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Hysteria and the Strange History of VibratorsFrom the Vault of the Museum of Sex: Macaura’s PulsoconWarning adult content19th-century American author and humorist Mark Twain once observed, on the difference between history and fiction, that: “it’s no wonder that truth is stranger than fiction. Fiction has to make sense”.[1][1][1][1] Twain was correct: many truths about history are so strange that they are believable when fictionalised only if the author/creator can point to an historical precedent.Until the 20th century, American and European men, including physicians, subscribed to the belief that women did not experience sexual desire or pleasure.[2][2][2][2] Women were simply warm receptacles for male lust, and that intercourse culminating in male ejaculation fulfilled women's erotic needs. Women were socialized to believe that they possessed no sex drive,[3][3][3][3] and that duty required them to put up with sex in order to keep their husbands happy and have children.During the 19th century, doctors were obsessed with trying to cure the female illness of hysteria, – a now-defunct medical term that covered everything from headaches to nervous breakdowns.[4][4][4][4] As the story goes, physicians figured only an orgasm could relieve women of this ailment.[5][5][5][5] Due to high demand and because doing that manually took ages, the vibrator was invented, a steampunk cure all that could cure women in minutes, not an hour.Mention vibrators, and most people immediately think of women’s sexual pleasure. And no wonder: an estimated one-third of adult American women now own at least one.[6][6][6][6] Clitoral stimulation with vibrators produces orgasms reliably even in women who have difficulty experiencing them in other ways. And women who use vibrators consistently report sexual enhancement in both solo and partner sex.The Invention of the VibratorBut the theory of medicinal vibrators didn't become prevalent until the '90s -- the 1990s not 1890s. That's when historian and scientist Rachel Maines released her book. The Technology of Orgasm, which became the basis of a myth linking the evolution of the vibrator to curing hysteria.[7][7][7][7] Despite the book’s resounding popularity and acclaim – including the 1999 Herbert Feis Award from the American Historical Association[8][8][8][8] –the theory is not rooted in either historical or medical evidence, according to recent paper published in the Journal of Positive Sexuality.[9][9][9][9] The study is the latest piece of research by historians seeking to undermine the claims of The Technology of Orgasm – and its holds on both the history of sexuality and the popular imagination.Maines argues that Victorian physicians routinely treated female hysteria patients by stimulating them to orgasm using electromechanical vibrators. The vibrator was, according to Maines, a labor-saving technology that replaced the well-established medical practice of clitoral massage for hysteria. She states that physicians did not perceive either the vibrator or manual massage as sexual, because neither method involved vaginal penetration.[10][10][10][10]The book has two main arguments: firstly, that 'massage to orgasm' was a staple of medical practice among Western physicians for thousands of years; and secondly, that vibrators increased the number of patients that Victorian doctors could treat for hysteria.[11][11][11][11] This argument has been repeated in dozens of scholarly works and cited with approval in many more. A few scholars have challenged various parts of the book. Yet, until the last few years, none have contested her central argument, at least not in peer-reviewed literature. Her argument even spread to popular culture, appearing in a Broadway play[12][12][12][12] , a feature-length film, several documentaries (Passion and Power 2007)[13][13][13][13] and many mainstream books and articles. This once controversial idea has now become an accepted fact.English women suffering from hysteria, 1876-1880. D.M. Bourneville and P. Régnard (File:Hysteria.jpg - Wikimedia Commons)However, Maines' key sources were two turn-of-the-century physicians who never claimed they used Victorian vibrators to orgasm hysteria out of women. They only promoted the devices as glorified back massagers to fix small problems and promote general wellness.[14][14][14][14] Mechanical devices known as ‘vibrators’, and advertised as back or neck massagers were being used by women in intimate ways as early as the 1900s and 1910s.[15][15][15][15] But there’s no evidence that that was the case prior to 1900, when vibrators were being marketed to physicians, not directly to consumers.Physicians of the era did describe conducting pelvic and gynecological massages, but these didn’t involve the clitoris or lead to orgasm. One Victorian physician quoted advocates for vibrator use on "the intestines, kidneys, lungs, and skin",[16][16][16][16] another for gout and hearing loss.[17][17][17][17] There is no mention of its use on genitals. There are some French sources suggesting the odd doctor in 19th-century France may have tried manual clitoral massage, but it was never a widely accepted treatment.[18][18][18][18]The term ‘pelvic massage’ usually meant uterine massage, a treatment frequently used for conditions such as dysmenorrhea or uterine prolapse.[19][19][19][19] Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for extreme menstrual cramps,[20][20][20][20] and uterine prolapse is when the uterus slips from its normal position and into the vagina.[21][21][21][21]Pelvic massage was pioneered by physicians and the Swedish obstetrician and gynaecologist, Thure Brandt (1819-1895), who began treating women in 1861.[22][22][22][22] The ‘Brandt method’ of pelvic massage and ‘manipulating the womb’ proved very popular and was widely reported at the time. The New York Medical Journal (1876) was one of many journals that described the technique in some detail. “Brandt claims that his method of treatment is useful in prolapses and protrusion of the uterus; prolapse of the vagina; hypertrophy and induration of the uterus; ulcerations; abnormal haemorrhage, depending on relaxation of the uterus; tendency to miscarriage; slight hypertrophy of the ovaries.”[23][23][23][23]Much of the massage is carried out externally, and involves the physician pushing down on the patient’s pelvic area, ‘combined with vibratory shaking’, as well as stretching out her arms, spine and legs – again, with ‘vibratory shaking’.[24][24][24][24]Confused? Doctors eventually realized the machines were useless as a medical tool and stopped recommending them.[25][25][25][25] Overnight, medical vibrators lost their legitimacy, forcing women to hide them in their nightstands tainting the surest cure for their hysteria, nervousness and anxiety and troublesome behavior.She looks placid and relaxed, but odds are good that a doctor would have diagnosed her with hysteria.She looks placid and relaxed, but odds are good that a doctor would have diagnosed her with hysteria. (10 Bizarre Treatments Doctors Used to Think Were Legit)For millenia, philosophers and historians knew for certain that women didn't have orgasms. Hysteria was the first mental disorder attributed to women (and only women)[26][26][26][26] ,a catch-all for symptoms including, but by no means limited to: nervousness, hallucinations, emotional outbursts and various urges of the sexual variety, including excessive vaginal lubrication.[27][27][27][27] Women relied upon their physician to perform a special type of pelvic physical therapy to achieve something called "hysterical paroxysm”- essentially an orgasm.[28][28][28][28]For over 4000 years, this “disease” was considered from two perspectives: scientific and demonological. It was cured with herbs, sex or sexual abstinence, or punished and purified with fire for its association with sorcery[29][29][29][29] and finally, clinically studied as a disease and treated with innovative therapies.A womb of one’s own… Part one. - Menstrual MattersPelvic massages have been around since the dawn of humanity. According to a comprehensive history of female hysteria, compiled by researchers from the University of Cagliari in Italy[30][30][30][30] , Egyptian texts, dating as far back as 1900 BC argued that hysterical disorders were caused by women's wombs moving throughout their bodies, putting pressure on other organs and causing serious illness, and even death.