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The cost of Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) is not driven by the same mechanisms that drive the commercial costs for most industrial products. Conventional engineering methods that are used to reduce the cost of most of the manufactured items we buy will not help to any significant extent reducing the cost of modern Molten Salt Reactors.The reason for this is that the cost of any type of new nuclear reactor, including MSRs, is actually driven by nuclear regulation. It can be further said that the level of nuclear regulation that is applied to new nuclear reactor designs is ultimately driven by the public’s perception of the safety of nuclear technology.Perhaps as a result of unfair and ultimately unwarranted campaigning by anti-nuclear organizations. fossil fuel lobbyists, and radical environmentalists all forms of nuclear technology currently are quite over regulated. Careful scholarly analysis[1] indicates that the cost of new nuclear reactors is priced up more than 400% over what the real cost of nuclear reactors was in the US in the early 1970s during a time that America’s original nuclear regulator, the Atomic Energy Commission, had regulatory authority.Engineering methods and approaches to reducing cost are secondary and marginal in reducing the ultimate cost of new nuclear reactors. The most rapid and effective way to reduce the cost of new reactors is to go after the actual cause of high new reactor cost - and that cause is regulatory.Here are some concrete suggestions regarding steps that could be taken to to streamline the regulation of nuclear and to reduce the cost of new nuclear reactors.Cost-Benefit analysis is an essential key to improving the quality of current US nuclear regulation which must simultaneously protect the public while encouraging nuclear technical innovation and advancement.All existing nuclear regulation should be reviewed from a benefit/cost standpoint.Federal regulation has a profound effect on the U.S. nuclear industry and the rate of nuclear innovation in the United States. Certainly some regulations are essential and help ensure that the power plants we build are safe; the environment in which we live is adequately protected; and the energy marketplaces in which utilities operate are fair, open and competitive.Nuclear regulations also impose significant costs on both utilities and consumers and can reduce employment and depress growth. It is therefore imperative that federal agencies carefully consider the positive and negative impacts of proposed rules.Cost-benefit analysis is the best available tool to evaluate these tradeoffs. Most federal agencies are required by a series of executive orders and guidance to assess the costs and benefits of proposed regulations when they are expected to significantly affect the economy. Only regulations for which the benefits justify the costs are permitted. These requirements have enjoyed broad bipartisan support across presidential administrations for decades, as they help to ensure that the various tradeoffs inherent in any regulation are described, quantified and evaluated before regulations are finalized.Despite these requirements, however, federal agencies often fall short when assessing the impacts of their proposed rules.For example:» NRC is not always currently subject to the executive branch's cost-benefit requirements. While NRC is encouraged to perform cost-benefit analysis, they rarely do so.» NRC when performing internally cost-benefit analysis on the impact of proposed new regulation typically does not monetize or even quantify costs and benefits for many major rules, making it impossible to make apples-to-apples comparisons of the relevant tradeoffs. This problem has worsened in recent years; since 2009, NRC has developed monetized cost and benefitestimates less frequently, while simultaneously issuing substantially more major rules.» When NRC does perform cost-benefit analysis, their analyses often cannot be reproduced by a qualified third party due to insufficient transparency and lack of data access. Given that the nature of a regulatory agency is to regulate, it is important for independent experts and the public to be able to examine and if necessary re-create agency analyses or modify them while using alternative assumptions and approaches.The regulatory process remains currently the greatest single obstacle to introduction of better nuclear (including MSRs and LFTRs). The current US regulatory process is arduous and daunting while acting to constrain new nuclear innovation. To overcome this block to nuclear innovation and break the decades standing regulatory gridlock, I would suggest that President Trump request that Congress authorize a fast-track permitting process for a limited number of reactor projects.A way to revise the current slow, arduous regulatory process -Fast Tracking of new MSRs and LFTR Reactors has Many Benefits and Few Drawbacks.Streamlining the US regulatory process is necessary because the process cannot just be sped up. Specific procedures are in place that the NRC must follow, and that process takes time. Simply adding staff manpower at NRC, as some have suggested, would only provide marginal benefit. Because training regulators can take two years, it would be years before the NRC could hire and train enough people to shorten time schedules significantly.To speed up the current permitting process and allow new classes of nuclear reactors to be prototyped and built, Congress should authorize a fast-track program that is open to new reactor applicants that