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This list is not counting Trump threatening to nuke Iran or fast-tracking oil drilling in nature reserves in Alaska (which happened last week). Nor does it count his march against science, the environment nor any of his perverse sexual, unpatriotic, or just downright rude personal faux pas.No… this is simply a list of all of his human rights violations.Trump Administration Civil and Human Rights RollbacksSince Trump took office in January 2017, his administration has worked aggressively to turn back the clock on (y)our nation’s civil and human rights progress. Here’s how.2017On January 27, Trump signed an executive order – the first version of his Muslim ban – that discriminated against Muslims and banned refugees.On January 31, under new Chairman Ajit Pai’s leadership, the Federal Communications Commission refused to defend critical components of its prison phone rate rules in federal court – rules that were ultimately struck down in June.On February 3, Trump signed an executive order outlining principles for regulating the U.S. financial system and calling for a 120-day review of existing laws, like the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The order was viewed as Trump’s opening attack on consumer protection laws.On February 3, the FCC rescinded its 2014 Joint Sales Agreement (JSA) guidance, which had led to the only increase in television diversity in recent years.On February 3, FCC Chairman Pai revoked the Lifeline Broadband Provider (LBP) designations for nine broadband service providers, reducing the number of providers offering broadband and thus decreasing the competitive forces available to drive down prices.On February 7, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy supporting H.J. Res. 57, a resolution under the Congressional Review Act to overturn a Department of Education accountability rule that clarifies states’ obligations under the Every Student Succeeds Act. The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights opposes this resolution.On February 9, Trump signed three executive orders “to fight crime, gangs, and drugs; restore law and order; and support the dedicated men and women of law enforcement.” The orders, though vague, were viewed suspiciously by civil rights organizations.On February 10, Sens. Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell of Washington wrote to Education Secretary Betsy DeVos after the centralized resource website for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) became inaccessible to the public for more than a week. On February 17, DeVos issued a statement blaming the previous administration for neglecting the site.On February 21, the Department of Homeland Security issued a memo updating immigration enforcement guidance, massively expanding the number of people subject to detention and deportation. The guidance drastically increased the use of expedited removal and essentially eliminated the priorities for deportation.On February 22, the Justice Department’s Civil Rights Division and the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights jointly rescinded Title IX guidance clarifying protections under the law for transgender students.On February 23, Attorney General Sessions withdrew an earlier Justice Department memo that set a goal of reducing and ultimately ending the department’s use of private prisons.On February 27, the Department of Justice dropped the federal government’s longstanding position that a Texas voter ID law under legal challenge was intentionally racially discriminatory, despite having successfully advanced that argument in multiple federal courts. The district court subsequently rejected the position of the Sessions Justice Department and concluded the law was passed with discriminatory intent.On March 6, the Department of Justice withdrew its motion for a preliminary injunction against North Carolina’s anti-transgender HB 2 law.On March 6, Trump signed a revised executive order restricting travel to the United States by citizens of Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen and drastically cutting back refugee admissions.On March 6, a week after Trump called on lawmakers to repeal the Affordable Care Act during his address to Congress, House Republicans released a proposal to replace the ACA with a law that would end the Medicaid program as we know it and defund Planned Parenthood.On March 6, the Department of Health and Human Services proposed ending the collection of data on LGBTQ individuals with disabilities, removing questions on LGBTQ demographics from the Centers for Independent Living Annual Program Performance Report survey.On March 10, the Department of Housing and Urban Development withdrew a survey proposed in the Federal Register meant to assess the efficacy and replicability of HUD-funded programs to address LGBTQ youth homelessness. According to its own data, 40 percent of young people experiencing homelessness identify as LGBTQ, so ensuring that its programs are adequately meeting the needs of young LGBTQ people is critical to HUD meeting its own mission. After significant public outcry, the assessment survey was eventually reinstated.On March 13, the Department of Health and Human Services released a draft of the annual National Survey of Older Americans Act Participants, which gathers data on people who receive services funded through the Older Americans Act. HHS’s draft collection instrument omitted the questions on sexual orientation and gender identity asked on the previous year’s survey. After receiving nearly 14,000 comments on the data collection proposal and after facing bipartisan opposition from Congress, HHS restored the question on sexual orientation but omitted a question that yielded information on gender identity.On March 16, the Trump administration released a budget blueprint that proposed a $54 billion increase in military spending that would come from $54 billion in direct cuts to non-defense programs. The blueprint also proposed spending $4.1 billion through 2018 on the beginnings of construction of a wall through communities on the U.S.-Mexico border.On March 17, the Department of Housing and Urban Development removed links to four key resource documents from its website, which informed emergency shelters on best practices for serving transgender people facing homelessness and complying with HUD regulations.On March 22, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy supporting H.R. 1628, the American Health Care Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights opposes. The White House issued a statement supporting the Senate’s motion to proceed to this legislation on July 24.On March 27, Trump signed a resolution of disapproval under the Congressional Review Act, which repealed a Department of Education accountability rule finalized last year that would clarify states’ obligations under the Every Student Succeeds Act.On March 27, Trump signed a resolution of disapproval under the Congressional Review Act, which repealed the Fair Pay and Safe Workplaces Executive Order. The order, signed by President Obama, represented a much-needed step forward in ensuring that the federal contractor community is providing safe and fair workplaces for employees by encouraging compliance with federal labor and civil rights laws, and prohibiting the use of mandatory arbitration of certain disputes.On March 29, the U.S. Census Bureau asserted that there was “no federal data need” to justify the collection of sexual orientation and gender identity data in the American Community Survey (ACS). The bureau’s original submission to Congress included a table suggesting that it planned to collect data on sexual orientation and gender identity in the ACS starting in the next iteration of the survey – but by the end of the day, the bureau hastily removed any reference to these topics in a revised submission. During the Obama administration, at least four federal agencies asked the bureau to add these questions.On March 29, The Washington Post reported that the Department of Education decided to terminate the Opening Doors, Expanding Opportunity grant program, which helps local districts devise ways to boost socioeconomic diversity within their schools.In a March 31 memo, Sessions ordered a sweeping review of consent decrees with law enforcement agencies relating to police conduct – a crucial tool in the Justice Department’s efforts to ensure constitutional and accountable policing. The department also tried, unsuccessfully, to block a federal court in Baltimore from approving a consent decree between the city and the Baltimore Police Department to rein in discriminatory police practices that the department itself had negotiated over a multi-year period.On April 3, Attorney General Jeff Sessions tried to back out of a consent decree to address civil rights violations by the Baltimore Police Department.On April 11, the administration proposed removing a question from the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) regarding preschool suspension and expulsion. Without access to valid and reliable data, parents, advocates, educators, service providers, researchers, policymakers, and the public will not have the information they need to ensure early childhood settings are developmentally appropriate and nondiscriminatory.On April 13, Trump signed a resolution of disapproval under the Congressional Review Act, which overturned the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ final rule updating the regulations governing the Title X family planning program – a vital source of family planning and related preventive care for low-income, uninsured, and young people across the country.On April 14, the Department of Justice voluntarily dismissed its lawsuit challenging North Carolina’s anti-transgender HB 2 after the law was modified – although private challenges continued.On April 26, Trump released an outline of a tax reform plan that was viewed largely as a tax giveaway for the wealthy and big corporations.On April 26, Trump signed an executive order directing Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos to conduct a study on the federal government’s role in education.On May 2, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy supporting H.R. 1180, the Working Families Flexibility Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights opposes.On May 4, Trump signed an executive order that he claimed overturned the Johnson Amendment (though it did not), which precludes tax-exempt organizations, including places of worship, from engaging in any political campaign activity and would curtail the contraception mandate of the Affordable Care Act.On May 11, Trump signed an executive order creating the so-called Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity headed by Vice President Mike Pence and Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach, who has a history of trying to suppress the vote in Kansas.On May 12, Sessions announced in a two-page memo that DOJ was abandoning its Smart on Crime initiative that had been hailed as a positive step forward in rehabilitating drug users and reducing the enormous costs of warehousing inmates.On May 23, Trump released his fiscal year 2018 budget that included massive, unnecessary tax cuts for the wealthy and large corporations, which would be paid for by slashing basic living standards for the most vulnerable and by attacking critical programs like Social Security Disability Insurance, Medicaid, food assistance, and more.On May 23, Trump’s fiscal year 2018 budget proposed eliminating the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) and transferring its functions to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). This would have impeded the work of both the OFCCP and the EEOC as each have distinct missions and expertise, and would have thereby undermined the civil rights protections that employers and workers have relied on for almost 50 years.On June 5, Trump released an infrastructure plan that focuses on putting public assets into private hands, creating another giveaway to wealthy corporations and millionaires at the expense of working families and communities.On June 6, the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issued unclear new instructions on transgender student discrimination.On June 8, OCR’s acting head sent a memo to OCR staff discouraging systemic investigations in favor of individual investigations of discrimination.On June 14, DeVos decided to delay implementation of and to renegotiate the Borrower Defense to Repayment and Gainful Employment regulations – important regulations that had been designed to protect students from predatory conduct by for-profit schools.On June 14, the Department of Education withdrew, without explanation, a 2016 finding that an Ohio school district discriminated against a transgender girl.On June 15, the administration rescinded President Obama’s Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) program, an initiative that – had it gone into effect – would have offered a pathway to citizenship for immigrant parents with children who are citizens or residents of the United States.On June 27, Labor Secretary Acosta requested information on the Obama-era overtime rule, signaling his intent to lower the salary threshold of the overtime rule.On June 27, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy supporting H.R. 3003, the No Sanctuary for Criminals Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights opposes.On June 27, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy supporting H.R. 3004, Kate’s Law, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights opposes.On June 28, the Justice Department’s Civil Rights Division sent a letter to 44 states demanding extensive information on how they maintain their voter rolls. This request was made on the same day that President Trump’s so-called Commission on Election Integrity sent letters to all 50 states demanding intrusive and highly sensitive personal data about all registered voters.On July 24, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy supporting H.J. Res 111, a resolution under the Congressional Review Act to overturn the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s final rule on forced arbitration clauses. The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights opposes the resolution. The White House issued a statement on October 24 opposing the Senate companion resolution.On July 26, Trump declared in a series of tweets that he was barring transgender people from serving in the military. He followed through with a presidential memo on August 25, though the issue is still being challenged in the courts.On July 26, the Department of Justice filed a legal brief arguing that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation – a decision that contravened recent court decisions and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission guidance.On August 1, The New York Times reported that the “Trump administration is preparing to redirect resources of the Justice Department’s civil rights division toward investigating and suing universities over affirmative action admissions policies deemed to discriminate against white applicants.” In a move without recent precedent, this investigation and enforcement effort was planned to be run out of the Civil Rights Division’s front office by political appointees, instead of by experienced career staff in the division’s educational opportunities section.On August 2, Trump announced his support of Republican-backed legislation that would slash legal immigration in half over a decade.On August 7, the Justice Department filed a brief in the Supreme Court in Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute arguing that it should be easier for states to purge registered voters from their rolls – reversing not only its longstanding legal interpretation, but also the position it had taken in the lower courts in that case.On August 28, Sessions lifted the Obama administration’s ban on the transfer of some military surplus items to domestic law enforcement – rescinding guidelines that were created in the wake of Ferguson to protect the public from law enforcement misuse of military-grade weapons.On September 5, Sessions announced that the administration was rescinding the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program.On September 7, the Department of Justice filed a brief with the Supreme Court in Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission arguing that businesses have a right to discriminate against LGBTQ customers.On September 12, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy supporting H.R. 3697, the Criminal Alien Gang Member Removal Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights opposes.On September 15, the Department of Justice ended the Community Oriented Policing Services’ Collaborative Reform Initiative, a Justice Department program that aimed to help build trust between police officers and the communities they serve.On September 22, DeVos announced that the Department of Education was rescinding guidance related to Title IX and schools’ obligations regarding sexual violence and educational opportunity.On September 24, Trump issued the third version of his Muslim ban which, unlike the previous versions, was of indefinite duration.On September 27, the Trump administration and Republican leadership in Congress unveiled tax principles that would provide trillions in dollars of unnecessary tax cuts to millionaires, billionaires, and wealthy corporations.On October 2, DeVos rescinded 72 guidance documents outlining the rights of students with disabilities, though it wasn’t until October 21 until the public learned of the rescissions.On October 4, the Department of Justice filed a brief in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia asking the court to dismiss a lawsuit against the president’s transgender military ban.On October 5, Sessions reversed a Justice Department policy which clarified that transgender workers are protected from discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.On October 6, the Department of Justice issued sweeping religious liberty guidance to federal agencies, which will create a license to discriminate against LGBTQ individuals and others.On October 8, the White House released a list of hard-line immigration principles – a list of demands that included funding a border wall, deporting Central American children seeking sanctuary, and curbing grants to sanctuary cities, effectively stalling any possible bipartisan agreement on a bill to protect Dreamers.On October 12, Trump signed an executive order to undermine health care and, later that day, announced that he would end subsidies for certain health care plans.On October 27, the Department of Education announced it was withdrawing nearly 600 policy documents regarding K-12 and higher education.On November 1, Trump signed a resolution of disapproval under the Congressional Review Act, which repealed the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s rule on forced arbitration. Overturning the rule will enable big banks, payday lenders, and other financial companies to force victims of fraud, discrimination, or other unlawful conduct into a “kangaroo court” process where their claims are decided by hired arbitration firms rather than by judges and juries – harming consumers and undermining civil rights and consumer protection laws.On November 6, the Trump administration announced it will terminate the Temporary Protected Status (TPS) designation for Nicaragua.On November 14, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy supporting H.R. 1, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights opposes. The White House subsequently issued statements supporting this legislation on November 30 (the Senate version) and on December 18 (the conference report).On November 16, the Federal Communications Commission voted to gut Lifeline, the program dedicated to bringing phone and internet service within reach for people of color, low-income people, seniors, veterans, and people with disabilities, with particularly egregious consequences for tribal areas. They also voted to eliminate several rules promoting competition and diversity in the broadcast media, undermining ownership chances for women and people of color.On November 20, the Trump administration announced it would terminate the Temporary Protected Status (TPS) designation in 18 months for approximately 59,000 Haitians living in the United States.On November 24, Trump appointed Mick Mulvaney as acting director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). As a member of Congress, Mulvaney supported abolishing the consumer bureau and has in the past referred to the CFPB as a “sick, sad” joke.On December 4, the Department of Labor proposed changing its longstanding position codified in regulation that prohibited employers from pooling together tips and redistributing them to workers who don’t traditionally earn tips.On December 12, the Department of Justice wrote to acting Census Bureau Director Ron Jarmin requesting a question about citizenship on the 2020 Census. It was an untimely and unnecessarily intrusive request that would destroy any chance for an accurate count, discard years of careful research, and increase costs significantly.On December 21, it was reported that Sessions rescinded 25 guidance documents, including a letter sent to chief judges and court administrators to help state and local efforts to reform harmful practices of imposing fees and fines on poor people.2018On January 4, Sessions rescinded guidance that had allowed states, with minimal federal interference, to legalize marijuana. This move will further reignite the War on Drugs.On January 8, Trump re-nominated a slate of unqualified and biased judicial nominees, including two rated Not Qualified by the American Bar Association.On January 8, the administration announced it would terminate the Temporary Protected Status (TPS) designation for nearly 200,000 Salvadorans.On January 11, the Trump administration released new guidelines that allow states to seek waivers to require Medicaid recipients to work – requirements that represent a throwback to rejected racial stereotypes.On January 12, the Trump administration approved a waiver allowing Kentucky to require Medicaid recipients to work.On January 16, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau under Mulvaney’s leadership announced it would reconsider the agency’s payday lending rule.On January 17, the administration announced its decision to bar citizens from Haiti from receiving H2-A and H2-B visas.On January 18, the Department of Health and Human Services announced a proposed rule to allow health care providers to discriminate against patients, and within the department’s Office for Civil Rights, a new division – the Conscience and Religious Freedom Division – to address related claims.On January 18, the CFPB abruptly dropped a lawsuit against four online payday lenders who unlawfully made loans of up to 950 percent APR in at least 17 states.On January 25, the Census Bureau announced that the questionnaire for the 2018 End-to-End Census Test will use race and ethnicity questions from the 2010 Census instead of updated questions recommended by Census Bureau staff. This suggests that the Office of Management and Budget will not revise the official standards for collecting and reporting this data, despite recommendations from a federal agency working group to do so.On February 1, The New York Times reported that the Department of Justice was effectively closing its Office for Access to Justice, which was designed to make access to legal aid more accessible.On February 1, reports surfaced claiming Trump’s Labor Department concealed an economic analysis that found working people could lose billions of dollars in wages under its proposal to roll back an Obama-era rule – a rule that protects working people in tipped industries from having their tips taken away by their employers.On February 1, multiple sources reported that acting Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Director Mick Mulvaney had transferred the consumer agency’s Office of Fair Lending and Equal Opportunity from the Supervision, Enforcement, and Fair Lending division to the director’s office. The move essentially gutted the unit responsible for enforcing anti-lending discrimination laws.On February 2, the Trump administration approved a waiver allowing Indiana to require some Medicaid recipients to work.On February 12, the Trump administration released its Fiscal Year 2019 budget proposal, which would deny critical health care to those most in need simply to bankroll the president’s wall through border communities. The proposal would also eliminate the Community Relations Service – a Justice Department office established by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 – which has been a key tool that helps address discrimination, conflicts, and tensions