[31][31][31][31] The ancient Greeks believed in hysteria as well. In the 5th century BC, Hippocrates first coined the term "hysteria" -- from "hysterika," or uterus -- and also attributed its cause to abnormal movements of the womb in a woman's body.[32][32][32][32] According to Hippocrates and his associates, a woman's body is physiologically cold, and in order to warm up, it needs, well, sex.[33][33][33][33] Thus, the term "hysteria" was often used to diagnose women with inactive or incomplete sex lives.In Roman times, physicians largely followed the Hippocratic tradition, without questioning the validity of the ‘wandering womb’ theory. Aretaeus of Cappadocia, a contemporary of Galen, included in his medical treatises a section describing the wandering womb.[34][34][34][34]In women, in the hollow of the body below the ribcage, lies the womb. It is very much like an independent animal within the body for it moves around of its own accord and is quite erratic. Furthermore, it likes fragrant smells and moves toward them, but it dislikes foul odors and moves away from them… When it suddenly moves upward [i.e., toward a fragrant smell] and remains there for a long time and presses on the intestines, the woman chokes, in the manner of an epileptic, but without any spasms. For the liver, the diaphragm, lungs and heart are suddenly confined in a narrow space. And therefore the woman seems unable to speak or to breathe. In addition, the carotid arteries, acting in sympathy with the heart, compress, and therefore heaviness of the head, loss of sense perception, and deep sleep occur… Disorders caused by the uterus are remedied by foul smells, and also by pleasant fragrances applied to the vagina…[35][35][35][35]However, not everyone accepted the wandering womb prognosis. Soranus of Ephesus (98-138 A.D.), and Galen of Pergamon (130-210 A.D.) both insisted that the uterus was fixed in place, as Galen made clear, “We must consider as totally preposterous the opinion of those who… make the womb into an animal”.[36][36][36][36] Sadly, this more advanced understanding of the physiology of the womb, was then largely ignored for centuries.Pelvic massages remained the most effective means of treating a "wandering womb", a practice that persisted in Western medical practice until the 1920s.[37][37][37][37]The 'Veedee' massager is said to have been used by doctors to cure Victorian women of hysteria. But this has been disputed as myth (The 'sex toys' dating back 28,000 years)Documented complaints of female hysteria date back to the 13th century. Doctors of that era understood that women had libidos and advised them to relieve their sexual frustration with dildos.[38][38][38][38] In the 16th century, physicians told married hysterics to encourage their husbands’ lust. One influential physician named Thomas Sydenham, who lived from the mid- to late-1600s, thought that hysterical ladies were everywhere.[39][39][39][39] Apparently, Sydenham once declared that female hysteria, which he attributed to “irregular motions of the animal spirits,” was the second most common malady of the time—behind another nebulous term, "fevers".[40][40][40][40]In 1653, the physician Alemarianus Petrus Forestus published a medical compendium titled Observationem et Curationem Medicinalium ac Chirurgicarum Opera Omnia,in which Forestus devotes a full chapter to the diseases of women.[41][41][41][41] Specifically, he noted that with regard to treatment of hysteria, many male doctors "sought every opportunity to substitute other devices for their fingers, such as the attentions of a husband, the hands of a midwife, or the business end of some tireless and impersonal mechanism."[42][42][42][42]The compendium directed:“This kind of stimulation with the finger is recommended by Galen and Avicenna, among others, most especially for widows, those who live chaste lives, and female religious … it is less often recommended for very young women, public women, or married women, for whom it is a better remedy to engage in intercourse with their spouses.”[43][43][43][43]For hysteria unrelieved by husbandly lust, and for widows, single and unhappily married women, doctors advised horseback riding, which, for some, provided enough clitoral stimulation to trigger orgasm.[44][44][44][44] But riding provided many women little relief, and by the 17th century, dildos were less of an option, because the arbiters of decency had succeeded in demonizing masturbation as “self-abuse.”[45][45][45][45]French pelvic douche device, circa 1860 (File:Pelvicdouche.jpg - Wikimedia Commons)According to Maines' investigations, at various points, high-pressure showers or hoses were also used to treat hysteria[46][46][46][46] (as were clitoridectomies)[47][47][47][47] . One French physician, writing in the mid 1800s, explained that at first this sort of high-powered douching was unpleasant, but then, "the reaction of the organism to the cold, which causes the skin to flush, and the reestablishment of equilibrium all create for many persons so agreeable a sensation that it is necessary to take precautions."[48][48][48][48] Women weren't supposed to indulge in this hydro-therapy for more than four to five minutes or longer.At the end of the 19th century it was estimated that 75 percent of American women suffered from hysteria.[49][49][49][49] With so many possible symptoms, hysteria was always a natural diagnosis when the ailment could not be identified. For instance, before the introduction of the electroencephalography (EEG) test, epilepsy was frequently confused with hysteria.[50][50][50][50] While there is some circumstantial evidence that genital massage was practiced before the 20th century, they could find no proof at all that this was ever a "staple of medical practice".[51][51][51][51]During this period of experimentation for a cure for hysteria, doctors or midwives applied vegetable oil to women’s genitals and then massaged them with one or two fingers inside and the heel of the hand pressing against the clitoris.[52][52][52][52] With this type of massage, women had orgasms and experienced sudden, dramatic relief from hysteria. But doctors didn’t call women’s climaxes orgasms. They called them “paroxysms” because everyone knew that women were incapable of sexual feelings, so they could not possibly experience orgasm.[53][53][53][53]According to research conducted over the past two decades, the treatment was so popular, in fact, that physicians sought a faster, more efficient way to perform the treatment than with their own hands. Unfortunately for doctors, hysteria treatment had a downside — achy, cramped fingers and hands from all that massage. In medical journals of the early 1800s, doctors lamented that treating hysterics taxed their physical endurance.[54][54][54][54] Chronic hand fatigue meant that some doctors had trouble maintaining the treatment long enough to produce the desired (and lucrative) result. A disturbing insight, vibrators succeeded not because they advanced female pleasure, but because they saved labor for male physicians.Science Museum Group CollectionNecessity being the mother of invention, physicians began experimenting with mechanical substitutes for their hands. They tried a number of massage contraptions, among them water-driven gadgets (the forerunners of today's shower massage devices), and pumping, steam-driven dildos.[55][55][55][55] But the machines were cumbersome, messy, often unreliable, and sometimes dangerous.The first electric vibrator was manufactured in the late 1800s, decreasing treatment times from as much as an hour to as little as 10 minutes[56][56][56][56] Joseph Mortimer-Granville’s invention in 1883 was a late achievement in a life devoted to treating mental disorders and devising methods of memory improvement.[57][57][57][57] The vibrator was intended to be used on the male nerve centres, principality those of the spine.[58][58][58][58] Mortimer-Granville was horrified by the mere thought of using vibrators on women (although he failed to say why).