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Note: This is a work of love. Errors and omissions are regretted. Please feel free to suggest edits and changes. I will be adding more details and completing this answer over a week’s time. Thank you for your patience.The Chronological Modern History of the Indian Subcontinent.From 1901 to 1985. I will try and add more in future.This answer primarily tells the story of 3 nations. Between the text, there is a subtext about the reasons of why we are, the way we all are.This is the story of the Indian Subcontinent. The Indian Subcontinent - home to almost every 3rd human being - regular people, who share geography, history, passions, music, food, jokes, tragedies and perhaps the future as well.Once you’re done, you’d perhaps agree that our history is simply a series of KLPDs - one after the other. We’ve often got heroes we never deserved and leaders who make us all agree, that we deserve better.So, without further ado, as they say in Afghanistan:- Noshe Jaan!(Substandard Translation: Enjoy buddy!)1901 AD:A New Era, A New EmperorIndia is under the British Rule. King Edward VII takes over as the Emperor from Queen Victoria in the first month of the year[1][1][1][1] - he would assume the title of the Emperor of India, two years later, and die thanks to his habit of chain smoking, in 1910.We still have a large statue of his in Cubbon Park, Bengaluru[2][2][2][2].His coronation forces the babus of the Calcutta Mint out of their inertia to struck thousands of new coins, bearing his face - preparing for his eventual inaugural Delhi Durbar in 1903.A Case of Two LawyersWorld War I is 14 years away. Mohammed Ali Jinnah is a 25 year old hot shot lawyer in Bombay, who’s got appointed as the Presidency Magistrate of Bombay last year. Most of his colleagues agree that he is the best in the business.His 7 years senior, Mohandas K. Gandhi has tried his luck in the Bombay and Kathiawad Courts but failed - He currently is a 32-years-old, slightly popular young Indian NRI lawyer, settled in South Africa, married for the last 18 years.Mohandas has earned a bigger name for himself as a social worker though, being a member of the Indian Ambulance Corps during the famous Boer War, for which he even wins the Queen’s South Africa campaign medal[3][3][3][3].The Grand old Man of India.The most powerful and popular politician of India at this point - 71 year old ‘Grand old man of India’ - Dadabhai Naoroji. The father of the “Drain Theory” - Mahatma Gandhi called him the father of the Nation[4][4][4][4].He was the first Asian to become a British member of Parliament, while in London, he had hired a young and promising Mohammad Ali Jinnah as his personal secretary[5][5][5][5] .1902 AD:The Birth of UPThis is a special year for many who belong to the state of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. This is the year, when the province of United Province of Agra and Oudh is established on the orders of the then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon[6][6][6][6].This long name was shortened to simply United Province in the year 1935, most Indians shortened it further and still call it - ‘YouPee’.Swami Vivekananda’s DeathThis is also the year, when Swami Vivekananda, the founder of the Ramkrishna mission, and perhaps the first Pan-Indian youth icon of the modern Indian history, died at the young age of 39.He was best known for his badass speech in Chicago and many co-credit him as one of the reasons, smoking isn’t considered such a bad thing in Bengal.1903 AD:Another Delhi Durbar and the father of Khushwant Singh.This is the year when King Edward VII is formally declared, the Emperor of India. 2 full weeks of festivities are organised in Delhi, paid for by the People of India. Lord and Lady Curzon arrive to the party on an elephant.King Edward was a little busy, so he sent his brother instead - Prince Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught - yah you guessed it right, the hottest piece of commercial real estate in Delhi is named after him as the Connaught Place - blame this on Sardar Bahadur Sir Sobha Singh - Who built CP from the money he earned as one of the chief civil contractors of Lutyens Delhi and the modern day Rashtrapati Bhavan - He was also the father of the famous magazine editor - Khushwant Singh.Birth of a HeroThis is also the year when my personal hero Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay is born. Why is she special - well, ask the people of Faridabad, or the people associated with National School of Drama or the Sangeet Natak Akademi :)1905 AD:Divide and Rule Vol. 1This is the year when the Partition of Bengal takes place on Religious grounds. After the revolt of 1856, this was one of the first major moves made by the British under their Divide and Rule Policy in India .Although this decision is taken back 6 years later owing to large scale protests, the damage done by this decision to the social fabric of India was immense and one of the prime stimulus for the eventual partition in the year 1947.This was followed by the institution of the Separate Electorate system for the Hindus and the Muslims in 1909 which polarised the Indian Society further.1906 ADThe Muslim League.Shortly after the partition of Bengal, this is the year when the All India Muslim League is founded in Dhaka, by the likes of Nawab Viqar ul Malik, Nawab Samiullah of Dhaka, and a few others who claimed inspiration from Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Bahadur, a former judge in the East India Company and a well known muslim social reformer, who went on to establish the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh - known today as the Aligarh Muslim University.The Clerics and Scholars of the Deoband Seminary condemned Sir Syed for his reformist ideas and excommunicated him from the religion of Islam .Note: All India Muslim League was disbanded on 15th August 1947.1909 ADDivide and Rule Vol. 2This is the year of the famous Morley Minto Reforms in India, also known as the Indian Councils Act 1909.This is basically an act of the British Parliament, which provides for greater participation of the Indians in the governance of India.Why are they so infamous? - Well after the partition of Bengal, experts see this as the second move by the British in their game of Divide and Rule. Under these reforms, the British provided for 25% reservation in the legislative seats for the Muslims of India - seats were only Muslims were allowed to stand for elections and only Muslims could vote.Needless to say that the Muslim population of India was much below 25% and such a move helped sow seeds of distrust within the Hindus and the Muslims of India - tearing them further apart.1913 AD:The Ghadar PartyThis is the year when the Indian freedom struggle went truly international when NRIs in USA and Canada came together to form the Ghadar Party[7][7][7][7] .Initially, the party comprised primarily of the Punjabi Sikh community in North America. Sooner, members from other Indian communities joined in as well.Sohan Singh Bhakna, a former laborer in a timber mill, became the founder president of the Gadar Party. Some of the founder members included Kartar Singh Sarabha, V. G. Pingle, and Maulavi Barkatullah.These men went on to hatch a plan to initiate a mutiny in the British Indian Army in the year 1915 - which came to be known as the Ghadar Mutiny. More about this later.The First NobelApart from the birth of the Gadar Party, many historians note this as the year when Allama Iqbal stopped writing poems for India and changed his priorities - the reason, his contemporary, Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize in literature[8][8][8][8] .1914 AD:The Start of the WarThis year marks the official start of the First World War. Many in India join the British War efforts wholeheartedly, believing that their support to the British will result in the Indian Home Rule.This is also the year of the so called - Hindu German Conspiracy, which in part is the reason for the awesome Aurobindo Ashram today in Puducherry.1915 AD:3 Important things happened this year.Mahatma Gandhi finally returned back to India from South Africa.The First Provisional government of India is established in Kabul lead by Raja Mahendra Pratap as the President and Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah as the Prime Minister.An international plan is initiated to start a Pan India Mutiny among the ranks of the British Indian Army, fighting along side the British in the First World War. The plan is hatched between the members of the Ghadar Party in North America and the Berlin Committee. This plan was eventually foiled by the British.1917 AD:The First Taste of BloodAfter receiving a hero’s welcome in Bombay, instead of joining a political movement, Mahatma Gandhi decides to take a tour of India. During one of his speeches, he meets a young leader from a small village in Bihar, who manages to convince him to visit Champaran.This is the year when Mahatma Gandhi takes on the British might for the first time on Indian Soil - in favor of the Indigo Cultivators of Champaran.Birth of Indira GandhiThis is also the year when Priyadarshini Indira Gandhi is born on 19th of November in Anand Bhawan, Allahabad.1919 AD:The First World War officially ends this year. Many Indian Soldiers return back to their towns and villages with stories from around the world. This is a new awakening - a new dawn.Jallianwala Bagh and Sardar Udham SinghOn the festival of Baisakhi, 13th April 1919, Colonel Reginald Dyer orders firing on a crowd of unarmed pilgrims in an enclosed Park leading to the death of at least 379 men, women and children.This is the point in Indian History, where the Britishers lose their moral right and supremacy to rule over India. The public mood changes to a complete consensus against them - the reverse counting of their days in India starts.Among the survivors is a 20 year old boy - Sardar Udham Singh, who goes on to take a revenge for this massacre, a full 21 years later in Caxton Hall London, when he shoots to kill Michael O'Dwyer, the British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab at the time of the massacre, who had approved Dyer's action and was believed to have been the main planner.1920 AD:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is born.This is the year when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is born on17 March 1920, in Tungipara Village of Gopalganj district in modern day Bangladesh.His father Sheikh Lutfur Rahman is a court clerk and he is the third child in a family of four daughters and two sons.The Khilafat MovementThis is also the year when Mohammad Ali Jauhar and his younger brother Shaukat Ali, together known as the Ali brothers, with the political support of Mahatma Gandhi launch the Khilafat Movement in India - a nation wide agitation to pressure the British to reinstate the Ottoman Caliph to his throne in modern day Turkey.Gandhi’s idea here was to use the Khilafat movement to gather steam for his Swaraj agitation/ Non Cooperation Movement. He also hoped that this protest joint venture will help strengthen the Hindu-Muslim unity in India.The Mappilas of Kerala prove him wrong the very next year.Gulistan-e-Jauhar, a famous locality in Karachi, and the Mohammed Ali Park in Kolkata are named after the elder of the Ali Brothers. He reportedly threatened the British during the round table conference, stating that he would not return to India alive till India is set free - he died in London in 1931 and was buried in Jerusalem.The younger of the Ali Brothers, Shoukat Ali, died in Delhi in 1938 and was buried near the Jama Masjid.1921 AD:The Moplah RevoltThis is the year of the Malabar Rebellion.It started as a part of the Khilafat movement, demanding the reinstatement of the Ottoman Caliphate - turned into an armed rebellion against the British - mutated further to become an open season full fledged large scale massacre of the local non muslim population.This lead to over 100,000 locals being forced to leave their homes. 10,000 rioters were killed and around 50,000 were arrested (many were sent to the Penal Colony in the Andamans).Most leaders of this Massacre were sentenced to death.This was unprecedented in many levels. Dr. B R Ambedkar responded to this as follows:The blood-curdling atrocities committed by the Moplas in Malabar against the Hindus were indescribable. All over Southern India, a wave of horrified feeling had spread among the Hindus of every shade of opinion, which was intensified when certain Khilafat leaders were so misguided as to pass resolutions of " congratulations to the Moplas on the brave fight they were conducting for the sake of religion". Any person could have said that this was too heavy a price for Hindu-Muslim unity. But Mr. Gandhi was so much obsessed by the necessity of establishing Hindu-Muslim unity that he was prepared to make light of the doings of the Moplas and the Khilafats who were congratulating them. He spoke of the Moplas as the "brave God-fearing Moplas who were fighting for what they consider as religion and in a manner which they consider as religious.1922 AD:Chauri ChauraThe Non Cooperation movement lead by Mahatma Gandhi is in full swing. A few protestors in a place called Chauri Chaura clash with the police and end up burning down a police station killing at least 22 policemen.The British catch this opening in the so far Non-Violent struggle lead by Mahatma Gandhi like Jonty Rhodes and claim a moral upperhand. Gandhi ji decides to call off the Non Cooperation movement as a result of this incident.The incumbent Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, was a 5 time Member of Parliament from this area.1925 AD:Indira is celebrating the first death anniversary of her young brother. This is also the year when perhaps the most popular train robbery of the Indian history takes place.Kakori Train RobberyThe robbery is planned by RamPrasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan who were members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. They needed funds to buy weapons - they decide to rob a train carrying British moolah.All people involved in the robbery were either killed or arrested and tried. 