European Standards For Fusion Welding Form: Fill & Download for Free

Su 35 is the most technologically advanced Russian combat aircraft in production. It is a supermaneouvreable fighter and on paper sports an impressive range of weaponry. However by no means can it be considered to be one of the world's most advanced fighters as far as avionics sensors and computers are considered. The Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, Saab Gripen E/F are all equipped with Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar and sensor data fusion capability. The radar onboard the Su 35 is the Passive Electronically Scanned Array (PESA) N035 Irbis-E and it also does not possess an imaging IR scanner. Sensor data fusion provides the pilot with greatly increased situational awareness and reduces the time duration of the Observe, Orient, Decide, Attack (OODA). In an aircraft without sensor data fusion feature, raw data from each sensor, be it RF or IR or SAR or EW suite is displayed separately on the screen and the pilot has to absorb all the data and process them in his brain and then generate a firing solution. Sensor fusion capable aircraft have much more powerful processors and they collect the i/p data from the sensor's processors, analyze them, eliminate redundancies and work out a complete picture of the battlespace to be displayed to the pilot. The Saab Gripen E/F is said to use artificial intelligence in the mission computer software to further assist the pilot in decision making.The Russian Military Industrial Complex (MIC) is yet to make available the imaging infrared seeker/search & track technology for the military. As of 2019, a subsidiary of the Tactical Missiles Corporation known as Duks is reportedly working on IIR technology but the military is yet to make funding available for the project. Russia has also historically lagged behind in thermal imaging technology for it's tanks and infantry fighting vehicles (IFV). Earlier it used to install license produced Thales Catherine thermal sights on it's T90S and T72B3 tanks. It was only in 2012 that Russian industry was able to make Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) matrix based thermal imaging sights but they are still working on transforming that capability into mass production of the sights which requires sophisticated lithography machine for laying the matrix.The Sukhoi Su 35 does not have sensor data fusion capability. The Russian microelectronics and computer industries have historically lagged behind their US and European counterparts. Thus in the sensor department too the Su 35 is not as advanced as the other fighters. Even the F-16 and F/A-18 with their origins during the 1970s and 1980s respectively have been upgraded with much better sensors and mission computers. Both of them possess AESA radars and sensor fusion capabilities are in the process of being integrated into them. Of course there will always be a difference in the level of sophistication between these fighters and an F-35. Russia does not yet have an operational AESA radar. The two Russian airborne radar research and design entities, NIIP Tikhomirov and Phazotron unveiled their first generation AESA radars N036 Byelka and Zhuk-AM/MA in the last decade itself. The fact that they have not yet entered into production means the technology has not yet matured enough to be fielded on fighter in service and maybe difficulties are also being encountered in their production.Engine technology is another area where the Russian industry lags behind the US. Russian engine while cheaper than their US counterparts requires more frequent repair and maintenance and gives lower service life. The NPO Saturn engines however perform better than the Klimov engines. Machine tools and precision manufacturing is yet another area where the Russian lags behind the Americans, Europeans and East Asians. Before 2014, when sanctions were imposed on Russia it used to import the bulk of it's machine tools from countries like Germany. Even after the sanctions were imposed some transfer of machine tools to Russia have been detected. To make up for the deficiency it has shifted to importing machine tools from China, but the later's technology lags behind the west and countries like Japan especially in the field of precision manufacturing. Russia's traditional weakness in precision manufacturing and lower quality control standards in it's military industrial complex (MIC) are the main reasons being the low serviceability of it's gas turbine engines. Since 2012 there has a conscious effort to improve quality control standards in the MIC, stressed by President Putin himself. Those who read about the Cold War and Russian defense industry might know about the international scandal of the 1980s known as the Toshiba-Kongsberg affair when two nine-axis machine tool from a Toshiba subsidiary and the NC 2000 numerical control software from the Norwegian firm Kongsberg was secretly sold to the Soviet Union. The sale was in violation of an export control regime that banned the sale of machine tools with more than three axis machining capacity to the Soviet Union. The Americans believe that the Soviet industry had acquired the tools for the manufacturing of propellers which could make Soviet Navy boats stealthier and harder to detect by NATO.The sanctions imposed on Russia post the Crimean annexation and War in the Donbass has forced Russia to embark on a programme of import substitution and self-sufficiency in technology. When the Soviet Union broke apart, Russia as the largest successor state inherited the bulk of it's huge military industrial complex. However many important design bureaus like Antonov, Ivchenko Progress, Kharkov Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau and industrial installations like aircraft and helicopter engine manufacturer Motor Sich, marine engine manufacturer Zorya Mashproekt, tank and armoured vehicle manufacturer Malyshev as well the Black Sea Shipyard, Yuzmash and a significant portion of the microelectronics industry was inherited by Ukraine. Apart from Ukraine, Belarus too inherited some portion of the microelectronics