[59][59][59][59]But many of his colleagues on both sides of the Atlantic ignored his maledictions on vibrating female patients. One of these colleagues was Alfred Dale Covey, whose book Profitable Office Specialities,[60][60][60][60] which included “vibrotherapy,”[61][61][61][61] went into multiple editions in the early 20th century. It didn’t take long for Mortimer-Granville’s sober-and-serious medical instrument to discover the market for pleasure. The American inventor of a steam-powered, coal-fired vibrator called The Manipulator, George Taylor, wrote in 1869 that physicians had to be careful to limit the “treatment” of women’s pelvic disorders, as the patients would be inclined to demand too much of a good thing.[62][62][62][62]When Doctors Used to Finger Their Patients: Female HysteriaOne of the most enduring misconceptions about the Victorian era is that individuals were often characterized as universally prudish, sexually dysfunctional and repressed. Victorian sexual mores have a bad reputation. So bad, in fact, that some historians have claimed women were brought to a “hysterical paroxysm” (supposedly an orgasm that nobody wanted to admit to), by their doctors through “pelvic massage” (masturbation). To aid them, a vibrating device was invented because there were just so many women who needed this form of treatment that the poor doctors’ hands were getting tired, and they had to use a machine.Machines with hand-held attachments that vibrated were part of the elaborate system of cures for hysteria, neurasthenia, and more common ailments like back pain or asthma. Doctors thought that applying vibration or massage to affected parts of the body (such as the head, neck or back) might help restore electrical imbalances causing the health problems. Doucheing and other forms of water treatments were extremely popular at spas both in Europe and America. Surely some women figured out how to use these devices for masturbatory purposes.The Chattanooga…stood nearly 2m tall and required a couple of men to operate it. Being steam-powered, the engine of the machine was located in a small room and two men shoveled coal into the furnace and monitored the steam temperature, pressure, and thrust required to drive the Chattanooga. The engine room was separated from the doctor’s room by a wall which had a hole in it. A mechanical arm extended from the engine through the wall and into the consulting room where the doctor controlled it and used the vibrating arm to administer the appropriate genital massage to the grateful patient.[63][63][63][63](Chattanooga Choo-Choo: A Brief History of the Vibrator)But just because something is aimed at your genitals doesn’t mean that it is enjoyable, and no one understood this better than the Victorians. Treatments for male sexual neurasthenia and impotence included devices were supposed to enclose the penis and transmit regular shocks[64][64][64][64] In one treatment for both men and women, one electrode was inserted in the rectum and a second one in the urethra if you were a woman, or placed between the penis and the scrotum if you were a man.The Sanax device 1913. In a series of photographs, a serious-faced woman in a ruffled white dress holds this vibrator to her forehead, her jaw, her throat and her chest (The vibrator: from medical tool to revolutionary sex toy).So did Dr Granville invent an electronic device for massage? Yes. Was it anything to do with the female orgasm? No. He actually invented it to help stimulate male pain relief, just as massage is used today. Victorian doctors knew exactly what the female orgasm was; in fact, it’s one of the reasons they thought masturbation was a bad idea. A few theorised that it might be beneficial to a woman for her period pain, but the majority of doctors saw the art of self-pleasure as highly dangerous to your health.[65][65][65][65] This attitude was not because they were on some sort of anti-pleasure, or anti-sex crusade, but because orgasms were actually important to the Victorians.Marriage guides discussing the sex act often claimed that a woman in a sexually satisfying relationship was more likely to become pregnant, as the wife’s orgasm was just as necessary to conception as her husband’s.[66][66][66][66] A book called The Art to Begetting Handsome Children, published in 1860, contains a detailed passage on foreplay, and shows us that, for the Victorians, sex, pleasure and love were concepts that were universally tied together.[67][67][67][67] In A Guide To Marriage, published in 1865 by the aptly named Albert Sidebottom, the advice to young couples exploring their relationship for the first time is that “All love between the sexes is based upon sexual passion”.[68][68][68][68] This is something I’ve come across time and again in researching Victorian attitudes to sex: sexual pleasure, and especially female sexual pleasure, really mattered.Cora Pearl.(The humble English girl who became Cora Pearl, one of the most scandalous courtesans of the Second Empire in 19th century Paris)Unfortunately, scholars and historians seem to be incapable of seeing women in the Victorian period as anything other than sexually passive, a gender so disconnected from their bodies that they had to be stimulated by the inventions of men. This just isn’t true. From the erotic life of courtesan Cora Pearl, to the romantic female relationships of Mary Benson, wife of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Victorian female sexuality was just as expressive and expansive as it is today.[69][69][69][69]Sexual fulfilment isn’t always about getting pregnant, and Victorian women seem to have had a healthy interest in protecting their bodies, while still being able to enjoy a sexual relationship. In 1877, Annie Besant, a one-time vicar’s wife, helped to publish Fruits of Philosophy, a guide that set out every possible contraceptive method available to its Victorian reader.[70][70][70][70] From vaginal douches to early forms of spermicide and even condoms, the information in the pamphlet became so popular that its British circulation reached over 125,000 in the first few months alone.c. 1891 Demonstration using the vibrator (A man invented vibrators because doctors were tired of giving orgasms)Between having their organs crushed by their undergarments (corsets), being poisoned by their underwear (Arsenic),[71][71][71][71] and spontaneously combusting once again thanks to their underwear (crinolines), the life of a Victorian woman was, to say the least, “Not Fun”.[72][72][72][72] And nothing sums up their struggles quite like the infamous illness of "hysteria" – a diagnosis foisted upon women for any number of reasons, for which the only known treatment was hours of industrious masturbation at the hands of a physician. Seen by male doctors as non-sexual because it didn't involve penetration (modern men, of course, would never believe this)[73][73][73][73] these "pelvic massages" eventually proved so tiring that the medical community invented the mechanical vibrator. And the rest, as they say, is history- history that has erroneously become accepted as fact in the last 20 years, despite an obvious lack of evidence and source material for the preceeding 150 years.So can we please stop saying Victorian women were having unknown orgasms stimulated by their doctors? The vibrators from the Victorian period are the least orgasmic devices you have ever seen, because they had nothing to do with sex.[74][74][74][74] They were used for massage, not masturbation. And the idea that a woman would be brought to orgasm by a device that rotates with a loud grinding buzz, and pummels you with the same finesse as a steam-engine, just doesn’t work. Especially when you compare it with the Victorian sex aides that were created for pleasure. From sex toys to sex chairs, condoms and contraceptives, the Victorians had many of the things sold today.[75][75][75][75] They used rubber, wood, ivory, and leather; some are delicately crafted from silver, others decorated in enamel flowers and hidden inside everyday objects, like a walking cane.[76][76][76][76]A 1910 newspaper advertisement (1910 ad: White Cross Electric Vibrator)In the 1920s, vibrators began to appear in erotic and pornographic films (the first erotic short appeared in 1891), undermining its social camouflage as a medical device. The vibrator’s legitimacy as a medical device declined after the 1920s, when Sigmund Freud correctly identified paroxysm as sexual.