4 Indians tried in the courts were eventually given the death sentence.The Birth of RSSThis year on 27th September 1925, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh was founded by K. B. Hedgewar.1928 AD:Simon Go backThe Year when the 7 member committee of British lawmakers, under the chairmanship of Sir John Allsebrook Simon, arrive in India - they become popular as the Simon Commission.The idea is to report on the progress of the Constitutional Reforms in India.Indians are outraged over the fact that a committee set up to decide the future of India does not have even a single Indian representative. Indian National Congress decides to boycott the commission. They are joined in this boycott by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who is now representing the Muslim League.Lala Lajpat Rai’s deathDuring an ensuing protest against the commission - On 30 October 1928, Lala Lajpat Rai - a senior leader of the Indian Freedom Struggle is critically injured - he dies a fortnight later.This is the point in history that instigates Sardar Bhagat Singh.Zulfikar Ali Bhutto is bornThis is also the year when Lakhi bai who had become Khursheed Begum after getting married to Sir Nawaz Bhutto, the super rich landlord and the Prime Minister of Junagarh, gives birth to a baby boy in Larkana Sindh. The parents decide to name him after the famous sword of the prophet - Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.1929 AD:Lata and KishoreThis is special because this is the year when Mother Teresa Arrives in Kolkata for the first time. This is also the year when perhaps the greatest male and female playback singers of the world, Kishore Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar are born. Kishore Da is 25 days older to Lata Didi.For those who had turned deafOn April 8, 1929, two young men entered the Delhi Central Legislative Assembly building. Went on to sit in the visitor’s gallery. And while the assembly proceedings were on - threw a smoke bomb towards the well of the house and courted arrest while shouting slogans and distributing pamphlets. Those two young men were Batukeshwar Dutt and Bhagat Singh[9][9][9][9].Complete IndependenceBy the end of the year, the Indian National Congress in its annual convention, which this time is held in Lahore - announced the demand for Purna Swaraj of Complete Independence.This was a major shift from the earlier demands of Home Rule and Self Rule by the Indian National Congress. Many experts point to the Jallianwala Massacre for this shift in the policy and the public mood.This in a way was diverging from the Nehru Report[10][10][10][10] as well, which was compiled under the leadership of Motilal Nehru - which had demanded for a Self Rule for the Indians, within the dominion status of the the British.1930 AD:Ahh the year when India celebrated her first Independence day. please don’t be alarmed, the Indian National Congress declared 26th january 1930 as an Independence day - the day of Poorna Swaraj or Complete Independence.It is the importance of this anniversary, that the founding fathers of modern India decided to remark this day as our Republic day.The Dandi MarchIt was a piece of strategic brilliance for Gandhi to choose Salt as a symbol of the Civil Disobedience Movement. While the draconian salt taxes affected every Indian household, the British did not take the threat seriously and allowed the initial proceedings to go on - helping transform it into a nationwide movement.Gandhi in his usual gangsta style, informs the Governor General of India, that he’s going to start a new Civil Disobedience Movement in India.True to his words, on 12th March, he starts walking from his Ashram in Sabarmati towards the sea. Over time, a huge hoard of people join him.On the 5th of April, he breaks a British law which prohibits Indians from making their own salt. He is duly arrested and sent to jail - but is starts a wave of acts of Civil Disobedience across the country - the most notable of which takes place in Vedaranyam, lead by Rajaji and Sardar Vedarathinam Pillai.First Indian Woman ArrestedRemember Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay I spoke about earlier, during the nationwide wave of the Civil Disobedience movement - Kamaladevi was arrested for trying to sell salt to the traders at the Indian Stock Exchange.She thus becomes the first Indian woman jailed by the British [11][11][11][11] .Round Table ConferenceMeanwhile, the first so called Round Table Conference is convened from 12 November 1930 to 19 January 1931, in London. It is supposed to be a series of discussions and debates among the prominent representatives of the British and the Indian society to help define, among other things, the future of India.The Indian National Congress does not participate in this conference as most of its senior leadership is in Jail.The British soon realise that the conference will be as meaningless as the Simon Commission, if the representatives of the Congress Party and Gandhi in particular do not become a party to it.Thus, all ordinances and charges against the Congress Part were removed and all political prisoners arrested during the Civil Disobedience Movement were freed - paving way for Gandhi to take part in the second Round Table Conference, which took place in London next year[12][12][12][12] .Chittagong Armoury RaidWhile the back room dealing were taking place in the corridors of power, in Bengal, one teacher was planning to take over the British Power in his own way.Master Da Surya Sen along with his colleagues, planned and executed a daring raid on the armoury of the police in Chittagong. This development electrified the local population against the British.Almost all members involved in this daring raid were either captured or killed as shown in the picture below.Massacre of PakhtoonsDuring a Satyagraha march in Peshawar organised by the Khudai Khidmatgars, under the leadership of Ghaffar Khan, the British Troops opened fire at the unarmed and peaceful protesters in the famous Kissa Kahani Bazaar area of Peshawar in modern day Pakistan.At least 200 people were killed and many were Pashtuns were injured. Despite every possible provocation, not a single Pashtun turned violent and took to a weapon - choosing to face the British bullets instead.When one British Indian Army Soldier Chandra Singh Garhwali and troops of the renowned Royal Garhwal Rifles, refused to fire at the crowds. The entire platoon was arrested and many received heavy penalties, including life imprisonment.1931 AD:This is the year when New Delhi was formally inaugurated as the grand Capital of India (announcements were made in 1911).A few heros lostThis is the year when Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev are hanged in a hurry by the British in Lahore, hoping to quell the spreading fire of disgust against the British, thanks to the widely reported public trial.This is also the year when Chandrashekhar Azad[13][13][13][13] gets into a gun fight with the British in the then named Alfred Park in Allahabad. Surrounded and wounded, with the last bullet in his Colt Pistol, Azad holding true to his pledge to never be captured alive, shoots himself dead and becomes immortal.1932 AD:When India Beat United States 24–1The Field Hockey Team representing India wins a Gold in the Los Angeles Olympics. The Captain of the team - Major Dhyan Chand. In the semi-finals, India beat host United States 24–1 to reach the finals where they defeat Japan 11–1. Those were the days :)This is also the year when the 3rd Civil Disobedience movement starts in India under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi is soon arrested by the British and put in the Yerwada Jail in Pune.The Poona PactThis is the moment in Indian history when two great Indian heroes cross swords. This was a compromise which still divides opinions and experts.British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald had decided to give separate electorates to the so called depressed classes of India just like the separate electorates awarded to the Muslims of India.Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was in favor of this move. He saw in this an opportunity for the Dalits (members of the so called lower castes) to exert political autonomy and thus, parity. Mahatma Gandhi who was lodged in the Yerwada Jail in Poona (now Pune) was against this, as he saw in this, another cunning move of the British to further divide the Hindus of India.Mahatma Gandhi went on a hunger strike against this - finally, the well wishers and friends of Babasaheb Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar succeeded in convincing him to have a dialogue with Gandhi. After a long and tenuous discussion between them, a compromise was agreed - according to which, the members of the so called depressed classes got a quota in seat allocation within the number of seats allotted to the Hindus instead of separate electorates.This compromise is known in history, as the Poona Pact.1934 AD:Eye injury nearly makes Sheikh Mujeeb Blind1935 AD:The government of India Act is Passed1936 AD:Indira’s mother dies.1937 AD:Provincial Elections take place in India.1938 AD:Indira Gandhi takes the primary membership of the Indian National Congress.1939 AD:Subhash Chandra Bose Starts the All India Forward Block1940 AD:Sheikh Mujeeb Joined the All India Muslim Student's Federation - starting his Political lifeLahore Resolution is passed.1942 AD:Indira Married with Feroze Gandhi - was jailed for the first time spent 8 months in jail.Sheikh Mujeeb (Officially) marries cousin Begum FazilatunnesaCripps Mission1943 AD:Indira is imprisoned for 8 months from September 1942 to May 1943 for 243 days.Sheikh Joined the Bengal Muslim League - worked towards the creation of Pakistan - a homeland for the Indian Muslims.Zulfikar Gets married to Shireen Amir BegumProvincial Government of Free India is formed by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.1944 AD:Rajiv Gandhi's born.Subhash Chandra Bose calls Gandhi the Father of the Nation.1946 AD:Sanjay Gandhi's born.Sheikh Mujeeb Became secretary general of the Islamia College Student's Union - he was known to be very close to the Muslim League leader - Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy3rd July - Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy assumed the post of the Prime Minister of Bengal.Royal Navy Mutiny - Bombay is taken over for a few days by the Mutineers ||||| Direct Action Day and Calcutta Killings take place..1947 AD:India and Pakistan gain independence on 15th AugustJawaharlal Nehru is elected by the Indian National Congress as the first prime minister of independent India.Zulfikar Enrols himself in University of Southern California - studies political science.1948 AD:Sheikh Mujeeb cofounds East Pakistan Muslim Chhatro (Students) LeagueFirst war with Pakistan over Kashmir starts - Mahatma Gandhi dies - Princely States integrate to IndiaMahatma Gandhi DiesGovernor-General of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah declares in a civic reception that "Urdu, and only Urdu" will remain as the state languageJinnah Dies of TBI will be completing the following sections in the coming days.Thank you for your patience.1949 AD:Sheikh Mujeeb Expelled from Dhaka University ||||| Awami league is formed by those who come out of the Muslim League in protest of Urdu being imposed as the national language over the whole of Pakistan without consultations - they are lead by Shaheed Suhrawardy - Sheikh Mujeeb is elected as the Joint Secretary of the East Bengal unit of Awami League.Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Transfers his college to University of California, Berkeley - graduates from this college.Liaqat Ali Khan - the no. 2 of Jinnah and the drafter of modern day Preamble of Pakistan's constitution is assassinated. ||||||||||||||||||| - On 26 January 1949 the government of Pakistan announced that Urdu would be the only official state language of Pakistan - despite the fact that the Bengalis were in Majority in Pakistan - this lead to riots - which lead to death of students - which even today is commemorated around the world as the UNESCO Mother Tongue Day.Formation of the Awami Muslim League1950 AD:Zulfikar Goes to London to study Law at Christ Church.India Becomes a Republic.1951 AD:Gets married for the second time - the wife's name is Begum Nusrat IspahaniFirst General Election - Congress Party wins the mandate under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru.1952 AD:Sheikh Mujeeb Hunger strikes from jail during Bhasha AndolonBengali Language Movement reaches its peak as the police open fire on protesting students.1953 AD:Sheikh Mujeeb Becomes the General Secretary of the Awami league Party.Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Attains his LLB degreeBenazir Bhutto is born on 21st June in Karachi.The Awami Muslim League becomes the Awami League.1954 AD:Sheikh Mujeeb Jailed for 7 months after Jukta Front win election ||||| Elected to East Bengal Legislative assembly ticket - Serving briefly as the minister for agriculture during A. K. Fazlul Huq's government.The United Front wins most of the seats in the East Bengal Legislative Assembly. |||| Governor General Ghulam Muhammad deposes United Front government and establishes Governor-rule.1955 AD:Indira Became a member of the Congress Working CommitteeSheikh Mujeeb Elected to the second constituent assembly pf Pakistan - served between 1955 and 1958.Asif Ali Zardari is born in Karachi, Sindh on 26th JulyNationalisation of the Indian Insurance Sector - formation of LICThe United Front government is reinstated, Awami League does not participate. ||||| East Bengal renamed East Pakistan1956 AD:Indira Became Chairperson of the All India Youth CongressHuseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy was appointed as the Prime Minister of Pakistan on 12th September.Dr B R Ambedkar converts to buddhism along with 600,000 folloers on 14th October.First Constitution of Pakistan is ratified - Pakistan now is an Islamic Republic |||||||| One unit is promulgated in pakistan - the Western Provinces are administratively united under West Pakistan and East Bengal becomes East Pakistan.On 29th Feb - Bengali becomes one of the state languages of Pakistan.1957 AD:Zulfikar is handpicked by the military dictator - Becomes the youngest member of a delegation representing Pakistan in the United Nations.1958 AD:Indira Became a member of the Central Parliamentary board of the Congress PartyMujib was arrested for organizing resistance and imprisoned till 1961Zulfikar Appointed as a cabinet minister in the Ministry of Water and Power in 1958 by Field Marshal Ayub KhanPresident Iskandar Mirza carries out the first official Coup of Pakistan - suspending the constitution. - Shortly, Mirza himself is deposed by General Ayub Khan - starting a new tradition of Pakistani military.Constitution abrogated and martial law declared in Pakistan.1959 AD:Indira Elected Congress president in Bangalore.Sheikh Mujeeb is in Jail1960 AD:Feroze Gandhi died.Sheikh Mujeeb is in JailGiven the charge of the Ministry of Commerce, Communications and Industry1961 AD:Sheikh Mujeeb is still in Jail1962 AD:Sheikh Mujeeb Starts the Swadhin Bengal Biplobi Parishad.India China War takes place - India earns a humiliating defeat - Daman Diu and Goa are taken over from the Portuguese.Second constitution of Pakistan is implemented - promulgating a presidential form of government with Ayub as the President.1963 AD:Mujib becomes the head of Awami League after the death of the founder - Suhrawardy. - He renames the party from Awami Muslim League to Awami League.Zulfikar Appointed Foreign Minister of Pakistan - keeps this portfolio until his death.Suhrawardy dies.Inauguration of the Shaheed Minar language martyr memorial.1964 AD:Sheikh Mujeeb Supports the Candidature of Fatima Jinnah in the Presidential Elections against Ayub Khan - Ms Jinnah wins a majority in East Pakistani provinces but looses the race due to apparent and reported rigging of the elections in West Pakistan. ||||||||| Arrested 2 weeks before the election - charged with sedition and put behind bars for 1 year.Jawaharlal Nehru dies after 17 years as prime minister. His only child, Indira Gandhi, joins cabinet.1965 AD:India and Pakistan fight another war - the peace agreement is mediated by former USSR in Tashkent.Zulfikar is Critical of the Tashkent agreement - critical of Ayub Khan - despite the fact that many claim him to be the architect of Operation Gibraltar which failed and lead to loss of Lahore and Sialkot to India.6th to 23 september - Second war with Pakistan takes place - East Pakistan is left almost unguarded - leading to the seeds of local discontent which leads to seperation in 1971.Fatima Jinnah decides to fight the presidential elections against dictator Ayub Khan - the dictator calls the mother of the nation an Indian Agent and wins the election.Discontent of the Bengali population of East Pakistan grows - especially after the 1965 war where East Bengal is left undefended and the Pakistan Army concentrates its force to defend the areas of West Pakistan - Despite forming a majority of the population, the Bengalis were poorly represented in Pakistan's civil services, police and military1966 AD:Indira Gandhi Became Prime Minister - Congress Oldtimers considered her to be Easily managable - Gungi Gudiya |||||Mujib proclaimed a 6-point plan titled Our Charter of Survival at a national conference of opposition political parties at Lahore - in which he demanded self-government and considerable political, economic and defence autonomy for East Pakistan in a Pakistani federation with a weak central government.The 6 Point movement of East Pakistan started - leading to voilence and counter violence in Dhaka and many other cities and towns of East Pakistan.1967 AD:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto founds the Pakistan People’s party.1968 AD:Green Revolution started in India.The Agartala Conspiracy Case was filed - implicating Sheikh Mujeeb and others for conspiring with India against Pakistan.1969 AD:Indira Split the Indian National Congress |||| Gave the popular slogan - Wo Kehte hain Indira hatao - Main Kehti hoon gareebi hatao.Tofail Ahmed gives honorary title of "Bangabandhu" ||||| 5 December 1969 - Declares that East Pakistan hence forth will be known as BangladeshAyub Khan resigns when he hears his own children say go Ayub go while playing in the garden - realising how unpopular he's become - he gives way for Yahya Khan.Agartala Conspiracy Case charges were dropped on Shekh Mujib and he received a Hero's welcome in Dhaka on his arrival after the acquittal ||||| The 1969 Uprising of East Pakistan took place during this time.1970 AD:Sheikh Mujeeb Gives the 7th March speech, which changed the destiny and the will of the people of East Pakistan ||||| ArrestedRefused to accept an Awami League government and demanded that Sheikh Mujib form a coalition with the PPPFirst and relatively free and fair elections are held in Pakistan for the first