in communities around the country.On February 12, the Trump administration released an infrastructure proposal that would reward the rich and special interests at the expense of low-income communities and communities of color and leave behind too many American communities and those most in need.On February 12, BuzzFeed News reported that the U.S. Department of Education would no longer investigate complaints filed by transgender students who have been banned from using the restrooms that correspond with their gender identity. On the same day, the department released a statement saying Trump’s budget “protects vulnerable students” – a dubious claim.On February 26, the U.S. Department of Education proposed to delay implementation of a rule that enforces the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The rule implements the IDEA’s provisions regarding significant disproportionality in the identification, placement, and discipline of students with disabilities with regard to race and ethnicity.On March 5, the Trump administration approved Arkansas’ request to require some Medicaid recipients to work.On March 5, the Office for Civil Rights at the U.S. Department of Education released a new Case Processing Manual (CPM) that creates greater hurdles for people filing complaints and allows dismissal of civil rights complaints based on the number of times an individual has filed.On March 5, a Department of Housing and Urban Development memo announced Secretary Ben Carson’s consideration of revising the agency’s mission statement and removing anti-discrimination language and promises of inclusive communities.On March 12, Attorney General Sessions announced the Justice Department’s ‘school safety’ plan – a plan that civil rights advocates criticized as militarizing schools, overpolicing children, and harming students, disproportionately students of color.On March 14, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy supporting H.R. 4909, the Student, Teachers, and Officers Preventing (STOP) School Violence Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights opposes.On March 23, Trump issued new orders to ban most transgender people from serving in the military – the latest iteration of a ban that he had initially announced in a series of tweets in July 2017.On March 23, Trump signed a spending bill that included the STOP School Violence Act, which civil rights organizations are concerned will exacerbate the school-to-prison pipeline crisis, further criminalize historically marginalized children, and increase the militarization of, and over-policing in, schools and communities of color.On March 26, Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross announced that he had directed the Census Bureau to add an untested and unnecessary question to the 2020 Census form, which would ask the citizenship status of every person in America.On April 3, Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos restored recognition of for-profit school accreditor ACICS, which the prior administration had terminated as a federal aid gatekeeper based on ACICS’s documented failures to set, monitor, or enforce standards at the schools it accredited, including the now-defunct Corinthian, ITT, and FastTrain.On April 6, Attorney General Sessions announced that he had notified all U.S. Attorney’s offices along the southwest border of a new “zero tolerance” policy toward people trying to enter the country – a policy that quickly, and inhumanely, separated hundreds of children from their families.On April 10, a federal official announced that the Department of Justice was halting the Legal Orientation Program, which offers legal assistance to immigrants.On April 10, Trump signed an executive order directing federal agencies to push for work requirements for low-income people in America who receive federal assistance, including Medicaid and SNAP.On April 11, the Bureau of Justice Statistics announced that it will stop asking 16- and 17-year-olds to disclose voluntarily and confidentially their gender identity and sexual orientation on the National Crime Victimization Survey.On April 17, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy supporting S.J. Res. 57, a resolution under the Congressional Review Act to repeal the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s guidance on indirect auto financing. The sole purpose of the resolution is to undermine the ability of the CFPB to enforce laws against racial and ethnic discrimination in auto lending, which is why The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights opposes it.On April 25, Secretary Ben Carson proposed changes to federal housing subsidies that could triple rent for some households and make it easier to impose work requirements.On April 26, the Trump administration announced it would terminate the Temporary Protected Status (TPS) designation in 12 months for approximately 9,000 Nepalese immigrants.On May 3, Trump signed an executive order creating a White House Faith and Opportunity Initiative tasked with working on “religious liberty” issues across federal agencies. The order deleted protections for beneficiaries receiving federally funded services from religious groups.On May 4, the Trump administration announced it would terminate the Temporary Protected Status (TPS) designation in 18 months for approximately 57,000 Honduran immigrants.On May 7, the Trump administration approved New Hampshire’s request to require some Medicaid recipients to work or participate in other “community engagement activities.”On May 11, the Federal Bureau of Prisons released changes to its Transgender Offender Manual that rolled back protections allowing transgender inmates to use facilities, including bathrooms and cell blocks, that correspond to their gender identity.On May 13, The New York Times reported that the Department of Education had “effectively killed investigations into possibly fraudulent activities at several large for-profit colleges where top hires of Betsy DeVos, the education secretary, had previously worked” by reassigning, marginalizing, or instructing its fraud investigators to focus on other matters.On May 18, the Department of Housing and Urban Development announced it would be publishing three separate notices to indefinitely suspend implementation of the 2015 Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing rule.On May 21, Trump signed a resolution of disapproval under the Congressional Review Act, which repealed the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s (CFPB) guidance on indirect auto financing.On May 21, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy supporting S. 2155, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights opposes.On May 22, the Trump administration issued a draft Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) designed to block access to health care under Title X and deny women information about their reproductive health care options.On May 24, Trump signed the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act, which will undermine one of our nation’s key civil rights laws and weaken consumer protections enacted after the 2008 financial crisis. The law rolls back more expansive Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data requirements for banks that generate fewer than 500 loans or lines of credit each year, thereby exempting 85 percent of banks and credit unions.On May 24, the Department of Education announced that it does not plan to implement rules designed to protect students in online degree programs from being taken advantage of by schools that load students up with debt but offer useless degrees, and instead plans to delay implementation of the rules and rewrite them.On June 6, Mick Mulvaney fired all 25 members of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s Consumer Advisory Board.On June 8, a Department of Justice filing argued that the Affordable Care Act’s protections for people with pre-existing conditions are unconstitutional. The brief was signed by Chad Readler, a Justice Department official who Trump nominated (and Senate Republicans confirmed) to serve on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.On June 11, Attorney General Sessions ruled that fear of domestic or gang violence was not grounds for asylum in the United States.On June 11, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Director L. Francis Cissna announced the creation of a denaturalization task force in a push to strip naturalized citizens of their citizenship.On June 11, the Department of Justice announced that it would delay implementation of a permanent program for collecting information on arrest-related deaths until Fiscal Year 2020, a full five years after the Death in Custody Reporting Act was signed into law and two years after DOJ last published its near-final compliance guidelines.On June 12, the Department of Justice sued the state of Kentucky to force it to “systematically remove the names of ineligible voters from the registration records.” This voter purge lawsuit was filed one day after the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Ohio’s voter purges in Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute.On June 18, Nikki Haley, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, announced that the United States was withdrawing from the UN Human Rights Council.On June 27, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy supporting H.R. 6139, the Border Security and Immigration Reform Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights opposes.On July 3, Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Education Secretary Betsy DeVos rescinded guidance from the Departments of Justice and Education that provides a roadmap to implement voluntary diversity and integration programs in higher education consistent with Supreme Court holdings on the issue.On July 10, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced cuts to navigator funding for outreach to hard-to-reach communities for the fall 2018 Affordable Care Act open enrollment period.On July 25, the Department of Education proposed new borrower defense rules, which would further exacerbate inequalities – making the already unfair and ineffective student loan servicing system even more harmful to all students, particularly to borrowers of color. The proposal would strip away student borrower rights, end key deterrents of predatory school conduct, and make it nearly impossible for students hurt by school misconduct to get loan relief.On July 26, the Trump administration failed to meet a court-ordered deadline to reunite children and families separated at the border.On July 30, Jeff Sessions announced the creation of a religious liberty task force at the Department of Justice, which many saw as a taxpayer funded effort to license discrimination against LGBTQ people and others.On August 10, the Department of Labor encouraged the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) staff to grant broad religious exemptions to federal contractors with religious-based objections to complying with Executive Order 11246, and deleted material from a prior OFCCP FAQ on sexual orientation and gender identity nondiscrimination protections that previously clarified the limited scope of allowable religious exemptions.On August 13, Secretary Ben Carson proposed changes to the Obama-era Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) rule, which aimed to combat segregation in housing policy.On August 15, the Federal Register published a Trump administration proposal to restrict protest rights in Washington, D.C. by closing 80 percent of the White House sidewalk, putting new limits on spontaneous demonstrations, and opening the door to charging fees for protesting.On August 29, The New York Times reported that the Department of Education is preparing rules that would “narrow the definition of sexual harassment, holding schools accountable only for formal complaints filed through proper authorities and for conduct said to have occurred on their campuses. They would also establish a higher legal standard to determine whether schools improperly addressed complaints.”On August 30, the Department of Justice filed an amicus brief opposing Harvard College’s motion for summary judgement in Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. Harvard, choosing to oppose constitutionally sound strategies that colleges and universities use to expand educational opportunity for students of all backgrounds.On September 5, the Trump administration sent sweeping subpoenas to the North Carolina state elections board and 44 county elections boards requesting voter records be turned over by September 25. Two months before the midterm elections, civil rights advocates worried this effort would lead to voter suppression and intimidation.On September 6, the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Health and Human Services announced a proposal to withdraw from the Flores Settlement Agreement. The Flores Agreement is a set of protections for underage migrant children in government custody.On September 13, the National Labor Relations Board proposed weakening the “joint-employer standard” under the National Labor Relations Act, which would make it difficult for working people to bring the companies that share control over their terms and conditions of employment to the bargaining table.On October 1, a policy change at the Department of State took effect saying that the Trump administration would no longer issue family visas to same-sex domestic partners of foreign diplomats or employees of international organizations who work in the United States.On October 10, the Department of Homeland Security’s proposed ‘public charge’ rule was published in the Federal Register. Under the rule, immigrants who apply for a green card or visa could be deemed a ‘public charge’ and turned away if they earn below 250 percent of the federal poverty line and use any of a wide range of public programs.On October 12, the Department of Justice filed a statement of interest opposing a consent decree negotiated by Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel and Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan to overhaul the Chicago Police Department.On October 15, Trump vetoed a resolution, passed by both chambers of Congress, that would have terminated his declaration of a national emergency on the southern border with Mexico.On October 16, the administration released its fall 2017 Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions. The document details the regulatory and deregulatory actions that federal agencies plan to make in the coming months, including harmful civil and human rights rollbacks.On October 19, the Department of Justice ended its agreement to monitor the Juvenile Court of Memphis and Shelby County and the Shelby County Detention Center in Tennessee, which addressed discrimination against Black youth, unsafe conditions, and no due process at hearings.On October 21, The New York Times reported that the Department of Health and Human Services is considering an interpretation of Title IX that “would define sex as either male or female, unchangeable, and determined by the genitals that a person is born with” – effectively erasing protections for transgender people.On October 22, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) issued new guidance on the Affordable Care Act’s 1332 waivers that would expand a state’s flexibility to establish insurance markets that don’t meet the requirements of the ACA.On October 24, the Department of Justice filed a brief with the U.S. Supreme Court arguing that federal civil rights law does not protect transgender workers from discrimination on the basis of their gender identity.On October 30, Axios reported that Trump intends to sign an executive order to end birthright citizenship. In a tweet the following day, Trump said “it will be ended one way or the other.”On October 31, the administration approved a waiver allowing Wisconsin to require Medicaid recipients to work. It was the first time a state that did not expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act was allowed to impose work requirements.On November 5, the Department of Justice filed a petition with the U.S. Supreme Court to circumvent three separate U.S. Courts of Appeals on litigation concerning the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program.On November 7, on his last day as Attorney General, Jeff Sessions issued a memorandum to gut the Department of Justice’s use of consent decrees.On November 8, the Department of Homeland Security and Department of Justice announced an interim final rule to block people from claiming asylum if they enter the United States outside legal ports of entry.On November 8, the Department of Labor rolled back guidance issued by the Obama administration that clarified that tipped workers must spend at least 80 percent of their time doing tipped work in order for employers to pay them the lower tipped minimum wage.On November 16, the Department of Education issued a draft Title IX regulation that represents a cruel attempt to silence sexual assault survivors and limit their educational opportunity – and could lead schools to do even less to prevent and respond to sexual violence and harassment.On November 23, the Office of Personnel Management rescinded guidance that helped federal agency managers understand how to support transgender federal workers and respect their rights (initially issued in 2011 and updates several times since), replacing it with vaguely worded guidance hostile to transgender working people.On December 11, Trump declared that he would be “proud to shut down the government” – which he did. It resulted in the longest government shutdown in U.S. history (35 days), which harmed federal workers, contractors, their families, and the communities that depend on them.On December 14, BuzzFeed News reported that the Department of Housing and Urban Development was quietly advising lenders to deny DACA recipients Federal Housing Administration (FHA) loans.On December 18, the Trump administration’s School Safety Commission recommended rescinding Obama-era school discipline guidance, which was intended to assist states, districts, and schools in developing practices and policies to enhance school climate and comply with federal civil rights laws.On December 21, following the recommendation of Trump’s School Safety Commission, the Departments of Justice and Education rescinded the Dear Colleague Letter on the Nondiscriminatory Administration of School Discipline. Both departments jointly issued the guidance in January 2014.2019On January 3, The Washington Post reported that the Trump administration is considering rolling back disparate impact regulations that provide anti-discrimination protections to people of color, women, and others.On January 4, The Guardian reported that the Trump administration has stopped cooperating with and responding to UN investigators over potential human rights violations in the United States.On January 23, the Department of Health and Human Services granted a waiver to South Carolina to allow state-licensed child welfare agencies to discriminate in accordance with religious beliefs.On January 25, the Department of Homeland Security began implementing the Migrant Protection Protocols – also known as the Remain in Mexico policy – which forces Central Americans seeking asylum to return to Mexico, for an indefinite amount of time, while their claims are processed.On January 29, the Department of Justice reversed its position in a Texas voting rights case, saying the state should not need to have its voting changes pre-cleared with the federal government. Career voting rights lawyers at the department declined to sign the brief.On February 6, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) – under the direction of Trump-appointed Director Kathy Kraninger – released its plan to roll back the central protections of the agency’s 2017 payday and car-title lending rule.On February 15, Trump announced that he would declare a national emergency on the southern border – an attempt to end-run the Congress in order to build a harmful and wasteful border wall.On February 22, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued a final rule to significantly undermine the Title X family planning program’s ability to properly serve its patients and to provide its hallmark quality care. The rule’s provisions will have far-reaching implications for all Title X-funded programs, the services provided, and the ability of patients to seek and receive high-quality, confidential family planning and preventive health care services.On February 25, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 8, the Bipartisan Background Checks Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On February 26, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.J. Res. 46, a resolution terminating the national emergency on the southern border declared by President Trump, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports. On September 25, the White House issued a statement opposing the Senate’s companion resolution.On March 5, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 1, the For the People Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On March 7, the Department of Labor issued a proposed revision to the overtime rule, which proposes to raise the salary threshold to an amount ($35,308) far lower than the Obama Labor Department’s previously finalized rule ($47,476).On March 11, the Trump administration released its FY 2020 budget proposal, which requested $8.6 billion for a southern border wall, requested an inexplicably and irresponsibly low figure for 2020 Census operations, and proposed deeply troubling cuts to the social safety net – including cuts to Medicaid, Medicare, Social Security, and SNAP.On March 12, the Department of Defense issued guidance for enacting the transgender military ban to begin in 30 days.On March 25, the Trump administration said in an appeals court filing that the entire Affordable Care Act should be struck down.On April 11, the Trump administration ordered all federal agencies to put important policy decisions on hold until they have been reviewed by the White House, making it take even longer for independent regulators to respond to problems like risky lending practices.On April 12, Politico reported that the Trump administration will not nominate (or renominate) anyone to the 18-member U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.On April 17, the Department of Housing and Urban Development proposed a rule (eventually published on May 10) seeking to restrict housing assistance for families with mixed-citizenship status. The agency’s own analysis showed that the proposal could lead to 55,000 children becoming temporarily homeless.On April 19, the Department of Health and Human Services published a proposal to reverse an Obama-era rule that required the data collection of the sexual orientation and gender identity of youth in foster care, along with their foster parents, adoptive parents, or legal guardians.On May 2, the Department of Health and Human Services announced a final rule to allow health workers to cite religious or moral objections to deny care to patients, which will substantially harm the health and well-being of many people in America – particularly women and transgender patients.On May 6, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) published a final rule targeting home care workers – who are mostly women of color – designed to stop them from paying union dues and benefits through payroll deduction.On May 6, the Office of Management and Budget proposed regulatory changes that could result in cuts in federal aid to millions of low-income Americans by changing how inflation is used to calculate the definition of poverty.On May 20, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 1500, the Consumers First Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On May 22, the Department of Housing and Urban Development proposed changing the Obama-era Equal Access Rule to allow homeless shelters to deny access based on a person’s gender identity.On May 24, the Department of Health and Human Services announced a proposed rule to weaken the non-discrimination protections (Section 1557) of the Affordable Care Act. The rule, if implemented, would harm millions of people in America by allowing health care providers to deny care to marginalized communities and worsen already existing health disparities.On June 3, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 6, the American Dream and Promise Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On June 6, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau issued a final rule that delayed the compliance date for the agency’s 2017 payday and car-title lending rule.On June 10, acting Secretary of Homeland Security Kevin McAleenan announced that immigration hardliner Ken Cuccinelli was the new acting director