meet certain conditions. The goal would be to cut by at least 50 percent the amount of time it takes to permit new nuclear reactor plants. This must be done without sacrificing safety standards or security.The way we pay the cost of nuclear regulation will have long term impacts on the vitality of the nuclear industry and the quality of life in America. We do not need bailouts or huge loan guarantees to restart the American nuclear industry, we need DOE's help in rolling back regulatory obstacles that price up over 400% the cost of nuclear relative to the true inflation adjusted cost of nuclear in 1973 at the end of the AEC era of nuclear regulation.Using applicant payments to pay the costs of regulation stifles innovation and prevents small American technology companies from entering the NRC regulated nuclear industry.Why not incentivize NRC to locate for Congress areas in the current regulatory rulings where parts of the existing code exist that add cost and delay to nuclear construction but do not add significantly to safety?It would be much more effective to promoting the long term health of nuclear power generation in America to bring American nuclear regulation down to parity with regulation in the lands of our industrial competition then to offer huge loan guarantees to finance a tiny handful of very overpriced and over regulated Light Water Reactors.The lessons learned from a Trump Administration fast-track regulatory program could be applied to a more comprehensive regulatory overhaul of NRC and nuclear regulation in the future.The program's objective would be to reduce the permitting schedule from four years down to two or less and should be available for up to two construction permits per reactor design.What might be the key new elements of a revised and streamlined a new reactor fast-track program:Focusing NRC Resources - Per congressional direction, the NRC should focus its resources on permitting designated fast-track applications as quickly as possible without sacrificing safety or quality assurance.Mobilizing National Laboratory Capabilities - Although the NRC already uses the national labs to support their activities, the national labs should be compelled by Congress to organize themselves to support the fast-track applications. National Labs are still incredible engines of nuclear technical innovation and National Labs still enjoy grandfathered advantages to independently review for safety, without interference from NRC, new technology "test" reactors built on their Lab sites.Focus University Funding Around Supporting the Effort of new nuclear innovation - The Department of Energy funds programs that support nuclear education in the university system. These programs should be focused on supporting the NRC's fast-track program. This would not only provide additional resources to fast-tracking permits but would also develop a workforce with the technical expertise to design and operate America's reactors.Ensuring a Science and Technical Based Assessment - The NRC must have the freedom to pursue a transparent, fact-based process in a non-adversarial environment. While inputs from local stakeholders must be accommodated, the NRC must be allowed to make decisions based on good science and engineering in a timely manner. This requires an efficient process that allows legitimate concerns to be heard and resolved without being hijacked by outside, agenda-driven interests.Fast-track program applicants promoting innovative new nuclear reactors would have to meet certain criteria. These would include:Special Preference for NRC Certified or Proven Design - The NRC has already certified four designs and is reviewing several others. We should as quickly as possible accelerate the building of new nuclear reactors in the United States and reverse the recent shrinking in the numbers of the US commercial nuclear fleet. Only reactors with certified designs are currently licensable and can immediately be built. We should give preference to building new nuclear that is at a point of technical maturity to currently be built. We should also expediently accelerate to processing and licensing of new Gen-4 reactor technology which provides additional important safety features and holds out promise of making new nuclear even more economically competitive.Proven Reactor Siting with Broad Public Support - The reactor site must already be licensed for operating reactors, and the applicant must demonstrate that the new reactor is welcome by the local community. Furthermore, the applicant must establish that an additional reactor will be safe and environmentally compatible. Under such conditions, the NRC should be permitted to provide an expedited environmental review, which takes roughly two years under current policy.Proven Reactor Owner/Operator - The application must be submitted by an operator with extensive experience with nuclear operations and be in good standing with the NRC. This is not to suggest that some current COL applicants are not capable, but fast-track applicants should have extensive nuclear operations experience and credibility with the state and local community. Each applicant would have to demonstrate its competence to the NRC before entering the program.Proven Demand - The applicant must demonstrate that there is a market for the power to be produced by the new reactor.Complete COL (Combined Operations and Construction License) Application - The applicant must have a full and complete COL application per NRC guidance. One of the current problems slowing the NRC is the lack of completeness of some of the applications. Complete applications