time - Awami League of East Pakistan wins a Majority - is not allowed to form the government - leader Shikh Mujeeb is arrested under the Agartala Conspiracy Case.The 7th March speech of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman ||||| Bhola Cyclone of 1970 arroves in November - the government of Pakistan mismanages the relif work fanning the Anti-Pakistan sentiments among the locals of East Pakistan. |||| The Pakistani general elections take place shortly - where Awami League of Sheikh Mujeeb wins by a landslide.1971 AD:Sheikh Mujeeb Addresses over a million Bengali crowd with historic "Ebarer Sangram" speech in Ramna Racecourse, Dhaka ||||| Arrested at the start of Muktijuddho and jailed in West Pakistan for nine-and-half monthsZulfikar Ali Bhutto The defeat resulted in the stepping down of President Yahya Khan and Bhutto became the President and the first civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator of Pakistan on December 20, 1971. - President of PakistanThird war with Pakistan - Pakistan is broken into two and Bangladesh is born on 16th December - India signs a 20 year treaty of friendship with Soviet Union.Yahya Khan declared martial law, banned the Awami League and ordered the army to arrest Mujib and other Bengali leaders and activists ||||| The army launched Operation Searchlight to curb the political and civil unrest, fighting the nationalist militias that were believed to have received training in India. Speaking on radio even as the army began its crackdown, Mujib asked his fellows to create resistance against Pakistani Army of occupation by a telegraph at midnight on 26 March 1971 ||||||||||||||| Pakistan preemptively strikes Airbases in India officially starting the 1971 war on 3rd December 1971 - The War ends on 16th December 1971 following the surrender of over 90,000 Pakistani troops in Dhaka - following which Bangladesh becomes independent.7 March 1971 that Mujib called for independence and asked the people to launch a major campaign of civil disobedience and organized armed resistance at a mass gathering of people held at the Race Course Ground in Dhaka ||||| Bangladesh gains independence on 16th December 1971. ||||| Sheikh Mujeeb is arrested and secretively taken to West Pakistan. |||||| Soon most of the senior Awami League leaders go under ground - Many leave the country - a new government in Exile if formed in Kolkata under the leadership of Tajuddin Ahmad. ||||| Major Ziaur Rahman broadcasts the declaration of independence on behalf of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman over the radio.Thank you for reading. Cheers and peace.Footnotes[1] Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra - Wikipedia[1] Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra - Wikipedia[1] Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra - Wikipedia[1] Coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra - Wikipedia[2] Statue of Edward VII, Bangalore - Wikipedia[2] Statue of Edward VII, Bangalore - Wikipedia[2] Statue of Edward VII, Bangalore - Wikipedia[2] Statue of Edward VII, Bangalore - Wikipedia[3] Mahatma Gandhi's role in 1899 Anglo Boer War.... Very Few people know this.[3] Mahatma Gandhi's role in 1899 Anglo Boer War.... Very Few people know this.[3] Mahatma Gandhi's role in 1899 Anglo Boer War.... Very Few people know this.[3] Mahatma Gandhi's role in 1899 Anglo Boer War.... Very Few people know this.[4] Meet the man whom Mahatma Gandhi called ‘the Father of the Nation’[4] Meet the man whom Mahatma Gandhi called ‘the Father of the Nation’[4] Meet the man whom Mahatma Gandhi called ‘the Father of the Nation’[4] Meet the man whom Mahatma Gandhi called ‘the Father of the Nation’[5] Jinnah, Naoroji and Gokhale[5] Jinnah, Naoroji and Gokhale[5] Jinnah, Naoroji and Gokhale[5] Jinnah, Naoroji and Gokhale[6] United Provinces of Āgra and Oudh | historical Indian state[6] United Provinces of Āgra and Oudh | historical Indian state[6] United Provinces of Āgra and Oudh | historical Indian state[6] United Provinces of Āgra and Oudh | historical Indian state[7] Ghadr | Sikh political organization[7] Ghadr | Sikh political organization[7] Ghadr | Sikh political organization[7] Ghadr | Sikh political organization[8] Why wasn’t Iqbal awarded a Nobel?[8] Why wasn’t Iqbal awarded a Nobel?[8] Why wasn’t Iqbal awarded a Nobel?[8] Why wasn’t Iqbal awarded a Nobel?[9] A Bomb That Changed the Course of Indian History[9] A Bomb That Changed the Course of Indian History[9] A Bomb That Changed the Course of Indian History[9] A Bomb That Changed the Course of Indian History[10] Image on medium.com[10] Image on medium.com[10] Image on medium.com[10] Image on medium.com[11] First Indian woman to be arrested[11] First Indian woman to be arrested[11] First Indian woman to be arrested[11] First Indian woman to be arrested[12] Round Table Conferences, 1930-1932[12] Round Table Conferences, 1930-1932[12] Round Table Conferences, 1930-1932[12] Round Table Conferences, 1930-1932[13] Chandra Shekhar Azad - Wikipedia[13] Chandra Shekhar Azad - Wikipedia[13] Chandra Shekhar Azad - Wikipedia[13] Chandra Shekhar Azad - Wikipedia

Our boy Trump has spent a lot of time and money in and out of court. The following very long and ongoing list of court cases won and lost, is compliments of Wikipedia:Trump and his businesses have been involved in 3,500 legal cases in U.S. federal courts and state court, an unprecedented number for a U.S. presidential candidate.[1]Of the 3,500 suits, Trump or one of his companies were plaintiffs in 1,900; defendants in 1,450; and bankruptcy, third party, or other in 150.[1]Trump was named in at least 169 suits in federal court.[2]Over 150 other cases were in the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit Court of Florida (covering Broward County, Florida) since 1983.[3]In about 500 cases, judges dismissed plaintiffs' claims against Trump. In hundreds more, cases ended with the available public record unclear about the resolution.[1]Where there was a clear resolution, Trump won 451 times, and lost 38.[4]The topics of the legal cases include contract disputes, defamation claims, and allegations of sexual harassment. Trump's companies have been involved in more than 100 tax disputes, and on "at least three dozen" occasions the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance has obtained tax liens against Trump properties for nonpayment of taxes.[1]On a number of occasions, Trump has threatened legal action but did not ultimately follow through.[5]Of Trump's involvement in the lawsuits, his lawyer Alan Garten said in 2015 that this was "a natural part of doing business in [the United States]",[5][6]and in the real estate industry, litigation to enforce contracts and resolve business disputes is indeed common.[5]Trump has, however, been involved in far more litigation than fellow real-estate magnates; the USA Today analysis in 2016 found that Trump had been involved in legal disputes more than Edward J. DeBartolo Jr., Donald Bren, Stephen M. Ross, Sam Zell, and Larry Silverstein combined.[1]The Trump lawsuits[5][6]have attracted criticism from Trump's opponents, who say that this is not a trait that conservatives should support.[5]James Copland, director of legal policy at the conservative-leaning Manhattan Institute, states that "Trump clearly has an affinity for filing lawsuits, partly because he owns a lot of businesses" and has sometimes used litigation as a "bullying tactic".[5]Although Trump has said that he "never" settles legal claims, Trump and his businesses have settled with plaintiffs in at least 100 cases (mostly involving personal injury claims arising from injuries at Trump properties), with settlements ranging as high as hundreds of thousands of U.S. dollars[1]and recently as high as tens of millions of dollars.[7]Among the most well-known Trump legal cases was the Trump University litigation. Three legal actions were brought alleging fraud, one by the New York State Attorney General and the others by class action plaintiffs.[8]In November 2016, Trump agreed to pay $25 million to settle the litigation.[7]In 1985, New York City brought a lawsuit against Trump for allegedly using tactics to force out tenants of 100 Central Park South,[17]which he intended to demolish together with the building next door. After ten years in court, the two sides negotiated a deal allowing the building to stand as condominiums.[18]In 1988, the Justice Department sued Trump for violating procedures related to public notifications when buying voting stock in a company related to his attempted takeovers of Holiday Corporation and Bally Manufacturing Corporation in 1986. On April 5, 1988, Trump agreed to pay $750,000 to settle the civil penalties of the antitrust lawsuit.[19]In late 1990, Trump was sued for $2 million by a business analyst for defamation, and Trump settled out of court.[20]Briefly before Trump's Taj Mahal opened in April 1990, the analyst had said that the project would fail by the end of that year. Trump threatened to sue the analyst's firm unless the analyst recanted or was fired. The analyst refused to retract the statements, and his firm fired him for ostensibly unrelated reasons.[21]Trump Taj Mahal declared bankruptcy in November 1990, the first of several such bankruptcies.[22]After, the NYSE ordered the firm to compensate the analyst $750,000; the analyst did not release the details of his settlement with Trump.[23]In 1991, Trump sued the manufacturers of a helicopter that crashed in 1989, killing three executives of his New Jersey hotel casino business.[24]The helicopter fell 2,800 feet after the main four-blade rotor and tail rotor broke off the craft, killing Jonathan Benanav, an executive of Trump Plaza, and two others: Mark Grossinger Etess, president of Trump Taj Mahal, and Stephen F. Hyde, chief executive of the Atlantic City casinos.[25][26][27]One of the defendants was owned by the Italian government, providing a basis for removing it to federal court, where the case was dismissed. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit upheld the dismissal in 1992, and the Supreme Court denied Trump's petition to hear the case in the same year.[28]In 1991, Trump Plaza was fined $200,000 by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission for moving African American and female employees from craps tables in order to accommodate high roller Robert LiButti, a mob figure and alleged John Gotti associate, who was said to fly into fits of racist rage when he was on losing streaks.[29]There is no indication that Trump was ever questioned in that investigation, he was not held personally liable, and Trump denies even knowing what LiButti looked like.[29]In 1991, one of Trump's casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey, was found guilty of circumventing state regulations about casino financing when Donald Trump's father bought $3.5 million in chips that he had no plans to gamble. Trump Castle was forced to pay a $30,000 fine under the settlement, according to New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement Director Jack Sweeney. Trump was not disciplined for the illegal advance on his inheritance, which was not confiscated.[30]In 1993, Donald Trump sued Jay Pritzker, a Chicago financier and Trump's business partner since 1979 on the Grand Hyatt hotel. Trump alleged that Pritzker overstated earnings in order to collect excessive management fees.[31]In 1994, Pritzker sued Trump for violating their agreement by, among other ways, failing to remain solvent.[32]The two parties ended the feud in 1995 in a sealed settlement, in which Trump retained some control of the hotel and Pritzker would receive reduced management fees and pay Trump's legal expenses.[33]In 1993, Vera Coking sued Trump and his demolition contractor for damage to her home during construction of the Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino.[34]In 1997, she dropped the suit against Trump and settled with his contractor for $90,000.[35]Coking had refused to sell her home to Trump and ultimately won a 1998 Supreme Court decision that prevented Atlantic City from using eminent domain to condemn her property.[36][37]In 1996, Trump was sued by more than 20 African-American residents of Indiana who charged that Trump reneged on promises to hire 70% of his work force from the minority community for his riverboat casino on Lake Michigan. The suit also charged that he hadn't honored his commitments to steer sufficient contracts to minority-owned businesses in Gary, Indiana. The suit was eventually dismissed due to procedural and jurisdiction issues.[38][39]In the late 1990s, Donald Trump and rival Atlantic City casino owner Stephen Wynn engaged in an extended legal conflict during the planning phase of new casinos Wynn had proposed to build. Both owners filed lawsuits against one another and other parties, including the State of New Jersey, beginning with Wynn's antitrust accusation against Trump.[40][41]After two years in court, Wynn's Mirage casino sued Trump in 1999 alleging that his company had engaged in a conspiracy to harm Mirage and steal proprietary information, primarily lists of wealthy Korean gamblers. In response, Trump's attorneys claimed that Trump's private investigator dishonored his contract by working as a "double agent" for the Mirage casino by secretly taping conversations with Trump. All the cases were settled at the same time on the planned day of an evidentiary hearing in court in February 2000, which was never held.[42]Personal and sexualIn 1992, Trump sued ex-wife Ivana Trump for not honoring a gag clause in their divorce agreement by disclosing facts about him in her best-selling book. Trump won the gag order.[43][44][45]The divorce was granted on grounds that Ivana claimed Donald Trump's treatment of her was "cruel and inhuman treatment".[46][47]Years later, Ivana said that she and Donald "are the best of friends".[48]A sexual assault claim from 1994 for child rape was filed against Trump on October 14, 2016,[49]a case that was dropped and refiled, remaining in suspension as of November 4, 2016.[50]In April 1997, Jill Harth Houraney filed a $125,000,000 lawsuit against Trump for sexual harassment in 1993, claiming he "'groped' her under her dress and told her he wanted to make her his 'sex slave'". Harth voluntarily withdrew the suit when her husband settled a parallel case. Trump has called the allegations "meritless".[51][52]Lawsuits 2000–2009[edit]In 2000, Donald Trump paid $250,000 to settle fines related to charges brought by New York State Lobbying Commission director David Grandeau. Trump was charged with circumventing state law to spend $150,000 lobbying against government approval of plans to construct an Indian-run casino in the Catskills, which would have diminished casino traffic to Trump's casinos in Atlantic City.[53][54]From 2000 on, Trump tried to partner with a German venture in building a "Trump Tower Europe" in Germany. The company founded for this, "TD Trump Deutschland AG" was dissolved in 2003, several lawsuits following in the years thereafter.[55]In 2001, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission brought a financial-reporting case against Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts Inc., alleging that the company had committed several "misleading statements in the company's third-quarter 1999 earnings release". Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts Inc. consented to the Commission's cease-and-desist order, said the culprit had been dismissed, and that Trump had personally been unaware of the matter.[56][57][58]Trump sued Leona Helmsley,[59]and Helmsley counter-sued Trump[60]due to contentions regarding ownership and operation of the Empire State Building. In 2002, Trump announced that he and his Japanese business partners, were selling the Empire State Building to partners of his rival Leona Helmsley.[61][62]In 2003, the city of Stuttgart denied TD Trump Deutschland AG, a Trump Organization subsidiary, the permission to build a planned tower due to questions over its financing. Trump Deutschland sued the city of Stuttgart, and lost. In 2004 Trump's German corporate partner brought suit against the Trump Organization for failure to pay back a EUR 200 million pre-payment as promised. In 2005, the German state attorney prosecuted Trump Deutschland and its partners for accounting fraud.[63][64][65]In 2004, Donald Trump sued Richard T. Fields in Broward County Circuit Court (in Florida); Fields was once Trump's business partner in the casino business, but had recently become a successful casino developer in Florida apart from Trump. Fields counter-sued Trump in Florida court. Trump alleged that Fields misled other parties into believing he still consulted for Trump, and Fields alleged improprieties in Trump's business.