of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Five months later, the new acting Secretary of Homeland Security, Chad Wolf, named Cuccinelli to be the Senior Official Performing the Duties of the Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security. A federal judge and the Government Accountability Office, respectively, said that Cuccinelli’s appointments were illegal.On June 12, Trump asserted executive privilege to block congressional access to documents related to the addition of an untested citizenship question to the 2020 Census.On June 21, it was reported that Trump had directed U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents to conduct a mass roundup of migrant families. The following day, the president announced that the raids were delayed, but has continued to threaten them.On July 1, the Department of Education rescinded the “gainful employment” rule that identified higher education programs that routinely left students with unaffordable debt. The rule had been designed to ensure that students who needed to borrow loans were able to reap the benefit of their investment in education.On July 3, the Department of Housing and Urban Development removed requirements that applicants for homelessness funding maintain anti-discrimination policies and demonstrate efforts to serve LGBT people and their families, which had been included in Notices of Funding Availability for several prior years.On July 8, the State Department created the Commission on Unalienable Rights aimed at providing review of the role of human rights in American foreign policy. Seven of the appointees to commission have disturbing anti-LGBT records.On July 15, the administration moved to end asylum protections for most Central American migrants – deeming anyone who passes through another country ineligible for asylum at the U.S. southern border.On July 15, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 582, the Raise The Wage Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On July 23, the Trump administration published a notice in the Federal Register that expands expedited removals to a wider range of undocumented immigrants. The move threatens same-day deportation for anyone who cannot immediately show they have been in the United States continuously for two years without a hearing, oversight, review, or appeal. It also threatens to trigger massive racial profiling and roundups for immigrants and citizens in the United States.On July 23, the Trump administration proposed a rule that could cut more than 3 million people from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) – or food stamps – after Congress blocked similar efforts in 2018.On July 25, Attorney General William Barr announced that the federal government will reverse a nearly two-decade moratorium to resume the federal death penalty.On July 31, Bloomberg Law reported that the Department of Housing and Urban Development plans to issue a proposed rule to amend the agency’s “disparate impact” regulations that provide anti-discrimination protections to people of color, women, and others. If enacted, millions of people in America would be more vulnerable to housing discrimination – with fewer tools to challenge it. The proposal was officially published in the Federal Register on August 19.On August 7, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) raided seven food processing plants in Mississippi and arrested 680 undocumented immigrants – representing the largest workplace raid in more than a decade. The raids – part of this administration’s dangerous, anti-immigrant agenda – left some children parentless and locked out of their homes after school.On August 12, the administration announced its final “public charge” rule, which makes it more difficult for immigrants who come to the United States legally to stay as permanent residents if they have used (or are viewed as likely to use) public benefits.On August 13, Bloomberg Law reported that the Department of Justice is urging the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to change its position and urge the U.S. Supreme Court to rule that businesses can discriminate against LGBTQ workers.On August 15, the Department of Labor’s Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) unveiled a proposal that would allow government contractors to fire LGBTQ employees, or workers who are pregnant and unmarried, based on the employers’ religious views.On August 16, the Department of Justice filed a brief with the U.S. Supreme Court arguing that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not prohibit discrimination against transgender people. Former Attorney General Jeff Sessions previously reversed an Obama-era DOJ policy which clarified that transgender workers are protected from discrimination under Title VII.On August 16, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services sent letters, first reported in the Boston area, stating that the agency will no longer consider most deferrals of deportation for people with a serious medical condition – asking people in extreme medical need to leave the country within 33 days.On August 19, the Department of Justice filed a brief with the U.S. Supreme Court arguing that the Trump administration acted lawfully when it rescinded the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program in September 2017.On August 21, acting Homeland Security Secretary Kevin McAleenan announced that the administration was moving forward with new rules aimed at ending the decades-old Flores settlement agreement that ensures constitutional protections for children in immigrant detention facilities. Without the protections of Flores, the government can hold immigrant children indefinitely, and in prison-like conditions, with no hope for a timely release and no mandate for appropriate care of traumatized children.On August 23, the Department of Justice filed a brief with the U.S. Supreme Court arguing that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not prohibit discrimination against gay, lesbian, and bisexual people.On August 23, the San Francisco Chronicle reported that Attorney General Barr promoted six judges to the Board of Immigration Appeals, which sets binding policy for deportation cases. All six of the judges have high rates of denying immigrants’ asylum claims, and four of them fill seats that the Trump administration created in 2018.On August 28, the Trump administration announced that some children born to U.S. military members and government employees working overseas wouldn’t automatically be considered U.S. citizens.On August 30, Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos announced final new “borrower defense” regulations that rolled back protections for student borrowers against predatory recruiting and other school misconduct put in place in 2016.On September 3, the Trump administration announced that it would divert $3.6 billion of funding for military construction projects to fund the president’s harmful and wasteful wall along the southern border.On September 11, multiple reports confirmed that the Trump administration would not grant Temporary Protected Status (TPS) to Bahamians impacted by Hurricane Dorian. The denial of protected status follows the Trump administration’s termination of the TPS designation for several other countries.On September 17, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 1423, the Forced Arbitration Injustice Repeal (FAIR) Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On September 19, the Department of Education proposed removing gender-based harassment – including harassment based on gender identity, gender expression, and nonconformity with gender stereotypes – from the Civil Rights Data Collection’s definition of harassment or bullying on the basis of sex.On September 23, acting Homeland Security Secretary Kevin McAleenan announced that the administration would soon end a federal immigration policy (commonly referred to as “catch and release”) that allows migrant families seeking asylum in the United States to remain in this country while their asylum applications are pending.On September 24, the Department of Labor released its final overtime rule, which raises the salary threshold to an amount far lower than the Obama Labor Department’s previously finalized rule.On September 27, the Justice Department’s Civil Rights Division filed a statement of interest in defense of a Roman Catholic archbishop’s decision that led to the firing of a gay, married teacher – yet another move by the Trump administration to use religion as a shield against core anti-discrimination principles that protect LGBTQ people.On October 1, the Department of Agriculture unveiled a new proposal to take away some state flexibility in setting benefit levels under the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) – the administration’s third attempt in the past year to kick people off food stamps.On October 4, Trump signed a proclamation to deny visas to legal immigrants who are unable to prove they will have health care coverage or the ability to pay for it within 30 days of their arrival to the United States.On October 7, the Department of Labor released a proposed tip rule that would eliminate the “80/20 rule,” which says that when a tipped worker is assigned non-tip-generating ‘side work’ that takes up more than 20 percent of their time, the employer can’t take the tip credit and must instead pay the worker the full minimum wage.On October 22, a Department of Justice proposal published in the Federal Register proposed to begin collecting DNA samples from immigrants crossing the border, creating an enormous database of asylum-seekers and other migrants.On October 23, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 4617, the Stopping Harmful Interference in Elections for a Lasting Democracy (SHIELD) Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On October 25, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services announced a new policy to narrow who can qualify for waivers of fees associated with applications for green cards, U.S. citizenship, work permits, and other benefits.On October 25, Attorney General William Barr issued two decisions, made through his certification power, that will limit immigrants’ options to fight deportation.On November 1, the Department of Health and Human Services issued a rule to undo requirements that its grantees ensure that federal taxpayer dollars are not used to fund discrimination.On November 1, the Department of Education issued a final regulation permitting religious colleges and universities to ignore nondiscrimination standards set by accrediting agencies.On November 18, the Social Security Administration published in the Federal Register a proposal to slash Social Security disability benefits – which could cut benefits for up to 2.6 million people with disabilities.On December 3, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 4, the Voting Rights Advancement Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On December 10, the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) revealed a proposed rule that would prohibit the use of official time by union representatives to assist in federal workplace anti-discrimination claims.On December 11, memos obtained by NPR revealed that Secretary Betsy DeVos overruled career staff in the Department of Education’s Borrower Defense Unit, who recommended to the department’s political leadership that defrauded student borrowers deserve no less than full relief from their student debts (the secretary instead provided only partial or no relief to most such borrowers).On December 12, the Trump administration approved a waiver allowing South Carolina to require most Medicaid recipients to work.On December 18, Attorney General William Barr announced the launch of Operation Relentless Pursuit, which was projected to funnel $71 million to law enforcement in seven cities – Albuquerque, Baltimore, Cleveland, Detroit, Kansas City, Memphis, and Milwaukee – under the guise of combating violent crime. Operation Relentless Pursuit replicates the most devastating aspects of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, which flooded America’s streets with cops and dramatically increased incarceration rates, especially in Black and Brown communities.On December 27, HuffPost reported that the Department of the Interior removed “sexual orientation” from a statement in the agency’s ethics guide regarding workplace discrimination.On December 30, the Department of Labor announced a proposed rule setting out new standards for when the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs could issue predetermination notices for preliminary findings of discrimination. The rule would make it more difficult to identify and remedy potential discrimination in federal contractor and subcontractor workplaces, negatively impacting the right of federal contract workers to be free from unlawful employment discrimination.2020On January 3, the Trump administration filed a brief in June Medical Services v. Gee, urging the Court to allow a Louisiana abortion access law to go into effect. The civil rights community filed briefs urging the Court to strike down the restrictive law, highlighting the law’s impact on Black women.On January 7, the Department of Housing and Urban Development issued a proposal that would gut the agency’s 2015 Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing rule. HUD’s proposal would leave people of color, women, and other protected communities already harmed by unfair and unequal housing policies at a further disadvantage.On January 13, The Washington Post reported that the Trump administration would divert $7.2 billion of funding from the Pentagon to fund the president’s harmful and wasteful wall along the southern border.On January 13 (and subsequently on February 11 for the Senate companion resolution), the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.J. Res 76, a resolution under the Congressional Review Act to overturn Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos’s borrower defense rule. The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports this resolution.On January 13, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 1230, the Protecting Older Workers Against Discrimination Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On January 16, nine federal agencies issued proposed rules eliminating the rights of people receiving help from federal programs to (i) request a referral if they have a concern or problem with a faith-based provider and (ii) receive written notice of their rights. The changes would encourage agencies to claim broader religious exemptions to deny help to certain people while receiving federal funds.On January 23, the Department of State announced a new regulation aimed at denying pregnant people visas to prevent them from traveling to the United States. The regulation represents an attack against pregnant people living in countries without access to the Visa Waiver Program and immigrant women, particularly those of color, and with low incomes.On January 30, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services released block grant guidance to allow states to cap Medicaid spending – essentially putting forward the notion that we should ration health care for the most vulnerable people in our nation.On January 31, the Trump administration announced an expansion of its Muslim ban, which will expand restrictions on additional countries including Myanmar (also known as Burma), Eritrea, Kyrgyzstan, Nigeria, Sudan, and Tanzania.On February 5, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 2474, the Protecting the Right to Organize (PRO) Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On February 10, the Trump administration released its Fiscal Year 2021 budget proposal, which included $1 trillion in cuts to Medicaid and the ACA over 10 years, cuts to SNAP by $182 billion over 10 years, cuts assistance for some people with disabilities through Social Security Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income, and reduces the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program by $21 billion over 10 years, among other drastic cuts.On February 13, the Department of Housing and Urban Development proposed to amend the Equal Participation of Faith-Based Organizations rule that removes safeguards to prevent discrimination.On February 14, the Trump administration announced the deployment of law enforcement tactical units from the southern border as part of an arrest operation in sanctuary cities across the country. This includes the deployment of members of the elite tactical unit known as BORTAC, which acts as a Border Patrol SWAT team.On February 20, the White House published a memo (dated January 29) signed by Trump that granted Secretary of Defense Mark Esper the authority to ignore the collective bargaining rights of civilian employees working for the Department of Defense.On February 25, the Department of Justice sided with the plaintiff, Students for Fair Admissions, to oppose race-based affirmative action at Harvard University in a friend-of-the-court brief filed in the First Circuit Court of Appeals.On February 26, the Department of Homeland Security expanded two pilot programs, the Humanitarian Asylum Review Process (HARP) for Mexican nationals and Prompt Asylum Claim Review (PACR), that fast-track the asylum process for migrants at the U.S. border. The American Civil Liberties Union argues that both programs deny asylum seekers due process since it is nearly impossible for the migrants to access legal help.On February 26, the Department of Justice created a Denaturalization Section in its immigration office to prioritize stripping citizenship rights from naturalized immigrants who commit certain crimes.On February 27, the Department of Justice filed a statement of interest in support of a Kentucky wedding photographer who is challenging a city ordinance banning businesses from discriminating against gay customers. The photographer, Chelsey Nelson, refused to photograph same-sex weddings due to her religious beliefs.On February 28, the Department of Justice proposed regulations increasing fees for immigrants and requiring asylum seekers to pay a $50 fee to have their cases heard in court. Fees for permanent residence permits would increase by $990, to a total of $2,750, and the cost for naturalization of new citizens would increase by $445, to $1,170.On March 6, the Department of Justice issued a rule saying that DNA data samples from migrants taken into federal custody after trying to cross the U.S. border can be stored and shared among federal agencies.On March 10, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 2486, the National Origin-Based Antidiscrimination for Nonimmigrants (NO BAN) Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On March 17, the Department of Labor’s Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs announced a decision to temporarily exempt and waive certain affirmative action requirements connected to federal contracts for coronavirus relief.On March 20, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention imposed a 30-day restriction on all nonessential travel into the United States from Mexico and Canada – an effort, led by Stephen Miller, to use public health laws to reduce immigration.On March 24, Attorney General William Barr signed a statement of interest arguing against the Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Conference’s transgender athlete policy, which allows athletes to compete as the gender with which they identify.On April 20, the Trump administration extended its March 2020 CDC rule on border restrictions until May 20, 2020.On April 22, Trump signed an executive order to temporarily ban the issuance of green cards to people seeking permanent residency in the United States – a move that was viewed as a shameless manipulation of the pandemic to justify the administration’s xenophobic policies.On April 30, the Department of Education issued guidance, flouting congressional intent under the CARES Act, that directs school districts to share millions of dollars designated for low-income students with wealthy private schools.On May 6, the Department of Education released its final rule on Title IX that raises the bar of proof for sexual misconduct, bolsters the rights of those accused, and introduces new protections that include sexual harassment. If the rule takes effect, it will silence sexual assault survivors and limit their educational opportunity.On May 12, the Department of Agriculture appealed an injunction that blocked the agency from proceeding with cuts to the SNAP program (food stamps). The new requirements, if the USDA wins its appeals, would strip 688,000 Americans of their food benefits.On May 12, the Department of Health and Human Services eliminated sexual orientation and gender identity and tribal data collection in the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS, which collects case-level information on all children in foster care and those who have been adopted with title IV-E agency involvement).On May 14, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 6800, the Health and Economic Recovery Omnibus Emergency Solutions (HEROES) Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On May 15, the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights sent a letter of impending enforcement action to the Connecticut Interscholastic Athletic Conference and six school districts declaring that Title IX requires schools to ban transgender students from competing in school sports based on their gender identity and threatening to withhold funding from Connecticut schools if they do not comply.On May 19, the Trump administration announced the indefinite extension of its CDC order that allows federal authorities at the border to immediately return migrants to their home countries.On May 26, the Department of Justice filed a statement of interest in an Alabama federal court in support of the state’s onerous absentee ballot requirements that put Black voters and voters with disabilities at risk during the COVID-19 pandemic.On May 29, Trump vetoed a bipartisan resolution to overturn a Department of Education rule and hold Secretary DeVos accountable for failing to provide relief to students defrauded by for-profit colleges.On May 29, Trump issued a presidential proclamation aimed at restricting the entry of graduate students and researchers from China.On June 1, police officers and the National Guard dispersed peaceful protesters outside the White House using teargas and flash-bang explosions so that Trump could pose for photos, while holding up a Bible, in front of St. John’s Episcopal Church.On June 3, the Department of Justice filed a brief in Fulton v. City of Philadelphia calling on the U.S. Supreme Court to allow religious-affiliated adoption agencies to refuse child placement into LGBTQ homes. The Justice Department is not a party to the case.On June 12, the Department of Health and Human Services issued its final rule rolling back the non-discrimination protections (Section 1557) of the Affordable Care Act. The rule will promote discrimination in medical care.On June 14, The Washington Post reported that the Department of Housing and Urban Development will propose a rule that would roll back Obama-era guidance requiring single-sex homeless shelters to accept transgender people.On June 15, a 161-page regulation from the Departments of Homeland Security and Justice was published in the Federal Register that would make it exceedingly difficult for migrants to claim asylum in the United States.On June 19, the Department of Justice filed a statement of interest arguing that the Equal Protection Clause permits Idaho’s Fairness in Women’s Sports Act, which bars trans girls and women from school sports teams.On June 22, Trump issued a proclamation to expand and extend his April 22 order that suspends some immigration from outside the United States. The new proclamation extends the initial green card ban in the April proclamation until December 31, 2020, and includes additional significant restrictions on several categories of temporary guest worker visas.On June 24, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 51, the Washington, D.C. Admission Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On June 24, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 7120, the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On June 24, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy supporting H.R. 3985, the Just and Unifying Solutions To Invigorate Communities Everywhere (JUSTICE) Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights opposes.On June 25, the Trump administration filed a brief with the U.S. Supreme Court arguing that the entire Affordable Care Act should be invalidated – saying “the remainder of the ACA should not be allowed to remain in effect.” The brief was filed in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic.On July 7, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau issued its final rule on payday and car-title lending – undoing consumer protections and threatening to devastate communities of color that are already facing the worst fallout of the pandemic.On July 7, the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights issued a notice in the Federal Register proposing changes to the Civil Rights Data Collection, including removal of several questions regarding school and district characteristics, discipline, school finance and data disaggregation.On July 8, the Departments of Homeland Security and Justice issued a proposed rule that would bar asylum seekers from countries with disease outbreaks. The proposal does not say whether it would only apply during a global pandemic, but instead would depend on determinations made by the Attorney General and Homeland Security secretary in consultation with the Department of Health and Human Services.On July 14, the Department of Justice filed a brief asking the U.S. Supreme Court to reinstate Medicaid work requirements in Arkansas after a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit unanimously upheld a lower court ruling that blocked the work requirements.On July 14, the federal government carried out its first execution in more than 17 years and has since carried out four additional executions during Trump’s presidency.On July 15, the Trump administration finalized a rule proposed by the White House Council on Environmental Quality to change how the federal government implements the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). NEPA is the federal law, signed by President Nixon in 1970, that safeguards air, water, and land by requiring environmental assessments of major infrastructure projects. The Trump administration’s rule limits the number of projects that require in-depth environmental review and no longer requires federal agencies to weigh a project’s vulnerability to climate change or impact on global warming.On July 16, the Commission on Unalienable Rights (the formation of which was announced in July 2019 by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo) released a draft report to the public. Experts described the report as undermining decades of human rights progress.On July 21, Trump signed a memorandum attempting to ban undocumented immigrants from counting toward congressional apportionment following the 2020 Census.On July 23, Secretary Carson terminated the Obama-era Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) rule, replacing it with a new rule called “Preserving Community and Neighborhood Choice.” AFFH aimed to combat segregation in housing policy.On July 28, acting Secretary of Homeland Security Chad Wolf issued a memorandum to drastically curtail the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program while the agency decides whether to rescind the program completely. The memo is in response to the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in June 2020 that found the administration violated the Administrative Procedure Act when it rescinded the program in September 2017.On July 30, NPR reported that the U.S. Census Bureau would be cutting census door-knocking a month short. On August 3, the bureau released a statement confirming that both field data collection and self-response would be ending a month early on September 30.On August 6, Trump appointed J. Christian Adams to serve on the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (USCCR) and was sworn in one week later. Adams, who was a member of the president’s sham voter suppression commission, was appointed to the USCCR on the 55th anniversary of the Voting Rights Act.On August 8, Trump signed a series of politically motivated executive actions amid the coronavirus pandemic. One of the memos he signed defers payroll taxes from September through December 2020. Trump also said that, if reelected, he would permanently terminate the payroll tax. In a letter to Senate Democrats on August 24, Stephen Goss, chief actuary of the Social Security Administration, said that such a move would deplete Social Security by mid-2023.On August 18, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) signaled its intent to create burdensome new rules for its conciliation process that could tip the scales in favor of employers and potentially expose workers who file workplace discrimination claims, as well as potential witnesses, to retaliation.On August 19, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) released an updated draft policy on gender and women’s empowerment that eliminated any reference to transgender people or contraceptives.On August 21, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 8015, the Delivering for America Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On August 26, Eric Dreiband, head of the Justice Department’s Civil Rights Division, sent letters to the governors of Pennsylvania, Michigan, New Jersey, and New York (all Democrats) requesting information under the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act (CRIPA) about the coronavirus response of public nursing homes in their states. The move, which occurred during the Republican National Convention, was viewed as a political move targeting Democrats to distract from the president’s failed response to the pandemic.On August 26, the Department of Education issued a “Dear Educators and Stakeholders Letter” announcing the withdrawal of eight guidance documents, including in its rationale that previous support the department expressed for diversity was advocating for “policy preferences and positions beyond the requirements of the Constitution and Title VI.”On August 31, the Department of Education issued a notice in the Federal Register that it had rescinded almost 100 guidance documents issued since the 1990s.On September 2, Trump sent a memorandum to the attorney general and the director of the Office of Management and Budget that threatened to pull federal funding from “anarchist jurisdictions” – cities “that are permitting anarchy, violence and destruction.” This was also viewed as a political move targeting cities where people are protesting police brutality and systemic racism.On September 3, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission issued an opinion letter abandoning its long-standing interpretation of Section 707 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.On September 4, the Department of Housing and Urban Development issued a final rule that severely weakens the disparate impact tool under the Fair Housing Act, which will make millions of people more vulnerable to housing discrimination.On September 4, Russell Vought, the director of the Office of Management and Budget, sent a memo to the heads of executive departments and agencies instructing them to end anti-racist trainings that address white privilege and critical race theory – caalling them “divisive, anti-American propaganda.”On September 8, the Department of Justice filed a brief in support of an Indiana Catholic school that was sued for firing a teacher in a same-sex marriage.On September 8, a whistleblower complaint from a Department of Homeland Security official alleged that top DHS officials, including Chad Wolf and Ken Cuccinelli, directed analysts to downplay threats from violent white supremacy and Russian election interference.On September 17, the AP reported that the Department of Education is threatening to withhold some federal funding from Connecticut school districts if they follow a state policy that allows transgender girls to compete as girls in high school sports.On September 22, Trump issued an executive order prohibiting federal agencies, federal contractors, and grantees from engaging in anti-discrimination workplace diversity trainings the Administration deemed “divisive.”On September 22, the Department of Labor proposed a rule that would make it easier for employers to misclassify workers and deny them minimum wage and overtime protections.On September 24, the Department of Housing and Urban Development issued its final rule to gut the disparate impact tool under the Fair Housing Act, which will make it harder to challenge systemic racism by housing providers, financial institutions, and insurance companies that deprive people of the services and opportunities they need.On September 30, the State Department told Congress that it would allow only 15,000 refugees to resettle in the United States in the 2021 fiscal year, which began the following day.On October 1, the White House issued a Statement of Administration Policy opposing H.R. 8406, the HEROES Act, which The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights supports.On October 6, Microsoft revealed that the Department of Labor’s Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) contacted the company over its commitments to increasing diversity. According to Microsoft, “the OFCCP has focused on whether Microsoft’s commitment to double the number of Black and African American people managers, senior individual contributors and senior leaders in our U.S. workforce by 2025 could constitute unlawful discrimination on the basis of race, which would violate Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.” The OFCCP contacted Wells Fargo for the same reason.On October 7, the Trump administration filed an emergency application with the U.S. Supreme Court in an attempt to halt the 2020 Census count early. The application was filed after the Ninth Circuit upheld a district court’s ruling that the administration could not stop the count at the end of September.On October 8, a Justice Department memo suspended all diversity and inclusion training for the department’s employees and managers in compliance with Trump’s recent executive order banning anti-bias trainings.On October 21, Trump signed an executive order that could expand his ability to hire and fire tens of thousands of federal employees. The order would allow federal agencies to reclassify certain workers, which would strip them of job protections. The national president of the American Federation of Government Employees referred to the order as “the most profound undermining of the civil service in our lifetimes.”On November 1, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Department of the Treasury approved Georgia’s waiver request under Section 1332 of the Affordable Care Act, which allows the state to exit the federal marketplace without creating a state-based marketplace to replace it. This will endanger coverage and access to care for tens of thousands of people.On November 2, Trump signed an executive order establishing the President’s Advisory 1776 Commission to “promote patriotic education.” The commission, teased by Trump in remarks on September 17, was viewed as a political move aimed at censoring the teaching of American history and as an attack on The New York Times’ Pulitzer-Prize winning 1619 Project, which details this nation’s history beginning when the first enslaved Africans were brought to America.On November 9, in a memo to U.S. attorneys, Attorney General William Barr authorized the opening of election fraud investigations “if there are clear and apparently-credible allegations of irregularities that, if true, could potentially impact the outcome of a federal election in an individual State.” The memo, for which there was no factual basis, was viewed as an attempt to sow chaos and led to the resignation of Richard Pilger, director of the DOJ Criminal Division’s Election Crimes branch.

A2A: Medical Schools have links to Institutional and External Research Opportunities for Medical Students. Several links below:Johns Hopkins University Research Programs and OpportunitiesMedical Student Research DaySummer Internship Program for UndergraduatesSearch for Mentors and Summer Research OpportunitiesInstructions for Mentors and Preceptors- procedure for signing up as a mentor or posting a student research opportunity.Fellowship InformationFunding InformationSummer Research Funding OpportunitiesDean's Office Summer Research FundingA Summer Research Opportunity (SRO) experience is open to all JHU SoM M.D. students in the summer following completion of the first year of medical school. Details are provided by the Office of Student Affairs after the winter holiday break.CHLA/USC Summer Oncology Fellowship ProgramThis program is intended to provide the highest quality experience for first-year medical school students pursuing interests in oncology research. Students actively participate in clinical or laboratory research studies during their fellowship, and some have authored or co-authored peer reviewed publications as well as presented their work at major national and international scientific meetings. Many have gone on to academic medical careers.For more information, please visit:CHLA/USC Summer Oncology Fellowship ProgramCancer in the Under-Privileged, Indigent or Disadvantaged (CUPID) Summer FellowshipCancer in the Under-Privileged, Indigent, or Disadvantaged (CUPID) is a laboratory-based summer fellowship program at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine that is designed for medical students who have an interest in bringing the benefits of modern cancer research to underserved populations in the US.For more information, please visit:Cancer in the Under-Privileged, Indigent, or Disadvantaged (CUPID) Summer FellowshipInfectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) Medical Scholars ProgramAn important part of IDSA’s mission is to promote the subspecialty of infectious diseases by attracting the best and brightest medical students to the field. To further this goal, the IDSA Education and Research Foundation offers scholarships to medical students in U.S. and Canadian medical schools with mentorship by an IDSA member or fellow. It is the responsibility of IDSA members and fellows to identify and solicit interested students.For more information, please visit:Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) Medical Scholars ProgramKwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH)K-RITH offers a range of internship opportunities:Short-Term InternshipsOur short-term internship programme runs from June-August each year. Students need to identify their own funding as although K-RITH covers laboratory expenses, we do not offer financial support to cover relocation costs or a daily stipend. Please only apply if financial support has been obtained. To apply please submit your CV and a covering letter with a 200 word motivation on why you should be selected for the programme. The deadline for applications is 31 January each year.To apply please submit your CV and a covering letter with a 200 word motivation on why you should be selected for the programme and which laboratory you are interested in working in to [email protected] Internship OpportunitiesHHMI Medical Research Fellows ProgramMedical, dental, and veterinary students are in a unique position to advance biomedical research and translate findings from the lab into the treatment of disease. The HHMI Medical Fellows Program gives these students a chance to focus on a research project full-time and determine how they can incorporate research into their professional careers. For more information see: Year-Long Medical Research Fellows Program at Janelia or K-RITH.Who is Eligible to apply? Students must be in good standing at a medical, dental, or veterinary school located in the United States. U.S. citizenship is not required. Students cannot be enrolled in a combined medical, dental, or veterinary/PhD program (e.g., MD/PhD) or PhD, or ScD program, or have a PhD or ScD in a laboratory-based biological science.For more information, please visit:K-RITH Internship OpportunitiesMedical Student Training in Aging ResearchAdministered by AFAR and the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the MSTAR program encourages medical students--particularly budding researchers--to consider a career in academic geriatrics by awarding short-term scholarships. Strengthening the original Hartford/AFAR Medical Student Geriatric Scholars Program, MSTAR celebrates its 21st year in 2015.For more information, please visit:Medical Student Training in Aging ResearchMedical Student Research Program in DiabetesThe Medical Student Research Program in Diabetes is sponsored by the National Institutes of Health through the NIDDK and allows medical students to conduct research under the direction of an established scientist in the areas of diabetes, hormone action, physiology, islet cell biology or obesity at an institution with one of the NIDDK-funded Research Centers during the summer between the first and second year or second and third year of medical school. The Program helps students gain an improved understanding of career opportunities in biomedical research and a comprehensive understanding of diabetes, its clinical manifestations and its unsolved problems. Prior research experience is not required.In addition to working on his/her own research project, each student attends a series of web-cast seminars addressing various clinical and research aspects of diabetes mellitus and its complications. At the conclusion of the summer, each student presents a brief summary of his/her work at a scientific symposium for all Program participants (location varies from year to year).For more information, please visit:Medical Student Research Program in DiabetesMemorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Medical Student Summer Fellowship ProgramThe Medical Student Summer Fellowship Program is an eight-week research program at Memorial Sloan Kettering offered to medical students who are interested in a career as a physician-scientist in the field of oncology and/or related biomedical sciences.Eligibility & Selection CriteriaFirst- or second-year medical students in good academic standing at LCME- or COCA-accredited US medical schools are eligible to apply for our fellowship program.For more information, please visit:Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Medical Student Summer Fellowship ProgramNational Multiple Sclerosis Society Gateway Area ChapterThe Medical Student Fellowship in MS program offers the opportunity to expose medical students to the field of multiple sclerosis. Proposed rotations may include learning about multi-disciplinary care, clinical trials, research, and advocacy/support at a MS Affiliated Center for Comprehensive Care based in a medical school or private practice setting. Students are expected to identify a mentor from an approved list to discuss interests and opportunities.For more information, please visit: National Multiple Sclerosis Society Gateway Area Chapter or Suzanne Carron, [email protected] or by phone 1-800-344-4867, select option #2Roswell Park Summer Oncology Research ProgramOur summer fellowship program offers rising second-year medical students the chance to conduct mentored, NIH-funded research in a faculty lab at UB or Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Test your interest in research or get a head start on your long-term plans.You will design and carry out independent research in infectious diseases, microbiology and/or immunology under the guidance of our world-renowned faculty. Your mentor will work with you to develop a project abstract before the fellowship begins and help you see your goals to completion.The fellowship application will ask you to list three mentors with whom you wish to work, and we will make every effort to match you with a mentor based on your interests.For more information, please visit: Roswell Park Summer Oncology Research ProgramVanderbilt Student Research Training ProgramThe Vanderbilt Student Research Training Program (SRTP) is sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and allows medical students to conduct research under the direction of an established scientist in the areas of diabetes, obesity, kidney disease, or digestive disease at Vanderbilt during the summer between the first and second year or second and third year of medical school.SRTP offers three areas of emphasis: Diabetes and Obesity, Kidney Disease, and Digestive Disease.For more information, please visit: Vanderbilt Student Research Training ProgramOffice of Medical Student ResearchUniversity of North CarolinaResources for StudentsResources for MentorsHome › Resources for Students › Research Opportunities › Short-Term Research OpportunitiesRESOURCES FOR STUDENTSResearch ProgramsResearch OpportunitiesOne-Year Research Training OpportunitiesShort-Term Research OpportunitiesSupplemental Funding Grants and Award OpportunitiesResource LibraryShort-Term Research OpportunitiesThis page is a resource for discovering research training opportunities available outside of the Carolina Medical Student Research Program. Some programs offer students grants to conduct their research at the institution of their choice, including here at UNC. Other programs offer stipends for students to come specifically to their training facilities to conduct research. The listings below give a brief program description in alphabetical order by Agency. When you find a program that interests you, please go to that program's website to learn more about their application deadlines and procedures.The Office of Medical Student Research is always looking for opportunities that suit each student's interests and availability. Please email the Office of Medical Student Researchwith any additional research training opportunities that should be listed on this page.Agency: M. D. Anderson Cancer CenterTitle: M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Summer Research ExperienceProgram Description: The M.D. Anderson Cancer Center at University of Texas is accepting summer research applications beginning November 30, 2015 through midnight on January 18, 2016. Please visit this website for more information: www.mdanderson.org/summerOur 10-week research program is specifically designed for medical students who are interested in hands-on basic biomedical, translational, or clinical research and have completed their first year of medical school. Students are paired with one of our distinguished research or clinical faculty and are assigned individual projects that reflect the ongoing research efforts of the institution’s clinical and laboratories. In addition to hands-on investigative research, the program also includes interview workshops and lectures fom experts in the field of oncology. Students create valuable connections and indelible tools that can be used to assess their individual career goals relating to research and patient care in oncology. Participants receive a stipend of $5,000 for the complete 10-week period. The stipend is not a salary but is provided to subsidize all research-related expenses, housing, meals and travel.Our program is looking for students that demonstrate a commitment to scientific exploration and share the spirit of academic excellence. Students must be in good academic standing and exhibit an interest and aptitude for scientific investigation.Agency: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterTitle: MSKCC Medical Student Summer Fellowship ProgramProgram Description: The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Medical Student Summer Fellowship Program is accepting applications beginning the week of December 14, 2014. For more information please visit the program website: www.mskcc.org/summerfellowships.This eight-week research program is offered to medical students who have a career interest as a physician-scientist in the field of oncology and/or related biomedical sciences. Supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), MSKCC Office of Diversity Programs in Clinical Care, Research, and Training, and MSKCC Brain Tumor Center , the summer fellowship program offers students who have completed their first or second year of medical school the opportunity to conduct basic laboratory or clinical research mentored by MSKCC faculty. Students in the program will:Gain clinical or laboratory research experience mentored by MSKCC facultyInteract with MSKCC physicians, PhD investigators, post-doctoral fellows and graduate studentsAttend a weekly education lecture series presented by world-renowned MSKCC facultyAttend additional institutional lectures, departmental conferences and lab meetingsPresent their summer research to fellowship peers and MSKCC faculty during the final week of the programReceive a $5500 stipendThe 2015 Summer Fellowship Program online application and project list will be available on December 17, 2014, at 12:00 noon EST. All applications and supplemental materials must be received by January 14, 2015, at 12:00 noon EST. All applicants will be notified of a decision via e-mail between February 27 and March 15, 2015.Agency: The Hispanic-Serving Health Professions Schools (HSHPS)Title: Hispanic-Serving Health Professions SchoolsProgram Description: The Hispanic-Serving Health Professions Schools (HSHPS) is now recruiting for all of our summer 2009 government-based internships and fellowships. Applications are now being accepted for the following programs: HSHPS/CDC Student Internship and Fellowship Program, HSHPS/NIOSH Student Internship and Fellowship Program, and the HSHPS/NCHS Student Internship Program. The application deadline for the government-based programs is February 20, 2015 (received by). Application deadlines for our Border Health and Disease Specific programs will be announced soon. To access the application, which also includes applicant requirements, visit www.hshps.org. For more information, please contact Arlenin Dushkuat at 202-293-2701 (ext 103) or email [email protected]: Alpha Omega AlphaTitle: Carolyn L. Kuckein Student Research FellowshipsProgram Description: Summer Fellowships support one student from each school that has an active Alpha Omega Alpha chapter. The student is supported for clinical investigation, basic laboratory research, epidemiology, or social science/ health services research.Project Location: UNCDuration/ Stipend: summer / $4,000Website: http://www.alphaomegaalpha.orgAgency: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & ImmunologyTitle: Summer Fellowship Medical Student GrantProgram Description: Summer fellowship grants provide stipends to medical students who wish to pursue research projects over the summer. Eligibility is limited to full-time medical students residing in the U.S. or Canada who have successfully completed one year of medical school.