[77][77][77][77] They were no longer a doctor's go to therapy for anything and everything related to women's health.[78][78][78][78] However, chiropractors, who concentrated their attentions on the skeletal muscles, not the genitalia continued to use vibrators in their practices.[79][79][79][79]By the beginning of the 20th century, women could choose and buy their own vibrators from publications such as the Sears, Roebuck and Co. catalog, Needlecraft, Women's Home Companion. [80][80][80][80] One 1903 advertisement in the Sears Catalogue touted a popular massager as “a delightful companion . . . all the pleasures of youth . . . will throb within you....”.[81][81][81][81] Vibrator advertisements disappeared from the consumer media, and vibrators were hard to find well into the 1970s.[82][82][82][82] That changed when feminism emerged right around the time that Hitachi introduced its Magic Wand, still the world’s most popular vibrator.[83][83][83][83]Female hysteria remained a popular diagnosis until 1952 when it was removed from the American Psychiatric spectrum of mental disorders after a 2,500-year history as what the 19th century French physician Charles LaSegue called “a wastepaper basket of otherwise unemployed medical symptoms”.[84][84][84][84]Footnotes[1] Stranger Than Fiction[1] Stranger Than Fiction[1] Stranger Than Fiction[1] Stranger Than Fiction[2] The Classification of Hysteria and Related Disorders: Historical and Phenomenological Considerations[2] The Classification of Hysteria and Related Disorders: Historical and Phenomenological Considerations[2] The Classification of Hysteria and Related Disorders: Historical and Phenomenological Considerations[2] The Classification of Hysteria and Related Disorders: Historical and Phenomenological Considerations[3] Sex & Sexuality in the 19th Century[3] Sex & Sexuality in the 19th Century[3] Sex & Sexuality in the 19th Century[3] Sex & Sexuality in the 19th Century[4] The Classification of Hysteria and Related Disorders: Historical and Phenomenological Considerations[4] The Classification of Hysteria and Related Disorders: Historical and Phenomenological Considerations[4] The Classification of Hysteria and Related Disorders: Historical and Phenomenological Considerations[4] The Classification of Hysteria and Related Disorders: Historical and Phenomenological Considerations[5] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[5] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[5] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[5] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[6] Use of Vibrators Among American Women[6] Use of Vibrators Among American Women[6] Use of Vibrators Among American Women[6] Use of Vibrators Among American Women[7] Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review[7] Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review[7] Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review[7] Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review[8] Herbert Feis Award Recipients[8] Herbert Feis Award Recipients[8] Herbert Feis Award Recipients[8] Herbert Feis Award Recipients[9] http://he%20theory%20has%20some%20pretty%20unstable%20foundations/[9] http://he%20theory%20has%20some%20pretty%20unstable%20foundations/[9] http://he%20theory%20has%20some%20pretty%20unstable%20foundations/[9] http://he%20theory%20has%20some%20pretty%20unstable%20foundations/[10] Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review[10] Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review[10] Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review[10] Victorian-Era Orgasms and the Crisis of Peer Review[11] (PDF) The Technology of Orgasm: 'Hysteria', the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction[11] (PDF) The Technology of Orgasm: 'Hysteria', the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction[11] (PDF) The Technology of Orgasm: 'Hysteria', the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction[11] (PDF) The Technology of Orgasm: 'Hysteria', the Vibrator, and Women's Sexual Satisfaction[12] 'The Vibrator Play': Why Yes, It Is About Exactly That[12] 'The Vibrator Play': Why Yes, It Is About Exactly That[12] 'The Vibrator Play': Why Yes, It Is About Exactly That[12] 'The Vibrator Play': Why Yes, It Is About Exactly That[13] Passion & Power: The Technology of Orgasm[13] Passion & Power: The Technology of Orgasm[13] Passion & Power: The Technology of Orgasm[13] Passion & Power: The Technology of Orgasm[14] History of Wellness - Global Wellness Institute[14] History of Wellness - Global Wellness Institute[14] History of Wellness - Global Wellness Institute[14] History of Wellness - Global Wellness Institute[15] "Hysteria" and the Strange History of Vibrators[15] "Hysteria" and the Strange History of Vibrators[15] "Hysteria" and the Strange History of Vibrators[15] "Hysteria" and the Strange History of Vibrators[16] The Vibrator's Origin Story Is Fantastically Scandalous, But It's Also Probably Fake[16] The Vibrator's Origin Story Is Fantastically Scandalous, But It's Also Probably Fake[16] The Vibrator's Origin Story Is Fantastically Scandalous, But It's Also Probably Fake[16] The Vibrator's Origin Story Is Fantastically Scandalous, But It's Also Probably Fake[17] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[17] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[17] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[17] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[18] Nineteenth-century Attitudes to Female Sexuality[18] Nineteenth-century Attitudes to Female Sexuality[18] Nineteenth-century Attitudes to Female Sexuality[18] Nineteenth-century Attitudes to Female Sexuality[19] It's a myth that Victorian doctors used vibrators to give their patients orgasms[19] It's a myth that Victorian doctors used vibrators to give their patients orgasms[19] It's a myth that Victorian doctors used vibrators to give their patients orgasms[19] It's a myth that Victorian doctors used vibrators to give their patients orgasms[20] Practice Essentials[20] Practice Essentials[20] Practice Essentials[20] Practice Essentials[21] Prolapsed uterus: Stages, symptoms, and home remedies[21] Prolapsed uterus: Stages, symptoms, and home remedies[21] Prolapsed uterus: Stages, symptoms, and home remedies[21] Prolapsed uterus: Stages, symptoms, and home remedies[22] Full text of "Massage treatment (Thure Brandt) in diseases of women : for practitioners"[22] Full text of "Massage treatment (Thure Brandt) in diseases of women : for practitioners"[22] Full text of "Massage treatment (Thure Brandt) in diseases of women : for practitioners"[22] Full text of "Massage treatment (Thure Brandt) in diseases of women : for practitioners"[23] Full text of "New York medical journal"[23] Full text of "New York medical journal"[23] Full text of "New York medical journal"[23] Full text of "New York medical journal"[24] Victorian doctors were not using vibrators on female patients – it was even stranger than that[24] Victorian doctors were not using vibrators on female patients – it was even stranger than that[24] Victorian doctors were not using vibrators on female patients – it was even stranger than that[24] Victorian doctors were not using vibrators on female patients – it was even stranger than that[25] The vibrator: from medical tool to revolutionary sex toy[25] The vibrator: from medical tool to revolutionary sex toy[25] The vibrator: from medical tool to revolutionary sex toy[25] The vibrator: from medical tool to revolutionary sex toy[26] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[26] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[26] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[26] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[27] The History of Hysteria[27] The History of Hysteria[27] The History of Hysteria[27] The History of Hysteria[28] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[28] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[28] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[28] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[29] Hysteria, Witches, and The Wandering Uterus: A Brief History[29] Hysteria, Witches, and The Wandering Uterus: A Brief History[29] Hysteria, Witches, and