[66]The two businessmen agreed in 2008 to drop the lawsuits when Fields agreed to buy Trump Marina in Atlantic City, New Jersey, for $316 million,[67]but the deal was unsettled again in 2009 because Trump resigned his leadership of Trump Entertainment after Fields lowered his bid.[68]Fields never bought the company, which went into bankruptcy about the same time and was sold for $38 million.[69][70]Trump's lawsuit was dismissed after a hearing in 2010.[71]In 2004, the Trump Organization partnered with Bayrock Group on a $200 million hotel and condo project in Fort Lauderdale Beach, to be called Trump International Hotel & Tower. After proceeding for five years, real estate market devaluation stymied the project in 2009 and Trump dissolved his licensing deal, demanding that his name be removed from the building. Soon after this, the project defaulted on a $139 million loan in 2010.[72]Investors later sued the developers for fraud. Trump petitioned to have his name removed from the suit, saying he had only lent his name to the project. However his request was refused since he had participated in advertising for it.[73]The insolvent building project spawned over 10 lawsuits, some of which were still not settled in early 2016.[74]In 2006, the Town of Palm Beach began fining Trump $250 per day for ordinance violations related to his erection of an 80-foot-tall (24 m) flagpole flying a 15 by 25 feet (4.6 by 7.6 m) American flag on his property. Trump sued the town for $25 million, saying that they abridged his free speech, also disputing an ordinance that local businesses be "town-serving". The two parties settled as part of a court-ordered mediation, in which Trump was required to donate $100,000 to veterans' charities. At the same time, the town ordinance was modified allowing Trump to enroll out-of-town members in his Mar-a-Lago social club.[75]Trump International Hotel and Tower in ChicagoAfter the 2008 housing-market collapse, Deutsche Bank attempted to collect $40 million that Donald Trump personally guaranteed against their $640 million loan for Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago. Rather than paying the debt, Trump sued Deutsche Bank for $3 billion for undermining the project and damage to his reputation.[76]Deutsche Bank then filed suit to obtain the $40 million. The two parties settled in 2010 with Deutsche Bank extending the loan term by five years.[77]In 2008, Trump filed a $100 million lawsuit for alleged fraud and civil rights violations[78]against the California city of Rancho Palos Verdes, over thwarted luxury home development and expansion plans upon part of a landslide-prone golf course in the area, which was purchased by Trump in 2002 for $27 million.[78]Trump had previously sued a local school district over land leased from them in the re-branded Trump National Golf Club, and had further angered some local residents by renaming a thoroughfare after himself.[78]The $100 million suit was ultimately withdrawn in 2012 with Trump and the city agreeing to modified geological surveys and permit extensions for some 20 proposed luxury homes (in addition to 36 homes previously approved).[79][80]Trump ultimately opted for a permanent conservation easement instead of expanded housing development on the course's driving range.[81]In 2009, Donald Trump sued a law firm he had used, Morrison Cohen, for $5 million for mentioning his name and providing links to related news articles on its website. This lawsuit followed a lawsuit by Trump alleging overcharging by the law firm, and a countersuit by Morrison Cohen seeking unpaid legal fees.[82]The suit was dismissed in a 15-page ruling by Manhattan Supreme Court Justice Eileen Bransten, who ruled that the links to news articles concerned "matters of public interest."[83]In 2009, Trump was sued by investors who had made deposits for condos in the canceled Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico.[84]The investors said that Trump misrepresented his role in the project, stating after its failure that he had been little more than a spokesperson for the entire venture, disavowing any financial responsibility for the debacle.[85]Investors were informed that their investments would not be returned due to the cancellation of construction.[84]In 2013, Trump settled the lawsuit with more than one hundred prospective condo owners for an undisclosed amount.[86]Lawsuits 2010–presentConstruction and property law matters[edit]In 2011, Donald Trump sued Scotland, alleging that it built the Aberdeen Bay Wind Farm after assuring him it would not be built. He had recently built a golf course there and planned to build an adjacent hotel. Trump lost his suit, with the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom unanimously ruling in favor of the Scottish government in 2015.[87][88]In 2013, 87-year-old Jacqueline Goldberg alleged that Trump cheated her in a condominium sale by bait-and-switch when she was purchasing properties at the Trump International Hotel and Tower.[89]In 2015, Trump initiated a $100 million lawsuit against Palm Beach County claiming that officials, in a "deliberate and malicious" act, pressured the FAA to direct air traffic to the Palm Beach International Airport over his Mar-a-Lago estate, because he said the airplanes damaged the building and disrupted its ambiance.[90]Trump had previously sued the county twice over airport noise; the first lawsuit, in 1995, ended with an agreement between Trump and the county; Trump's second lawsuit, in 2010, was dismissed.[90]Trump is suing the town of Ossining, New York, over the property tax valuation on his 147-acre (59 ha) Trump National Golf Club Westchester, located in Briarcliff Manor's portion of the town, which Trump purchased for around $8 million at a foreclosure sale in the 1990s and to which he claimed, at the club's opening, to have added $45 million in facility improvements.[91]Although Trump stated in his 2015 FEC filing that the property was worth at least $50 million, his lawsuit seeks a $1.4 million valuation on the property, which includes a 75,000-square-foot clubhouse, five overnight suites, and permission to build 71 condominium units,[91]in an effort to shave $424,176 from his annual local property tax obligations.(91A) Trump had to pay nearly $300,000 in attorney’s fees in Doral painter’s lawsuit related to unpaid bills brought by a local paint store against the Trump National Doral Miami golf resort, ordered the billionaire politician’s company to pay the Doral-based mom-and-pop shop nearly $300,000 in attorney’s fees. All because, according to the lawsuit, Trump allegedly tried to stiff The Paint Spot on its last payment of $34,863 on a $200,000 contract for paint used in the renovation of the home of golf’s famed Blue Monster two years prior.[92]Trump filed the action after separately being sued by Briarcliff Manor for "intentional and illegal modifications" to a drainage system that caused more than $238,000 in damage to the village's library, public pool, and park facilities during a 2011 storm.[92]In October 2016, the Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that Trump, together with two principals of a connected developer, could be sued for various claims, including oppression, collusion and breach of fiduciary duties, in relation to his role in the marketing of units in the Trump International Hotel and Tower in Toronto, Canada.[93]A subsequent application for leave to appeal was dismissed by the Supreme Court of Canada in March 2017.[94]Also in October 2016, JCF Capital ULC (a private firm that had bought the construction loan on the building) announced that it was seeking court approval under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act to have the building sold in order to recoup its debt, which then totaled $301 million.[95]The court allowed for its auction[96]which took place in March 2017, but no bidders, apart from one stalking horse offer, took part.[97]Defamation mattersAlso in 2011, an appellate court upheld a New Jersey Superior Court judge's decision dismissing Trump's $5 billion defamation lawsuit against author Timothy L. O'Brien, who had reported in his book, TrumpNation: The Art of Being the Donald (2005), that Trump's true net worth was really between $150 and $250 million. Trump had reportedly told O'Brien he was worth billions and, in 2005, had publicly stated such.[98]Trump said that the author's alleged underestimation of his net worth was motivated by malice and had cost him business deals and damage to his reputation.[99]The appellate court, however, ruled against Trump, citing the consistency of O'Brien's three confidential sources.[100]In 2014, the former Miss Pennsylvania Sheena Monnin ultimately settled a $5 million arbitration judgment against her, having been sued by Trump after alleging that the Miss USA 2012 pageant results were rigged. Monnin wrote on her Facebook page that another contestant told her during a rehearsal that she had seen a list of the top five finalists, and when those names were called in their precise order, Monnin realized the pageant election process was suspect, compelling Monnin to resign her Miss Pennsylvania title. The Trump Organization's lawyer said that Monnin's allegations had cost the pageant a lucrative British Petroleum sponsorship deal and threatened to discourage women from entering Miss USA contests in the future.[101]According to Monnin, testimony from the Miss Universe Organization and Ernst & Young revealed that the top 15 finalists were selected by pageant directors regardless of preliminary judges' scores.[102]As part of the settlement, Monnin was not required to retract her original statements.[101]On January 17, 2017, Summer Zervos, represented by attorney Gloria Allred, filed a defamation suit against President-Elect Donald Trump for claiming that she had lied in her public sexual assault allegations against him.[103]Financial mattersIn July 2011, New York firm ALM Unlimited filed a lawsuit against Trump, who ended payments to the company in 2008 after nearly three years. ALM was hired in 2003 to seek offers from clothing companies for a Trump fashion line, and had arranged a meeting between Trump and PVH, which licensed the Trump name for dress shirts and neckwear. ALM, which had received over $300,000, alleged in the lawsuit that Trump's discontinuation of payments was against their initial agreement. In pre-trial depositions, Trump and two of his business officials – attorney George H. Ross and executive vice president of global licensing Cathy Glosser – gave contradictory statements regarding whether ALM was entitled to payments. Trump, who felt that ALM had only a limited role in the deal between him and PVH, said "I have thousands of checks that I sign a week, and I don't look at very many of the checks; and eventually I did look, and when I saw them (ALM) I stopped paying them because I knew it was a mistake or somebody made a mistake."[104]In January 2013, a judge ordered that the case go to trial, after Trump and ALM failed to settle the lawsuit.[105]During the trial in April 2013, Trump said that ALM's role in the PVH agreement was insubstantial, stating that Regis Philbin was the one who recommended PVH to him. Trump's attorney, Alan Garten, said ALM was not legally entitled to any money.[105][106][107]The judge ruled in favor of Trump later that month because a valid contract between him and ALM was never created.[107]Trump University litigationMain article: Trump University § Allegations of impropriety and lawsuitsIn 2013, in a lawsuit filed by New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman, Trump was accused of defrauding more than 5,000 people of $40 million for the opportunity to learn Trump's real estate investment techniques in a for-profit training program, Trump University, which operated from 2005 to 2011.[108][109][110]Trump ultimately stopped using the term "University" following a 2010 order from New York regulators, who called Trump's use of the word "misleading and even illegal"; the state had previously warned Trump in 2005 to drop the term or not offer seminars in New York.[111][112][113]Although Trump has claimed a 98% approval rating on course evaluations, former students recounted high-pressure tactics from instructors seeking the highest possible ratings, including threats of withholding graduation certificates,[114]and more than 2,000 students had sought and received course refunds before the end of their paid seminars.[114]In a separate class action civil suit against Trump University in mid-February 2014, a San Diego federal judge allowed claimants in California, Florida, and New York to proceed;[115]a Trump counterclaim, alleging that the state Attorney General's investigation was accompanied by a campaign donation shakedown, was investigated by a New York ethics board and dismissed in August 2015.[116]Trump filed a $1 million defamation suit against former Trump University student Tarla Makaeff, who had spent about $37,000 on seminars, after she joined the class action lawsuit and publicized her classroom experiences on social media.[85]Trump University was later ordered by a U.S. District Judge in April 2015 to pay Makaeff and her lawyers $798,774.24 in legal fees and costs.[85][117]Breach of contract matters2013]In 2013 Trump sued comedian Bill Maher for $5 million for breach of contract.[118]Maher had appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and had offered to pay $5 million to a charity if Trump produced his birth certificate to prove that Trump's mother had not mated with an orangutan. This was said by Maher in response to Trump having previously challenged Obama to produce his birth certificate, and offering $5 million payable to a charity of Obama's choice, if Obama produced his college applications, transcripts, and passport records.[119][120]Trump produced his birth certificate and filed a lawsuit after Maher was not forthcoming, claiming that Maher's $5 million offer was legally binding. "I don't think he was joking," Trump said. "He said it with venom."[119]Trump withdrew his lawsuit against the comedian after eight weeks.[121]2014[edit]In 2014, model Alexia Palmer filed a civil suit against Trump Model Management for promising a $75,000 annual salary but paying only $3,380.75 for three years' work. Palmer, who came to the US at age 17 from Jamaica under the H-1B visa program in 2011,[122]claimed to be owed more than $200,000. Palmer contended that Trump Model Management charged, in addition to a management fee, "obscure expenses" from postage to limousine rides that consumed the remainder of her compensation. Palmer alleged that Trump Model Management promised to withhold only 20% of her net pay as agency expenses, but after charging her for those "obscure expenses", ended up taking 80%.[123]Trump attorney Alan Garten claimed the lawsuit is "bogus and completely frivolous".[124][125]Palmer filed a class-action lawsuit against the modeling agency with similar allegations.[126]The case was dismissed from U.S. federal court in March 2016, in part because Palmer's immigration status, via H1-B visa sponsored by Trump, required labor complaints to be filed through a separate process.[123][127]2015[edit]In 2015, Trump sued Univision, demanding $500 million for breach of contract and defamation when they dropped their planned broadcast of the Miss USA pageant. The network said that the decision was made because of Trump's "insulting remarks about Mexican immigrants".[128]Trump settled the lawsuit with Univision CEO Randy Falco out of court.[129]In July 2015, Trump filed a $10 million lawsuit in D.C. Superior Court for breach of contract against Spanish celebrity chef José Andrés, claiming that he backed out of a deal to open the flagship restaurant at Trump International Hotel in Washington, D.C.[130][131]Andrés replied that Trump's lawsuit was "both unsurprising and without merit"[132]and filed an $8 million counterclaim against a Trump Organization subsidiary.[131][133]Also in July 2015, Chef Geoffrey Zakarian also withdrew from the Washington, D.C., project with Andrés in the wake of Trump's comments on Mexican illegal immigrants, and is expected to lose his own $500,000 restaurant lease deposit as a result.[132]Trump denounced and then sued Zakarian in August 2015 for a sum "in excess of $10 million" for lost rent and other damages.[134]Trump's lawsuit called Zakarian's offense at his remarks "curious in light of the fact that Mr. Trump's publicly shared views on immigration have remained consistent for many years, and Mr. Trump's willingness to frankly share his opinions is widely known".