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: summer / $2,000Website: http://www.aaaai.orgAgency: American Academy of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryTitle: Jeanne Spurlock Minority Medical Student Clinical Fellowship in Child & Adolescent PsychiatryProgram Description: The clinical training experience must provide for significant contact between the student and the mentor. The plan should include program-planning discussions, instruction in treatment planning and implementation, regular meetings with the mentor and other treatment providers, and assigned readings. Clinical assignments may include responsibility for part of the observation or evaluation, conducting interviews or tests, use of rating scales, and psychological or cognitive testing of patients. The training plan also should include discussion of ethical issues in treatment.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: 12 weeks/ $3,000Website: http://www.aacap.org/cs/awardsAgency: American College of NeuropsychopharmacologyTitle: Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc. Minority Summer Fellow ProgramProgram Description: This grant is made to promote and enhance the interest of minority graduate students and residents in careers in psychoparmacology and the neurosciences.Project Location: This project will be completed in the laboratory of the Immediate Past President of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, or another research lab as designated by the Immediate Past President.Duration/Stipend: 6-8 weeks in the summer/ up to $15,000 for lab supplies, room and board, and travelWebsite: http://www.acnp.orAgency: American College of RheumatologyTitle: Abbott Medical Student Clinical PreceptorshipProgram Description: This program is designed to introduce students who are between first and second year of medical school to the specialty of Rheumatology by supporting a full-time clinical experience.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: 4 or 8 weeks/ $1,500 per 4 week block plus $1,000 in travel funds to attend the ACR Annual Scientific MeetingWebsite: http://www.rheumatology.orgAgency: The American Federation for Aging ResearchThe MSTAR Program provides medical students, early in their training, with an enriching experience in aging-related research and geriatrics, under the mentorship of top experts in the field. Students participate in an eight- to twelve-week structured research, clinical, and didactic program in geriatrics, appropriate to their level of training and interests. Students may train at a National Training Center supported by the National Institute on Aging or, for a limited number of medical schools, at their own institution.For more information and to view the application, please visit the AFAR website at http://www.afar.org/medstu.html.American Federation for Aging Research (AFAR)55 West 39th Street, 16th FloorNew York, NY 10018tel: (212) 703-9977fax: (212) 997-0330e-mail: [email protected]: American Foundation for Urologic DiseaseTitle: Summer Medical Student FellowshipProgram Description: This is an introductory research fellowship to attract medical students to work in urologic research laboratories during the summer. An accredited medical research institution/department must sponsor the candidate by guaranteeing adequate support, including responsibility for the adequacy of the environment for research and development.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: summerWebsite: http://www.healthline.com/channel/urinary-incontinence.htmlAgency: American Gastroenterological Association / Foundation for Digestive Health & NutritionTitle: AGA Student Research Fellowship AwardProgram Description: This program offers support for students to spend time performing research in the areas of digestive diseases or nutrition. Up to 20 students are funded each year and 7 of these slots are saved for underrepresented minorities.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: minimum of 10 weeks/ $2,000 - $3,000Website: http://www.fdhn.orgAgency: American Heart AssociationTitle: Student Scholarships in Cerebrovascular DiseaseProgram Description: This program is offered to stimulate interest, knowledge and investigative work related to cardiovascular disease, stroke and basic sciences early during pre-doctoral training.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: minimum 2 months/ $2,000 plus $750 in travel fees to attend the International Stroke ConferenceWebsite: http://www.americanheart.orgAgency: American Parkinson Disease AssociationTitle: Medical Student Summer FellowshipProgram Description: Summer Fellowships of $4000 will be awarded to medical students to perform active supervised laboratory clinical research on Parkinsons Disease, its nature, manifestation, etiology and treatment.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: summer/ $4,000Website: http://www.apdaparkinson.orgAgency: American Pediatric Society, Society for Pediatric ResearchTitle: Student Research ProgramProgram Description: This program is offered to encourage gifted medical students to consider careers in research related to pediatrics. This program is specifically designed for students seeking a research opportunity at an institution other than at their own medical school.Project Location: Any institution other than your own medical school that is listed in their directory of participating programs. They have nearly 300 laboratories and research experiences available for students to choose from.Duration/Stipend: 8-10 weeks/ up to $4,270Website: http://www.aps-spr.orgAgency: Betty Ford CenterTitle: Summer Institute for Medical StudentsProgram Description: This unique program is open to all medical students. Student recipients may be selected to participate in either the inpatient or family treatment program for 5 days at the Betty Ford Center.Project Location: Rancho Mirage, CaliforniaDuration/Stipend: 5 days (year-round) / no stipendWebsite: http://www.bettyfordcenter.org and choose "training"Agency: Carolinas Heathcare System - Charlotte, NCTitle: Summer Research Scholar ProgramProgram Description: Medical students who are awarded this internship will work closely with mentors and their team performing original research in a clinical or laboratory setting.Project Location: Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NCDuration/Stipend: 10 weeks, full time/$5000Center Website: http://www.carolinashealthcare.org/summer-research-scholarsContact: Celest C. Colcord 704-446-5556Agency: Center for Disease ControlTitle: O.C. Hubert Student Fellowship in International HealthProgram Description: This program provides an opportunity for third and fourth year medical students to gain public health experience in an international setting. Fellows spend four to six weeks in a developing country working on a priority health problem in conjunction with CDC staff.Project Location: Students can choose from ongoing projects in Kenya, Republic of Congo, Thailand and PeruDuration/Stipend: 4-6 weeks / $3,000Website: http://www.cdcfoundation.orgAgency: Children's Hospital LATitle: USC Summer Oncology Fellowship ProgramProgram Description: Work at the Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases at the Children's Hospital in Los Angeles. Participating students will be expected to attend a lecture series on aspects of pediatric oncology at CHLA designed specifically for them.Project Location: Los Angeles, CaliforniaDuration/Stipend: 6-10 weeks/ $225 per weekWebsite: http://www.chla-sof.nant.org/Agency: Cystic Fibrosis FoundationTitle: Student TraineeshipProgram Description: Student traineeships are offered to introduce students to research related to Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Applicants must be students in or about to enter a doctoral program. Each applicant must work with a faculty sponsor on a research project related to CF.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: 10 weeks/ $1,500Website: http://www.cff.orgAgency: Endocrine SocietyTitle: Summer Research FellowshipsProgram Description: Medical students are given a stipend to participate in research projects under the guidance of an Endocrine Society mentor.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: 10-12 weeks/ $4,000Website: http://www.endo-society.orgAgency: Epilepsy FoundationTitle: Health Sciences Student FellowshipProgram Description: Three-month projects are funded in order to encourage career interests in epilepsy research.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: 3 months/ $3,000Website: http://www.epilepsyfoundation.orgAgency: Grass FoundationTitle: Grass Fellowships in NeuroscienceProgram Description: This program provides a first opportunity for neuroscientists during late stages of predoctoral training or during postdoctoral years to conduct independent research for scientific discovery on their own at the Marine Biological Laboratory each summer.Project Location: Woods Hole, MassachusettsDuration/Stipend: 14 weeksWebsite: http://www.grassfoundation.orgAgency: Himalayan Health ExchangeTitle: Student ProgramProgram Description: This program's mission is to provide medical and dental care to the underserved people living in remote regions of the Indian and Nepal Himalayas and to uplift two orphanages located in the North Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.Project Location: Indian and Nepal HimalayasDuration/Stipend: 2-3 weeks/ contact program directly for more informationProgram Contact: [email protected]: http://www.himalayanhealth.comAgency: Institute for Research, Education and Training in AddictionsTitle: Scaife Foundation Advanced Medical Student ClerkshipProgram Description: This program offers students hands-on training in Addiction Services.Project Location: Pittsburgh, PA at the Institute for Research Education and Training in AddictionsDuration/Stipend: 3 weeks, summer/ $650 plus meals and boardingWebsite: http://www.ireta.orgAgency: International Alliance in Service and Education ProgramsTitle: International Experiential Learning ProgramProgram Description: This program's focus is on health and education in the area of primary care, public health community-based research projects, mental and chronic disease management, nutrition, tropical and infectious diseases, and topics and services that are relevant and identified by the local community.Project Location: South Africa & MexicoDuration/Stipend: 4-8 weeks/ contact program directly for more information.Website: http://www.iaseco.orgAgency: Lupus Foundation of AmericaTitle: Gina Finzi Memorial Student Summer FellowshipProgram Description: To foster an interest in systemic lupus erythematosus in the areas of basic, clinical or psychosocial research under the supervision of an established investigator.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: summer/ $2,000Website: http://www.lupus.orgAgency: National Institute of HealthTitle: Summer Research Fellowship ProgramProgram Description: This program is designed to provide training in research procedures and principles of independent investigation.Program Location: Bethesda, MDDuration/Stipend: 8-12 weeks/ $2,200Website: http://www.training.nih.gov/student/srfp/index.aspAgency: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeTitle: Summer Program in the Neurological SciencesProgram Description: Unique opportunity to get hands-on experience working with leading scientists in the Institute's Division of Intramural Research.Program Location: Bethesda, MDDuration/Stipend: 10-12 weeks/ $2,000 per monthWebsite: http://www.ninds.nih.govAgency: National Institute of Mental HealthTitle: Summer Training on Aging Research Topics - Mental HealthProgram Description: This program gives selected students an opportunity to gain research experience and work closely with established mentors/investigators in the field of aging and mental health research.Program Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: 10 weeks/ $6,250Website: http://startmh.ucsd.eduAgency: New England Institute of Jewish StudiesTitle: Jewish Medical Ethics & Israel Experience ProgramProgram Description: This program is offered to Jewish medical students and consists of a 4 week course on Jewish medical ethics combined with seminars on Jewish thought and tours of Israel.Project Location: Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, IsraelDuration/Stipend: 4 weeks/ $2,400Website: http://www.neijs.orgAgency: New York Academy of MedicineTitle: David E. Rogers Fellowship ProgramProgram Description: National fellowship for medical and dental students in support of a project initiated during the summer between first and second years of school. Projects should serve the needs of underserved or disadvantaged patients or populations.Project Location: Special consideration is given to projects conducted in New York CityDuration/Stipend: 8 weeks/ $3,462Website: http://www.nyam.orgAgency: Oak Ridge Insitute for Science & EducationTitle: Student Research Participation at the National Center for Toxicology ResearchProgram Description: This program is for opportunities to participate in research on biological effects of potentially toxic chemicals and solutions to toxicology problems that have a major impact on human health and the environment.Project Location: Jefferson, ArkansasDuration/Stipend: 2-12 months/ $500 per week plus $75 per week housing allowanceWebsite: http://www.orau.orgAgency: Oregon Health & Science UniversityTitle: Summer Research at the Oregon Hearing CenterProgram Description: The Department of Otolaryngology/ Head & Neck Surgery, and the Oregon Hearing Center, is offering summer research fellowships to medical students. Students will work with a faculty member on a ENT-related project already in progress.Project Location: Portland, OregonDuration/Stipend: 2-3 months/ $1,371 per monthWebsite: http://www.ohsu.eduAgency: Parkinson's Disease FoundationTitle: Fellowship Training ProgramProgram Description: This fellowship supports medical students to study Parkinson's Disease and related disorders under the supervision of an established investigator.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: 10 weeksWebsite: http://www.pdf.orgAgency: Roswell Park Cancer InstituteTitle: Summer Oncology Research ProgramProgram Description: This program is designed for medical and dental students to engage in clinical and/or basic science research in oncology.Project Location: Buffalo, New YorkDuration/Stipend: 8 weeks/ $2,240Website: http://www.roswellpark.orgAgency: Sjogren's Syndrome FoundationTitle: Summer Student Fellowship ProgramProgram Description: This award is intended for dental and medical students interested in conducting Sjogren's related research under the guidance of a mentor.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: summer/$2,000Website: http://www.sjogrens.comAgency: Society for Academic Emergency MedicineTitle: Medical Student Research GrantProgram Description: This grant is co-sponsored by the Emergency Medical Foundation. The purpose is to encourage research in emergency medicine. The funded medical student must have a qualified research mentor and a specific research project proposal.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: 3 months/ $2,400Website: http://www.saem.orgAgency: Society for Gynecologic InvestigationTitle: Medical Student Stipends for Research in GynecologyProgram Description: The Society for Gynecologic Investigation is committed to expanding interest in research in reproductive biology. To this end, five (5) awards of $2,000 each will be made for research related to reproductive biology to be carried out by medical students.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: summer/ $2,000Website: http://www.sgionline.orgAgency: Special OlympicsTitle: Health Professions Student Grant ProgramProgram Description: The purpose is to promote short-term projects with a focus on the Special Olympics Healthy Athletes programs and Special Olympics athletes, as well as the health and well-being of all persons with intellectual disabilities. Projects may include: data collection and analysis on issues impacting persons with intellectual disabilities; measurement of attitudes, opinions and behaviors of health professionals, coaches, family/caregivers and athletes; follow-up assessments of existing programs; or health promotion projects. Projects that involve collaborations with Special Olympics Programs or other CDC grant recipients (e.g., state and local health departments) are encouraged.Project Location: UNC or outside accredited institutionDuration/Stipend: 8 weeks - 12 months/ $3,500Website: http://www.specialolympics.orgAgency: St. Jude Children's Research HospitalTitle: Pediatric Oncology Education ProgramProgram Description: The Pediatric Oncology Education Program offers a unique opportunity for students preparing for careers in the biomedical sciences, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, allied health, and veterinary medicine to gain biomedical and oncology research experience. The program provides short-term training experiences in either laboratory research or clinical research. Trainees will attend a core lecture series as well as weekly conferences.Project Location: Memphis, TennesseeDuration/Stipend: 9-12 weeks/ $8.00/hrWebsite: http://www.stjude.orgAgency: Strong Children's Research CenterTitle: Summer Training ProgramProgram Description: The Strong Children's Research Center supports basic and clinical research directed to the cause, prevention, and treatment of the diseases of infants, children, and adolescents, as well as studies of developmental biology, child and adolescent development, the delivery of health services, and interventions designed to improve the outcomes of clinical pediatric practice. Student trainees will participate in research and clinical seminars, and will associate with each other as well as trainees enrolled in similar programs in the Medical Center.Project Location: Rochester, New YorkDuration/Stipend: 10 weeks/ $3,000Website: http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/scrc/sumprogs.htmAgency: University of ArizonaTitle: Summer Course on International HealthProgram Description: University of Arizona School of Medicine offers a multidisciplinary, case-based, problem-solving course that prepares medical students and primary care residents for health care experiences in developing countries.Project Location: Tuscon, ArizonaDuration/Stipend: 2 weeks in JulyWebsite: http://www.globalhealth.arizona.eduAgency: University of Nebraska Medical CenterTitle: Belize Wilderness & Tropical Medicine RotationProgram Description: These unique rotation experiences combines didactic teaching and guided independent study with actual field training in wilderness and tropical medicine; wilderness, cave, and river rescue; and related disciplines.Project Location: Belize, Central AmericaDuration/Stipend: contact program director for more informationProgram Contact: Dr. Keith Brown, [email protected]: http://www.unmc.edu/isp/studyabroad/belizeintroandoverview.htmAgency: University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterTitle: Summer Research Program for Medical StudentsProgram Description: The purpose of this program is to provide participants with first hand biomedical research experience in the basic and clinical sciences. This program is a 9-week course running from the end of May through the beginning of July.Project Location: Houston, TexasDuration/Stipend: 9 weeks/ $2,500Website: http://www.mdanderson.orgAgency: University of Utah: School of Alcoholism & Other Drug DependenciesTitle: Medical Student Scholarship for TrainingProgram Description: Scholarship assistance is available to attend the 54th Annual Session of theUniversity of Utah School on Alcoholism and Other Drug Dependencies, Physicians Section.Project Location: Salt Lake City, UtahDuration/Stipend: Full tuition, up to six nights dormitory housing, and up to $350 travel allowance.Website: http://www.uuhsc.med.utah/uas/Agency: Vanderbilt Diabetes CenterTitle: Medical Student Summer Research Training Program in Diabetes, Endocrinology, and MetabolismProgram Description: This program is funded by the National Institute for Diabetes, Digestive & Kidney Diseases. It allows for medical students to conduct independent research under the direction of an established scientist during the summer.Project Location: Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TennesseeDuration/Stipend: 12 weeks/ $4,700Website: http://www.mc.vanderbilt.eduContact UsOffice of Medical Student Research130 Mason Farm Rd CB# 7080 Chapel Hill NC 27599 Phone 919-966-3997 Fax 919-843-2508 [email protected]