industry. Russia up until 2014 sourced helicopter engines, marine gas turbine engines and specific ICBM components largely from Ukraine.A cursory analysis of the the Russian military inventory and export portfolio shall reveal that there are very few 'new' systems. The erstwhile Soviet Union made huge investments in the research and development of military platforms and technology and built a massive military industrial complex base. Most of the flagship Russian weapons and weapons platforms today are development and upgrades over Soviet era equipment. The famous Flanker family, the Su 30, Su 35 and to a large extent even the Su 57 (Su 37 & 47) are based on the Su 27 aircraft designed by the Sukhoi Design Bureau in the late 1970s. Of course huge improvements have taken place in the basic airframe itself and newer technologies have been incorporated into the fighters but unlike an F-35 they were not designed from scratch. This aspect is very significant when it comes to the fifth generation fighters because a stealthy airframe with minimal RCS is their defining characteristics and such an airframe has to start from the drawing board. It is not feasible to retrofit stealth features of a fifth generation aircraft into a previous design. Sure, some airframe modifications can be carried out, engine heat and IR signature can be reduced and the plane can be coated with radar-absorbent materials, but all those are just stopgap measures. The Russian MiG 35 is based on the MiG 29M and the MiG 31 high speed interceptor is based on the design of the MiG 25 Foxbat.The Project 885 Yasen class nuclear powered attack submarines were designed in the late 1970s and 80s by Malakhit Central Design Bureau. The Rubin Project 955/955A Borei class ballistic missile submarine design began in the 1980s. The first Akula class boat entered service in 1987 but development work on the follow on boats and their production had to be halted. The Kamov Ka 50 helicopter and it's attack dedicated attack version Ka 52 alligator too had their roots in design work done during the 1980s. Induction of all these platforms were delayed by the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the lack of funds for development work.The T90 Main Battle Tank (MBT), the T72, T80 all comes from line of tank that started with the design of the T64. The Armata Heavy Tracked Vehicle family with its modular design seems to be a post-Soviet development but the T14 tank incorporates previous design concepts like remote controlled turret and a separate, sealed crew compartment. Initial plans to procure more than 2000 T14 tanks seems to have been cancelled and the T80, T72 and T90s are slated to remain the backbone of the Russian tank fleet in the near future. Many of these had been mothballed earlier. The present Project 636.3 and the Lada class diesel electrical submarines are based on the Project 877/877EKM Kilo class diesel-electric submarine. The BMP series of infantry fighting vehicles, BTR series armoured personnel carriers not only from the bulk of the Soviet mechanized forces but huge numbers have been mothballed, to be activated during wartime. Russia has huge quantities of such mothballed equipment, a legacy of the Soviet Armed Forces. It is estimated that the tank forces have 10–12K tanks in reserve and the total number of APC's and IFV's in reserve could exceed 20K.The intention here is not to bombard the readers with information but rather to attempt to provide a realistic picture of the state of the inventory of the Russian armed forces and the challenges faced by it's military industrial complex. So Russia continues to produce an impressive array of military equipment because it's predecessor the Soviet Union invested a great amount of resources in the defense industry, the majority of which was on Russian soil. Today's Russian Federation can no longer afford to make such investment and can neither place such huge state orders for military equipment as the USSR did. Post 1991 up until the 2000s when the Russian economy recovered to some extent the defense industry largely survived on export orders with India and China being the two largest markets. The design bureaus were underfunded and even when when the Kremlin made substantial funding available it would only do so for selected projects, those which it deemed feasible and likely to led to a product that would provide a combat edge to it's forces, or whichever design bureau or Joint Stock Company (JSC) had the most political capital. The 'feasibility' was in large part also decided by export orders. For e.g., the large orders of Su 27 variants swung the pendulum in the direction of Sukhoi, Irkut and Amur while MAPO-MiG, now RAC MiG struggled. The MiG 21 upgrade program of the Indian Air Force (carried out in collaboration with HAL by the MiG plant at Niznhy Novgorod) as well as the Indian Navy's selection of the MiG 29K (the first Russian fighter with a fully digital fly-by-wire system to enter production) and funding it's development were much needed revenue generating projects for MiG. Same was the case with the T90 MBT, as it's selection by export markets also led to the Russian Ground Forces' decision to procure it.The Russian Federation inherited not only the bulk of the Soviet military & MIC but also it's shortcomings. The mass mobilization nature of the Soviet armies meant that they always had to maintain large quantities of equipment in reserve and thus the bulk of the inventory by default was not made up of the modern, cutting-edge units but contemporary or even older ones. All armies for budgetary reasons have to maintain a balance of new, old and even upgraded obsolete equipment. However the volume of Soviet inventory meant that such equipment could not be replaced for decades and many a times the nature of the recruits required unsophisticated and disposable equipment in large numbers and this compulsion along with Russian experience in WWII shaped Russian design philosophy. The large number of design bureaus and manufacturing plants lobbied with the Politburo for funds and the this led to the contemporary systems being in service at the