[134][135]Disputes with both chefs were eventually settled in April 2017.[136]In 2015, restaurant workers at Trump SoHo filed a lawsuit that from 2009 to at least the time of the filing, gratuities added to customers' checks were illegally withheld from employees. The Trump Organization has responded that the dispute is between the employees and their employer, a third-party contractor. Donald Trump has been scheduled to testify in court on September 1, 2016.[137][138]2018[edit]In 2018, Noel Cintron, the personal driver for Donald Trump before he became the President of the United States, filed a lawsuit Cintron v Trump Organization LLC with the Supreme Court of the State of New York (Manhattan). The lawsuit claims that during his 25-year employment by Trump, he was not compensated for overtime and the second time his salary was raised he was induced to surrender his health insurance, an action which saved Trump approximately $17,866 per year.[139]The lawsuit seeks $178,200 of overtime back pay, plus $5,000 in penalties that are seen under the New York State Labor Law.[140]Assault claims[edit]In September 2015, five men who had demonstrated outside of a Trump presidential campaign event at Trump Tower in New York City sued Donald Trump, alleging that Trump's security staff punched one of them. They also allege that Trump's security guards had been advised by city police that they were permitted to protest there. Several people videotaped the incident.[141][142]In June 2015, the Culinary Workers Union filed charges with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), alleging that the owners of Trump Hotel Las Vegas "violated the federally protected rights of workers to participate in union activities" and engaged in "incidents of alleged physical assault, verbal abuse, intimidation, and threats by management".[143]In October 2015, the Trump Ruffin Commercial and Trump Ruffin Tower I, the owners of Trump Hotel Las Vegas, sued the Culinary Workers Union and another union, alleging that they had knowingly distributed flyers that falsely stated that Donald Trump had stayed at a rival unionized hotel, rather than his own non-unionized hotel, during a trip to Las Vegas.[5][143]Poll watching controversy[edit]On October 31, 2016, a New Jersey federal judge, John Michael Vazquez, ordered the Republican National Committee (RNC) to hand over all communications with the Trump campaign related to poll watching and voter fraud. He asked for testimony and documents relating to Kellyanne Conway, RNC officials Ronna Romney McDaniel of Michigan, and Rob Gleason from Pennsylvania.[144]It is claimed Gleason, McDaniel, and Roger Stone recruited poll watchers to check for voter fraud. The state Democratic parties of Nevada, Pennsylvania, Arizona, and Ohio filed lawsuits against Trump for encouraging illegal voter intimidation. The states' Democratic parties are also suing their respective Republican party counterparts, along with Roger Stone, who is allegedly recruiting poll watchers and organizing ballot security efforts in a number of states. Stone runs the group "Stop the Steal." It claims Trump supporters yelled at voters outside Las Vegas area polling places when they said they weren't voting for the Republican nominee, and that Stone is asking supporters to conduct an illegitimate "exit polling" initiative aimed at intimidating voters of color.Pat McDonald, the director of Cuyahoga County Board of Elections in Ohio, reported that "Trump supporters have already visited the county elections board identifying themselves as poll observers, even though they did not appear to be credentialed as poll observers as required under Ohio law." Election officials have expressed concern about "instability on Election Day," one lawsuit claims, and discussed the possibility of bringing police to polling sites to address conflicts. In Clark County of Nevada, a lawsuit claims: "A Trump supporter harassed and intimidated multiple voters outside of the Albertson's supermarket early voting location on Lake Mead Boulevard, repeatedly asking voters for whom they were voting, and then yelling at them belligerently and attempting to keep them from entering the voting location when they stated they were not voting for Donald Trump." When poll staffers told the Trump supporters to stop harassing voters, "the Trump supporter told poll workers that he had 'a right to say anything he wanted to the voters.'" Poll staffers called police, and the Trump supporter left. The lawsuit also claims similar incidents took place in neighboring Nye County as well. In Pennsylvania, Murrysville City Councilman Josh Lorenz supposedly posted instructions for the way Clinton supporters could vote online, even though there is no online voting in Pennsylvania. Eight registered electors, mostly from the Philadelphia area, challenged the portion of the state Election Code that prevents poll watchers from observing elections outside of the counties where they live.[145][146][147]In Pompano Beach, Florida, police asked two poll watchers to leave a polling site. Two precinct clerks were also fired for not adhering to policy and training. No arrests were made. No other incidents were reported in South Florida.[148][149]Nevada early voting Latino turnout controversy[edit]On November 8, 2016, Trump filed a lawsuit claiming early voting polling places in Clark County, Nevada, were kept open too late. These precincts had high turnout of Latino voters. Nevada state law explicitly states that polls are to stay open to accommodate eligible voters in line at closing time. Hillary Clinton campaign advisor Neera Tanden says the Trump campaign is trying to suppress Latino voter turnout. A political analyst from Nevada, Jon Ralston tweeted that the Trump lawsuit is "insane" in a state that clearly allows the polls to remains open until everyone in line has voted. Former Nevada Secretary of State Ross Miller, posted the statute that states "voting must continue until those voters have voted". Miller said: "If there are people in line waiting to vote at 7 pm, voting must continue until everyone votes.... We still live in America, right?"[150]A Nevada judge denied Trump's request to separate early voting ballots. Judge Gloria Sturman, of the District Court for Clark County Nevada, ruled that County Registrar of Voters Joe P. Gloria was already obligated by state law to maintain the records that the Trump campaign is seeking. Sturman said: "That is offensive to me because it seems to go against the very principle that a vote is secret."[151][152]Diana Orrock, the Republican National Committeewoman for Nevada and a vocal Trump ally, said she was unaware of the lawsuit before Politico contacted her. "I know that the [Clark County] registrar was on TV this morning saying that anybody who's in line was allowed to participate in the voting process until all of them came through," she said. "If that's what they did, I don't have a problem with that ... I don't know that filing a suit's going to accomplish anything." Orrock doubts the lawsuit will have any impact.[153]Lawsuit for inciting violence at March 2016 campaign rally[edit]During a campaign rally on March 1, 2016 in Louisville, Kentucky, Trump repeatedly said "get 'em out of here" while pointing at anti-Trump protesters as they were forcibly escorted out by his supporters. Three protesters say they were repeatedly shoved and punched while Trump pointed at them from the podium, citing widely shared video evidence of the events. They also cited previous statements by Trump about paying the legal bills of supporters who got violent, or suggesting a demonstrator deserved to be "roughed up."[154][155][156][157]The lawsuit accuses Donald Trump of inciting violence against protesters in Louisville, Kentucky. The plaintiffs are Kashiya Nwanguma (21), Molly Shah (36) and Henry Brousseau (17). The suit is against Trump, his campaign, and three Trump supporters (Matthew Heimbach, Alvin Bamberger and an unnamed defendant). One defendant, Bamburger, who was wearing a Veteran's uniform in the video, apologized to the Korean War Veterans Association immediately after the event, writing that he "physically pushed a young woman down the aisle toward the exit" after "Trump kept saying 'get them out, get them out."[154]Trump's attorneys requested to get the case dismissed, arguing he was protected by free speech laws, and wasn't trying to get his supporters to resort to violence.[156][158]They also stated that Trump had no duty to the protesters, and they had assumed the personal risk of injury by deciding to protest at the rally.[154]On Friday, April 1, 2017, Judge David J. Hale in Louisville ruled against the dismissal of a lawsuit, stating there was ample evidence to support that the injuries of the protesters were a "direct and proximate result" of Trump's words and actions. Hale wrote, "It is plausible that Trump's direction to 'get 'em out of here' advocated the use of force," and, "It was an order, an instruction, a command." Hale wrote that the Supreme Court has ruled out some protections for free speech when used to incite violence.[159]Defendant Heimbach requested to dismiss the discussion in the lawsuit about his association with a white nationalist group, and also requested to dismiss discussion of statements he made about how a President Trump would advance the interests of the group. The request was declined, with the judge saying the information could be important for determining punitive damages because they add context.[154]Hale also declined to remove the allegation that Plaintiff Nwanguma, who is African-American, was victim to ethnic, racial and sexist slurs at the rally from the crowd. The judge stated that this context may support claims by the plaintiffs' of incitement and negligence by Trump and the Trump campaign. The judge wrote, "While the words themselves are repulsive, they are relevant to show the atmosphere in which the alleged events occurred."[154]The judge stated that all people have a duty to use care to prevent foreseeable injury. "In sum, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that their harm was foreseeable and that the Trump Defendants had a duty to prevent it." The case was referred a federal magistrate, Judge H. Brent Brennenstuhl, who will handle preliminary litigation, discovery and settlement efforts.[160]Heimbach filed a separate counterclaim in April 2017, arguing that Trump was "responsible for any injuries" he [Heimbach] "might have inflicted because Mr. Trump directed him and others to take action". Heimbach, "a self-employed landscaper", and a member of the Traditionalist Youth Network, "which advocates separate American 'ethno states', "spends much of his time" online writing "against Jews, gays and immigrants and urging whites to stand up for their race." He wrote his own lawsuit which requested that Trump pay Heimbach's "legal fees, citing a promise Mr. Trump made at an earlier rally to pay legal costs of anyone who removed protesters."[161]Heimbach's "counterclaim" against Trump has "probed the limits of free speech and public protest while confronting the courts with a unique legal argument".[161]On May 5, Trump's lawyers submitted legal filings that argue that Heimbach's "indemnity claim should be dismissed on the same grounds". According to a University of Virginia law professor, Leslie Kendrick, this indemnity or "impleader" case is "highly unusual."[161]New York University's Samuel Issacharoff, a professor of constitutional law, argued that care must be taken to not allow speech, in the "context of a political rally" to be "turned into something that is legally sanctionable."[161]Payments related to alleged affairs[edit]See also: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal and Karen McDougal § Alleged affair with Donald TrumpAdult film actress Stormy Daniels has alleged that she and Trump had an extramarital affair in 2006, months after the birth of his youngest child.[162]Just before the 2016 presidential election Daniels, whose real name is Stephanie Clifford, was paid $130,000 by Trump's attorney Michael Cohen as part of a non-disclosure agreement (NDA), through an LLC set up by Cohen; he says he used his own money for the payment.[163]In February 2018, Daniels filed suit against the LLC asking to be released from the agreement so that she can tell her story. Cohen filed a private arbitration proceeding and obtained a restraining order to keep her from discussing the case.[164]According to White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders, Trump has denied the allegations.[165]On March 6, 2018, Daniels sued Trump in California Superior Court, claiming among other things that the NDA never came into effect because Trump did not sign it personally.[166]On March 16 Cohen, with Trump's approval, asked for Daniels' suit to be moved from state to federal court, based on the criteria that the parties live in different places and the amount at stake is more than $75,000; Cohen asserted that Daniels could owe $20 million in liquidated damages for breaching the agreement.[167]The filing marked the first time that Trump himself, through his personal attorney, had taken part in the Daniels litigation.[168]In early April 2018, Trump said that he did not know about Cohen paying Daniels, why Cohen had made the payment or where Cohen got the money from.[169]On April 30, Daniels further sued Trump for defamation.[170]In May 2018, Trump's annual financial disclosure revealed that he reimbursed Cohen in 2017 for expenditures related to the Daniels case.[171]In August 2018, Cohen pleaded guilty to breaking campaign finance laws, admitting paying hush money of $130,000 and $150,000 "at the direction of a candidate for federal office", to two women who alleged affairs with that candidate, "with the purpose of influencing the election". The figures match sums of payments made to Stormy Daniels and Playboy model Karen McDougal.[172][173]American Media, Inc. had reportedly in 2016 bought for $150,000 the rights to a story by McDougal alleging an affair with a married Trump from 2006 which lasted between nine months to a year.[174][175][176]David Pecker (AMI CEO/Chairman and friend of Trump), Dylan Howard (AMI chief content officer) and Allen Weisselberg (chief financial officer of The Trump Organization) were reportedly granted witness immunity in exchange for their testimony regarding the illegal payments.[177][178]In response, Trump said that he only knew about the payments "later on"; Trump also said regarding the payments: "They didn't come out of the campaign, they came from me."[179]The Wall Street Journal reported on November 9, 2018 that federal prosecutors have evidence of Trump’s "central role" in payments to Stormy Daniels and Karen McDougal that violated campaign-finance laws.[180][181]Special Counsel investigation[edit]Main article: Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)The Special Counsel investigation is a United States law enforcement investigation of Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign and any Russian (or other foreign) interference in the election, including exploring any possible links or coordination between Trump's campaign and the Russian government, "and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation."[182]Since May 2017, the investigation has been led by a United States Special Counsel, Robert Mueller, a former Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI). Mueller's investigation took over several FBI investigations including those involving former campaign chairman Paul Manafort and former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn.It has been noted that Trump has experienced a high turnover with respect to the attorneys handling this matter, as well as a large number of prominent lawyers and law firms publicly declining offers to join Trump's legal team.[183][184]Attorneys known to have been approached include Robert S. Bennett of Hogan Lovells,[185]Paul Clement and Mark Filip, both with Kirkland & Ellis,[186][186]Robert Giuffra Jr. of Sullivan & Cromwell,[185]Theodore B. Olson of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher,[187]and Brendan V. Sullivan Jr. of Williams & Connolly.[186]Other firms with attorneys who have decided not to represent Trump include Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan,[188]Steptoe & Johnson,[188]and Winston & Strawn.[citation needed]Former U.S. Attorney Joseph diGenova and his wife Victoria Toensing were briefly slated to join Trump's legal team, but withdrew their services from Trump in March 2018, citing conflicts of interest.