Maybe this will help, mind you it’s lengthy: This info is from the site: Ammunition Regulation: State by State | Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun ViolenceAmmunition Regulation: State by StateAmmunition Regulation in AlabamaLast updatedNovember 8, 2019.Alabama law prohibits the possession or sale of brass or steel teflon-coated handgun ammunition or ammunition of like kind designed to penetrate bullet-proof vests. However, this prohibition does not apply to the possession or sale of teflon-coated lead or brass ammunition designed to expand upon contact.1Alabama does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers; orProhibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in AlaskaLast updatedNovember 1, 2019.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.In Alaska, a state parole board may require as a condition of special medical, discretionary, or mandatory parole that a prisoner released on parole not possess or control firearm ammunition.1Alaska does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Prohibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply;Prohibit armor-piercing ammunition, although the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.Ammunition Regulation in ArizonaLast updatedOctober 16, 2018.Arizona law generally prohibits anyone from giving or selling ammunition to a person under age 18 without written consent of the minor’s parent or legal guardian.1Arizona does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Prohibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply; orProhibit armor-piercing and other unreasonably dangerous ammunition, although federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.See our Ammunition Regulation Policy Summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in ArkansasLast updatedOctober 9, 2019.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Arkansas law does not, among other things:Prohibit individuals ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition;Require a license for the possession of ammunition; orRequire a license to sell ammunition.Ammunition Regulation in CaliforniaLast updatedOctober 10, 2018.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.California regulates the following aspects of ammunition, as described below:Sales and transfers of ammunition;Persons prohibited from possessing ammunition;Minimum age to possess ammunition;Ammunition at gun shows; andCertain kinds of unreasonably dangerous ammunition.California also prohibits carrying ammunition onto school grounds, subject to certain limited exceptions.1(1) Sales and Transfers of AmmunitionIn 2016, California voters passed Proposition 63, which will comprehensively regulate ammunition sales in the state once its various reforms become effective between 2017 and 2019.Previously, California had adopted a groundbreaking 2009 law (AB 962) that sought to comprehensively regulate the sale of handgun ammunition by, among other things,regulating mail-order shipments of handgun ammunition and by requiring retail sellers of handgun ammunition to obtain a business license from DOJ and to keep records of their handgun ammunition sales. However, implementation of AB 962 was delayed due to litigation surrounding the definition of “handgun ammunition.”2Proposition 63 will supersede AB 962 and will apply to all ammunition sales. More specifically:Beginning January 1, 2018, individuals who sell more than 500 rounds of ammunition in any month will be required to obtain an annual state-issued business license3 and will be required to conduct ammunition sales at specified business locations or gun shows.4 The California Department of Justice (“DOJ”) will start accepting applications for ammunition vendor business licenses on July 1, 2017.5DOJ will issue ammunition vendor licenses to individuals who provide specified documentation, including a certificate of eligibility verifying that they passed a background check.6 Individuals who are already licensed as firearms dealers by DOJ would automatically be deemed licensed ammunition vendors, provided that they comply with other legal obligations placed on ammunition sellers.7Once licensed, ammunition vendors will be required to report the loss or theft of any ammunition from their inventory to law enforcement,8 and to obtain a certificate of eligibility from employees who handle or sell ammunition, verifying that they passed a background check.9Beginning January 1, 2018, ammunition sales will generally have to be conducted by or processed through licensed vendors.10 Sales of ammunition by unlicensed sellers would have to be processed through a licensed ammunition vendor, in a manner similar to private party firearms transactions,11 and ammunition obtained over the Internet or from out of state would have to be initially shipped to a licensed ammunition vendor for physical delivery to the purchaser pursuant to a background check.12Beginning July 1, 2019, licensed ammunition vendors will be required to record, maintain, and report to DOJ records of ammunition sales, in a manner similar to dealer’s records of sales (DROS) for firearms purchases.13 Proposition 63 will require that these records be kept confidential except for use by law enforcement for law enforcement purposes.14 DOJ will be required to maintain a database of ammunition sale records, similar to the DROS database for firearms.15Beginning July 1, 2019, a licensed ammunition vendor will generally be prohibited from selling or transferring ammunition until first conducting a background check to verify that the person receiving the ammunition is legally eligible.16 If the vendor is a licensed firearms dealer, he or she can also sell ammunition in the same transaction as a firearm with only the firearm background check required.17Proposition 63 will still authorize people to sell or share ammunition with their spouses, domestic partners, parents, grandparents, children, and grandchildren without going through a licensed vendor.18 It will also authorize people to freely share (but not sell) ammunition in person with friends and shooting partners, unless they have reason to believe that the ammunition would be illegally provided to a criminal or illegal user.19Proposition 63 will also allow people to buy ammunition at a shooting range without undergoing a background check and without a sale record as long as they keep that ammunition inside the facility; if they want to bring ammunition to or from the facility, they could bring their own ammunition from home or undergo a background check at the shooting range.20California currently prohibits people from supplying ammunition to any person they know or reasonably should know is prohibited from possessing ammunition.21Prop 63 will also make it illegal for a person to supply ammunition to a straw purchaser with knowledge or cause to believe that the straw purchaser would subsequently provide that ammunition to a prohibited person.22See Persons Prohibited from Possessing Ammunition below.(2) Persons Prohibited from Possessing AmmunitionCalifornia prohibits any person from owning, possessing, or having under his or her custody or control any ammunition or reloaded ammunition if the person falls into any of the categories of persons who are ineligible to purchase or possess firearms under state law.23In addition, a person subject to an injunction as a member of a criminal street gang may not own, possess or have any ammunition under his or her custody or control.24(3) Minimum Age to Possess AmmunitionCalifornia prohibits the possession of live ammunition by persons under age 18, with certain enumerated exceptions.25Sellers of ammunition are prohibited from selling any ammunition to a person under 18 years of age and may not sell handgun ammunition to a person under 21 years of age.26However, a seller, agent or employee of a seller may avoid prosecution for a violation of this law by demonstrating that the minor presented identification indicating that he or she was actually old enough to make the purchase, and that the seller, agent or employee acted in reasonable reliance on this identification.27(4) Ammunition at Gun ShowsCalifornia prohibits ammunition from being displayed at gun shows except in closed containers, unless the seller is showing the ammunition to a prospective buyer.28In addition, no person at a gun show in California, other than security personnel or sworn peace officers, can possess at the same time both a firearm and ammunition that is designed to be fired in the firearm. Vendors selling such items at the show are exempt.29(5) Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionCalifornia bans the manufacture, importation, sale, offer for sale, or knowing possession or transportation of handgun ammunition designed primarily to penetrate metal or armor.30This ban applies to any ammunition (except a shotgun shell or ammunition primarily designed for use in rifles) that is designed primarily to penetrate a body vest or body shield, either by virtue of its shape, cross-sectional density, or coating, or because it has a projectile or projectile core constructed entirely of tungsten alloys, steel, iron, brass, beryllium copper, or depleted uranium, or any equivalent material of similar density or hardness. KTW ammunition, among others, is subject to this ban.31California also prohibits the possession, sale, offer for sale, or knowing transportation of a “destructive device,” defined to include “[a]ny projectile containing any explosive or incendiary material” or any other chemical substance including, but not limited to, that commonly known as tracer or incendiary ammunition (except tracer ammunition manufactured for use in shotguns), and any “explosive missile.”32The state provides for the limited issuance of permits to possess or transport any destructive device, issued at the discretion of the California Department of Justice.33California prohibits the manufacture, importation, keeping or offering for sale, transfer or possession of any “flechette dart” (dart capable of being fired from a firearm, that measures approximately one inch in length, with tail fins that take up approximately five-sixteenths of an inch of the body) or bullet that contains an explosive agent.34In addition, California generally prohibits any person, firm or corporation from selling, offering for sale, possessing or knowingly transporting any fixed ammunition greater than .60 caliber. ((Cal. Penal Code § 18735.)Ammunition Regulation in ColoradoLast updatedNovember 8, 2019.The provisions of Colorado law that prohibit domestic abusers from possessing firearms apply to ammunition, as well. For further details, see Domestic Violence and Firearms in Colorado.Colorado does not regulate ammunition in any other way.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in ConnecticutLast updatedOctober 16, 2018.Effective October 1, 2013, Connecticut prohibits the sale of ammunition or an ammunition magazine to any buyer unless the prospective ammunition purchaser:Has a handgun carry permit, gun sales permit, or long gun or handgun eligibility certificate, and presents such a credential to the seller; orHas an ammunition certificate and presents to the seller such certificate along with a driver’s license, passport, or other valid government-issued identification that contains the person’s photograph and date of birth.1These provisions do not apply to the transfer of ammunition between federal firearms licensees, among other specific persons or entities.2Ammunition Purchaser Permitting – Ammunition CertificateUnder Connecticut law, any person who is age 18 or older may request the Commissioner of Emergency Services and Public Protection (Commissioner) to: 1) conduct a criminal history records check of such person, using the person’s name and date of birth only; and 2) if approved, issue an ammunition certificate to such person.3The ammunition certificate must be in the form prescribed by the Commissioner, and must contain an identification number and the name, address, and date of birth of the certificate holder and be signed by the holder.4The name and address of a person issued an ammunition certificate must be confidential and must not be disclosed except:To law enforcement officials acting in the performance of their duties;By the Commissioner to the extent necessary to comply with a request made for a firearms or ammunition certificate for verification that such certificate is still valid and has not been suspended or revoked; andTo the Commissioner of Mental Health and Addiction Services to carry out the provisions of Connecticut General Statutes § 17a-500, requiring the Commissioner of Mental Health and Addiction Services to maintain information on commitment orders by a probate court and on voluntary commitments, and requires probate courts to maintain information regarding cases relating to persons with psychiatric disabilities.5The fee for each ammunition certificate is $35 and there is an additional fee for the criminal history records check.6An originally issued ammunition certificate expires five years after the date it becomes effective and each renewal certificate will expire five years from the date it is issued.7An ammunition certificate must be revoked by the Commissioner if any event occurs which would have disqualified the holder from being issued the certificate.8Prohibited AmmunitionConnecticut prohibits any person from knowingly distributing, transporting, importing into the state, keeping, offering, or exposing for sale, or giving any person any “armor-piercing bullet” or “incendiary .50 caliber bullet.” An “armor-piercing bullet” includes any .50 caliber bullet that is designed for the purpose of, held out by the manufacturer or distributor as, or generally recognized as having a specialized capability to penetrate armor or bulletproof glass, including, but not limited to, bullets designated as “M2 Armor-Piercing” or “AP,” “M8 Armor-Piercing Incendiary” or “API,” “M20 Armor-Piercing Incendiary Tracer” or “APIT,” “M903 Caliber .50 Saboted Light Armor Penetrator” or “SLAP,” or “M962 Saboted Light Armor Penetrator Tracer” or “SLAPT.”9Effective October 1, 2013, this definition will include any bullet that can be fired from a pistol or revolver that: 1) has projectiles or projectile cores constructed entirely, excluding the presence of trances of other substances, from tungsten alloys, steel, iron, brass, bronze, beryllium copper or depleted uranium; or 2) is fully jacketed with a jacket weight of more than 25% of the total weight of the projectile, is larger than .22 caliber and designed and intended for use in a firearm; and 3) does not have projectiles whose cores are composed of soft materials such as lead or lead alloys, zinc or zinc alloys, frangible projectiles designed primarily for sporting purposes, or any other projectiles or projectile cores that the U.S. Attorney General finds to be primarily intended to be used for sporting purposes or industrial purposes or that otherwise do not constitute “armor piercing ammunition” as defined in federal law.10An “incendiary .50 caliber bullet” is defined as any .50 caliber bullet that is designed for the purpose of, held out by the manufacturer or distributor as, or generally recognized as having a specialized capability to ignite upon impact, including, but not limited to, such bullets commonly designated as “M1 Incendiary,” “M23 Incendiary,” “M8 Armor-Piercing Incendiary” or “API,” or “M20 Armor-Piercing Incendiary Tracer” or “APIT.”11Connecticut also prohibits any person from knowingly transporting or carrying a firearm loaded with an armor piercing bullet or incendiary .50 caliber bullet.12The prohibited ammunition provisions exempt:The Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection, police departments, the Department of Correction, or the state or U.S. military forces for use in the discharge of their official duties;An executor or administrator of an estate that includes such ammunition that is disposed of as authorized by the Probate Court; andThe transfer by bequest or intestate succession of such ammunition.13The federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition also applies.Transfer of Ammunition for Prohibited PersonsNot later than two business days after the occurrence of any event that makes a person ineligible to possess a firearm or ammunition, that person must transfer any ammunition in his or her possession to a federally licensed firearms dealer or another person eligible to possess the ammunition, or surrender the ammunition to the Commissioner of Emergency Services and Public Protection.14The prohibited possessor may, at any time up to one year after such delivery or surrender, have any ammunition transferred to any person eligible to possess such ammunition. Notification must be given in writing by such person and the transferee to the Commissioner, who must deliver the ammunition to the transferee. If, at the end of a year, the ammunition has not been transferred at the request of the prohibited person, the Commissioner must have the ammunition destroyed.15Domestic Violence Prohibitions and AmmunitionConnecticut requires the application form for civil restraining orders to include a space for an alleged victim of domestic violence to indicate whether the alleged domestic violence offender possesses ammunition.16As of October 1, 2013, domestic violence units in the Connecticut judicial system that respond to cases involving family violence are required to inform the court if a domestic violence victim indicates that a defendant possesses ammunition.17Police are allowed to seize ammunition under the same circumstances as they can seize guns when investigating domestic violence crimes.18Namely, whenever a peace officer determines that a family violence crime has been committed, the officer may seize any ammunition at the location where the crime is alleged to have been committed that is in the possession of any person arrested for the commission of such crime or suspected of its commission or that is in plain view. The ammunition must be returned in its original condition to the rightful owner unless that person is ineligible to possess the ammunition, or unless otherwise ordered by the court.19Disposal of Contraband AmmunitionFirearms and ammunition determined by a court to be contraband or a nuisance pursuant to state law must be turned over to the Bureau of Identification of the Connecticut Division of State Police for destruction or appropriate use or disposal by sale at public auction.20The proceeds of any such sale must be paid to the State Treasurer and deposited by the State Treasurer in the forfeit firearms account within the general fund.21Seizure of AmmunitionIf any state’s attorney or assistant state’s attorney, or any two police officers have probable cause to believe that a person: 1) Poses a risk of imminent personal injury to themselves or to others; 2) Possesses one or more firearms, and 3) Such firearms are within or upon any place, thing or person, then a judge may issue a warrant commanding law enforcement to enter into or upon the named place or thing, search the place or thing or the person, and take into custody any firearms and ammunition.22This action can only be taken if the officers have made an independent investigation and believe there is no reasonable alternative available to prevent the person from causing imminent personal injury to himself, herself or others with a firearm.23See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in DelawareLast updatedNovember 25, 2019.Persons Prohibited from Purchasing/Possessing AmmunitionDelaware prohibits the purchase, ownership, possession or control of ammunition by the same categories of persons who are ineligible to purchase or possess firearms under state law.1See the Delaware Prohibited Purchasers Generally section for these prohibited categories.Minimum Age to Purchase/Possess AmmunitionDelaware prohibits the transfer of ammunition to persons under age 18, unless the person transferring the ammunition is the minor’s parent or guardian or first receives the permission of the minor’s parent or guardian.2Delaware does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition; orProhibit the possession, transfer or use of armor-piercing or other unreasonably dangerous ammunition, although the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in FloridaLast updatedOctober 28, 2019.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Florida law prohibits the possession of ammunition by the same persons who are directly prohibited by Florida law from possessing firearms, although the persons who are prevented from obtaining firearms through the background check process required by Florida law are not similarly prevented from obtaining ammunition.1The federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions also apply.Florida prohibits the manufacture, sale or delivery of any armor-piercing bullet or exploding bullet, or “dragon’s breath” shotgun shell, bolo shell, or flechette shell.2The state also prohibits the possession of an armor-piercing bullet or exploding bullet with knowledge of its armor-piercing or exploding capabilities loaded in a handgun, and the possession of a dragon’s breath shotgun shell, bolo shell, or flechette shell with knowledge of its capabilities loaded in any firearm.3Each of these terms is defined.4The definition of “armor-piercing bullet” differs from the definition of “armor-piercing ammunition” in federal law, which also restricts the manufacture, sale, importation and delivery of such ammunition.Florida law does not:Impose a minimum age for the purchase or possession of ammunition, although federal minimum age requirements apply;Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require a license for the purchase or possession of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Require the safe storage of ammunition; orRestrict the locations where ammunition may be carried.Ammunition Regulation in GeorgiaLast updatedNovember 18, 2019.Georgia law does not significantly regulate the sale, transfer, purchase or possession of ammunition in any way. Furthermore, Georgia law limits local regulation of ammunition. See Local Authority to Regulate Firearms in Georgia for further information.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in HawaiiLast updatedOctober 28, 2019.Purchase and Possession of AmmunitionHawaii prohibits the ownership, control or possession of ammunition by any person who:Is a fugitive from justice;Is a person prohibited from possessing firearms or ammunition under federal law;Is under indictment for, or has been convicted of, a felony or any crime of violence, or an illegal sale of any drug;Is or has been under treatment or counseling for addiction to, abuse of, or dependence upon any dangerous drug, intoxicating compound, or intoxicating liquor;Has been acquitted of a crime on the grounds of mental disease, disorder, or defect, or is or has been diagnosed as having a significant behavioral, emotional, or mental disorder, or for treatment for organic brain syndromes;Is less than 25 years old and has been adjudicated by the family court to have committed a felony, two or more crimes of violence, or an illegal sale of any drug;Is a minor who: 1) Is or has been under treatment for addiction to any dangerous drug, intoxicating compound, or intoxicating liquor; 2) is a fugitive from justice; or 3) Has been determined not to have been responsible for a criminal act or has been committed to any institution on account of a mental disease, disorder, or defect; orHas been restrained pursuant to an order of any court from contacting, threatening, or physically abusing any person, as long as the order or any extension is in effect, unless the order specifically permits the possession of ammunition.1Safe Storage of AmmunitionHawaii requires all ammunition to be confined to the possessor’s business or residence and only allows for the limited transport of ammunition in an enclosed container away from these locations.2Hawaii law does not specify any ammunition storage practices, however.Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionHawaii prohibits the manufacture, possession, sale or other transfer, barter, trade, gift or acquisition of any ammunition or projectile component coated with Teflon or a similar coating designed primarily to enhance its capacity to penetrate metal or pierce protective armor.3Hawaii also prohibits the manufacture, possession, sale or other transfer, barter, trade, gift or acquisition of ammunition or projectile components designed or intended to explode or segment upon impact with a target.4In addition, the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.Hawaii does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers; orRequire a license to purchase or possess ammunition.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in IdahoLast updatedOctober 27, 2019.Minimum Age to Purchase/PossessIdaho prohibits any person, firm, association or corporation from selling or giving any minor under the age of 16 any shells or fixed ammunition of any kind, except shells loaded for use in shotguns or for use in rifles of 22 caliber or smaller without the written consent of the parents or guardian of the minor.1However, federal law prohibits firearms dealers from selling or delivering ammunition for a shotgun or rifle to any person the dealer knows or has reasonable cause to believe is under the age of 18, and from selling or delivering handgun ammunition to any person the dealer knows or has reasonable cause to believe is under the age of 21.2Federal law prohibits unlicensed persons generally from selling, delivering or otherwise transferring handgun ammunition to any person the transferor knows or has reasonable cause to believe is under the age of 18.3Federal law also generally prohibits the possession of handgun ammunition by anyone under the age of 18.4Safe Storage of AmmunitionA state administrative regulation requires house parents at a children’s residential care facility to store any ammunition under lock and key separate from firearms and inaccessible to children.5Idaho does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition; orProhibit the possession, transfer or use of armor-piercing or other unreasonably dangerous ammunition, although the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.For additional information on the regulation of minors in Idaho, see the Idaho Minimum Age to Purchase / Possess and Idaho Trafficking sections.