same time. The Soviet Union could afford such extravagance Ind defence spending, Russia cannot. The huge Russian reserve inventory actually offers the country an opportunity to exploit any conflict scenario anywhere in the world to sell military equipment.The Russian MIC suffers from a plethora of shortcomings. These are:Antiquated design process. The design workforce is learning to adapt to computer-aided design and engineering technologies and digital detailed documentation.Low quality control. The large JSCs viewing themselves as not just corporates but employers and contributors of revenue to the exchequer. So a Boeing or Lockheed Martin level of quality control mechanism are not seen as necessary.Slow production cycle. Typical of government owned enterprises.Corruption.Underinvestment and neglect of R&D. As pointed out earlier most of the investment in basic scientific research was made during the Soviet era and even then they were frontrunners in the area. The post Soviet era cut-throat competition between the entities of the MIC and standardization of equipment has strangled innovation.Lack of co-ordination between industry and sub-contractors.Underdeveloped domestic machine tool industry and lack of precision engineering skills.Low productivity.Points no. 2,3,4,6 &8 share causation to a large extent.N.B.- The above points from 1 to 6 are taken from a Centre for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS) YouTube channel video on the Russian Military Industrial Complex. The talk was delivered by one Mathieu Boulegue. I have added my two bits by trying to expand upon the points and adding points 7 & 8.The Russian political leadership seems to be cognizant of the shortcoming of their military industrial complex. The Russian military is investing in asymmetric means of warfare vis-a-vis the West like electronic and cyber warfare, anti-stealth radars and hypersonic systems. The emphasis is on military robotics, artificial intelligence, unmanned and autonomous systems to close the technology and combat capability gap with the West. Electronic warfare and long range radars (e.g., Nebo-M) coupled with more sophisticated air defence systems (S-400 Triumf & S-500) seems to be a priority. Electronic warfare battalions are structurally embedded into each Russian motor rifle brigades. Russia and Russian military enthusiasts however have the tendency to vastly overhype and oversell the capabilities of Russian weapons systems. For e.g., Su 35 with it's Irbis-E being able to get the better of F-22 or even F-35. On the other hand the propensity to disregard and brush-off Russian military equipment as low-tech, low-quality and designed and built for use by poorly trained recruits of a dirt-poor country too smacks of arrogance and condescension. It is a fact that the Russian Empire, the USSR & the Russian Federation has always lagged behind the West in technology. However even with their limitations the Russians managed to produce some of the most robust, combat capable, widely used and battle proven equipment in modern military history such as the Kalashnikov AK-47 rifles, T-34 tanks, MiG 21 fighter-interceptors, BMP vehicles etc. The MIC was a beneficiary of direct and indirect technology transfer through the Lend-Lease Agreement during the WWII, capture of German scientists, engineers and technical documents (as was the USA) and industrial espionage by Soviet agents. However the Soviets also surprised the US led alliance many times during the Cold War with their industrial capacity such as with the ability to weld large pieces of titanium in order to build the Alfa class nuclear powered attack submarines and the K-222 SSN, the fastest submarine ever built (although only one was build). In the present day Russian development of ICBM, long-range air-to-air missiles, hypersonic cruise missiles like the Kinzhal and Tsirkon continue to pose threats to US and European militaries.The Soviet/Russian MIC had exceptionally talented designers but the industry faced severe shortcomings in the manufacturing sector and this was especially pronounced in the case of aircraft and aircraft engines since they require high precision manufacturing. It's not that they did not invest in the development of their manufacturing sector but so did their adversaries. They reached the peak of their technology prowess in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Shortly after that the USSR disintegrated and the next decade was a lost one as far technological progress was considered. There were some systems in which they were world leaders, for e.g., in air defense systems, both battlefield and theatre level, machine guns and assault rifles.

No. Despite two wars and utter destruction the Soviet Union created the fastest industrialized superpower in history. It went from a semi-feudal agrarian state that was illiterate to leading the Space Race in 40 years.In fact it was so successful it was a model that other nations tried to emulate. Cuba, Vietnam, North Korea, Angola, Nicaragua, Laos, and others all began with command economies. But the U.S. would not have it. First it bombed Vietnam back to the Stone Age. The Vietnam War was a bloody act of terror that lasted for so many years. It imposed sanctions on the others. Korea went to war during the Truman administration.The Soviet Union had some difficulty in the standard of living during the rebuilding process after WWII. Remember, 27 million people died. 1/3 of the buildings in the nation were flattened. But after coming through this the Soviet Union became a leader in innovation.The diet was higher in calories than the U.S.SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS:SPACE :Tata Sky Development System (direct broadcast satellite)Prime spacesuit, CH-1 (1931)First multistage rocket (1947)Creating the staged combustion (1949)First spaceport, Baikonur Cosmodrome (1957)First orbiting satellite, Sputnik 1 (1957)First living being in orbit, the dog Laika on Sputnik 2 (1957)First man-made object to leave the Earth's orbit, Luna 1 (1959)First telemetry communication to and from off the ground, Luna 1 (1959)First object to pass near the