mind the Constitutional provisions, aspirations of the people, regions, and the Union, and the need to promote multilingualism as well as promote national unity.What is three language policy?The three-language formula was first formulated by the Indira Gandhi-led central government in 1968 in consultation with states and then incorporated into the National Education Policy.The idea was to encourage students to learn more than one language or just their mother tongue, and to have north Indians learn a southern language and vice versa.In Hindi-speaking states, the formula translated into learning Hindi, English and a modern Indian language (preferably south Indian). For students in non-Hindi speaking states, it mandated lessons in Hindi, English and the regional language.In practice the reality was different though, as education is a state subjectDraft New Education Policy:Draft education policy was like the earlier policy and faced criticism for trying to impose Hindi.New education policy:(2020)The policy mentions the three-language formula where it says that of the three languages, two must be Indian languages, with English not to be considered as one. It also says that the freedom to choose the two Indian languages should be left to the states, regions or students.The new NEP further advises the use of either the mother tongue, regional language or local language as the medium of instruction, at least until Class 5.Conclusion based on above facts, arguments and provisions:The new education policy is unbiased in trying to impose any language. The actual details will be disclosed when it is implemented.The only subjective concern that deserves consideration is: That why should students be made to learn three languages when English is a universal language? English has proved to single-handedly dictate one's prospects of professional success.Even in this scenario the proposed reform of imparting education in mother tongue till class 5 is productive and helpful, in enhancing and improving learning experience.Thanks for the read.

U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar's visit to Taiwan is a brazen act of meddling in China's internal affairs under the unconvincing cover of medical diplomacy. He isn't even hiding it either since the official press release on the department's website specifically emphasizes the political nature of his trip by pointing out that it'll be "the highest level visit by a U.S. Cabinet official since 1979" and is intended "to reaffirm the U.S.-Taiwan friendship."More deviously, the press release also theorizes that the U.S. and Taiwan's similar systems of governance and economic models make them "uniquely equipped to drive global progress in areas such as medicine and science to help the world tackle emerging threats." This comment is intended to imply that the Chinese mainland hasn't done well coping with COVID-19 while the U.S. has allegedly done better. That's completely false innuendo that's powerfully debunked by the facts.U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar arrives at Taipei Songshan Airport in Taipei, Taiwan, China, August 9, 2020. /APChina has already beaten the pandemic while the U.S., Brazil, and India, all of which have Western-style democracies, are still suffering from it. Vietnam is following in China's footsteps and barely had any outbreak. Russia plans to register the world's first COVID-19 vaccine sometime next week. If anything, the facts suggest that countries with Western-style democracies are actually more susceptible to larger outbreaks and higher death tolls than those employ other systems.This might be because their citizens aren't as comfortable following their governments' COVID-19 guidelines since they don't conform to people's expectations of the state's role in a Western-style democracy. Exceptions exist, of course, but the point is that Azar's claims and the U.S.' evolving information warfare narrative in the context of this global health crisis aren't factually accurate. He and his government are clearly aware of this too, which raises the question of why they're so loudly claiming otherwise.One reason might be that the U.S. is seeking to distract global attention from its terrible mishandling of the pandemic, especially since it just exceeded 5 million total cases. According to Reuters, this means that 1 out of 66 Americans is infected and over 160,000 have died. Instead of implementing new policies since the current ones have obviously failed to stem the spread of this contagion, U.S. President Donald Trump seems more interested in pretending that no problem exists in his country and that it's actually China that's still suffering from the virus.U.S. President Donald Trump speaks with members of the media before boarding Marine One on the South Lawn of the White House in Washington D.C., August 6, 2020. /APThe U.S. has traditionally portrayed itself as "the shining city upon a hill," an exceptional example of human development that its leaders believe has the direct support of God, yet anyone across the world would naturally question such bold claims considering how poorly the U.S. has responded to the pandemic. For ideological reasons, the U.S. cannot acknowledge its failures and work to improve upon them since this would raise further doubts about its divine backing. After all, God doesn't make mistakes, yet the U.S. has made plenty.It's delusional to think that the U.S. is doing better than China when it comes to containing COVID-19, but manufacturing that factually false claim is intended to help America save face, distract those who are criticizing its poor handling of the pandemic, and propagate an artificial information warfare narrative to smear China.That last-mentioned motivation is receiving the most attention as a result of Azar's trip to Taiwan, which is one of the U.S. government's worst political provocations in decades.People aren't stupid, and practically everyone across the world is aware of just how bad the pandemic is in the U.S. right now. This means that the intended audience of the U.S.' information warfare stunt is naturally suspicious of its efforts to distract global attention from this fact by provoking China out of political convenience. Therefore, Azar's trip will fail to improve the U.S.'s soft power and might even make matters worse if people realize that he's prioritizing a foreign photo-op over staying at home and helping his fellow Americans.(About the author: Andrew Korybko is a Moscow-based American political analyst.)Source: Azar's visit to Taiwan meddles under the cover of medical diplomacy