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I wish I could be quite as sure. Here’s the link for this article. It’s from Washington Monthly, but you can find similar commentary elsewhere. How Trump could lose the election and remain presidentI looked for another article, but this one is close enough. The other option is that he will refuse to recognize the mail-in/absentee ballots as legitimate, while his allies suppress the vote, and when he loses Trump and his buddies will claim that the election was stolen, through the decision about who will be the next president into Congress, where the Republicans will have a majority of congressional delegations, and you can combine this with his willingness to declare a national emergency and rule by emergency decree. This is why those on the fence must get off their lazy butts and vote and use absentee mail-in ballots whenever practical.How Trump Could Lose the Election and Remain PresidentA step-by-step guide to what might happen if he refuses to concede.by Daniel BlockMAGAZINEEpoch Times/FlickrShareTweetPrintEmailAt the end of his congressional testimony in February, Michael Cohen, Donald Trump’s former fixer, floated a nightmarish possibility.“Given my experience working for Mr. Trump,” Cohen said, “I fear that if he loses in 2020, that there will never be a peaceful transition of power.”Cohen’s comments may seem hyperbolic, but they are worth taking seriously. In the aftermath of 2018, Trump told reporters, “Republicans don’t win, and that’s because of potentially illegal votes.” In a 2016 presidential debate, Trump refused to say whether he would accept defeat. “I’ll keep you in suspense,” he declared. Since that election, Trump has routinely said that his popular vote defeat was the product of “millions and millions” of illegal ballots. Now, facing potential legal jeopardy from ongoing investigations into hush-money payments and any number of apparent financial crimes, he might reasonably conclude that staying in office is the only way to avoid being indicted.So what would it look like if Trump refused to concede? Is there really a way he could stay in office? It’s unlikely. For starters, successful autocrats rarely lose elections. “They take steps to rig it well in advance,” said Steven Levitsky, a comparative political scientist at Harvard University and the coauthor of How Democracies Die. They pack electoral authorities, jail opponents, and silence unfriendly media outlets. America’s extremely decentralized electoral system and powerful, well-funded opposition makes this very difficult to pull off.The U.S. also lacks the kind of politicized military that lets some discredited autocrats, like Venezuela’s Nicholás Maduro, hang on. “I can’t imagine the military accepting an effort to turn them into a partisan arm of the executive,” said Robert Mickey, a political scientist at the University of Michigan who researches the history of authoritarianism in the American South.But while nationwide cheating may be impossible, the Republican Party has proven more than willing to violate democratic norms where it has local control, and not every powerful institution is as neutral as the military. There is a sequence of events, each individually plausible, that would allow Trump to remain president despite losing the election—breaking American democracy in the process.“I think we know that Trump will certainly, no matter what the result is, be likely to declare that there was fraud and that he was the rightful victor,” said Joseph Fishkin, a law professor at the University of Texas who studies elections.Let’s assume that Fishkin is right. Here’s what could keep Trump in power.1. The election is close.If Trump lost in a blowout, alleging fraud would accomplish little. Even entrenched autocrats are often forced from office when they are heftily defeated.But that doesn’t mean the race would need to be a redux of 2000, when George W. Bush won the presidency with an official margin of 537 votes, to spark a crisis. Given increasing polarization and the Republican Party’s growing impatience with democratic norms, experts told me the party might challenge even a clear defeat. “I am worried now, given the reaction to 2018, that you could get a dispute over a five-digit number,” said Edward Foley, a law professor and elections expert at Ohio State University.Others suggested the margin could be even wider. When I asked Mark Tushnet, a constitutional law professor at Harvard University, just how close the election would have to be for Republicans to support Trump in disputing the results, he said, “ ‘Close’—as Trump supporters define it.”However you construe the word, a close election is well within the realm of possibility. In 2016, Trump won his three pivotal states—Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin—by five-digit numbers. Indeed, most of the country’s twenty-first-century elections have hinged on a few states with narrow margins.“[2020] will probably be a nail-biter election where the polls are mixed or indeterminate, where it’s really not clear who is going to win,” said Levitsky. “If it’s close, just as Trump kind of did in 2018, Trump could basically claim fraud. And we don’t really have mechanisms to deal with that.”2. Trump claims fraud, and Republicans back him up.It is Wednesday morning, November 4, 2020. At 7:15 a.m., after a stressful night of watching the returns trickle in, the Associated Press projects that the Democratic presidential candidate will win Pennsylvania, and, with it, the presidency. Sure enough, it’s a narrow victory—279 electoral votes to 258. When all is said and done, the Democrat wins Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania by only about 77,000 votes combined, the same amount Trump won those states by in 2016.Donald Trump, who spent the past five months warning about fraud, has been eerily silent for most of the night. But as soon as the Democrat takes the stage to give her victory speech, he unleashes a barrage of tweets claiming that over 100,000 illegal immigrants voted in Michigan and that Philadelphia kept its polls open for hours later than allowed. “Without PHONY voters, I really won!” he tweets. “This is FRAUD!” Needless to say, the president does not call to congratulate his opponent. At an afternoon press conference, Trump’s press secretary announces he will not concede.What happens next?