The Wandering Uterus: A Brief History[29] Hysteria, Witches, and The Wandering Uterus: A Brief History[30] Women And Hysteria In The History Of Mental Health[30] Women And Hysteria In The History Of Mental Health[30] Women And Hysteria In The History Of Mental Health[30] Women And Hysteria In The History Of Mental Health[31] THE WANDERING WOMB[31] THE WANDERING WOMB[31] THE WANDERING WOMB[31] THE WANDERING WOMB[32] Ancient Gynecology - Antiqua Medicina: From Homer to Vesalius[32] Ancient Gynecology - Antiqua Medicina: From Homer to Vesalius[32] Ancient Gynecology - Antiqua Medicina: From Homer to Vesalius[32] Ancient Gynecology - Antiqua Medicina: From Homer to Vesalius[33] Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek physicians[33] Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek physicians[33] Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek physicians[33] Male and female bodies according to Ancient Greek physicians[34] Aretaeus of Cappadocia, second only to Hippocrates[34] Aretaeus of Cappadocia, second only to Hippocrates[34] Aretaeus of Cappadocia, second only to Hippocrates[34] Aretaeus of Cappadocia, second only to Hippocrates[35] Magical and Medical Approaches to the Wandering Womb in the Ancient Greek World[35] Magical and Medical Approaches to the Wandering Womb in the Ancient Greek World[35] Magical and Medical Approaches to the Wandering Womb in the Ancient Greek World[35] Magical and Medical Approaches to the Wandering Womb in the Ancient Greek World[36] A womb of one’s own… Part one. - Menstrual Matters[36] A womb of one’s own… Part one. - Menstrual Matters[36] A womb of one’s own… Part one. - Menstrual Matters[36] A womb of one’s own… Part one. - Menstrual Matters[37] Hysteria, the Wandering Uterus, and Vaginal Massage[37] Hysteria, the Wandering Uterus, and Vaginal Massage[37] Hysteria, the Wandering Uterus, and Vaginal Massage[37] Hysteria, the Wandering Uterus, and Vaginal Massage[38] A Brief and Twisted History of Dildos and Vibrators[38] A Brief and Twisted History of Dildos and Vibrators[38] A Brief and Twisted History of Dildos and Vibrators[38] A Brief and Twisted History of Dildos and Vibrators[39] The “English Hippocrates” and the disease of kings[39] The “English Hippocrates” and the disease of kings[39] The “English Hippocrates” and the disease of kings[39] The “English Hippocrates” and the disease of kings[40] Sydenham on Hysteria[40] Sydenham on Hysteria[40] Sydenham on Hysteria[40] Sydenham on Hysteria[41] The Technology of Orgasm[41] The Technology of Orgasm[41] The Technology of Orgasm[41] The Technology of Orgasm[42] Observationem et curationem medicinalium ac chirurgicarum, Opera Omnia, ...[42] Observationem et curationem medicinalium ac chirurgicarum, Opera Omnia, ...[42] Observationem et curationem medicinalium ac chirurgicarum, Opera Omnia, ...[42] Observationem et curationem medicinalium ac chirurgicarum, Opera Omnia, ...[43] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[43] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[43] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[43] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[44] The Little Explored Secret of Women's Orgasms While They Exe[44] The Little Explored Secret of Women's Orgasms While They Exe[44] The Little Explored Secret of Women's Orgasms While They Exe[44] The Little Explored Secret of Women's Orgasms While They Exe[45] r/todayilearned - TIL as late as 17th-Century Europe, masturbation was commonly employed by nannies to put their young male charges to sleep.[45] r/todayilearned - TIL as late as 17th-Century Europe, masturbation was commonly employed by nannies to put their young male charges to sleep.[45] r/todayilearned - TIL as late as 17th-Century Europe, masturbation was commonly employed by nannies to put their young male charges to sleep.[45] r/todayilearned - TIL as late as 17th-Century Europe, masturbation was commonly employed by nannies to put their young male charges to sleep.[46] The Technology of Orgasm[46] The Technology of Orgasm[46] The Technology of Orgasm[46] The Technology of Orgasm[47] The rise and fall of FGM in Victorian London[47] The rise and fall of FGM in Victorian London[47] The rise and fall of FGM in Victorian London[47] The rise and fall of FGM in Victorian London[48] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[48] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[48] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[48] 7 Crazy Things People Used To Believe About Female Hysteria[49] The Racialized History of "Hysteria" | JSTOR Daily[49] The Racialized History of "Hysteria" | JSTOR Daily[49] The Racialized History of "Hysteria" | JSTOR Daily[49] The Racialized History of "Hysteria" | JSTOR Daily[50] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/349116/[50] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/349116/[50] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/349116/[50] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/349116/[51] The Vibrator's Origin Story Is Fantastically Scandalous, But It's Also Probably Fake[51] The Vibrator's Origin Story Is Fantastically Scandalous, But It's Also Probably Fake[51] The Vibrator's Origin Story Is Fantastically Scandalous, But It's Also Probably Fake[51] The Vibrator's Origin Story Is Fantastically Scandalous, But It's Also Probably Fake[52] Photo of the Day – Whale Oil Beef Hooked | Whaleoil Media[52] Photo of the Day – Whale Oil Beef Hooked | Whaleoil Media[52] Photo of the Day – Whale Oil Beef Hooked | Whaleoil Media[52] Photo of the Day – Whale Oil Beef Hooked | Whaleoil Media[53] Definition of Paroxysm[53] Definition of Paroxysm[53] Definition of Paroxysm[53] Definition of Paroxysm[54] The History Of “Female Hysteria” And The Sex Toys Used To Treat It[54] The History Of “Female Hysteria” And The Sex Toys Used To Treat It[54] The History Of “Female Hysteria” And The Sex Toys Used To Treat It[54] The History Of “Female Hysteria” And The Sex Toys Used To Treat It[55] The Steam-Powered Vibrator and Other Terrifying Early Sex Machines NSFW[55] The Steam-Powered Vibrator and Other Terrifying Early Sex Machines NSFW[55] The Steam-Powered Vibrator and Other Terrifying Early Sex Machines NSFW[55] The Steam-Powered Vibrator and Other Terrifying Early Sex Machines NSFW[56] A man invented vibrators because doctors were tired of giving orgasms[56] A man invented vibrators because doctors were tired of giving orgasms[56] A man invented vibrators because doctors were tired of giving orgasms[56] A man invented vibrators because doctors were tired of giving orgasms[57] https://www.google.com/url?rct=j&sa=t&source=web&url=https://alcoholanddrugshistorysociety.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/shad-28-2-kneale.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0m2gEcbQih7F0ZtXKhj3U3&ved=2ahUKEwiMpeXW66_iAhUSRqwKHTr8A0MQFjATegQICRAB[57] https://www.google.com/url?rct=j&sa=t&source=web&url=https://alcoholanddrugshistorysociety.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/shad-28-2-kneale.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0m2gEcbQih7F0ZtXKhj3U3&ved=2ahUKEwiMpeXW66_iAhUSRqwKHTr8A0MQFjATegQICRAB[57] https://www.google.com/url?rct=j&sa=t&source=web&url=https://alcoholanddrugshistorysociety.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/shad-28-2-kneale.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0m2gEcbQih7F0ZtXKhj3U3&ved=2ahUKEwiMpeXW66_iAhUSRqwKHTr8A0MQFjATegQICRAB[57] https://www.google.com/url?rct=j&sa=t&source=web&url=https://alcoholanddrugshistorysociety.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/shad-28-2-kneale.