[189]In an article describing the "unique circumstance" of Rudy Giuliani's unpaid leave of absence from Greenberg Traurig while representing Trump, possibly because of "potential conflicts", Christine Simmons said some other law firms may have turned down representing Trump in the Russia case due to "public relations headaches or business and recruitment concerns".[190]Trump has called such views a "Fake News narrative".[191][192]In a National Law Journal article, Ryan Lovelace described how white-collar lawyers must weigh the "risks" and "stigma" of joining the Trump team. He quoted a prominent defense attorney's concerns about "the constant shuffle of attorneys in and out of the president's legal team", and the possibility that an attorney could invest resources and reputation in such representation "only to find yourself on the sidelines a short time later because the president saw someone he liked better on Fox News".[192]The quoted attorney also noted "a stigma to being linked to this president" that might impact business with other clients.[192]A list of other reasons for not wanting to represent Trump is provided by Jill Abramson for The Guardian:The problem for the white-collar defense bar's crème de la crème is that Donald Trump is so blatantly the client from hell. He won't listen. He won't obey instructions. He is headstrong. He is a bully. Sometimes, he doesn't pay his bills. Most of all, it's possible that he isn't capable of discerning fact from fiction. This last foible could get any lawyer who represents him into very deep legal hot water. No one wants to get disbarred for the fame and fortune of representing President Trump. Then there's the justifiable concern over all the unforced legal errors that the defense side, led by Trump himself, has already committed.[193]An Above the Law article states that some law firms have refused to represent the President of the United States because "Donald Trump has somehow turned POTUS into a dog of a client self-respecting lawyers do not want to touch", expressing concern that "[i]f all the good attorneys — the ones with reputations to preserve and ethics to uphold — refuse to represent the president, what's left are the 'bad' attorneys. The ones who don't have the slightest idea what a moral and ethical principle is".[194]Allegations of business links to organized crime[edit]Journalists David Cay Johnston and Wayne Barrett, the latter of whom wrote an unauthorized 1992 Trump biography, have claimed that Trump and his companies did business with New York and Philadelphia families linked to the Italian-American Mafia.[195][196]A reporter for The Washington Post writes, "he was never accused of illegality, and observers of the time say that working with the mob-related figures and politicos came with the territory."[197]Trump helped a financier for the Scarfo family get a casino license, and constructed a casino using firms controlled by Nicodemo Scarfo.[198]Trump also bought real estate from Philadelphia crime family member Salvatore Testa, and bought concrete from companies associated with the Genovese crime family and the Gambino crime family.[195][196][197]Trump Plaza paid a $450,000 fine leveled by the Casino Gaming Commission for giving $1.6 million in rare automobiles to Robert LiButti, the acquaintance of John Gotti already mentioned.[29]Starting in 2003, the Trump Organization worked with Felix Sater, who had a 1998 racketeering conviction for a $40 million Mafia-linked stock fraud scheme, and who had then become an informant against the mafia.[199]Trump's attorney has said that Sater worked with Trump scouting real estate opportunities, but was never formally employed.[200]Use of bankruptcy laws[edit]Trump has never filed for personal bankruptcy, but hotel and casino businesses of his have been declared bankrupt four times between 1991 and 2009 to re-negotiate debt with banks and owners of stock and bonds.[201][202]Because the businesses used Chapter 11 bankruptcy, they were allowed to operate while negotiations proceeded. Trump was quoted by Newsweek in 2011 saying, "I do play with the bankruptcy laws – they're very good for me" as a tool for trimming debt.[82][203]According to a report by Forbes in 2011, the four bankruptcies were the result of over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City: Trump's Taj Mahal (1991), Trump Plaza Hotel (1992), Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts (2004), and Trump Entertainment Resorts (2009).[204][205]Trump said "I've used the laws of this country to pare debt.... We'll have the company. We'll throw it into a chapter. We'll negotiate with the banks. We'll make a fantastic deal. You know, it's like on The Apprentice. It's not personal. It's just business."[206]He indicated that many "great entrepreneurs" do the same.[204]1991[edit]In 1991, Trump Taj Mahal was unable to service its debt and filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[206]Forbes indicated that this first bankruptcy was the only one where Trump's personal financial resources were involved. Time, however, maintains that $72 million of his personal money was also involved in a later 2004 bankruptcy.[207]1992[edit]On November 2, 1992, the Trump Plaza Hotel filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and Trump lost his 49 percent stake in the luxury hotel to Citibank and five other lenders.[208]In return Trump received more favorable terms on the remaining $550+ million owed to the lenders, and retain his position as chief executive, though he would not be paid and would not have a role in day-to-day operations.[209]1994[edit]Trump Plaza Hotel and Casinoclosed in 2014By 1994, Trump had eliminated a large portion of his $900 million personal debt through sales of his Trump Taj Mahal and Trump Plazaassets,[210]and significantly reduced his nearly $3.5 billion in business debt. Although he lost the Trump Princess yacht and the Trump Shuttle (which he had bought in 1989), he did retain Trump Tower in New York City and control of three casinos in Atlantic City, including Trump's Castle. Trump sold his ownership of West Side Yards (now Riverside South, Manhattan) to Chinese developers including Hong Kong's New World Development, receiving a premium price in exchange for the use and display of the name "Trump" on the buildings.[211]2004[edit]Donald Trump's third corporate bankruptcy was on October 21, 2004, involving Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts, the publicly-traded holding company for his three Atlantic City casinos and some others.[212]Trump lost over half of his 56% ownership and gave bondholders stock in exchange for surrendering part of the debt. No longer CEO, Trump retained a role as chairman of the board. In May 2005[213]the company emerged from bankruptcy as Trump Entertainment Resorts Holdings.[214]In his 2007 book, Think BIG and Kick Ass in Business and Life, Trump wrote: "I figured it was the bank's problem, not mine. What the hell did I care? I actually told one bank, 'I told you you shouldn't have loaned me that money. I told you the goddamn deal was no good.'"[215]2009[edit]Trump's fourth corporate bankruptcy occurred in 2009, when Trump and his daughter Ivanka resigned from the board of Trump Entertainment Resorts; four days later the company, which owed investors $1.74 billion against its $2.06 billion of assets, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. At that time, Trump Entertainment Resorts had three properties in Atlantic City: Trump Taj Mahal, Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino (closed in 2014), and Trump Marina (formerly Trump's Castle, sold in 2011). Trump and some investors bought the company back that same year for $225 million. As part of the agreement, Trump withdrew a $100 million lawsuit he had filed against the casino's owners alleging damage to the Trump brand. Trump re-negotiated the debt, reducing by over $1 billion the repayments required to bondholders.[216][217]In 2014, Trump sued his former company to remove his name from the buildings since he no longer ran the company, having no more than a 10% stake; he lost the suit.[218]Trump Entertainment Resorts filed again for bankruptcy in 2014[219]and was purchased by billionaire philanthropist Carl Icahn in 2016, who acquired Trump Taj Mahal in the deal.[220]Campaign contributions[edit]According to a New York state report, Trump circumvented corporate and personal campaign donation limits in the 1980s – although he did not break any laws – by donating money to candidates from 18 different business subsidiaries, rather than giving primarily in his own name.[197][221]Trump told investigators he did so on the advice of his lawyers. He also said the contributions were not to curry favor with business-friendly candidates, but simply to satisfy requests from friends.[197][222]Donald J. Trump Foundation[edit]During the 2016 U.S. presidential election, media began reporting in detail on how the Donald J. Trump Foundation was funded and how Donald Trump used its funds. The Washington Post in particular reported several cases of possible mis-use, self-dealing and possible tax evasion.[18] [19] [20]Regarding the various irregularities in the Trump Foundation, former head of the Internal Revenue Service's Office of Exempt Organizations Division Marc Owens told The Washington Post: "This is so bizarre, this laundry list of issues.... It's the first time I've ever seen this, and I've been doing this for 25 years in the IRS, and 40 years total.[21]When interviewed for the Post's article, Trump spokesperson Boris Epshtein said that Trump did not knowingly violate any tax laws.[18]The office of New York State Attorney General Eric Schneiderman investigated the foundation "to make sure it's complying with the laws governing charities in New York."[22]Controversy over tax returns[edit]In October 2016, The New York Times published some tax documents from 1995. These documents indicate that Trump might have evaded paying taxes on as much as 916 million dollars in income at one time. Trump likely gave some of his creditors shares of his failing businesses to avoid taxes on hundreds of millions of dollars he was given in debt relief, which is illegal. Legal scholar Edward Kleinbard of the University of Southern California believes Trump forged tax documents. Trump claimed on his tax returns that he lost money, but did not recognize it in the form of canceled debts. He likely avoided paying 425 million dollars in taxes, says Steven M. Rosenthal, an attorney at the Tax Policy Center. Rosenthal claims he "borrowed other people's money and spent it in spectacular fashion." Trump might have performed a stock-for-debt swap. This would have allowed Trump to avoid paying income taxes for at least 18 years. An audit of Trump's tax returns for 2002 through 2008 was "closed administratively by agreement with the I.R.S. without assessment or payment, on a net basis, of any deficiency." Tax attorneys believe the government may have reduced what Trump was able to claim as a loss without requiring him to pay any additional taxes.[223][224]It is unknown whether the I.R.S. challenged Trump's use of the swaps because he has not released his tax returns. Trump's lawyers advised against Trump using the equity for debt swap, as they believed it to be potentially illegal.[225]Marc Kasowitz, name partner of the Kasowitz, Benson, Torres & Friedman firm, wrote a letter threatening The New York Times over publication of the 1995 documents. Kasowitz's action drew attention to the fact that the biglaw firm had done extensive legal work for Donald Trump and his businesses since at least 2001 including also bankrupt casino restructuring.[226]In early 2017, firm member and former Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman introduced Pres.-elect Trump's nominee for Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos to the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pension committee.[227]Destruction of documents[edit]In June 2016, a USA Today article reported that Donald Trump and his companies have been deleting emails and other documents on a large scale,[228]including evidence in lawsuits, sometimes in defiance of court orders and under subpoena since as early as 1973.[229][230][231]In October 2016, Kurt Eichenwald published new research findings in Newsweek. The findings were first published by Paul Singer[232]on June 13, 2016[233]and gained larger attention[234][235]after a new report in Newsweek on October 31, 2016. According to Newsweek, Trump and his companies "hid or destroyed thousands of documents" involving several court cases from as early as 1973."Over the course of decades, Donald Trump's companies have systematically destroyed or hidden thousands of emails, digital records and paper documents demanded in official proceedings, often in defiance of court orders.... In each instance, Trump and entities he controlled also erected numerous hurdles that made lawsuits drag on for years, forcing courtroom opponents to spend huge sums of money in legal fees as they struggled—sometimes in vain—to obtain records."— Kurt Eichenwald, Donald Trump's Companies Destroyed Emails in Defiance of Court Orders Newsweek, October 31, 2016In 1973 Trump, his father and their company were in court for civil charges for refusing to rent apartments to African Americans. After their lawyers had delayed court requests for documents for several months, Trump, then being under subpoena, said his company had destroyed corporate records of the past six months "for saving space". In a court case beginning in 2005 against Power Plant Entertainment, LLC, an affiliate of real estate developer Cordish Cos., it was revealed that Trump's companies had deleted the data requested by court.[236]Cordish Cos. had built two American Indian[237]casinos in Florida under the Hard Rock brand and Donald Trump accused them of cheating him out of that deal. Nonetheless, Trump's lawyers had refused to instruct workers to keep all records related to the case during litigation.[229]Trump had established a procedure to delete all data from their employees' computers every year at least since 2003,[234]despite knowing at least since 2001 that he might want to file a lawsuit. Even after the lawsuit was filed, Trump Hotelsdisposed of a computer of a key witness without having made a backup of the data. A former general counsel of the Trump casino unit confirmed that all data were deleted from nearly all companies' computers annually. Trump and his lawyers claimed they were not keeping records and digital data although it was revealed that Trump had launched his own high-speed internet provider in 1998 and an IBM Domino server had been installed for emails and digital files in 1999.[229][235]