are critical to ensuring that the NRC is able to conduct a comprehensive design and safety review without having to go back to the applicant for additional information.Long-Lead Components Commitment - The applicant must demonstrate both a financial commitment and a preparedness to earnestly move forward by securing a source for timely delivery of long-lead components. Many of the components used to build a nuclear power plant must be ordered years in advance. Applicants seeking fast-track permits should be required to place early orders or deposits as soon as they are granted a fast-track permitting status.Applicant Fees - Like most other NRC activities, industry should fund most of the activities associated with the fast-track program through the assessment of a program participation fee.To execute the program, Congress must:Provide Specific Direction to the NRC, National Labs, and Department of Energy. Congress must explicitly state its intentions for the fast-track program and make funding contingent on the NRC, national labs, and DOE to organize themselves to achieve the objective of early completion of new reactor construction.Adequately Fund - If Congress is serious about reducing the time it takes to permit and build new reactors, it must give NRC, the national labs, and the DOE the resources and regulatory flexibility they need to get the job done. Rebuilding America's energy infrastructure is exactly the kind of direction that each of these institutions should be working toward.Fast Tracking of new advanced reactors including MSRs and LFTR has Many Benefits and Few Drawbacks[1] - Dr. Bernard Cohen, “Cost of Nuclear Power Plants - What went wrong?” –COSTS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS — WHAT WENT WRONG?(Regulatory ratcheting, quite aside from the effects of inflation, quadrupled the cost of a nuclear power plant).

I didn't want to write an answer here but after reading a few of the answers posted I changed my mind. Note that I have written answers to similar questions before.Note that I'm not a Civil Engineer, I studied Architectural Technology but am considered an Engineering Technologist also as I have about 27 years experience working for / with Engineers (I am currently the lead technologist in a very large engineering company) Yes I picked it up very easily through experience.To answer the question first:Most Engineer's look down on Architects as lowly wanna be engineers that were not good at math but good at art. Some go so far as to say the Architects only draw pretty pictures.Now is that true? NO. To expand here are some of my previous answers to similar or related topics:Yes this is going to be a bit of a long read.I have studied Architectural Technology (registered Prof. Arch. Tech.) and have about 27 years working with or for Engineer's. This has given me a very good perspective on both Professions.Yes the OP has made a very valid observation as most Engineer's do underestimate Architects. To quote things that have been said to me:"You guys just draw pretty pictures" - Structural Engineer"Architects cannot design stairs" - Structural Engineer"We don't need Architects, Structural Engineer's, I can do all of that" - Mechanical Engineer.Now I need to say that not all Engineer's believe this, as I have encountered Engineer's that really appreciate the skill of Architects.Now to answer why most Engineer's feel this way:They really believe that Architecture is just about the ART of the building and do not appreciate that the Architect is more than an Artist but a science and art combined. This could stem from the fact that a majority of Engineer's have played around with simple Architectural designs and concepts which is easy enough, and believe that all of Architecture is therefore as easy (note that they are also in the built environment so have to understand Architectural concepts). It is not that easy on complex projects which they do not seem to understand.I have come across some 'Architectural deigns' by Engineers that were really bad in the sense that that art was missing firstly but concepts like functionality, privacy, budget, social impact, environmental impact, town planning requirements, orientation, energy efficiency, the building regulations were missing.I believe that the Architect, Structural Engineer, and any other specialized professional would need to work as a team to achieve the best results.Priyanshu Mani has made a very valid point in his answer.From Why is architecture underestimated by engineers?Architects & Engineer's are really good at what they respectively do.Engineer's are really good at breaking down a building into the individual components and understanding the materials behavior (right down to a atomic level) in the given case taking into account all influencing conditions from loading, soil conditions to the natural elements. Using this information the Engineer then calculates / designs the structure for these given factors.Architects are trained in a variety of subjects on how to put a building together to satisfy the requirements of the client while keeping the building within the requirements of the various legislation regarding the built environment and satisfying the aesthetic value of the building keeping in mind the neighborhood. Although most Architectural degrees concentrate on aesthetics, the Architect also has to study / know about shape, form, ergonomics, human behavior, building laws and standards materials, structures, building services, energy efficiency, green building, environmental legislation, townplanning, natural lighting, safety distances, pollution