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in IllinoisLast updatedSeptember 13, 2018.License to Sell AmmunitionIllinois does not require ammunition sellers to obtain a license or maintain records of ammunition purchasers.License to Purchase/Possess AmmunitionIllinois requires residents to obtain a Firearm Owner’s Identification (“FOID”) card before they can lawfully purchase or possess ammunition.1No person may transfer firearm ammunition in Illinois unless the transferee displays a currently valid FOID card.2For detailed information on the requirements for a FOID card, see Licensing of Gun Owners & Purchasers in Illinois section.Any resident purchasing ammunition outside the state must provide the seller with a copy of his or her valid FOID card and either his or her Illinois driver’s license or Illinois State Identification card prior to the shipment of the ammunition. The ammunition may be shipped only to an address on either of those two documents.3People Prohibited from Purchasing or Possessing AmmunitionIllinois prohibit the purchase or possession of ammunition by the same categories of people who are ineligible to purchase or possess firearms under state law.4Federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions also apply.Minimum Age to Purchase or Possess AmmunitionIllinois generally prohibits persons under age 21 from obtaining a FOID card, which is required to purchase or possess ammunition.5A person under age 21 must have the written consent of a parent or legal guardian to purchase ammunition.6Safe Storage of AmmunitionIllinois does not generally require firearm owners to safely store ammunition. However, ammunition kept or stored in child day care facilities, foster homes or similar locations must be kept in locked storage separate from firearms and inaccessible to children.7Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionIllinois prohibits the knowing manufacture, sale, purchase, possession, or carrying of any armor-piercing bullet, dragon’s breath shotgun shell, bolo shell, or flechette shell.8Illinois also bans the knowing manufacture, sale, offer of sale, or other transfer of any bullet or shell which is represented to be an armor piercing bullet, a dragon’s breath shotgun shell, a bolo shell, or a flechette shell.9Illinois prohibits the reckless use or discharge of an armor-piercing bullet, flechette shell, dragon’s breath shell or bolo shell.10The state also prohibits the possession, concealed on or about the person, of an armor piercing bullet, dragon’s breath shotgun shell, bolo shell, or flechette shell.11Illinois prohibits the sale, manufacture or acquisition and possession of exploding ammunition.12“Explosive bullet” means the projectile portion of an ammunition cartridge which contains or carries an explosive charge which will explode upon contact with the flesh of a human or an animal. “Cartridge” means a tubular metal case having a projectile affixed at the front thereof and a cap or primer at the rear end thereof, with the propellant contained in such tube between the projectile and the cap.13Federal law also prohibits certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in IndianaLast updatedNovember 6, 2019.Indiana generally prohibits people from knowingly or intentionally manufacturing, possessing, transferring or offering to transfer armor-piercing ammunition, as defined.1Note that the federal prohibitions on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition also apply.Indiana does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition; orImpose a minimum age for the purchase or possession of ammunition.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in IowaLast updatedNovember 15, 2019.Iowa law does not:Prohibit individuals ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition;Require a license for the purchase or possession of ammunition; orRequire a license to sell ammunition.Minimum Age to Purchase/Possess AmmunitionIowa prohibits any person from selling or otherwise transferring handgun ammunition to a person under age 21.1However, a parent or guardian or spouse who is age 21 or older may allow a minor of any age to possess handgun ammunition for any lawful purpose while under the “direct supervision” of the parent, guardian or spouse, or while the person receives instruction in the proper use of a handgun from an instructor age 21 or older, with the consent of the parent, guardian or spouse.2Iowa also generally prohibits any person from selling rifle or shotgun ammunition to a person under age 18.3A parent or guardian over age 18, or another with the express consent of the minor’s parent or guardian, may allow a minor to possess rifle or shotgun ammunition.4See the Iowa Minimum Age to Purchase/Possess section for further information.Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionIowa generally prohibits any person from knowingly possessing any bullet or projectile containing any chemical compound or mixture designed to explode or detonate upon impact.5Iowa generally prohibits the possession of any shotgun shell or cartridge containing “exothermic pyrophoric misch” metal as a projectile, which is designed to throw or project a flame or fireball to simulate a flamethrower.6The federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition also applies.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in KansasLast updatedNovember 18, 2019.Kansas law prohibits possessing, manufacturing, causing to be manufactured, selling, offering for sale, lending, purchasing or giving away any cartridge which can be fired by a handgun and which has a plastic-coated bullet that has a core of less than 60% lead by weight.1Kansas law does not:Impose a minimum age for the purchase or possession of ammunition (although federal law applies);Prohibit individuals ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Require a license for the purchase or possession of ammunition; orRequire a license to sell ammunition.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in KentuckyLast updatedNovember 13, 2019.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Kentucky law, like federal law, prohibits any person from knowingly manufacturing, selling, delivering, transferring, or importing armor-piercing ammunition, defined as a projectile or projectile core which may be used in a handgun and which is constructed entirely from one or a combination of tungsten alloys, steel, iron, brass, bronze, beryllium copper, or depleted uranium, with exceptions for certain sporting shot and industrial materials.1This prohibition does not apply to members of the U.S. Armed Forces or law enforcement acting within the scope of their duties, and does not prohibit licensed gun dealers from possessing the ammunition for the purpose of receiving and transferring it to these exempt individuals.2Kentucky law also prohibits a person from being armed with a firearm loaded with armor-piercing ammunition or flanged ammunition during the commission of a felony, or in flight immediately thereafter.3Flanged ammunition is defined as ammunition with a soft lead core and sharp flanges that are designed to expand upon impact.4Kentucky law does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers; orProhibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply.Ammunition Regulation in LouisianaLast updatedOctober 12, 2018.In 2008, Louisiana enacted a law prohibiting any person from intentionally giving, selling, donating, providing, lending, delivering, or otherwise transferring ammunition to any person known by the offender to have been convicted of a felony and prohibited by Louisiana law from possessing a firearm.1Louisiana law also prohibits the import, manufacture, sale, purchase, possession and transfer of armor-piercing bullets.2Federal law also restricts armor-piercing bullets, although the definition of that term differs under federal and Louisiana law.3However, Louisiana does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers; orProhibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in MaineLast updatedNovember 24, 2019.Maine law prohibits knowingly selling, furnishing, giving or offering to sell, furnish or give ammunition to a child under 16 years of age.1Federal age restrictions for ammunition sales are stricter.Maine law prohibits knowingly possessing armor-piercing ammunition, other than as part of a bona fide collection.2The Maine definition of “armor-piercing ammunition” differs slightly from the federal definition of armor-piercing ammunition.Maine does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers; orProhibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in MarylandLast updatedNovember 15, 2019.Prohibited PersonsUnder Maryland law, a person may not possess ammunition if that person is prohibited from possessing a regulated firearm under Maryland’s Public Safety laws.1“Ammunition” for these purposes means a cartridge, shell, or any other device containing explosive or incendiary material designed and intended for use in a firearm.2See the Prohibited Purchasers Generally in Maryland section for details on circumstances that prohibit a person from possessing a regulated firearm.Loading AmmunitionMaryland requires any person engaged in the business of “loading or reloading small arms ammunition” to obtain a license.3A license is also required for possession or storage of quantities over five pounds of: 1) “smokeless powder for the loading or reloading of small arms ammunition;” or 2) “black powder for the loading or reloading of small arms ammunition.”4Exceptions are included for persons who handle smaller quantities of smokeless or black powder for personal use so long as the powder is stored in the original shipping containers.5Maryland does not regulate the sale or possession of other kinds of unreasonably dangerous ammunition, although the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.In addition, no person may possess or store explosives for use in firearms in “multifamily dwellings, apartments, dormitories, hotels, schools, other public buildings, or buildings or structures open for public use.”6Minimum Age to Purchase/Possess AmmunitionIn Maryland, no person may sell, rent or transfer ammunition solely designed for a handgun or assault weapon to a person under age 21.7No person may sell ammunition for any firearm to a person under age 18.8Maryland does not:Require a license to sell regular ammunition;Ensure that sellers of ammunition maintain records of the purchasers; orRequire a license to purchase or possess regular ammunition.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in MassachusettsLast updatedSeptember 14, 2018.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Massachusetts law does not regulate or prohibit any types of unreasonably dangerous ammunition. Massachusetts does, however, do each of the following things, as described below:Require a license for the purchase or possession of ammunition;Impose a minimum age to purchase or possess ammunition; andRequire a license to sell ammunition.Licensing of Ammunition Purchasers and PossessorsMassachusetts requires a firearm license to purchase or possess ammunition. Any person with a license to carry is permitted to purchase, rent, lease, borrow, possess and carry all types of lawful firearms, including both large and non-large capacity handguns, rifles, shotguns, and feeding devices and ammunition for these firearms.1Alternatively, in Massachusetts, any person may purchase and possess rifles, shotguns and “non large capacity” feeding devices and ammunition for rifles and shotguns with a valid firearm identification (FID) card.2To purchase a handgun and ammunition for a handgun, a FID card holder must also obtain a permit to purchase a handgun.3Massachusetts law penalizes anyone who sells ammunition to a person who does not have the required license(s). For detailed information on licensing requirements for firearm owners in Massachusetts, see the section on Licensing of Gun Owners & Purchasers.Minimum Age to Purchase / Possess AmmunitionMassachusetts law prohibits selling or furnishing long gun ammunition to anyone under age 18, and ammunition for a handgun, large capacity weapon, or large capacity feeding device to a person under age 21.4Ammunition Seller LicensingMassachusetts requires any person who sells ammunition to obtain a license. The chief of police or the board or officer having control of the police in a city or town may grant a license after a criminal history check, to anyone who is not:An alien;A minor;A person who has been adjudicated a youthful offender, including those who have not received an adult sentence; orA person who has been convicted of a felony in any state or federal jurisdiction, or of the unlawful use, possession or sale of narcotic or harmful drugs.The license must specify the street and number, if any, of the building where the business is to be carried on. The Department of Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) conducts the background check, and the local issuing authority must send CJIS a copy of the license.5Alternatively, a sporting or shooting club may obtain a license to sell or supply ammunition for regulated shooting on the premises.6Ammunition seller licenses are valid for three years.7Ammunition Regulation in MichiganLast updatedNovember 18, 2019.Laws Prohibiting Certain Persons from Purchasing/Possessing AmmunitionMichigan prohibits handgun sellers from selling ammunition to any person the seller knows is under indictment for a felony or is prohibited by state law from possessing a firearm.1See the Michigan Prohibited Purchasers Generally section for a list of these individuals.Federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions also apply.Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionMichigan generally prohibits any person from manufacturing, distributing, selling or using armor-piercing ammunition.2“Armor piercing ammunition” means a projectile or projectile core which may be used in a handgun and is constructed entirely, excluding the presence of traces of other substances, of tungsten alloys, steel, iron, brass, bronze, beryllium copper, or a combination of tungsten alloys, steel, iron, brass, bronze, or beryllium copper, and does not include:Shotgun shot that is required by federal law or by a law of this state to be used for hunting purposes;A frangible projectile designed for target shooting;A projectile that the director of the Michigan Department of State Police finds is primarily intended to be used for sporting purposes; orA projectile or projectile core that the director of the Michigan Department of State Police finds is intended to be used for industrial purposes.3The federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition also applies.Michigan does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Ensure that sellers of ammunition maintain records of the purchasers; orRequire a license to purchase or possess ammunition.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in MinnesotaLast updatedNovember 18, 2019.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Minnesota does not:• Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition;• Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers; orProhibited PersonsMinnesota generally extends its laws regarding persons prohibited from possessing firearms to include parallel prohibitions preventing such persons from possessing ammunition as well.1Ammunition Sales Licensing/RegulationMinnesota does not require a license to sell ammunition. The state does prohibit the display of centerfire metallic-case handgun ammunition for sale to the public in a manner that makes the ammunition directly accessible to persons under age 18, unless the display is under observation of the seller or the seller’s employee or agent, or the seller takes reasonable steps to exclude underage persons from the immediate vicinity of the display.2Minimum Age to Purchase/Possess AmmunitionUnder Minnesota law, a person under the age of 18 years is generally prohibited from possessing ammunition, except that a person under 18 may possess ammunition designed for use in a firearm that the person may lawfully possess.3Minnesota generally bans furnishing ammunition to a child under age 14 outside of a municipality,4and to a minor (under age 18) without the consent of the minor’s parent or guardian or the police department of the municipality, while within the municipality.5Federal ammunition age restrictions also apply.Restricting Locations Where Ammunition May be PossessedMinnesota generally prohibits the possession of ammunition within any courthouse complex or state building within the Capitol Area, other than the National Guard Armory.6Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionMinnesota prohibits the use or possession of a “metal-penetrating bullet” during the commission of a crime.7A “metal-penetrating bullet” is defined as a handgun bullet of “9 mm, .25, .32, .357, .38, .41, .44, or .451 caliber which is comprised of a hardened core equal to the minimum of the maximum attainable hardness by solid red metal alloys which purposely reduces the normal expansion or mushrooming of the bullet’s shape upon impact.”8Federal prohibitions on armor-piercing ammunition also apply.Ammunition Regulation in MississippiLast updatedNovember 8, 2019.Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionMississippi prohibits any person or corporation not duly authorized under federal law from making, manufacturing, selling or possessing armor piercing ammunition as defined by federal law.1In addition, the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies. Mississippi also prohibits any person or entity not authorized under federal law from making, manufacturing, selling or possessing armor-piercing ammunition.2Mississippi does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;License persons who purchase or possess ammunition; orProhibit persons who are ineligible to purchase or possess firearms under state law from purchasing or possessing ammunition, although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in MissouriLast updatedOctober 9, 2018.Missouri generally prohibits the knowing possession, manufacture, transportation, repair or sale of a bullet or projectile that explodes or detonates on impact due to an independent explosive charge after being shot from a firearm.1Missouri prohibits anyone from recklessly selling, leasing, loaning, giving away or delivering ammunition to a person who is intoxicated.2Missouri also makes it a violation of state law for anyone to violate the federal law prohibiting a person under age 18 from possessing handgun ammunition and prohibiting the sale or transfer of handgun ammunition to a person under age 18.3.))See the section entitled Firearms Trafficking in Missouri regarding a law prohibiting certain illegal sales of ammunition.Missouri does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Ensure that persons purchasing ammunition have a license or permit;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Prohibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition,4 although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply; orProhibit armor-piercing ammunition, although the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.5Ammunition Regulation in MontanaLast updatedNovember 15, 2019.Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionMontana does not prohibit the possession, transfer or use of armor-piercing or other unreasonably dangerous ammunition. Montana does mandate a sentence enhancement for any conviction for a crime in which bodily injury was inflicted, attempted, or threatened by someone who knowingly used or carried a handgun loaded with armor-piercing ammunition, however.1Federal law also regulates armor-piercing ammunition.Montana does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;License persons who purchase or possess ammunition; orProhibit persons who are ineligible to purchase or possess firearms under state law from purchasing or possessing ammunition, although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in NebraskaLast updatedNovember 15, 2019.Nebraska does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Prohibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply; orProhibit armor-piercing and other unreasonably dangerous ammunition, although federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in NevadaLast updatedNovember 14, 2019.Nevada does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Obligate ammunition purchasers to obtain a license; orRequire sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers.Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionNevada prohibits the manufacture or sale of any “metal-penetrating bullet” capable of being fired from a handgun.1A “metal-penetrating bullet” means a bullet whose core reduces the normal expansion of the bullet upon impact, and is at least as hard as the maximum hardness attainable using solid red metal alloys, and that can be used in a handgun.2Persons Prohibited from Purchasing/Possessing AmmunitionIn Nevada, a person may not sell or otherwise dispose of any ammunition to another person if the seller or transferor has “actual knowledge” that the person:Is under indictment for, or has been convicted of, a felony in Nevada, any other state, or under federal law;Is a fugitive from justice;Has been adjudicated as mentally ill or has been committed to any mental health facility; orIs illegally or unlawfully in the United States.3See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in New HampshireLast updatedNovember 6, 2019.New Hampshire prohibits any person from transferring ammunition of any kind to a person under the age of 16, other than her or his own child, grandchild, or ward.1New Hampshire law prohibits any person from attempting to use or using, in the course of committing any misdemeanor or felony, any teflon-coated or armor-piercing bullet or cartridge or any bullet or cartridge that contains an explosive substance in the projectile and is designed to explode upon impact.2Among other things, New Hampshire law does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers; orProhibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms from possessing ammunition.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in New JerseyLast updatedOctober 28, 2019.Persons Prohibited from Purchasing/Possessing AmmunitionIn 2019, New Jersey amended the law prohibiting certain categories of individuals from purchasing, owning, possessing or controlling firearms to also include ammunition. For a list of individuals prohibited from purchasing or possessing firearms and ammunition in New Jersey, see Prohibited Purchasers Generally in New Jersey.In order to sell, transfer, purchase or otherwise acquire any handgun ammunition in New Jersey, the transferee must be a licensed gun dealer, wholesaler or manufacturer, or possess a Firearms Purchaser Identification Card, a permit to purchase a handgun, or a permit to carry a handgun.1Handgun ammunition may be transferred for lawful use in certain narrow circumstances.2In addition, the sale of a “de minimis” amount of handgun ammunition for immediate use at a firearm range is permitted if the range is operated by a: 1) licensed firearms dealer; 2) law enforcement agency; 3) legally recognized military organization; or 4) rifle or pistol club which has filed a copy of its charter with the Superintendent of the New Jersey State Police.3Ammunition Seller Record-keepingRetail sellers of firearm ammunition are required to maintain a permanent record of ammunition acquisition and disposition.4Acquisition records must be kept at the business location and record the name of the manufacturer, the type, caliber or gauge, quantity of the ammunition acquired, the date of each acquisition and person from whom the ammunition was acquired. Disposition records must be in bound form and contain the date of the transaction, name of manufacturer, caliber or gauge, quantity of ammunition sold, name, address and date of birth of purchaser, and identification used to establish the identity of the purchaser. Sellers must record sales or other dispositions of handgun ammunition and ammunition that may be interchangeable between rifles and handguns, as well as hollow-nosed or dum-dum ammunition.5Minimum Age to Purchase/PossessNew Jersey prohibits any person from selling, giving, transferring, assigning or otherwise disposing of handgun ammunition to a person under age 21.6Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionNew Jersey generally prohibits any person from knowingly possessing, manufacturing, transporting, shipping, selling, or disposing armor piercing ammunition.7New Jersey also prohibits the knowing possession of any hollow nose or dum-dum bullet.8Hollow nose and dum-dum are terms associated with bullets designed to expand on impact. These terms are not specifically defined under New Jersey law.The federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition also applies.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in New MexicoLast updatedSeptember 11, 2018.Restricting Locations Where Ammunition May be PossessedNew Mexico prohibits any person from bringing ammunition onto the grounds of the penitentiary of New Mexico or any other designated correctional institution,1or any county or municipal jail.2The state also prohibits any person from bringing ammunition into any juvenile detention or correctional facility.3New Mexico does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Ensure that sellers of ammunition maintain records of the purchasers;Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition;Prohibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply; orRestrict armor-piercing ammunition, although the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in New YorkLast updatedOctober 23, 2018.