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0m2gEcbQih7F0ZtXKhj3U3&ved=2ahUKEwiMpeXW66_iAhUSRqwKHTr8A0MQFjATegQICRAB[58] Selling Sex Toys: Marketing and the Meaning of Vibrators in Early Twentieth-Century America[58] Selling Sex Toys: Marketing and the Meaning of Vibrators in Early Twentieth-Century America[58] Selling Sex Toys: Marketing and the Meaning of Vibrators in Early Twentieth-Century America[58] Selling Sex Toys: Marketing and the Meaning of Vibrators in Early Twentieth-Century America[59] Nerve-vibration and Excitation as Agents in the Treatment of Functional Disorder and Organic Disease[59] Nerve-vibration and Excitation as Agents in the Treatment of Functional Disorder and Organic Disease[59] Nerve-vibration and Excitation as Agents in the Treatment of Functional Disorder and Organic Disease[59] Nerve-vibration and Excitation as Agents in the Treatment of Functional Disorder and Organic Disease[60] The secrets of specialists (1916 edition) | Open Library[60] The secrets of specialists (1916 edition) | Open Library[60] The secrets of specialists (1916 edition) | Open Library[60] The secrets of specialists (1916 edition) | Open Library[61] http://www.ramsni.com/information_links/Vibrotherapy%20Info/Vibrotherapy%20info.html[61] http://www.ramsni.com/information_links/Vibrotherapy%20Info/Vibrotherapy%20info.html[61] http://www.ramsni.com/information_links/Vibrotherapy%20Info/Vibrotherapy%20info.html[61] http://www.ramsni.com/information_links/Vibrotherapy%20Info/Vibrotherapy%20info.html[62] The Steam-Powered Vibrator and Other Terrifying Early Sex Machines NSFW[62] The Steam-Powered Vibrator and Other Terrifying Early Sex Machines NSFW[62] The Steam-Powered Vibrator and Other Terrifying Early Sex Machines NSFW[62] The Steam-Powered Vibrator and Other Terrifying Early Sex Machines NSFW[63] Chattanooga Choo-Choo: A Brief History of the Vibrator[63] Chattanooga Choo-Choo: A Brief History of the Vibrator[63] Chattanooga Choo-Choo: A Brief History of the Vibrator[63] Chattanooga Choo-Choo: A Brief History of the Vibrator[64] Sexual Neurasthenia ( Nervous Exhaustion ), Its Hygiene, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment, with a Chapter on Diet for the Nervous by George M. Beard, A.M., M.D.[64] Sexual Neurasthenia ( Nervous Exhaustion ), Its Hygiene, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment, with a Chapter on Diet for the Nervous by George M. Beard, A.M., M.D.[64] Sexual Neurasthenia ( Nervous Exhaustion ), Its Hygiene, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment, with a Chapter on Diet for the Nervous by George M. Beard, A.M., M.D.[64] Sexual Neurasthenia ( Nervous Exhaustion ), Its Hygiene, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment, with a Chapter on Diet for the Nervous by George M. Beard, A.M., M.D.[65] Let’s Talk about Sex: Victorian Anti-Masturbation Devices[65] Let’s Talk about Sex: Victorian Anti-Masturbation Devices[65] Let’s Talk about Sex: Victorian Anti-Masturbation Devices[65] Let’s Talk about Sex: Victorian Anti-Masturbation Devices[66] Female Sexuality in the Victorian Age[66] Female Sexuality in the Victorian Age[66] Female Sexuality in the Victorian Age[66] Female Sexuality in the Victorian Age[67] The Victorian Citizen’s Advice To Having A Great Sex Life[67] The Victorian Citizen’s Advice To Having A Great Sex Life[67] The Victorian Citizen’s Advice To Having A Great Sex Life[67] The Victorian Citizen’s Advice To Having A Great Sex Life[68] The struggle for married women’s rights, circa 1880s[68] The struggle for married women’s rights, circa 1880s[68] The struggle for married women’s rights, circa 1880s[68] The struggle for married women’s rights, circa 1880s[69] The humble English girl who became Cora Pearl, one of the most scandalous courtesans of the Second Empire in 19th century Paris[69] The humble English girl who became Cora Pearl, one of the most scandalous courtesans of the Second Empire in 19th century Paris[69] The humble English girl who became Cora Pearl, one of the most scandalous courtesans of the Second Empire in 19th century Paris[69] The humble English girl who became Cora Pearl, one of the most scandalous courtesans of the Second Empire in 19th century Paris[70] Birth Control in the Shadow of Empire: The Trials of Annie Besant, 1877-1878[70] Birth Control in the Shadow of Empire: The Trials of Annie Besant, 1877-1878[70] Birth Control in the Shadow of Empire: The Trials of Annie Besant, 1877-1878[70] Birth Control in the Shadow of Empire: The Trials of Annie Besant, 1877-1878[71] 7 Ways Victorian Fashion Could Kill You[71] 7 Ways Victorian Fashion Could Kill You[71] 7 Ways Victorian Fashion Could Kill You[71] 7 Ways Victorian Fashion Could Kill You[72] Crinolinemania: The dangerous Victorian fashion garment that killed around 3,000 women[72] Crinolinemania: The dangerous Victorian fashion garment that killed around 3,000 women[72] Crinolinemania: The dangerous Victorian fashion garment that killed around 3,000 women[72] Crinolinemania: The dangerous Victorian fashion garment that killed around 3,000 women[73] Victorian doctors were not using vibrators on female patients – it was even stranger than that[73] Victorian doctors were not using vibrators on female patients – it was even stranger than that[73] Victorian doctors were not using vibrators on female patients – it was even stranger than that[73] Victorian doctors were not using vibrators on female patients – it was even stranger than that[74] No, no, no! Victorians didn’t invent the vibrator | Fern Riddell[74] No, no, no! Victorians didn’t invent the vibrator | Fern Riddell[74] No, no, no! Victorians didn’t invent the vibrator | Fern Riddell[74] No, no, no! Victorians didn’t invent the vibrator | Fern Riddell[75] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[75] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[75] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[75] The History of Sex Toys Is Decadent, Depraved And Will Blow More Than Just Your Mind...[76] Historical Sex: The Victorians - disease, pornography and royal sex chairs[76] Historical Sex: The Victorians - disease, pornography and royal sex chairs[76] Historical Sex: The Victorians - disease, pornography and royal sex chairs[76] Historical Sex: The Victorians - disease, pornography and royal sex chairs[77] Good Vibrations: Medical Science Cures Hysteria[77] Good Vibrations: Medical Science Cures Hysteria[77] Good Vibrations: Medical Science Cures Hysteria[77] Good Vibrations: Medical Science Cures Hysteria[78] victorian decline in vibrator use[78] victorian decline in vibrator use[78] victorian decline in vibrator use[78] victorian decline in vibrator use[79] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.academia.edu/28556168/Balls_Cups_and_Discs_A_history_of_vibrators_and_massage_machines_1900-_1940_Dissertation_2012&ved=2ahUKEwitq5jzh7LiAhULKawKHbhXC5IQFjADegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw19o11WLSvlnweR5fW9Pg39[79] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.academia.edu/28556168/Balls_Cups_and_Discs_A_history_of_vibrators_and_massage_machines_1900-_1940_Dissertation_2012&ved=2ahUKEwitq5jzh7LiAhULKawKHbhXC5IQFjADegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw19o11WLSvlnweR5fW9Pg39[79] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.academia.edu/28556168/Balls_Cups_and_Discs_A_history_of_vibrators_and_massage_machines_1900-_1940_Dissertation_2012&ved=2ahUKEwitq5jzh7LiAhULKawKHbhXC5IQFjADegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw19o11WLSvlnweR5fW9Pg39[79] https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.academia.edu/28556168/Balls_Cups_and_Discs_A_history_of_vibrators_and_massage_machines_1900-_1940_Dissertation_2012&ved=2ahUKEwitq5jzh7LiAhULKawKHbhXC5IQFjADegQIARAB&usg=AOvVaw19o11WLSvlnweR5fW9Pg39[80] 11 Vintage Vibrator Ads To Make You Glad You Live In 2015[80] 11 Vintage Vibrator Ads To Make You Glad You Live In 2015[80] 11 Vintage Vibrator Ads To Make You Glad You Live In 2015[80] 11 Vintage Vibrator Ads To Make You Glad You Live In 2015[81] Vibrators were Sold in the Sears & Roebuck Catalogue[81] Vibrators were Sold in the Sears & Roebuck Catalogue[81] Vibrators were Sold in the Sears & Roebuck Catalogue[81] Vibrators were Sold in the Sears & Roebuck Catalogue[82] The buzz: how the vibrator came to be[82] The buzz: how the vibrator came to be[82] The buzz: how the vibrator came to be[82] The buzz: how the vibrator came to be[83] Hitachi Magic Wand - Wikipedia[83] Hitachi Magic Wand - Wikipedia[83] Hitachi Magic Wand - Wikipedia[83] Hitachi Magic Wand - Wikipedia[84] Charles Lasègue (1816-1883): beyond anorexie hystérique[84] Charles Lasègue (1816-1883): beyond anorexie hystérique[84] Charles Lasègue (1816-1883): beyond anorexie hystérique[84] Charles Lasègue (1816-1883): beyond anorexie hystérique