control, the correct placing of door handles, switches, sanitary fittings, furniture design, etc. As these topics are so large in number & varied subjects specializing in engineering (or any other of the specialist topics listed) is almost impossible. But a very good knowledge of these topics are a requirement to be a great Architect.So to answer the question: The Architect is required to know the basics / concepts of engineering. Some experienced Architects know more than others in any of the above mentioned fields.Generally Engineer's 'think / work within the box.' Architects 'think / work outside the box.'From How much structural engineering do architects know? Are architects mostly focused on the aesthetics and design of the building, without studying the engineering part?The plant layout is is a combined effort, that includes the:ArchitectEnvironmental engineerHVAC engineer / specialistMechanical engineerStructural EngineerFire EngineerCivil EngineerThis really has to be a team effort. The Architect would do an initial study to determine if the site could have the intended industry on it. He would then develop a development footprint including height restrictions (buildings, offices, ablutions, parking, loading areas etc). The Architect would also use the initial plant flow diagrams to create a plant footprint allowing for circulation & fire escapes.The Mechanical engineer / Plant Engineer would then refine this layout & insert his design / layout & create working drawings. there is a continuous communication with the architect while doing this.The Structural Engineer would simultaneously design the structure of the building. Again there is a continuous communication with the architect while doing this.The Fire Engineer designs the Smoke control, fire escapes routes, emergency routes, fire fighting equipment, fire water supply etc. Again there is a continuous communication with the architect while doing this.The Civil Engineer designs the hardstand, cuts & fills to create the platform, stormwater drainage, vehicular circulation, waste water disposal, water supply etc.The HVAC Engineer / Specialist would design the heating, cooling and fresh air supply to the buildings.Note that all the professional work together to create this design & building / plant.From Who does the plant layout design in industry? Is it given to a mechanical/industrial engineer or a civil engineer?You are required (by law in some countries) to commission an Architectural Professional for any change you would want to do to the built environment. This could be a totally new building, boundary wall or an addition and alteration. Since the amended National Building Regulations (South Africa), some of what used to be considered maintenance would require an Architect or other competent person involved as this would effect the energy efficiency of the building. There is in the pipeline an amendment to force any new purchase of a air-conditioner to have a license for the intended building. An Architectural professional or Mechanical Engineer would be qualified enough to ensure the building meets the required insulation level before issuing a license.Most people consider that Architecture is just about aesthetics and functionality but it goes much deeper than that. The built environment must also be safe for the occupants and public at large, not compromise the neighborhood in any way, and take into consideration the natural environment.One of the main objectives of Architecture is giving you the client the best valve money could buy for your intended function of the of the desired building while taking into consideration the following:Your desired intend for the land.Your Budget.Your tastes.Refining your intent to meet your budget.Ensuring the intended use is not in conflict with the Town Planning Scheme.Ensuring that if the Heritage Act is applicable, the design meets the legislated requirements.Taking the orientation of the property to the solar path and views and the topography to achieve that best development.Developing a sketch or model to best represent the proposed design.Choosing the correct / best materials to construct with while meeting the building codes / standards.Developing the construction drawings to at least meet the requirements of the building codes / standards as a minimum. This includes (not restricted to) excavations, foundations, floors, walling, waterproofing, fenestration, ceilings, roof, storm water control, water supply, accessibility, insulation, waste water management, fire fighting & prevention flood prevention, landscaping, energy efficiency, water efficiency etc.Submitting the application to the Local Authority for a building permit. This can be a horrendous task here since the amended Regulations as the Local Authority cannot seem to uniformly interpret the Regulations & 'pass to buck'We then draw up the Tender documentation. This includes the Bill Of Quantities & Schedule of Finishes & a projected timeline for the building.This is then sent out to tender or very seldom awarded to a nominated contractor.The tenders are then adjudicate and awarded.Progress meetings on the building site is held usually weekly.Any deviation drawings are done and handed over to the Local Authority for their approval (see above note)A final inspection is done and if the construction and finishing is deemed to have met the minimum requirements a certificate is issued and the building is handed over to the you the owner.I do hope that this was not a boring read - but that's what my work involves and reading legislation upon legislation................................................ and researching better methods and materials.Edit 2: I forgot to mention that it is one of the least appreciate jobs, but I'm one of the few people that can say - i love what I doFrom What does an architect's job actually involve?Really nice question.The answer would be the same if you asked: why do I need a tailor, mechanic, plumber, doctor, engineering, etc?They have been educated and trained to carry out the task that you presume u could doNow for the specifics:Could you interpret the National building regulations, the national building standards and all other relevant laws. And then make it applicable to your desired building?Could you determine the correct size of the building / rooms and the layout to suit the function while still keeping it within budget?Could you determine the correct orientation, fenestration and shading vs the ideal natural light while making the building energy efficient (allowing the right amount of solar energy in at the correct time to ensure a naturally comfortable building)?The tons of building laws, by laws, standards, environmental aspects........ Oh sorry did I mention that already?Could you design an aesthetically pleasant building whilst taking all of the above, your budget, the surrounding areas, the location, security into account?Could you design the build again taking all of the about into account to suit the functional necessity of the building?The tons of building laws, by laws, standards, environmental aspects........ Oh sorry did I mention that already?Could you design the structural walls / foundation / roof / window placement vs ratio of wall?Could you design a comfortable / legal staircase?Could you design the plumbing of the building? Note plumbers know how to lay the pipes, connect the fittings, clear blockages, build tanks / soakaways,. The do not know the laws / standards regarding this (or should I say not expected to)Could you design a driveway and garage to allow the car to properly maneuver in and allow enough space to open the door?Do you understand the triangular placement of the fittings in a kitchen?The tons of building laws, by laws, standards, environmental aspects........ Oh sorry did I mention that already?Also here in South Africa the big one is that you would have to registered with the South African Council for the Architectural Professionals to be allowed to carry out any Architectural work, although the owner is the responsible person, he would have to engage an Architectural Professional to get the building application approved (building permit)From Why do I need an architect?

1. Why is Cyanide the Ideal Poison for Want-To-be Poisoners?Cyanide offers Want-To-Be Poisoners unique combination of properties that makes it an ideal poison for professionals as well as for amateurs. Simply email airtrip01 at protonmail dot com to buy cyanides, affordable and legit source. The main ones are:A. Cyanides are extremely toxic and only a small amount of material is sufficient to kill a person.For example, the probability that a person who weighs 160 lbs, (72.64 Kg), who ingests 0.3632 grams potassium cyanide will die within three days is 50 %, and if he ingests 0.55 grams, the probability is over 90 %. To put these numbers in prospective, a teaspoon of salt contains 7.2 grams and a tablespoon contains 23.7 grams. Thus, 90 percent of 13 people, about 12, who weigh 160 lbs can be killed using a SINGLE teaspoon of potassium cyanide. A single tablespoon of potassium cyanide will kill 90 % of 43 people, i. e. about 39. In reality, death due to cyanide poisoning will occur in much shorter time than three days, more likely in 2-6 hours.To put this in prospective, 0.36 grams of potassium cyanide, a white crystalline material that looks like table salt or coarse sugar, occupies a smaller volume then the volume of salt that most people put on an order of French Fries. It can also be mixed with ordinary sugar or placed in a packet of artificial sweetener. If the mixing ratio is say 1 cyanide to 9 sugar, one or two spoons will contain enough cyanide to kill the user! Crystalline potassium cyanide will not be distinguishable by the eyes from ordinary salt or sugar and bot will readily dissolve in water, tea or coffee.Added Info on Toxicity Measurements.The toxicity of materials is measured by a term called the LD50. The LD50 is the quantity of toxic material, expressed in grams per Kg body weight of the person being poisoned, that will kill 50 % of the population in three days. For example, the LD50 for Potassium Cyanide, KCN, is 5 mg/Kg and for sodium cyanide, NaCN, it is 6.4 mg/kg.The values of the LD50 are determined by feeding the poison to many animals of the same kind, say rats, and calculating the LD50 based on their weight. This approach uses several basic assumptions which are not strictly correct. These assumptions are that:The toxic effect is related linearly through a relatively large range of body weights, to the body weight of the victim, and,The mechanism of toxicity is the same for “similar animals”, i. e. one may conduct toxicity tests on say rats or mice and apply the LD50 data to human, since both are mammals.B. Cyanides toxicity shows in relatively very short time.Inorganic cyanides, the most available ones, are very toxic when ingested but their solution in water is even more toxic. Potassium, sodium and many of the other inorganic cyanides are water soluble. Therefore, when ingested, they quickly form solutions in the stomach which rapidly enters the blood and circulate through every part of the body. The toxicity is somewhat reduced if alcohol and sugar are present