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.New York law defines a “Seller of ammunition,” as any person, firm or corporate entity engaging in the business of purchasing, selling, or keeping ammunition. This does not apply to private sellers.1Licensing of Ammunition SellersAmmunition sellers in New York must register with the state police, except for ammunition sellers who are already validly licensed firearms dealers. Ammunition sales are prohibited except through licensed dealers or registered sellers of ammunition. The transfer of ammunition must occur in person.2Record Retention Requirement for Ammunition SalesAmmunition sellers and firearms dealers must, at the time of a transaction, record the transaction details (date, name, age, occupation, and residences of anyone transferring or receiving ammunition and also the amount, caliber, manufacturer’s name and serial number or other distinguishing information) in a record book to be maintained on the premises and made available for inspection by any law enforcement officer. This information is not considered a public record.3Background Checks Before Transfer of AmmunitionAn ammunition seller or firearms dealer may not transfer any ammunition to anyone other than a licensed dealer unless he or she conducts a check against records maintained in the state’s electronic database and receives a number identifying the transaction and signifying that the transferee is not prohibited by state or federal law from possessing the firearm or ammunition.4The ammunition seller or gun dealer must also check a valid driver’s license or other photo identification of the prospective purchaser prior to transfer.After the transfer, the transferee must indicate to the database that the transaction was completed at which time a record of the transaction, to be maintained for no longer than one year, will be made available to law enforcement but will not be made a part of the new firearms database for licenses and records or the new firearms registry. A record of the transaction may be shared with local law enforcement but will not be a public record. This requirement will not apply if the background check system is not operational or if a dealer or seller was issued a waiver from conducting a background check by the state police.5Minimum Age to Purchase/Possess AmmunitionNew York prohibits the possession of ammunition by any person under age 16.6Federal law imposes additional age restrictions.Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionNew York prohibits the possession of armor piercing ammunition with the intent to use it unlawfully against another.7“Armor piercing ammunition” is any ammunition capable of being used in handguns that contains a projectile or projectile core constructed entirely from one or a combination of tungsten alloys, steel, iron, brass, bronze, beryllium copper or uranium.8New York generally prohibits any person from knowingly possessing any bullet containing an explosive substance designed to explode or detonate upon impact.9License to Purchase Handgun AmmunitionA firearms dealer may not sell any ammunition designed exclusively for use in a handgun to any person who is not authorized to possess a pistol or revolver.10See Licensing of Gun Owners in New York for further information.Ammunition Regulation in North CarolinaLast updatedNovember 6, 2019.North Carolina prohibits any person from importing, manufacturing, possessing, storing, transporting, selling, offering to sell, purchasing, offering to purchase, delivering, giving or acquiring any teflon-coated bullet.1This prohibition does not apply to the following individuals:Licensed importers, manufacturers, and dealers for the purpose of sale to authorized law-enforcement agencies; orInventors, designers, ordinance consultants and researchers, chemists, physicists, and other persons employed by or under contract with a manufacturing company engaged in making or doing research designed to enlarge knowledge or to facilitate the creation, development, or manufacture of more effective police-type body armor.2North Carolina does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition; orProhibit the possession, transfer or use of armor-piercing, although the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in North DakotaLast updatedNovember 14, 2019.North Dakota prohibits knowingly supplying ammunition to, or procuring ammunition for, a person who is prohibited by North Dakota law from receiving or possessing it.1However, no North Dakota law limits the persons who may receive or possess ammunition. Note that federal law prohibits certain persons from receiving or possessing ammunition and prohibits the sale or transfer of ammunition to these persons.2However, federal law does not require a seller of ammunition to conduct a background check on the purchaser to determine whether he or she is a prohibited person.3North Dakota also does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition; orProhibit the possession, transfer or use of armor-piercing or other unreasonably dangerous ammunition, although the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in OhioLast updatedNovember 6, 2019.Ohio does not:• Require a license for the sale of ammunition;• Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;• Prohibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply;• Prohibit armor-piercing ammunition, although the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies; or• Otherwise regulate ammunition.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in OklahomaLast updatedNovember 1, 2019.Oklahoma bans the possession, carrying, use, attempted use, manufacture, importation, advertising for sale or sale of any “restricted bullet.”1A “restricted bullet” is a round or elongated missile with a core of less than 60% lead and that has a fluorocarbon coating, designed to travel at high velocity and capable of penetrating body armor.2Oklahoma also prohibits carrying a concealed handgun loaded with ammunition larger than .45 caliber.3In 2011, Oklahoma enacted a law prohibiting certain conduct relating to fraudulent purchase of ammunition. See our Oklahoma Trafficking section.Oklahoma does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;License persons who purchase or possess ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers; orProhibit persons who are ineligible to purchase or possess firearms under state law from purchasing or possessing ammunition, although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in OregonLast updatedNovember 17, 2019.Oregon prohibits any person from making, selling, buying or possessing any handgun ammunition (principally for use in pistols and revolvers) where the bullet or projectile is coated with Teflon or any chemical compound with properties similar to Teflon, and which is intended to penetrate soft body armor, and where the person intends that the ammunition be used in the commission of a felony.1Federal law also prohibits certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition.Oregon does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Prohibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply;Restrict locations where ammunition may be possessed; orRequire the safe storage of ammunition.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in PennsylvaniaLast updatedNovember 18, 2019.Pennsylvania law makes it a separate crime for a person who commits or attempts to commit a “crime of violence” to possess, use or attempt to use a KTW teflon-coated bullet or other “armor-piercing ammunition” while committing or attempting to commit that crime.1“Armor-piercing ammunition” is defined as:[A]mmunition which, when or if fired from any firearm as defined in section 6102 that is used or attempted to be used in violation of subsection (a) under the test procedure of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Standard for the Ballistics Resistance of Police Body Armor promulgated December 1978, is determined to be capable of penetrating bullet-resistant apparel or body armor meeting the requirements of Type IIA of Standard NILECJ-STD-0101.01 as formulated by the United States Department of Justice and published in December of 1978.2Pennsylvania law does not otherwise regulate the sale or possession of ammunition in any way.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in Rhode IslandLast updatedNovember 17, 2019.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Rhode Island does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Ensure that sellers of ammunition maintain records of the purchasers;Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition; orProhibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply.Minimum Age to Purchase/Possess AmmunitionRhode Island generally prohibits any person from selling, transferring, giving, conveying or causing to be sold, transferred, given or conveyed, any firearm or ammunition to any person under age 18, when the person knows or has reason to know that the recipient is under age 18.1Persons under age 18 are also prohibited from possessing or using ammunition.2Federal minimum age limits also apply.Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionRhode Island prohibits the importation, manufacture, sale or other transfer or purchase of “armor-piercing bullets,” which have steel inner cores or cores of equivalent hardness and truncated cones and are designed for use in pistols as armor-piercing or metal-piercing bullets.3The federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition also applies.Ammunition Regulation in South CarolinaLast updatedNovember 6, 2019.See our Ammunition Regulation for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.South Carolina prohibits the use, transportation, manufacture, possession, distribution, sale or purchase of any ammunition or shells that are coated with Teflon.1Federal prohibitions on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition also apply.A law South Carolina adopted in 2010 makes it unlawful for a person who has been convicted of a “violent crime,” as defined by South Carolina law, to possess ammunition if the violent crime is also classified as a felony offense.2In 2013, South Carolina enacted a law making it unlawful for a person who has been “adjudicated as a mental defective” or who has been “committed to a mental institution” to ship, transport, possess, or receive ammunition.3The definitions of “adjudicated as a mental defective” and “committed to a mental institution” mirror federal law.In 2015, South Carolina enacted a law making it unlawful for certain domestic abusers to possess ammunition.4See Domestic Violence and Firearms in South Carolina for further information.South Carolina does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition; orRequire sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers.Ammunition Regulation in South DakotaLast updatedOctober 26, 2019.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.South Dakota law does not:Prohibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply; orRegulate or prohibit any type of unreasonably dangerous ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to make a record of the purchasers;Require a license for the purchase or possession of ammunition; orRequire a license to sell ammunition.In addition, South Dakota only prohibits a person from selling, transferring, giving, loaning, furnishing, or delivering ammunition to a person under age 18, if such person knows or reasonably believes that the minor intends, at the time of transfer, to use the ammunition in the commission or attempted commission of a crime of violence.1Ammunition Regulation in TennesseeLast updatedNovember 16, 2019.Tennessee does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of purchasers;Require persons purchasing or possessing ammunition to obtain a license; orRequire the safe storage of ammunition in the home.Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionTennessee prohibits the sale, offer for sale, display for sale, manufacture and use of any ammunition cartridge containing a bullet with explosive material designed to detonate upon impact.1Federal prohibitions on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition also apply.Persons Prohibited from Purchasing/Possessing AmmunitionTennessee prohibits any person from intentionally, knowingly or recklessly selling ammunition to an intoxicated person.2Tennessee does not otherwise prohibit the transfer of ammunition to, or the purchase and possession of ammunition by, persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law, although federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in TexasLast updatedSeptember 14, 2018.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Texas law does not:Impose a minimum age for the purchase or possession of ammunition;Require the seller of ammunition to make a record of the purchaser;Require a license for the purchase or possession of ammunition; orRequire a license to sell ammunition.Purchase/Possession ProhibitionsTexas prohibits the transfer of ammunition to some, but not all, of the same categories of persons who are prohibited from purchasing firearms under state law. More specifically, Texas prohibits any person from intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly selling ammunition to any person who is intoxicated, and from knowingly selling ammunition to any person who has been convicted of a felony before the fifth anniversary of the later of: 1) the person’s release from confinement following conviction of the felony; or 2) the person’s release from supervision under community supervision, parole, or mandatory supervision following conviction of the felony.1Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionTexas prohibits the intentional or knowing possession, manufacture, sale, transportation or repair of any armor-piercing ammunition. “Armor-piercing ammunition” is defined as “handgun ammunition that is designed primarily for the purpose of penetrating metal or body armor and to be used principally in pistols and revolvers.”2Ammunition Regulation in the District of ColumbiaLast updatedOctober 24, 2019.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Prohibited Possessors/Registration RequirementsThe District of Columbia broadly prohibits the possession of ammunition1. A holder of a valid registration certificate for a firearm may possess ammunition, however ((D.C. Code Ann. § 7-2506.01(a)(3).)). Licensed firearms dealers, on-duty law enforcement officers, holders of ammunition collector’s certificates, and persons temporarily possessing ammunition while participating in a firearms training and safety class conducted by a firearms instructor also exempt2.Federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions also apply.Ammunition Sales Licensing/RegulationThe sale or other transfer of ammunition is strictly regulated. Any person or organization eligible to register a firearm may sell or otherwise transfer ammunition only to a licensed dealer3.Licensed dealers may sell or otherwise transfer ammunition only if:The sale or transfer is made in person;The purchaser exhibits, at the time of transfer, a valid registration certificate (if the purchaser is a nonresident, he or she must produce proof that the firearm is lawfully possessed in the jurisdiction where such person resides);The ammunition to be transferred is of the same caliber or gauge as the firearm described in the registration certificate (or other similar proof in the case of nonresident); andThe purchaser signs a receipt for the ammunition (the dealer must maintain this receipt for at least one year from the date of sale)4.This does not apply to, inter alia, sales to other licensed dealers and certain law enforcement officers and government agents5.For additional information about ammunition that must be maintained as part of a dealer’s inventory, see the District Dealer Regulations section.Owners or managers of establishments where ammunition is stored or kept for sale at wholesale or at both wholesale and retail must pay a license fee of $7606. Owners or managers of establishments where ammunition is kept for sale at retail must pay a license fee of $477.Minimum Age to Purchase/Possess AmmunitionBecause a registration certificate is required for the possession of a firearm8, licensed dealers may only transfer ammunition to valid registration certificate holders9, and persons under age 21 cannot obtain a registration certificate10, persons under age 21 are generally prohibited from possessing or obtaining ammunition.Federal minimum age requirements may also apply.Regulation of Unreasonably Dangerous AmmunitionUnder District law, a “restricted pistol bullet” is defined asA projectile or projectile core which may be used in a pistol and which is constructed entirely (excluding the presence of traces of other substances) from one or a combination of tungsten alloys, steel, iron, brass, bronze, beryllium copper, or depleted uranium;A full jacketed projectile larger than .22 caliber designed and intended for use in a pistol and whose jacket has a weight of more than 25% of the total weight of the projectile; orAmmunition for a .50 BMG rifle.11.Licensed dealers may transfer restricted pistol bullets to only: 1) another licensed dealer; or 2) any law enforcement officer or agent of the District or the United States, when such officer or agent is on duty and acting within the scope of his or her duties when acquiring such ammunition, if the officer or agent has in his or her possession a statement from the head of his or her agency stating that the item is to be used only in official duties.12.The District prohibits firearm registration certificate holders from possessing restricted pistol bullets13.Federal law also prohibits certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition.Ammunition Regulation in UtahLast updatedNovember 18, 2019.Utah limits the transportation of ammunition into or within correctional facilities, mental health facilities and institutions of higher education.1For more information, see the Utah Location Restrictions section.Utah does not:Prohibit the possession of ammunition by individuals prohibited from possessing firearms;Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition; orGenerally prohibit the possession, transfer or use of armor-piercing or other unreasonably dangerous ammunition,2 although the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in VermontLast updatedSeptember 17, 2018.Vermont law prohibits any person, firm or corporation, other than a parent or guardian, from selling or furnishing any ammunition to a minor under age 16.1Federal law, however, imposes stricter age requirements on the sale of ammunition.Vermont does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Prohibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply; orProhibit armor-piercing ammunition, although the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in VirginiaLast updatedNovember 1, 2019.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.In 2009, Virginia enacted a law that prohibits the knowing and intentional possession or transportation of ammunition by any person: 1) convicted of a felony; 2) adjudicated delinquent as a juvenile 14 years of age or older at the time of the offense of murder, kidnapping, robbery by the threat or presentation of firearms, or rape; or 3) who is under the age of 29 and was found guilty as a juvenile (14 years of age or older) of a delinquent act which would be a felony if committed by an adult.1Virginia law does not:Prohibit other individuals ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition;Prohibit the sale or possession of unreasonably dangerous ammunition;2Impose a minimum age for the purchase or possession of ammunition (although federal law applies);Require a license for the purchase or possession of ammunition; orRequire a license to sell ammunition.Ammunition Regulation in WashingtonLast updatedOctober 29, 2018.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Licensing of Ammunition SellersNo firearms dealer may sell or otherwise transfer, or expose for sale or transfer, or have in his or her possession with intent to sell or otherwise transfer, any ammunition without being licensed by the State of Washington.1See the Washington Dealer Regulations section for further information.Safe Storage of AmmunitionSmall arms ammunition must be stored separated from flammable liquids, flammable solids and oxidizing materials by a fire-resistant wall “of one-hour rating” or by a distance of 25 feet.2State administrative regulations govern the storage of ammunition in family home child care facilities.3State administrative regulations may regulate other aspects of ammunition.Washington does not:Prohibit individuals ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition;Require a license for the possession of ammunition; orRequire a license to sell ammunition, unless the seller is operating as a dealer.Ammunition Regulation in West VirginiaLast updatedOctober 8, 2018.West Virginia prohibits a person or company from knowingly selling, renting, giving or lending ammunition to a person who is prohibited from possessing it under state or federal law.1West Virginia law, unlike federal law, does not prohibit anyone from possessing ammunition.West Virginia prohibits any person from publicly displaying or offering for sale or rent ammunition where a passerby on a street, road or alley can see it.2See the section entitled Firearms Trafficking in West Virginia regarding a law aimed at the trafficking of ammunition.West Virginia does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;Require a license to purchase or possess ammunition; orProhibit the possession, transfer or use of armor-piercing or other unreasonably dangerous ammunition, although the federal prohibition on certain kinds of armor-piercing ammunition applies.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in WisconsinLast updatedNovember 1, 2019.Wisconsin prohibits the possession or use of an armor-piercing bullet during the commission of a crime, if the possessor: 1) has a handgun loaded with an armor-piercing bullet or a projectile or projectile core with a muzzle velocity of 1,500 feet per second or greater; or 2) possesses an armor-piercing bullet.1“Armor-piercing bullet” is defined as a projectile or projectile core that may be fired from any handgun and that is constructed entirely from one or a combination of tungsten alloys, steel, iron, brass, bronze, beryllium copper or depleted uranium.2Wisconsin does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require a license or permit to purchase or possess ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers; orProhibit persons who are ineligible to possess firearms under state law from possessing ammunition, although federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply.See our Ammunition Regulation policy summary for a comprehensive discussion of this issue.Ammunition Regulation in WyomingLast updatedNovember 18, 2019.Wyoming does not:Require a license for the sale of ammunition;Require sellers of ammunition to maintain a record of the purchasers;License persons who purchase or possess ammunition;Regulate or prohibit unreasonably dangerous ammunition; orProhibit persons who are ineligible to purchase or possess firearms under state law from purchasing or possessing ammunition, although the federal ammunition purchaser prohibitions apply.As well: Read more: Are Hollow-Point Bullets Illegal For Personal DefenseUnder Creative Commons License: Attribution AMMOLAND:There is no statutory restriction on the type of ammo that you can carry in your personal defense weapon. Nor is there any prohibition on sighting devices. There may be some potential concerns about jury perception if you ever have to use your gun in self-defense and find yourself facing charges. (This is much less likely to occur at this point in history than prior to the enactment of Public Act 311 of 2006 [MCL 780.951] which created presumptions that deadly force is appropriate in certain situations and also created qualified immunity to those who use force in legitimate self defense.)There have been examples of prosecutors focusing on the hardware used by defendants. They try to overcome the self-defense argument by painting a picture of the armed citizen as blood-thirsty. In one particular case in another state, the defendant used a certain brand of hollow-point ammo that came in a box featuring a picture of a hawk or eagle talon. It appears that the tactic was successful and contributed to the conviction of an armed citizen who argued that he fired to save his life. I'm told that the particular brand of ammo in question has changed it's name and packaging.Many law-enforcement agencies use hollow-point ammunition. There are some famous brands that are well-known as “good guy” ammo, and a prosecutor would have a hard time making the case that one who carries the same ammo in his or her personal defense weapon is being unreasonable. In my opinion, there is no reason not to carry effective personal defense ammunition.The same is true of laser sights in my opinion. The technology is mature, widely available, and considered effective by tactical experts. From a legal standpoint, the key is to make sure that any use of force is justified by necessity and that you control your weapon. Insofar as a laser helps with control, it seems to me that it is more likely to help a self-defense shooter avoid liability than create perception issues in the event of a jury trial.I have personally recommended hollow-point ammo and laser sights to family and friends, and will continue to do so.