Short Answer first -The term ‘British India’ can broadly cover a long period of 350 years, starting from the early 1600s when East India Company ships landed on coastal India, until 1947. However, I have covered the 90 year period call the ‘British Raj’ from 1857–1947.They were the best of times - This period witnessed the creation and explosive growth in Infrastructure that came to define modern India (and Pakistan, Bangladesh) - Major Urban Centers, Hill Stations, Cantonments, Railroads, Major Highways, Bridges, Communication system (Post, Telegraph, Telecom), Irrigation system (Canals), Legal system, Major Universities and Colleges, Institutions, Archaeological Department, Political system, Bureaucracy, Armed forces, Police forces, and even some of the largest Business and Industrial Groups. There prevailed an air of intellectual curiosity, and many bright people and ideas from Europe flowed into India. The great Middle Class of India which numbers around 300 million today has roots in this period. People could own land or transfer ownership while being protected by law. First time in thousands of years, the lowest castes got an opportunity to improve their lot and were covered by law rather than customs. Lastly, India managed to escape from the clutches of a foreign power after hundreds of years.They were the worst of times - OTOH this period witnessed the most savage massacre of Indian rebels at the hands of the British after the 1857 Rebellion was suppressed. Over a 100,000 were butchered, many blown directly from the cannons. In 1919, General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to fire on a peaceful demonstration that left over 1,000 dead. The British introduced Indenture system which was sort of Debt Bondage under which they sent 3.5 million Indian laborers to far away colonies like Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, Jamaica, Fiji, etc. Around 200,000 Indian soldiers died in the 2 World Wars fighting for the British Indian Army. The Partition in 1947 lead to the largest population migration in the human history with 15 million people getting uprooted and anywhere from 200,000 to 2 million killed in riots. There was widespread discrimination against Indians, including the elite Indians, and mingling with the natives was strongly discouraged. Though the caste divide has been ingrained in the subcontinent for thousands of years, the British rule formalized and accentuated the divide. However, the most shocking part of this period was the reckless management that was a major cause of several Famines and lead to anywhere from 30 million to 50 million people dying of starvation or subsequent epidemic.So how was life in this 90 year period? It depended on who you were. If you were one of the top ranking British officials or one of the 1,000 odd British Civil servants, you literally lived like a king. The remainder of British officials, soldiers, businessmen lived a very comfortable life too as a superior. The rulers of the Princely states lived luxurious lives too, some of them living like Sheikhs of the Middle East. The minority elite Indians who got access to Western education and worked closely with the British lived a life full of opportunities too. Then there was the newly emerging Middle Class comprising of thousands of Zamindars and Jagirdars, Moneylenders, Government Clerks, Army men, Railway employees, Supervisors, Engineers, Lawyers, Academics, Printers, small businessmen catering to the British, who were living in urban centers lived reasonably comfortable lives. However, the bottom 90% Indians or more were tied to agriculture, toiled in the fields, often looking up towards the sky for rains, worrying about debt, the village moneylender, and worst case starvation and disease.Yes, that was the short one :-)Now the long answer. Just to warn you, this turned out to be much longer than I had planned for. Appreciate any feedback on what can be removed. (Bonus: it comes with pictures) -British India (1857 - 1947) - During this period, the Provinces (called Presidencies or Presidency towns earlier) were collectively referred to as British India. The major provinces were Bengal, Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Punjab, Assam, and Burma.Then there were 600 odd Princely states or Native states in the Indian subcontinent with major ones being Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, Jammu and Kashmir, Baroda, Gwalior. The British Crown had suzerainty over 175 of these Princely states that were generally the largest and most important. The remaining approximately 400 states were influenced by Agents answerable to the provincial governments of British India. Wonder why they were called Princely states? After all, their rulers had the native titles of Raja, Raje, Rana, Rao, Rawal, Sardar, Sardesai, Deshmukh, Thakur and none of these translate to the word Prince. It was meant to keep them a level or two below the Queen!Population - The British started the first census of India in 1871. As of 1881, there were estimated to be 255 million people. By 1947, the population had grown by 50% to 390 million. Note that in the next 70 odd years (1947 till date), the population of the region has quadrupled to 1.6 billion! Of course, the advancements in healthcare, better sanitation, and green revolution have contributed to this growth. During the British Raj, the 50 million odd deaths due to Famines had put brakes on the population growth.Indian Rebellion of 1857 - The rebellion had enraged towns like Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur (called Cawnpore), Lucknow, Jhansi, Indore with Hindu and Muslim soldiers joining hands.British finally managed to suppress the rebellion. Bahadur Shah Zafar was captured at Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi in September, 1857 and exiled to Burma, while several of the Mughal princes were executed.The Indian army was completely reorganised: units composed of the Muslims and Brahmins of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, who had formed the core of the rebellion, were disbanded. New regiments, like the Sikhs and Baluchis, composed of Indians who, in British estimation, had demonstrated steadfastness, were formed.British soldiers as well as people back in Britain were hungry for revenge and the rebels who were caught were hanged or shot or worst case blown from cannons. Around 100,000 Indians were executed.The rebellion saw the end of the East India Company's rule in India. In 1858, the company was formally dissolved and its ruling powers over India were transferred to the British Crown.After the British victory in Revolt of 1857, they confiscated the Jama Masjid in Delhi and stationed their soldiers here. They also wanted to destroy the mosque to punish the people of the city. But due to opposition faced, the demolition was not done. The period after 1857, put the Muslim community in India at a disadvantage and some of the damage has lasted till date.Education Infrastructure -Universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were established in 1857, just before the Rebellion. The Government College, University in Lahore, was established in 1864. The institution was initially affiliated with the University of Calcutta for examination. The prestigious University of the Punjab, also in Lahore, was the fourth university established in the year 1882.Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, founded in 1875, was the first modern institution of higher education for Muslims in India. By 1920 it became The Aligarh Muslim University and was the leading intellectual center of Muslim political activity.The Thomason College of Civil Engineering was set up at Roorkee in Uttarakhand in 1847, that later became University of Roorkee and then IIT, Roorkee.The Allahabad University was set up in 1875. The institute was once termed as the 'Oxford of East' due to its scholarly alumni and vast potential.In Delhi, St. Stephen's College was founded in 1881, Hindu College in 1899 and Ramjas College in 1917.By 1880, a new middle class had arisen in India and spread thinly across the country. And by 1890, some 60,000 Indians had matriculated, chiefly in the liberal arts or law. About a third entered public administration, and another third became lawyers. The result was a very well educated professional state bureaucracy. By 1887, of the 21,000 mid-level civil service appointments, 45% were held by Hindus, 7% by Muslims, 19% by Anglo Indians (European father and Indian mother), and 29% by Europeans. Of the 1000 top-level positions, almost all were held by Britons, typically with an Oxbridge degree.The government, often working with local philanthropists, opened 186 universities and colleges of higher education by 1911; they enrolled 36,000 students (over 90% men). By 1939 the number of institutions had doubled and enrollment reached 145,000.Growing awareness for the need of technical education in India gave rise to establishment of institutions such as the Indian Institute of Science, established by philanthropist Jamshetji Tata in 1909. By the 1930s India had 10 institutions offering engineering courses.One of the great aspects in those days was the faculty who would bring the best ideas from Europe and Indians (at least some Indians) had first hand access to them.For instance, the famous Hungarian-British Archaeologist, Sir Marc Aurel Stein, (26 November 1862 – 26 October 1943) who is known for his explorations and archaeological discoveries in Central Asia, left Hungary in 1884 and went to England to study oriental languages and archaeology. In 1887, Stein came to India, where he joined the Punjab University as Registrar. Later, between 1888 and 1899, he was the Principal of Oriental College, Lahore.Railways and Highways - During Lord Dalhousie’s period, the first railway line was built and the train ran between Bombay and Thane in 1853. Then the Calcutta-Raniganj Railway line was built and later on the Madras-Arcot railway. Similarly, right from the time of Lord William Bentinck, the highway building activities were carried on. In 1839, the Grand Trunk Road was built, that connected Delhi and Calcutta Later on it was connected with Lahore and Peshawar.The route mileage of this network increased from 1,349 km (838 mi) in 1860 to 25,495 km (15,842 mi) in 1880 – mostly radiating inland from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta.The Railways started to generate employment in large numbers, and to this date I believe is the largest Employer of India with 1.4 million on payrolls. It also figures in the Top 10 largest employers in the world. Note that the Indian Armed Forces is the next in line with 1.3 million personnel.Urban Centers - Cities of Calcutta, Madras, Bombay had anyways grown as urban centers and they continued to see more and more city infrastructure being built.Victoria Terminus (VT), now called Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST), and a UNESCO World Heritage Site and an historic railway station was built in Bombay (now called Mumbai) in 1887 to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria.The Victoria Memorial of Calcutta was built between 1906 and 1921 by the banks of the Hooghly River to commemorate Queen Victoria.New Delhi - From 1911 onward, fortunes of Delhi changed too as they decided to shift the capital from Calcutta to Delhi and built the city of New Delhi over a 20 year period till 1931.Cantonments and Hill Stations - As part of the reorganization measures after the 1857 Rebellion, the British decided to leverage the Rail Network and built over 100 Cantonment towns (also called Cantts in short form), that are key centers for the current Indian Army (as well as in Pakistan and Bangladesh).The accounts of the Britain-like climate started attracting several British officers to the area during the hot Indian summers. By 1826, some officers had started spending their entire vacation in Shimla. Shimla thus became a hill station famous for balls, parties and other festivities. Subsequently, residential schools for pupils from upper-class families were established nearby. By the late 1830s, the city also became a center for Theatre and Art exhibitions. The presence of many bachelors and unattached men, as well as the many women passing the hot weather there, gave Shimla a reputation for adultery, and at least gossip about adultery.After the revolt of 1857 the British sought further distance from what they saw as a disease-ridden land by escape to the Himalayas in the north and Nilgiri Hills in the south. Other factors included anxieties about the dangers of life in India, among them "fear of degeneration brought on by too long residence in a debilitating land." The hill stations were meant to reproduce the home country.and thus The British Raj, and in particular the British Indian Army, founded around 50 odd hill stations in the Indian subcontinent.In 1863, the Viceroy of India, John Lawrence, decided to shift the summer capital of the British Raj to Shimla. He took the trouble of moving the administration twice a year between Calcutta and this separate centre over 1,000 miles away, despite the fact that it was difficult to reach.Many Hill stations were the summer capitals of their Province. For instance, Murree (now in Pakistan) was the summer capital of the Punjab Province of British India until 1864. Ooty served as the summer capital of the Madras Presidency; Soldiers were sent to nearby Wellington to recuperate.The Dalhousie is a hill station in Himachal Pradesh, was established in 1854 by the British Empire's government in India as a summer retreat for its troops and officials.Around 1860s, the British civil servants started using Gulmarg as a retreat to escape summers in North Indian plains. Hunting and golfing were their favorite pastime and three golf courses were established in Gulmarg including one exclusively for women. In 1927, British established a ski club in Gulmarg and two annual ski events were hosted one each during Christmas and EasterMussoorie was founded in 1840s by Lt. Frederick Young and being close to Dehradun, it became a popular destination for the British. In 1850 the first beer brewery in India was built in Mussoorie. By 1894 there were 22 breweries in India producing 6 million gallons a year.I have heard of racist signs posted on the Hill stations during the British Raj, expressly stating that Indians are not allowed. Not sure how true these stories are, however a dress code was enforced on the Mall Roads. Probably not very different from the upscale shopping malls in India, where you come across only those who seem a certain income level.Darjeeling was developed as a sanatorium initially but as the station was developed, the population grew rapidly between 1835 and 1849.Founding of the Indian National Congress - Allan Octavian Hume, helped conceive the idea of the Indian National Congress in 1881 - the political party that would eventually lead the country to Independence. In 1883, Surendranath Banerjee organised a national conference - the first of its kind in 19th century India. This conference heralded the birth of The Indian National Congress.Legal system - Following the First War of Independence in 1857, the control of company territories in India passed to the British Crown. Being part of the empire saw the next big shift in the Indian legal system. Supreme courts were established replacing the existing mayoral courts. These courts were converted to the first High Courts through letters of patents authorized by the Indian High Courts Act passed by the British parliament in 1862. Superintendence of lower courts and enrollment of law practitioners were deputed to the respective high courts.The High Court of Calcutta is the oldest High Court in India and was built in 1862.Famines in India - Famines in India resulted in more than 60 million deaths over the course of the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. Famines in British India were severe enough to have a substantial impact on the long term population growth of the country in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Timeline of major famines in India during British ruleAmartya Sen found that the famines in the British era were not due to a lack of food but due to the inequalities in the distribution of food. He links the inequality to the undemocratic nature of the British Empire.The famines were a product both of uneven rainfall and British economic and administrative policies. Colonial polices implicated include rack-renting, levies for war, free trade policies, the expansion of export agriculture, and neglect of agricultural investment. Indian exports of opium, rice, wheat, indigo, jute, and cotton were a key component of the economy of the British empire, generating vital foreign currency, primarily from China. These export crops displaced millions of acres that could have been used for domestic subsistence, and increased the vulnerability of Indians to food crises.But then suddenly, the famines disappeared after 1943 even though India’s (or rather subcontinent’s) population quadrupled from 400 million to 1.6 billion today. Of course, Green revolution of 1970s has much to do with it as well as the increase in irrigated land. But the leadership change in 1947 seems to surely have something to do with it.I am not posting any pictures, as there already are many depressing ones circulated on Quora :-(Mark Twain’s visit to India in 1896 - Mark Twain traveled through India and Sri Lanka from January to April, 1896. Twain's three months in India were the highlight of his year-long trek and the intriguing centerpiece of his revealing 700 page book, Following the Equator.Many members of Indian audiences, accustomed to British speech and pronunciation and formality, found in his American accent a certain piquancy. They liked it. America was something of a mystery for most people he encountered. They knew about George Washington, about Chicago and its World's Fair that made Swami Vivekananda a world figure. That was about the extent of general knowledge in those days.Most of the theaters where he appeared accommodated about 1,000 people and in some extra seats had been provided. In Bombay the Novelty Theater held 1,400. Prices in India were Rs 1, 2, 3 and 4, depending on how close one wished to be to the celebrity. He collected about Rs 2,600 (or $650 in those days) for each evening.As he traveled through Bombay, Poona, Allahabad, Banaras, Calcutta, Darjeeling, Agra, Jaipur, Delhi