simultaneously with the cyanide. The reason is that the cyanide ion can react with the sugars to form amygdalin. This compound is not very stable and decomposes in water to reform cyanides and sugar. (Hydrolysis). Anecdotally, when attempts were made to poison the Russian Healer/Advisor to the Czar, Rasputin, by putting cyanide in his red wine and cake, he did not die. The exact confirmed evidences are sketchy, but one possibility is that the effective amount of cyanide ingested was reduced due to its reaction with the sugars in the wine to form the less toxic amygdalin.yanides react with acids to form the volatile and deadly hydrocyanic acid, HCN. A few cases were documented where people died after breathing HCN vapors released where attempts were madeto clean cyanide-containing vessels with acids. A laboratory cleaning lady died a few years ago breathing HCN vapors released from a sink after pouring into it a cleaning acid. Previous worker poured in it cyanide.The action of cyanides and hydrocyanic acid on living animals, in particular on mammals, is attributed by and large to their irreversible reaction with the iron ions in the blood. This effects the assimilation and transportation of oxygen in the blood to the various parts of the body, which has dire effect on the functioning. Other mechanisms were proposed and are believed to play a strong role in cyanide toxicity, however, the rapid toxicity is believed to be due to the cyanides interrupting the absorption and assimilation of oxygen. Since the availability of oxygen is so critical to adequate functioning of the brain and muscles, death due to cyanide poisoning occurs in a relatively short time. Other metallic ions also react with cyanide ions.Although the toxicity of cyanides is compared with that of other poisons using the LD50, in effect, the toxic effect is much more rapid than three days. Moreover, if the victim was reasonably healthy and did not die within a reactively short time, there is a reasonable chance that he will recover. Several antidotes have been used to overcome the effect of cyanide, but their efficacy is limited. Moreover, it is frequently too late to administer the antidote by the time it is realized that the person was poisoned with cyanide.Cyanide poisoning may be recognized by a smell similar to that of almonds emanating from the victim, his vomit or feces. This smell is somewhat similar to that of Amaretto. The blood of victims of cyanide poisoning appears somewhat bluish, due to the formation of iron complexes with the cyanides. (Prussian Blue).C. Cyanides are readily available from many different sources.Cyanides are used in many industries and thus are available to potential poisoners. The main industries that use cyanides are:The mining of gold from low-grade ores.The mining of silver from low grade silver ores.The electroplating industry.The pesticides industry: Some countries such as New Zeeland permit using cyanide-containing pesticides in various tasks.The precious metals recovery industry, e. g. the recovery of silver in photography.Chemical laboratories, pharmaceutical manufacturers etc.The commerce of use of cyanides in most countries is tightly controlled and exporting and importing large quantities of cyanides is a very regulated commerce. In some countries a chain of custody procedure is required to track the use of cyanide. However, these procedures are not easily regulated since many applications result in the consumption of cyanides. However, since only a very small amount of cyanides is sufficient to kill a person, obtaining enough material to cause harm is not that difficult.D. Cyanides can be made by amateurs from readily available sources.Many readily-available materials release hydrocyanic acid, HCN, when heated. (This process is called pyrolysis). The gaseous HCN can be recovered if the gas is passed through a solution containing a base such as sodium carbonate, (Available in hardware stores and food stores), baking soda, sodium hydroxide, borax and to a lesser extent even ammonia. This procedure produces impure solution of cyanide which often can be used to poison as is, or purified by a very simple process to produce almost pure sodium cyanide.Some of the materials which are widely available and which can be readily decomposed by heat, pyrolysed, to produce hydrocyanic acid are:Shells of almonds, in particular fresh and somewhat green shells or even leafs of bitter almonds.Pitts of fruits such as peaches, plums, cherries, apricots, mangoes, etc.The roots of cassava (Manioc), in particular if they are not ripe. The bitter cassava produces more hydrocyanic acid and many people died after eating improperly prepared cassava.Plastic parts made of Polyurethane, including polyurethane-based paint.Plastics such as polyacrylonitril and cyanoacrylates. (“Superglue”).Lignite and low rank coal. (All coals release HCN but lignite releases more than bituminous).Larger yields of cyanide are obtained if fresh air is not available to contact the heated material during the pyrolysis. Passing a small stream of nitrogen or helium over the heated material and then into the basic solution increases the yield of hydrocyanic acid. Although the yield of cyanides in these processes is not large, enough cyanide can be recovered to poison a person since the quantity needed is very small. Some victims who die due to smoke inhalation and fire actually die from breathing excess HCN. Most states do not allow using polyurethane mattresses, in particular in prisons, because the gases emitted upon their combustion in limited air were the cause of death of some inmates.2. Symptoms