List of incurable diseasesAllergic diseases – Allergies, or Allergic diseases, are conditions in which histamines. Types of allergy include food allergies (not to be confused with Food Intolerances or Food Poisoning), atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, anaphylaxis, and allergic rhinitis (also known as hay fever, which is the most common), for example. No cure exists for allergies, but several treatments exist such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, avoiding the allergen, and allergen immunotherapy (also known as desensitization.)[citation needed]Asthma – Asthma is a disease that makes the bronchial tubes more susceptible to inflammation and irritation. There is no way to cure it, but there are ways to treat it so the person is not as likely to have an asthmatic episode.[1]Adrenocortical carcinoma – A form of cancer that originates in the cortex of the adrenal gland and has no definitive cure.[citation needed]Alzheimer's diseaseAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis – Also known as motor neurone disease or Lou Gehrig's DiseaseArthritis – Arthritis is a condition where one feels joint pain. There is no known cure, but there are treatments that help.Ataxia – is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that includes gait abnormality. Ataxia is a non-specific clinical manifestation implying dysfunction of the parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum.Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy – Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy is a disease in the body's blood vessels that causes a buildup of a protein that can cause the blood vessels in the brain to burst, resulting in headaches. It is commonly brought on by dementia, but can occur in a person who never had dementia.[2]Common cold – The common cold is a disease that mutates too frequently for a vaccine or cure to be created,[3] and is rarely fatal.[4]Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease – This is a neurodegenerative disease. There is no treatment or cure for this disease,[5] although there has been extensive efforts done to reduce the chance of being infected with it.Crohn's disease-This is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflamation in the intestinal tract. It cannot be cured, but can be managed with medications and surgery.[6]Coeliac disease – Coeliac (or celiac) disease is a chronic, multiple-organ autoimmune disorder primarily affecting the small intestine caused by the ingestion of gluten, that appears in genetically predisposed people of all ages.[7] "Non-classic" presentation is the most common type, especially in older children (over 2 years old), adolescents, and adults.[8][9] It is characterized by mild, fluctuating or even apparently absent gastrointestinal symptoms and a wide spectrum of non-intestinal manifestations that can involve any organ of the body, frequent negativity of serological markers (TG2), and minor mucosal lesions, without atrophy of the intestinal villi.[9][10][11] Most cases remain unrecognized and undiagnosed.[12] Untreated, it can cause many health complications and associated disorders, among which an increased risk of several types of cancer and greater mortality are included.[13][14] Currently there is no cure and the only known effective treatment is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet, which leads to recovery of the intestinal mucosa, improves symptoms and reduces risk of developing complications in most people.[15]Cystic FibrosisDesmoplastic small-round-cell tumor – A rare cancer that has no standardised treatment or cure.[citation needed]Diabetes – Diabetes is a common disorder that impairs the body's ability to produce and use insulin.[16] There is no cure for it, but there are effective treatment plans to help control it.[17]Dupuytren's disease – inherited, no cure, few treaments, nodules, cords, contractures, of one or both hands. Associated diseases: Ledderhose (feet), frozen shoulder, Peyronie's disease (penis).Ebola virus – Although there is treatment that has resulted in patients infected with this virus to have a full recovery,[18] there is no vaccine or cure available. However, there are currently two potential vaccines that are under evaluation by the WHO.[18] The only way to currently recover from this virus is to have a constant stream of medication and fluids.Epilepsy – While epilepsy can be considered to be resolved for "individuals who had an age-dependent epilepsy syndrome but are now past the applicable age or those who have remained seizure-free for the last 10 years, with no seizure medicines for the last 5 years", those with a history of epilepsy that is now considered resolved have a greater risk of seizures than the baseline unaffected population and there is no guarantee that epilepsy will not return in resolved individuals.[19]Factor V Leiden Mutation - is a variant (mutated form) of human factor V (one of several substances that helps blood clot), which causes an increase in blood clotting (hypercoagulability). With this mutation, the anticoagulant protein secreted (which normally inhibits the pro-clotting activity of factor V) is not able to bind normally to Factor V, leading to a hypercoagulable state, i.e., an increased tendency for the patient to form abnormal and potentially harmful blood clots. Factor V Leiden is the most common hereditary hypercoagulability (prone to clotting) disorder amongst ethnic Europeans. It is named after the Dutch city Leiden, where it was first identified in 1994 by Prof R. Bertina et al. Suspicion of factor V Leiden being the cause for any thrombotic event should be considered in any Caucasian patient below the age of 45, or in any person with a family history of venous thrombosis.Fatal Familial Insomnia – This is a prion disease that is inherited and causes insomnia and other symptoms.[20][21] The average life span of a person who has Fatal Familial Insomnia is around 18 months after it developing.[22]Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva – A genetic disorder characterised by soft tissue injuries healing into bone. Despite this, the bones do not have joints and limit mobility. Cutting off the bone results in explosive bone growth. It is genetic, and no known cure exists [23]Fluoroquinolone Toxicity Syndrome (FQAD) – A multi-system syndrome that develops in some previously healthy patients that are prescribed an oral fluoroquinolone antibacterialdrug.[24]FibromyalgiaGenetic disease – Most genetic diseases are incurable.Glioblastoma – Most frequent and most malignant human brain tumor.[25] There are currently no curative treatments available and virtually all patients experience tumor recurrence.[26]Hepatitis B Infection of the liver caused by sexual transmission and body fluid contact. Can lead to scarring of liver and liver cancer.Herpes – Herpes is an infection marked by genital pain and sores. It is sexually transmitted if there is no protection and is very common.HIV/AIDS – No cure exists for HIV/AIDS, but medication exists that can help control the symptoms of it.[27]Huntington's diseaseHearing Loss(Sensorineural)Hereditary Multiple Exostoses No cure exists for this autosomal dominant hereditary disorder, although surgery to remove exostoses (growths of bone) is an option when they get to an unbearable level, and medication exists to control the condition as it can cause extreme pain in bones and joints, as well as hinder and lessen the mobility of sufferers.Irritable bowel syndrome – a very common functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, diarrhoea, or consitpation besides others. There is no cure for IBS, but symptoms may improve with dietary measures (such as increasing soluble fiber intake, a gluten-free diet, or a short-term low-FODMAP diet),[28][29][30] and certain medications, such as laxatives and antidiarrhoeals.[28]Joint pain – Joint pain may have multiple causes, and/or be associated with multiple diseases. Some have cures, others are incurable but the joint pain may be ameliorated. [31]Lichen planus – A disease characterized by itchy reddish-purple polygon-shaped skin lesions on the lower back, wrists, and ankles.