moon, and the first object in solar orbit Luna 1 (1959)First satellite hit the moon, Luna 2 (1959)First images of the dark side of the moon, Luna 3 (1959)First satellite to be launched to Mars, Marsnik 1 (1960)First rocket boots (1960)Creating space food (1961)First satellite to Venus, Venera 1 (1961)First person to enter orbit around the Earth, Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1 (1961)First person to spend one day in orbit, Gherman Titov, Vostok 2 (1961)First double flight, manned Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 (1962)First probe on Mars, Mars 1 (1962) made ​​the first pictures of Mars from spaceFirst woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, Vostok 6 (1963)Multitripulado first flight (3 persons), Voskhod 1 (1964)First spacewalk EVA, by Aleksei Leonov, Voskhod 2 (1965)First probe to hit another planet Venus, Venera 3 (1965)First probe landing on the moon and transmitted from there, Luna 9 (1966)First probe into lunar orbit, Luna 10 (1966)Creation of the Soviet Soyuz spacecraft model (1967), which is the only way that NASA and ESA send astronauts into spaceFirst space bathroom (1967)First meeting and unmanned docking, Cosmos 186/Cosmos 188 (1967) until 2006 this feat was not mimicked by the USAClose coupling and exchange of crew in orbit, Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 (1969)First extraterrestrial samples returned by Luna 16 (1970)First robot on a celestial body, Lunokhod 1 (1970)First probe to Venus, Venera 7 (1970)First data received from a probe on another planet (Venus), Venera 7 (1970)First space station, Salyut 1 (1971)First satellite to orbit Mars and make a descent, Mars 2 (1971)Second robot on a celestial body, Lunokhod 2 (1973) and with the Lunokhod 1 is the only automated mobile laboratories that have explored the Moon guided by remote controlFirst satellite to orbit Venus and send data back to Earth Venera 9 (1975)Creation of the coupling mechanism and docking of spacecraft, Androgynous Peripheral Attach System (1975)Creating space shuttle Buran (1976), which can carry 30 tons (USA model only 25), return flights with load of 20 tons (USA only 15), with a support rate of 6.5 (compared to 5.5 of the USA model), its auxiliary maneuvering system rockets and use oxygen and kerosene fuel instead of solid (like the USA) and gives better performance. Besides the Buran shuttle could make unmanned missions (USA can't), with ejection seats (the USA model does not have) considered the safest and most effective of the history and design more effective and resilient thermal tiles that USA versionCreating the world's most powerful rocket: Energy (1976), capable of carrying 100 tonsFirst Spaceship supply unmanned, Progress (1978)First radio telescope (1979)First woman to walk in space , Svetlana Savitskaja in Salyut 7 (1984)First shuttle in orbit to Earth independently, Buran (1984)First multi module space station: Salyut 7 and Kosmos 1686 (TKS-4) (1985)First crew to visit two space stations, Mir and Salyut 7 (1986) aboard Soyuz T-15First permanent space station to orbit Earth, Mir (1986)First crew to spend over a year on Mir, Vladimir Titov and Musa Manarov (1987)PHYSICS :First nuclear power plant, Obninsk (1954)Development of the largest thermonuclear experimental facility in the world, Tokamak 10, prototype of a thermonuclear reactorInvention of the Tzar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear bomb in history (100 Mt) whose power was reduced for environmental reasons (50-57 Mt). Comparison to USA bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 15 MtInvention of nuclear fusionInvention of the Tokamak (1956), aiming to provide apparatus fusion plasma particleInvention of the first nuclear icebreaker "LENIN" world's first nuclear-powered (1952)Invention of particle accelerator microtron (1944)Invention synchrotron particle accelerator (1957)Invention of the electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (1944)First fast neutron reactor, BN350 (1955)Creation pipeline longest history, Druzhba (1964)First nuclear desalination reactor, BN-350 (1972)First reflectron (1973)Creating the largest geotechnical probe history, Kola Well (1970)Creating BARS Press (1989)PART TWOELECTRONICS:Invention of the LED (Oleg Vladimirovich, 1927) (So if you're reading this on an LED screen, you have Commies to thank.)Invention of vibratory exercise equipment (1960)Perfecting maser, Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov NikolaiLomography Invention (1982)First lie detector device, by Alexander Romanovich LuriaCreating underwater welding, Konstantin Khrenov (1932)First reflector telescope, the Maksutov (1941)First laser microphone (1947)Creating the magnetotelluric (1950)Discovery of the Belousov-Zhabotinski Reaction (1951)Creation explosive compression generator pumped flow (1951)Creating 3D holography (1962)First microwave oven (1941)First radio antennaMEDICINE:Invention of therapies against infectious diseases that were based on bacteriophage virus (1940)Early surgical treatment of congenital heart disease, by pioneering Bukulev Alexander (1948)Creation of Objective Psychology, by neurologist Vladimir Bekhterev, also known for pointing out the role of the hippocampus in memory, his study of reflexes, and Bekhterev's diseaseFirst successful cornea transplant in 1931, by Vladimir Filatov, who developed tissue therapyCreating radial keratotomy by Svyatoslav Nikolayevich FyodorovCreating the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for the Ilizarov Surgery (1951) by Gavriil Abramovich IlizarovCreating cultural-historical psychology, psychological activity theory and method of "combined power", by Alexander Romanovich LuriaEnlarge criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia with the distinction between negative and positive symptoms, a key research and classification of schizophrenia concept, Andrei SnezhnevskyFirst cardiac surgery under local anesthesia, Alexander Vishnevsky, 1953Foundation of purulent surgery, Archbishop Luka Voyno-Yasenetsky, Stalin Prize, Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1946.Discovery of Cherenkov Effect (Pavel