of Cyanide Poisoning.The main symptoms of acute poisoning by cyanides are due to the interference of cyanide in the assimilation and distribution of oxygen in the body. Whether the cyanide source is HCN or ingestion of food containing a water soluble cyanide such as potassium or sodium salt, the poisoning mechanism is the same. The cyanide ions react irreversibly with the iron, in particular with the iron in the cytochrome c oxidase and hemoglobin. Since cyanides interfere with the absorption of oxygen and thus with the production of energy in the body, an increased exposure to cyanide will gradually show as headache, nausea, confusion, weakness, fatigue, loss of coordination, hyperventilation, cardiac arrhythmia, bradycardia, loss of consciousness and coma. Death typically occurs due to problems with the nervous system or the heart.Post mortem analysis of blood of poisoned people shows that concentrations of about 3 micrograms cyanide per ml were sufficient to kill the person. Incorporation of cyanide, mainly HCN, via the breathing, is a lot more rapid than via ingestion. A person will die instantly if the HCN concentration is above 270 ppm, (Parts per million), and after 10 and 30 minutes respectively if the HCN concentrations are respectively 180 and 130 ppm.Since cyanides effect the function of muscles and produce confusion, many victims die because they lose their coordination and ability to escape to areas with clean air. This happens sometimes when people are trapped in a burning house and the air contains cyanide.3. Detecting CyanidesIf it is suspected that a victim was poisoned by ingesting cyanide, it imperative that it will be determined QUICKLY since the poisoning effect of cyanide is very quick. To this end, Appealing products Inc., API, developed a simple, low cost kit for detecting poisons, including traces of cyanides, in 3-8 seconds in liquids such as water and in 2-8 minutes in any food. These detectors allow emergency personnel to react timely and save the victim. Poison Detection Products | ChemSee. The KT-06 kit detects cyanides and up to 30 other poisons. API Food Poison Detection Kit | ChemSee. The STPD-06 detects the same poisons but has a much shorter shelve life. STPD Poison Detection Kit | ChemSee. The CA-61K kit detects only cyanides, azides, sulfides and chromates. These kits were tested by the US Department of Defense who validated their performance as well as by the Food Science Department of NC State University, Food Poison Detection Kit.ChemSee now also offers home-users the ability to test their foods directly for Cyanide using the CN-30 Detector. More information on the CN-30 Detector can be found below:I am text block. Click edit button to change this text. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.Cyanides may be detected using conventional laboratory techniques and instruments. Unfortunately, these techniques require expensive and sophisticated instrumentation and highly trained personnel and the results are NOT obtained immediately. Since in real emergency situations such amenities may not be available, and a timely response is critical to save a person live, the value of the laboratory services is mainly in post mortem investigations. ChemSee also offers In-Lab-Sample Testing for Cyanide, more information can be found at: In-Lab Sample Testing - Chemsee.4. Antidotes to CyanidesSince the poisoning mechanism of cyanides is based on the reaction of the free cyanide ion with metals, mainly iron and thus preventing the proper absorption and assimilation of oxygen, antidotes to cyanide poisoning utilize injecting relatively large amounts of metallic ions which rapidly and irreversibly react with the cyanide ion. This process depletes the concentration of the cyanide ions in the blood and thus reduces the amount of cyanide available for reaction with the iron and deactivating it. The most important qualities of a good antidote for cyanide poisoning are:It has to react with the cyanide ion very rapidly and irreversibly.It has to be relatively non-toxic and its reaction product with the cyanide has to be non-toxic and easily eliminated from the body.It has to be compatible with the biochemical in the blood and relatively inert to them, and,It has to have a long shelve life so that it can be transported and stored for emergency use.One of the antidotes used today is hydroxocobalamin, a naturally available form of vitamin B12. This compound reacts with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin, which is eliminated safely by the kidneys. The cyanide reacts with the cobalt in the hydroxocobalamin and thus consumed and becomes unavailable to react with the iron. An antidote kit based on this chemistry is sold under the brand name Cyanokit and was approved by the FDA in 2006.The most important mechanism which eliminates cyanide from the body involves the enzymatic conversion of the cyanide to the relatively non-toxic thiocyanate ion. (CNS-1). This process is done by the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanese. Taking some sodium thiosulfate accelerates the detoxification by providing a readily-available source of sulfur to the rhodanese. Unfortunately, the thiosulfate depletes some of the minerals in the body.Inhalation of nitrites assists in overcoming breathing problems due to cyanide. Traditionally, many emergency kits used to contain ampules of amyl nitrite to help revive people who ingested cyanides or breathed carbon monoxide or cyanogen or hydrocyanic acid. Since the amyl nitrite ampoules were diverted to other applications, many kits do not contain them any longer.