[32] It may also be present with a burning sensation in the mouth, and a lattice-like network of white lines near sites of erosion (Wickham striae). The cause is unknown, but it is thought to be the result of an autoimmune process with an unknown initial trigger. There is no cure, but many different medications and procedures have been used in efforts to control the symptoms.Systemic lupus erythematosus – Lupus is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body–symptoms vary between people and may be mild to severe. Common symptoms include painful and swollen joints, fever, chest pain, hair loss, mouth ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, feeling tired, and a red rash which is most commonly on the face. [33]Macular degeneration – Degeneration of eyesight with no cure that can repair the damaged tissue. However, there are management techniques that reduce future damage caused by this disease.[citation needed]Marburg virus – This virus is very deadly and has no treatment, vaccine, or cure available.[34]Multiple sclerosis – Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.[35] This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems.[36][37][38] There is no known cure.[35]Muscular dystrophy – inherited diseaseMyasthenia gravis – An autoimmune disorder of the neuro-muscular junction characterized by muscle weakness that fluctuates, worsening with exertion, and improving with rest[39]. There is no known cure[40].Norovirus – This virus is responsible for 18–24% of all causes of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, however there is no treatment, vaccine, or cure available.Osteoporosis – Osteoporosis is a disease where increased bone weakness increases the risk of a broken bone. It is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly. Treatment for Osteoporosis includes a good diet, exercise, and fall prevention. The most common medications used in treatment are Bisphosphonates, and Teriparatide.Osteogenesis imperfecta – Osteogenesis imperfecta, or brittle bone disease, is a group of genetic disorders that mainly affect the bones, resulting in bones that break easily. Other symptoms may include a blue tinge to the whites of the eye, short height, loose joints, hearing loss, breathing problems and problems with the teeth. Major complications may include cervical artery dissection and aortic dissection. Treatment may include care of broken bones, pain medication, physical therapy, braces or wheelchairs and surgery.Parkinson's diseaseProgeria – Progeria has no cure and a very small amount of treatments.[41] However, there is a medicine in the making that is undergoing testing and trials that may lead to a cure.[42] The disorder usually leads to death at a young age.[43]Polio – While there is a vaccine to prevent Polio, there is no known cure for it.[44]Pre-eclampsia – a multisystem progressive disorder characterized by the new onset of hypertension and proteinuria, or of hypertension and significant end-organ dysfunction with or without proteinuria, in the last half of pregnancy or postpartum. The disorder is caused by placental and maternal vascular dysfunction and always resolves after delivery. Although most affected pregnancies deliver at term or near term with good maternal and fetal outcomes, these pregnancies are at increased risk for maternal and/or fetal mortality or serious morbidity. In addition, women with preeclampsia are at increased risk for future cardiovascular disease.Psoriasis – Psoriasis is an auto-immune disease which affects the skin. It can be treated and controlled to some extent with medication but has no definitive cure. [45]Pulmonary Hypertension – a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in your lungs and the right side of your heart. In one form of pulmonary hypertension, tiny arteries in your lungs, called pulmonary arterioles, and capillaries become narrowed, blocked or destroyed. This makes it harder for blood to flow through your lungs, and raises pressure within your lungs' arteries. As the pressure builds, your heart's lower right chamber (right ventricle) must work harder to pump blood through your lungs, eventually causing your heart muscle to weaken and fail. Some forms of pulmonary hypertension are serious conditions that become progressively worse and are sometimes fatal. Although some forms of pulmonary hypertension aren't curable, treatment can help lessen symptoms and improve your quality of life.[46] [The gold standard for diagnosing Pulmonary Hypertension is a right heart cath procedure.] In a right-heart cath, your doctor guides a special catheter (a small, hollow tube) called a pulmonary artery (PA) catheter to the right side of your heart. He or she then passes the tube into your pulmonary artery. This is the main artery that carries blood to your lungs. [47] There are various types of Pulmonary Hypertension, some have no known cause (aka Idiopathic), some are believed to be genetic, and some forms of Pulmonary Hypertension are secondary in nature and are caused by other diseases or conditions. See Pulmonary Hypertension Association for more information, an educational support group for sufferers of pulmonary hypertension.Rheumatoid Arthritis – Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the joints.[48]Rabies – Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure, followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, the result is nearly always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however, the time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel along nerves to reach the central nervous system. In people who have been exposed to rabies, the rabies vaccine and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin are effective in preventing the disease if the person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms. Once the patient becomes symptomatic, treatment is almost never effective and mortality is over 99%. Rabies may also inflame the spinal cord, producing transverse myelitis.Rett syndrome (RTT) – an X-linked genetic brain disorder, which typically becomes apparent after 6 to 18 months of age in females. Symptoms include problems with language, coordination, and repetitive movements. Often there is slower growth, problems walking, and a smaller head size. Complications can include seizures, scoliosis, and sleeping problems. There is no known cure for Rett syndrome, treatment is directed at improving symptoms. Anticonvulsants may be used to help with seizures, and special education, physiotherapy, and braces may also be useful.Schizophrenia – Many treatments are available and proven to improve the condition, however, there is no definitive cure for this mental disease.[49][50]ScoliosisSpinocerebellar Ataxia – This is a genetic disorder that inhibits the person's ability to use their nervous system.[51]Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome – (SARS) is a respiratory illness that first infected people in parts of Asia, North America, and Europe in late 2002 and early 2003. SARS is caused by a type of coronavirus, which can cause mild to moderate upper respiratory illness, such as the common cold.Sickle cell disease – A disorder that cause red blood cells to become misshapen and break down. It is very rare and has no cure.Trigeminal Neuralgia – A chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal or 5th cranial nerve, one of the most widely distributed nerves in the head. There is no true cure for the disease, but it can be treated.[52]Toxoplasmosis – A zoonotic disease spread from cat feces, undercooked meat and fresh unwashed vegetables.Ulcerative Colitis-An autoimmune disorder that causes inflamation of the large intestine. It can be treated with medication and surgery.[53]

Human Virome The human virome (representing human viral communities) presents greater technical challenges (1) for identification and enumeration compared to the microbiome. Technical difficulties with characterizing the human virome 1. We identify bacteria in the human microbiome using conserved genomic sequences (16S rRNA). Lacking such conserved genomic regions, viral genomic sequences from human samples are compared to known virus reference sequence databases. Drawback is such databases don't include sequences from novel viruses (2) while the human virome likely harbors as-yet-undiscovered viruses and viral relics. 2. Viruses have small genomes, and are proportionally fewer compared to bacteria. Thus, viral nucleic acids are proportionally minuscule in the total derived from hum(more)