and other cities, mostly by train, the American humorist gathered impressions and crafted them into descriptions. He later wrote about the animals in India, with special reference to the crows and lions and an elephant ride that made him feel quite regal. He gave quaint tales of life in Indian hotels, of fancy parties and horrible long names, of street scenes and fakirs, of the fancy Indian costumes that made him wax poetic and even of long-forgotten historical events. An example:A two-day visit to Banares presented Twain and his party with an opportunity to explore Hinduism and investigate especially its contradictions, orthodoxy and superstition. The filthy waters of the Ganges disgusted him and the fact that pilgrims looked upon it as pure and purifying and drank it eagerly absolutely repelled him.He noted that wherever there was room for one more Linga, a Linga was there. "If Vishnu had foreseen what this town was going to be, he would have called it Idolville or Lingamburg."Despite the crowded and often funereal experiences, Banares was not entirely a disappointment to Mark Twain. He called it "the Oxford of India" for its wealth of Hindu and Sanskrit studies.It is all the more remarkable that he wrote cheerfully and with great humor about India and her peoples, that he was able to watch dhobys laundering their master's clothes at the river and inquire: "Are they trying to break those stones with clothes?"British people in India - Despite the country's vast population, there were never more than 100,000 British people in India. At the top of the hierarchy were the Viceroy, Governors of Provinces, 1,000 odd Oxbridge educated British Civil Servants. A large number of the British people were Soldiers, followed by Entrepreneurs, and then Employees of the Raj machinery.Given the fact that there were 50 hill stations built and the prestigious Gymkhanas, Clubs, Cricket clubs, Golf courses, Ski resorts, Lounges, Bungalows built for a very small group of people, you can imagine the lifestyle.An average Sahib’s morning would start with elaborate breakfast, a horse ride, reading, a beer or a whiskey drink at the club in the evening, while the Memsahibs had an army of servants working on the garden.Some of India’s current VIP culture of Politicians, Army leaders, and Senior Bureaucrats seems directly inherited from the days of the Raj.While the popular imagination leads us to the Sahibs and Memsahibs, David Arnold, a respected scholar of South Asia, has estimated almost 50% of the European population in India in the last decades of the nineteenth century could be classified as poor whites. There were low class soldiers, seamen, adventurers and chancers, and many semi-skilled workers, especially in the railways.Just as Indian society was divided by caste, class and religion, the British too were not a homogeneous group. They were divided, principally by class, and, to a lesser extent, by the English/Scottish/Irish distinction. ‘Whiteness’ and ‘Britishness’ were stratified, and full possession of ‘whiteness’ depended on superior social class. The elite saw the very poor, or the ‘great unwashed’ of the nineteenth century as a different race, and they applied a similar understanding to poor, white ‘riff-raff’ in India.In 1869, the European Vagrancy Act established a network of workhouses, and a system for deporting white beggars and ‘loafers’.Indians who prospered during the British Raj - Many Indians grew immensely in their rapid fields. Upper class Bengali Hindus were the first ones to get into the Civil Service and many became Judges, Lawyers as well as Academics. Parsis had been in India for few hundred years but had lived an unnoticed life in Gujarat. The British realized their potential and the ethical values that they were endowed with. As a result, the minority Parsi community reached new heights. Likewise, Punjabis and Marwaris, found business opportunities and created large enterprises.Here are few instances/success stories -Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata (3 March 1839 – 19 May 1904) was an Indian pioneer industrialist, who founded the Tata Group, India's biggest conglomerate company. He was born to a Parsi Zoroastrian family in Navsari then part of the princely state of Baroda.He founded what would later become the $100 billion worth in revenues, Tata Group of companies. Tata is regarded as the legendary "Father of Indian Industry"He founded a trading company in 1868 with 21,000 capital, bought a bankrupt oil mill at Chinchpokli in 1869 and converted it to a cotton mill, which he renamed Alexandra Mill. He sold the mill two years later for a profit. He set up another cotton mill at Nagpur in 1874, which he christened Empress Mill when Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India on 1 January 1877.The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), headed by his son Dorabji Tata (1859–1932), opened its plant at Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1908. It became the leading iron and steel producer in India, with 120,000 employees in 1945.JRD Tata - He guided the destiny of India’s largest Industrial house for well over half a century.Headed Tata Sons in 1938; Tata Chemicals in 1939; Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) in 1945.M. S. Oberoi was born in a Punjabi Sikh family in a minor village of Jhelum District, Punjab, British India. In 1922, he came to Shimla to escape from the epidemic of Plague and got a job as front desk clerk, at The Cecil Hotel at a salary of Rs 50 per month. The manager of Cecil, Mr. Ernest Clarke and his wife Gertrude took a great liking to the honesty of a hardworking of young Mohan Singh Oberoi. During their six months absence, he doubled up the occupancy to eighty percent which gave them enough reason to offer the hotel - on a decided amount to Oberoi, as they wanted to return to England.After continuous hard work for five years, on 14 August 1934, Mohan Singh Oberoi became the sole and absolute owner of Hotel Carlton, Shimla. Subsequently, it grew from one hotel to an empire of it’s own, and today the Oberoi group of hotels owns the Top rated hotels of India.Ghanshyam Das Birla laid the foundation of the his industrial empire by establishing GM Birla Company, trading in jute, in 1911. The First World War began in 1914 greatly increasing the demand for jute sacks. It is estimated that during the war, the Birla worth rose from Rs 20 lakh to 80 Lakh. In 1919 he became among the first group of Indian entrepreneurs to become owner of a Jute mill named Birla Jute.[12] In the next few years he acquired several cotton mills. He later started several sugar mills. The publication Hindustan Times was co-founded by GD Birla in 1924 and fully acquired it in 1933. Hindustan Motors was started in 1942.Now Aditya Birla group operates in more than 33 countries, employs over 133,000 people and has annual revenues of over $35 billion.Sir Ganga Ram Agrawal (April 1851 – 10 July 1927) was born in Mangtanwala, a village of Punjab Province inBritish India. He graduated from Thomason College of Civil Engineering in 1873. After a brief Service in Punjab P.W.D devoted himself to practical farming. He obtained on lease from Government 50,000 acres of barren, un-irrigated land in Montgomery District, and within three years converted that vast desert into smiling fields, irrigated by water lifted by a hydroelectric plant and running through a thousand miles of irrigation channels, all constructed at his own cost. This was the biggest private enterprise of the kind, unknown in the country before. Sir Ganga Ram earned millions most of which he gave to charity.Wadias - In 1879, Bombay was next only to New Orleans as the world's largest cotton port. It was at this time that Nowrosjee Wadia, the second generation Wadia, set his sights on India's mushrooming textile industry. In a humble redbrick shed, he began a small operation. Here, cotton yarn spun in India was dip dyed by hand in three colors-turkey red, green and orange-and laid out in the sun to dry. The Bombay Dyeing & Manufacturing Co. Ltd. had been born. A modest beginning for a company that was to grow in the following 115 yr. into one of India's largest producer of textiles.Sir Sobha Singh (1890–18 April 1978) was a civil contractor and a prominent builder of Lutyens' Delhi and real estate owner of Delhi. He is the father of famous Indian writer Khushwant Singh. When Hardinge, the Viceroy of India, announced the plan to move the British Indian capital city to Delhi was along with the Coronation Durbar for King George V and the Queen Mary, would take place in Delhi in December 1911, Sujan Singh and 22-year-old Sobha Singh, who was then a contractor working on the Kalka-Shimla railroad, shifted base to Delhi as building contractors. Building contracts then being given out. Sujan Singh-Sobha Singh were accepted as senior-grade contractors.Sir Sobha bought as much land in Delhi as he could. He bought several extensive sites at as little as Rs 2 per square yard, freehold. There were few other takers, and he came to be described as adhi dilli da malik (the owner of half of Delhi),Ardeshir Burjorji Sorabji Godrej (1868–1936) was an Indian businessman. With his brother Pirojsha Burjorji, he co-founded the Godrej Brothers Company, the precursor of the modern Godrej Group. Taking a loan from his father's friend he started to manufacture medical equipment used in surgery, such as scalpels, surgeon's scissors, forceps, etc. Later, one morning he read in the newspaper that burglary rates in Bombay were increasing and that locks weren't working as well as they should. He saw that as a business opportunity and started to research lock making. This venture was so successful he is now known as the lock-master of India.Govindram Seskaria - Not many people may know about him, but he is one of the most famous businessman of pre-independence India. At that time, British rule made it difficult for Indians to enter into business. Foreign businesses controlled most of India’s trade and those businesses were in turn supported by the government. But that didn’t deter Govindram. Govindram first joined the Bombay Cotton Exchange and was so successful as a cotton trader that he became known as the Cotton King of the World. After his success in the cotton market, Govindram diversified and began trading in bullion and other commodities. A founding member of the Indian Stock Exchange, Govindram founded Govindram Brothers Private Limited in 1937. This company got into the sugar, textile, minerals, banking, printing, and movie businesses.K.C. Mahindra was born in 1894 in the Punjab, the second of nine children. After studying at Cambridge, he worked at Messrs. Martin & Company editing INDIA and the Hindustan Review. In the 1940s, he went into the energy business, and helped develop the nation’s coal policy by implementing the latest methods of coal mining. In 1946, he moved to Bombay to found Mahindra & Mohammed, which later became Mahindra & Mahindra, an industrial powerhouse in many sectors of the economy.Religion in India - From early on, the British found the Indian culture and religions at odds with the rationality of the West and considered it to be regressive. Some practices like Sati were bizarre and abhorrent to them and were finally banned by efforts of Indian elite as well as the British. However, at one point they realized that the traditions and customs in India were too strong and too rigid to be changed easily; Consequently, no more British social interventions were made, especially in matters dealing with religion.Therefore, the holy pilgrimage sites like Banaras, Haridwar, Ujjain, Pushkar, Chitrakoot, Kishkindha, Somnath for the Hindus, Amritsar and other major Gurudwaras of the Sikhs, and Muslim centers of Delhi, Lahore, Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Hyderabad, etc continued their customs unhindered. The Missionaries from Britain and Europe worked with zeal, as they did worldwide and established many Churches and Missionary schools. As a result, the Christian population grew in India during the Raj.Literature and Writings of that period - One key difference between writers of India and the West has been that the Western scholars, travelers, observers have been really good at capturing objective information, as in a Travelogue or describing Geographical features of a region or Cataloging of anything, be it Flora, Fauna, People, etc. As a result, there’s a wealth of information that was gathered by the British and other Westerners on all the aspects of India. Of course, the motivation to write about a foreign land is higher than writing about your own homeland.You may think that Indians were mostly illiterate, and hence we have to rely on the works of Westerners. It’s probably not true. If you look at the lists of Indian writers who wrote in the Vernacular (Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati, Urdu, Telugu, etc), there’s amazing amount of work that was written. More than often, the native writing is in the story form or poetry or some form of fiction. However, you can still draw a lot of insight from these works.Here are few names that came to mind -Premchand (31 July 1880 – 8 October 1936), better known as Munshi Premchand, was an Indian writer famous for his modern Hindi-Urdu literature. He is one of the most celebrated writers of the Indian subcontinent, and is regarded as one of the foremost Hindustani writers of the early twentieth century. His works include more than a dozen novels, around 250 short stories, several essays and translations of a number of foreign literary works into Hindi. Notable works Godaan, Bazaar-e-Husn, Karmabhoomi, Shatranj ke khiladi, Gaban.Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (1838–1894) is considered one of the leading Bengali novelist and essayist of the 19th century. His first novel Durgeshnandini, considered a benchmark in the history of Bengali literature, was published in 1865. He also wrote "Vande Mātāram", the national song of India, which appears in his novel Anandamath (1882).Rabindranath Tagore, Asia's first Nobel laureate - Possibly the most prolific writer in Bengali. Tagore dominated both the Bengali and Indian philosophical and literary scene for decades. His 2,000 Rabindrasangeets play a pivotal part in defining Bengali culture, both in West Bengal and Bangladesh. He is the author of the national anthems of both India and Bangladesh, both composed in Bengali. Other notable Bengali works of his are Gitanjali, a book of poems for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913, and many short stories and a few novels.Uttamadhanapuram Venkatasubbaiyer Swaminatha Iyer (1855–1942) was a Tamil scholar and researcher who was instrumental in bringing many long-forgotten works of classical Tamil literature to light. His singular effort over five decades brought to light major literary works in Tamil and contributed vastly to the enrichment of its literary heritage. Iyer published over 91 books in his lifetime, on a variety of matters connected to classical Tamil literature, and collected 3,067 paper manuscripts, palm-leaf manuscripts and notes of various kinds. He is affectionately called Tamil Thatha (Grandfather of Tamil)Devaki Nandan Khatri (June 18, 1861 – 1913) was an Indian writer, who belonged to the first generation of popular novelists in the modern Hindi language. Also known as Babu Devakinandan Khatri, he was the first author of mystery novels in Hindi. Chandrakanta and Bhootnath is the most popular of his works.Michael Madhusudan Dutt, (25 January 1824 – 29 June 1873) was a popular 19th-century Bengali poet and dramatist. He was a pioneer of Bengali drama and his famous work Meghnad Bodh Kavya, is a tragic epic. It consists of nine cantos and is exceptional in Bengali literature both in terms of style and content. He also wrote poems about the sorrows and afflictions of love as spoken by women.Ghalib, Iqbal, Zauq, … - The language of Urdu got its pinnacle under the British Raj, and it received official status. All famous writers of Urdu language including Ghalib and Iqbal were given British scholarships.**************************************************************************Few Random pictures from the British Raj -A ship arriving at a ghat in Calcutta -2. Calcutta in 1902 -3. Tram in Chandni Chowk, Delhi4. Delhi Durbar of 1911 -5. Hyderabad in late 1800s -6. Muharram procession in Calcutta -7. Women protesting in Bombay -8. Random scene on a street -Resources -Poor whites - Loafers, Vagrants and 'Low Europeans'http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1964_16/15/the_middle_class_in_india.pdf