Cherenkov Alekseyecih)First artificial organ transplantFirst transfusion of blood from a corpse, Sergei Yudin, 1929.First blood bank. Created by Sergei Yudin in early 1930. Middle of that same year, the USSR would have 65 large blood donation centers and more than 500 branches.Creation of painless childbirth (under anesthesia)Creating Gramicina S (1942)First head transplant with full brain function (1950)Creating anthropometric cosmetology (1952)Creating radial keratotomy (1974)Discovery of VitaminsDiscovery of the virusFirst acoustic microscope (1959)COMPUTERS:First programmable computer MESM (1950)First Soviet and European electronic computers , BESM (Sergey Lebedev, 1951) and MESM (Sergey Lebedev , 1958)First computer with ternary logic (faster and more reliable than the binary system), Setun (Nikolai Brusentsov, 1958) and model development Setun-70 (Nikolai Brusentsov, 1970) which further reinforced the aspect of programming, improving to by a factor 5 software development over other architectures timeFirst personal computer, MIR (Victor Glushkov, 1965)First computer-aided education system in history (Nastavnik), with a clear reference to the currentFirst superscalar computer (processor microarchitecture capable of executing more than one instruction per clock cycle), Elbrus-1 (Boris Babaian, 1970). The use of this equipment in 1978, ten years before commercial applications appeared in the West, the Soviet Union developed its missile systems and nuclear and space programs.Foundation of cybernetics (Victor Glushkov)Invention of Tetris (Alexey Pajitnov, 1984)Invention of the FAR file manager, RAR and WinRAR format file (Eugene Roshal)First mobile phone, Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich (1955), which was copied by - the USA in 1970 and Finland in 1980 gave him a civil use with Nokia.PART THREEMILITARY:First multiple rocket launcher, the Katyusha rocket launcher (1939)Creating the largest and most powerful in the world single-rotor helicopter, the Mil Mi-26 (1981)Creating the Sikorsky S -64 Skycrane, able to lift more cargo than any other in historyEkranoplano Creation (1950), similar to an airplane that uses the influence of the "ground effect" over the sea to just not consume fuel and carry 500 tons.Creating the world's largest aircraft, capable of carrying 225 tonnes, the Antonov 225 (1980)First telemechanical planeFirst supersonic passenger plane, TU-144First (and only) aircraft powered by a nuclear reactor, TU- 119First (and only) space fighter aircraft built, the MIG-105, capable of knocking launchers , missiles and enemy satellites in space and back.Creating the MIG-25 fighter jet with absolute altitude record (37.650 m), rise time from 0 to 30 km (3 min 10 s), speed circuit 500 km (2981.5 km/h)First (and only) seaplane world operating reactors, Beriev BE-200First ship to explore the North Pole, NS Arktika (1972)Creating the most produced biplane in history, the Polikarpov Po-2 (1927)Creating the Ilyushin Il-2, the most produced aircraft in history.First hydrofoil, Raketa (1957)First ship missile, Komar (1959)Creating faster and able to dive deeper in history (1300 m), the Alpha class nuclear submarine. I just needed a crew of 27 people (compared to the 110 that need an american model, Los Angeles) as it was very automated.Creating the largest submarine in history, the Typhoon class, only in carry 5 helmets (which makes it support several torpedo hits before being knocked out) and unique history in bringing certain luxuries like individual cabin, gym, pool, sauna, lounges, etc.First tank with composite armor, the first to incorporate an autoloader, first tank missile launch: T64First military robot; the Tt -26 ( 1949), a remote controlled tanks to minimize human casualties; equipped with DT machine guns, flamethrowers, smoke grenades and sometimes with a bomb between 200-700 kg which was released near the refuge to destroy enemy bunkers up to four levels underground. Was also trained to carry chemical weapons, but not used for safety and environmentalism.First flamethrower tank in history, KHT-26 (1931)First tank with wings, Antonov A-40 (1942)Creating the best and most produced tank of World War II: T-34 (1940)Creating the most produced tank in history, T-54/55 (1945)Close reactive armor (1960)Close reactive armor capable of protecting against APFSDS ammunition (armor piercing), 1985First infantry fighting vehicle in history (BMP-1 created in 1961) in addition to NBC protection, anti-tank, amphibious capability and launchable parachute with a 73 mm cannon, anti-tank missile launcher and 3 PKT machine guns. It was badly copied in 1980 (20 years later) by the USA, to get their first IFV, giving birth to the M2/M3 Bradley. It was 16.5 tons heavier than its counterpart BMP-1 with less crew and with a much smaller (and without missile capability) cannon.First paratroopers forces with military use of history in 1930, being also fully mechanized his paratroopers with BMD (launchable parachute). USA still has not an IFV support their paratroopers.First aerial firefighters (1936)First modern assault rifle, the AK-47 (1947)First torpedo remote control glider, PSN-1First torpedo reaction, PRAB-203First supercavitating torpedo, VA -111 ShkvalFirst airship missileFirst intercontinental missile (R-7 Semyorka, 1957)First anti-ballistic missile (1961)First intercontinental missile submarine, Vysota R-29 (1969) Creating multi-rocket engine chamber world's most powerful liquid fuel, RD-170 (1987)Creating infrared serving RKKAFirst drogue parachute (1937)Creating Sambo Martial Art by Anatoly Kharlampiev (1938)First underwater assault rifle, the APS (1975)Creating the Active Protection System, Drozd (1978)First bathyscaphe, Mir (1987). First to explore the seabed under the North PoleFirst performed the maneuver "Cobra Pugavhev" in 1989First ramjet engine, R-3 (1939)Aerowagon creation (1917) pioneered Schienenzeppelin German, the M-497 Black Beetle USA and Soviet turbojet trainFirst snowmobile history, RF-8, based on the pre-Soviet prototype AerosaniFirst antisatellite weapon (1960)ART:Creation of the polyphonic or contrapuntal, metric, rhythmic, harmonic, melodic assembly. Previous conceptual audiovisual modalities, including video and clip, by Sergei Mikhailovich EisensteinInvention of xerographyCreation of chromaKinopanorama Invention (1956)SOCIAL ACHIEVEMENTS :First and totally FREE public education system, which achieved the highest rates of literacy in history in the 15 Soviet republics. Moreover, Soviet schools offered free food for students, so the work-life balance is made ​​much easier than today in the capitalist countries. Even kindergartens were also free.First FREE and universal health care system, which increased the life expectancy of the Soviets, less than 40 years in 1917, to reach Western levels in 80 (70 years). The achievements of hunger eradication and health systems can also compare with the average height of the Soviets in 1917 (1,60 m) to 1980 (1,80 m). This health system discovered painless childbirth and performed the first organ transplant.Between 1945 and 1964, the Soviet national income grew by 570%, compared to 55% in the USA (and remember that the USSR was not a Marshal Plan to help the country)Invention of evening studies so that workers could build careers.First country in history where abortion was legal and free (since 1920)First country in history to achieve an unemployment rate at 0%Equality policies, one of the first countries to adopt women's suffrageFirst woman in history to hold a position in a government (Aleksandra Kollontai)

Cristian A. Rodriguez's answer to What were the good things done by the Soviet Union?The Soviet Union defeated Hitler.SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS:SPACE :Tata Sky Development System (direct broadcast satellite)Prime spacesuit, CH-1 (1931)First multistage rocket (1947)Creating the staged combustion (1949)First spaceport, Baikonur Cosmodrome (1957)First orbiting satellite, Sputnik 1 (1957)First living being in orbit, the dog Laika on Sputnik 2 (1957)First man-made object to leave the Earth's orbit, Luna 1 (1959)First telemetry communication to and from off the ground, Luna 1 (1959)First object to pass near the moon, and the first object in solar orbit Luna 1 (1959)First satellite hit the moon, Luna 2 (1959)First images of the dark side of the moon, Luna 3 (1959)First satellite to be launched to Mars, Marsnik 1 (1960)First rocket boots (1960)Creating space food (1961)First satellite to Venus, Venera 1 (1961)First person to enter orbit around the Earth, Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1 (1961)First person to spend one day in orbit, Gherman Titov, Vostok 2 (1961)First double flight, manned Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 (1962)First probe on Mars, Mars 1 (1962) made ​​the first pictures of Mars from spaceFirst woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, Vostok 6 (1963)Multitripulado first flight (3 persons), Voskhod 1 (1964)First spacewalk EVA, by Aleksei Leonov, Voskhod 2 (1965)First probe to hit another planet Venus, Venera 3 (1965)First probe landing on the moon and transmitted from there, Luna 9 (1966)First probe into lunar orbit, Luna 10 (1966)Creation of the Soviet Soyuz spacecraft model (1967), which is the only way that NASA and ESA send astronauts into spaceFirst space bathroom (1967)First meeting and unmanned docking, Cosmos 186/Cosmos 188 (1967) until 2006 this feat was not mimicked by the USAClose coupling and exchange of crew in orbit, Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 (1969)First extraterrestrial samples returned by Luna 16 (1970)First robot on a celestial body, Lunokhod 1 (1970)First probe to Venus, Venera 7 (1970)First data received from a probe on another planet (Venus), Venera 7 (1970)First space station, Salyut 1 (1971)First satellite to orbit Mars and make a descent, Mars 2 (1971)Second robot on a celestial body, Lunokhod 2 (1973) and with the Lunokhod 1 is the only automated mobile laboratories that have explored the Moon guided by remote controlFirst satellite to orbit Venus and send data back to Earth Venera 9 (1975)Creation of the coupling mechanism and docking of spacecraft, Androgynous Peripheral Attach System (1975)Creating space shuttle Buran (1976), which can carry 30 tons (USA model only 25), return flights with load of 20 tons (USA only 15), with a support rate of 6.5 (compared to 5.5 of the USA model), its auxiliary maneuvering system rockets and use oxygen and kerosene fuel instead of solid (like the USA) and gives better performance. Besides the Buran shuttle could make unmanned missions (USA can't), with ejection seats (the USA model does not have) considered the safest and most effective of the history and design more effective and resilient thermal tiles that USA versionCreating the world's most powerful rocket: Energy (1976), capable of carrying 100 tonsFirst Spaceship supply unmanned, Progress (1978)First radio telescope (1979)First woman to walk in space , Svetlana Savitskaja in Salyut 7 (1984)First shuttle in orbit to Earth independently, Buran (1984)First multi module space station: Salyut 7 and Kosmos 1686 (TKS-4) (1985)First crew to visit two space stations, Mir and Salyut 7 (1986) aboard Soyuz T-15First permanent space station to orbit Earth, Mir (1986)First crew to spend over a year on Mir, Vladimir Titov and Musa Manarov (1987)PHYSICS :First nuclear power plant, Obninsk (1954)Development of the largest thermonuclear experimental facility in the world, Tokamak 10, prototype of a thermonuclear reactorInvention of the Tzar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear bomb in history (100 Mt) whose power was reduced for environmental reasons (50-57 Mt). Comparison to USA bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 15 MtInvention of nuclear fusionInvention of the Tokamak (1956), aiming to provide apparatus fusion plasma particleInvention of the first nuclear icebreaker "LENIN" world's first nuclear-powered (1952)Invention of particle accelerator microtron (1944)Invention synchrotron particle accelerator (1957)Invention of the electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (1944)First fast neutron reactor, BN350 (1955)Creation pipeline longest history, Druzhba (1964)First nuclear desalination reactor, BN-350 (1972)First reflectron (1973)Creating the largest geotechnical probe history, Kola Well (1970)Creating BARS Press (1989)PART TWOELECTRONICS:Invention of the LED (Oleg Vladimirovich, 1927) (So if you're reading this on an LED screen, you have Commies to thank.)Invention of vibratory exercise equipment (1960)Perfecting maser, Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov NikolaiLomography Invention (1982)First lie detector device, by Alexander Romanovich LuriaCreating underwater welding, Konstantin Khrenov (1932)First reflector telescope, the Maksutov (1941)First laser microphone (1947)Creating the magnetotelluric (1950)Discovery of the Belousov-Zhabotinski Reaction (1951)Creation explosive compression generator pumped flow (1951)Creating 3D holography (1962)First microwave oven (1941)First radio antennaMEDICINE:Invention of therapies against infectious diseases that were based on bacteriophage virus (1940)Early surgical treatment of congenital heart disease, by pioneering Bukulev Alexander (1948)Creation of Objective Psychology, by neurologist Vladimir Bekhterev, also known for pointing out the role of the hippocampus in memory, his study of reflexes, and Bekhterev's diseaseFirst successful cornea transplant in 1931, by Vladimir Filatov, who developed tissue therapyCreating radial keratotomy by Svyatoslav Nikolayevich FyodorovCreating the Ilizarov apparatus for lengthening limb bones and for the Ilizarov Surgery (1951) by Gavriil Abramovich IlizarovCreating cultural-historical psychology, psychological activity theory and method of "combined power", by Alexander Romanovich LuriaEnlarge criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia with the distinction between negative and positive symptoms, a key research and classification of schizophrenia concept, Andrei SnezhnevskyFirst cardiac surgery under local anesthesia, Alexander Vishnevsky, 1953Foundation of purulent surgery, Archbishop Luka Voyno-Yasenetsky, Stalin Prize, Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1946.Discovery of Cherenkov Effect (Pavel Cherenkov Alekseyecih)First artificial organ transplantFirst transfusion of blood from a corpse, Sergei Yudin, 1929.First blood bank. Created by Sergei Yudin in early 1930. Middle of that same year, the USSR would have 65 large blood donation centers and more than 500 branches.Creation of painless childbirth (under anesthesia)Creating Gramicina S (1942)First head transplant with full brain function (1950)Creating anthropometric cosmetology (1952)Creating radial keratotomy (1974)Discovery of VitaminsDiscovery of the virusFirst acoustic microscope (1959)COMPUTERS:First programmable computer MESM (1950)First Soviet and European electronic computers , BESM (Sergey Lebedev, 1951) and MESM (Sergey Lebedev , 1958)First computer with ternary logic (faster and more reliable than the binary system), Setun (Nikolai Brusentsov, 1958) and model development Setun-70 (Nikolai Brusentsov, 1970) which further reinforced the aspect of programming, improving to by a factor 5 software development over other architectures timeFirst personal computer, MIR (Victor Glushkov, 1965)First computer-aided education system in history (Nastavnik), with a clear reference to the currentFirst superscalar computer (processor microarchitecture capable of executing more than one instruction per clock cycle), Elbrus-1 (Boris Babaian, 1970). The use of this equipment in 1978, ten years before commercial applications appeared in the West, the Soviet Union developed its missile systems and nuclear and space programs.Foundation of cybernetics (Victor Glushkov)Invention of Tetris (Alexey Pajitnov, 1984)Invention of the FAR file manager, RAR and WinRAR format file (Eugene Roshal)First mobile phone, Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich (1955), which was copied by - the USA in 1970 and Finland in 1980 gave him a civil use with Nokia.PART THREEMILITARY:First multiple rocket launcher, the Katyusha rocket launcher (1939)Creating the largest and most powerful in the world single-rotor helicopter, the Mil Mi-26 (1981)Creating the Sikorsky S -64 Skycrane, able to lift more cargo than any other in historyEkranoplano Creation (1950), similar to an airplane that uses the influence of the "ground effect" over the sea to just not consume fuel and carry 500 tons.Creating the world's largest aircraft, capable of carrying 225 tonnes, the Antonov 225 (1980)First telemechanical planeFirst supersonic passenger plane, TU-144First (and only) aircraft powered by a nuclear reactor, TU- 119First (and only) space fighter aircraft built, the MIG-105, capable of knocking launchers , missiles and enemy satellites in space and back.Creating the MIG-25 fighter jet with absolute altitude record (37.650 m), rise time from 0 to 30 km (3 min 10 s), speed circuit 500 km (2981.5 km/h)First (and only) seaplane world operating reactors, Beriev BE-200First ship to explore the North Pole, NS Arktika (1972)Creating the most produced biplane in history, the Polikarpov Po-2 (1927)Creating the Ilyushin Il-2, the most produced aircraft in history.First hydrofoil, Raketa (1957)First ship missile, Komar (1959)Creating faster and able to dive deeper in history (1300 m), the Alpha class nuclear submarine. I just needed a crew of 27 people (compared to the 110 that need an american model, Los Angeles) as it was very automated.Creating the largest submarine in history, the Typhoon class, only in carry 5 helmets (which makes it support several torpedo hits before being knocked out) and unique history in bringing certain luxuries like individual cabin, gym, pool, sauna, lounges, etc.First tank with composite armor, the first to incorporate an autoloader, first tank missile launch: T64First military robot; the Tt -26 ( 1949), a remote controlled tanks to minimize human casualties; equipped with DT machine guns, flamethrowers, smoke grenades and sometimes with a bomb between 200-700 kg which was released near the refuge to destroy enemy bunkers up to four levels underground. Was also trained to carry chemical weapons, but not used for safety and environmentalism.First flamethrower tank in history, KHT-26 (1931)First tank with wings, Antonov A-40 (1942)Creating the best and most produced tank of World War II: T-34 (1940)Creating the most produced tank in history, T-54/55 (1945)Close reactive armor (1960)Close reactive armor capable of protecting against APFSDS ammunition (armor piercing), 1985First infantry fighting vehicle in history (BMP-1 created in 1961) in addition to NBC protection, anti-tank, amphibious capability and launchable parachute with a 73 mm cannon, anti-tank missile launcher and 3 PKT machine guns. It was badly copied in 1980 (20 years later) by the USA, to get their first IFV, giving birth to the M2/M3 Bradley. It was 16.5 tons heavier than its counterpart BMP-1 with less crew and with a much smaller (and without missile capability) cannon.First paratroopers forces with military use of history in 1930, being also fully mechanized his paratroopers with BMD (launchable parachute). USA still has not an IFV support their paratroopers.First aerial firefighters (1936)First modern assault rifle, the AK-47 (1947)First torpedo remote control glider, PSN-1First torpedo reaction, PRAB-203First supercavitating torpedo, VA -111 ShkvalFirst airship missileFirst intercontinental missile (R-7 Semyorka, 1957)First anti-ballistic missile (1961)First intercontinental missile submarine, Vysota R-29 (1969) Creating multi-rocket engine chamber world's most powerful liquid fuel, RD-170 (1987)Creating infrared serving RKKAFirst drogue parachute (1937)Creating Sambo Martial Art by Anatoly Kharlampiev (1938)First underwater assault rifle, the APS (1975)Creating the Active Protection System, Drozd (1978)First bathyscaphe, Mir (1987). First to explore the seabed under the North PoleFirst performed the maneuver "Cobra Pugavhev" in 1989First ramjet engine, R-3 (1939)Aerowagon creation (1917) pioneered Schienenzeppelin German, the M-497 Black Beetle USA and Soviet turbojet trainFirst snowmobile history, RF-8, based on the pre-Soviet prototype AerosaniFirst antisatellite weapon (1960)ART:Creation of the polyphonic or contrapuntal, metric, rhythmic, harmonic, melodic assembly. Previous conceptual audiovisual modalities, including video and clip, by Sergei Mikhailovich EisensteinInvention of xerographyCreation of chromaKinopanorama Invention (1956)SOCIAL ACHIEVEMENTS :First and totally FREE public education system, which achieved the highest rates of literacy in history in the 15 Soviet republics. Moreover, Soviet schools offered free food for students, so the work-life balance is made ​​much easier than today in the capitalist countries. Even kindergartens were also free.First FREE and universal health care system, which increased the life expectancy of the Soviets, less than 40 years in 1917, to reach Western levels in 80 (70 years). The achievements of hunger eradication and health systems can also compare with the average height of the Soviets in 1917 (1,60 m) to 1980 (1,80 m). This health system discovered painless childbirth and performed the first organ transplant.Between 1945 and 1964, the Soviet national income grew by 570%, compared to 55% in the USA (and remember that the USSR was not a Marshal Plan to help the country)Invention of evening studies so that workers could build careers.First country in history to achieve an unemployment rate at 0%Equality policies, one of the first countries to adopt women's suffrageFirst woman in history to hold a position in a government and not as an aristocrat (Aleksandra Kollontai)The Soviet Union achieved all these things thanks to socialism.It was the ultimate experiment. After 30 years of capitalism, the fundamental question is:“How is capitalism working out for you?”ANSWER:Not well.The economy of Russia has never recovered from the collapse of the USSR. There is no middle class. The GDP compared to other nations is nowhere even close to what it was during the Soviet Union. The Eastern Bloc nations are faring even worse.People were promised all the benefits of capitalism, free enterprise, democracy, and an abundance of luxury goods. Instead they found their nation facing homelessness, starvation, organized crime, drug addiction and prostitution.When Putin took office things improved. But things are still very bad. 60% of people in the former USSR say they miss the Soviet Union.Russian nostalgia for Soviet Union reaches 13-year highStalin has a higher approval rating than anyone. Some even believe he is like a saint.Stalin is still more popular than Putin with RussiansContrary to Cold War propaganda the people of Russia love Stalin because he industrialized the country, defeated Hitler, and radically improved the standard of living for people.The idea that capitalism works in all nations has been proven false. After 30 years there is no middle class in Russia. Russians don’t have the political leverage to demand anything from their government. Putin is doing a good job. But if he to die the results could be very bad. It is likely corruption would once again consume the government.The most glaring example of failure is the Ukraine. Ukrainians hate Russia. They have been paying more for gas from the West just to not interact with Russia. The Ukraine has a huge increase in fascism and neo-Nazis. The Ukraine was better off as part of the Soviet Union. But it won’t admit it.Why Ukraine needs Russia more than everNeo-Nazis and the Far Right Are On the March in UkraineSome are warning about a full scale war with Russia.Ukraine president warns Russia tensions could lead to 'full-scale war'Crisis in Russia. Free Market FailureThe Russian economy has been dependent upon oil sales and exporting natural resources. It is dependent upon the price of oil to do well. Putin has recently announced initiatives to develop the high tech sector of the economy, including robotics, A.I., computers and other areas. The birth rate is low and many people emigrated after the collapse of the Soviet Union.Sadly we are seeing Russia and the former Eastern Bloc nations falling backwards, not moving forward under capitalism. Putin had rescued the nation from total destitution and greatly reduced the influence of organized crime on politics. But he won’t live forever.