“In the best-case scenario, key Republicans would either talk him down or defect from Trump and say, ‘He’s wrong,’ ” Levitsky said. Most of the academics I spoke with also thought that this was likely. “I’m just having trouble wrapping my head around even this polarized and often radicalized Republican Party going along with that,” said Mickey. “This is kind of the limit condition of scenarios and surprise.”But they acknowledged that defections were far from guaranteed. “Trump is still far and away the most popular Republican,” Levitsky said. “If Sean Hannity is claiming fraud on television and Rush Limbaugh is claiming fraud and Mitch McConnell is not willing to stand up and say, ‘No, there was no fraud,’ then we could have a real crisis.”Unfortunately, that’s exactly what takes place. After forty-eight hours of silence, the Senate majority leader issues a terse press release in which he says he “recognizes the president’s serious concerns” about the election’s integrity. Some GOP representatives do break ranks and call for Trump to concede (I’m looking at you, Mitt Romney), but most stay silent or back the president’s claims. In a monumental act of gaslighting, Lindsey Graham tells reporters that Democrats are the ones undermining democracy. “They are afraid of a thorough investigation into the fairness of this election,” he declares. “They’ll stop at nothing to get this president out of office.”3. Polarized courts side with the GOP.Almost everyone I spoke with told me that, at this point, the election results would be challenged in court. The Trump campaign might sue Democratic-leaning counties for alleged “irregularities” and ask that judges toss out their results. “I can imagine the litigation in Pennsylvania taking the form of saying voting booths in Philadelphia were held open an excessively long time, an unlawfully long time, or the vote counters in some Democratic-leaning county unlawfully refused to count late-filed absentee ballots,” Tushnet said. Victory for Trump would “mean throwing out the ballots and saying that when those are thrown out, Trump gets the state’s electoral votes.” That, in turn, would allow him to remain president.This argument, and the many others that the Trump campaign could employ, would almost certainly be specious. But Tushnet cautioned against underestimating the power of creative attorneys and motivated reasoning. The legal justification for challenging the returns would develop, he said, “in some ways that we can’t really anticipate now but that lawyers will come up with when it matters.”The Republican Party has proven more than willing to violate democratic norms. There is a sequence of events, each individually plausible, that would allow Trump to remain president even after a clear defeat.The academics I spoke with cited Bush v. Gore as evidence. When the U.S. Supreme Court’s Republican-appointed majority shut down the Florida recount, giving the 2000 election to George W. Bush, it did so by reading the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause in an expansive manner totally at odds with typical conservative jurisprudence. The Court even told other judges that their decision could not be used as precedent.“The justices, along with everybody else, seemed to view disputed facts through the lens of the place where they have been ideologically,” said Rick Hasen, an election law expert at the University of California Irvine School of Law.Still, it’s one thing for the courts to interfere in an election with a three-digit margin. It’s something else to invalidate a five-digit win. That would be truly extraordinary.But it is not unthinkable. Autocrats abroad often rely on packed courts to cling to power, and while the U.S. judiciary is far more independent than that of Honduras or Venezuela, there’s no doubt that Trump has made a substantial imprint. He has appointed a historically high number of federal appeals court judges. He has added two justices to the Supreme Court. One of them, Brett Kavanaugh, has been outwardly partisan, raving during his confirmation hearings that he was the victim of an “orchestrated political hit” designed to function as “revenge on behalf of the Clintons,” fueled by “millions of dollars in money from outside left-wing opposition groups.” He obliquely warned, “What goes around comes around.”4. Alternatively, Republicans play extreme constitutional hardball.The courts aren’t the only mechanism Republicans might use to keep Trump in power. The Constitution gives state legislators free rein to decide how to select electors. Currently, most states legally require electors to vote the same way as the people. But in a state with complete Republican control over the government, the legislature and governor could, in theory, pass a bill that strips this power away from citizens between the election and the actual casting of electoral votes. (Indeed, in some instances, the state legislature alone might be able to usurp its constituents.) If this sounds far-fetched, recall that GOP governments in North Carolina, Michigan, and Wisconsin have all recently pulled lame-duck attempts to limit the power of incoming Democratic governors, with varying degrees of success.To imagine how this would play out, consider Florida, where the GOP controls the governorship and both houses of the state legislature. If the Democratic presidential nominee narrowly won the state in 2020, Trump might cry fraud and demand an investigation—as he did in the aftermath of the state’s 2018 Senate race, when it wasn’t yet clear that Republican Rick Scott had won. The legislature could establish an investigatory commission stacked with partisans and designed to sow doubt about the outcome. Perhaps Kris Kobach, vice chair of Trump’s erstwhile Commission on Election Integrity (and the patron saint of franchise restrictions), would lead it.The courts might still refuse to intervene. But Trump allies in the Florida legislature could pass a bill giving themselves direct power to appoint the state’s electors. Governor Ron DeSantis, an outspoken Trump ally, could sign it, claiming that the fraud allegations and “controversy” over the tallies make the popular vote untrustworthy, and that he’s merely implementing the voters’ “real” will.This might sound too cynical, but in 2000, the GOP-controlled Florida legislature considered something similar. “They were effectively saying, ‘Hey, if it turns out Gore wins in court, we’re not going to accept that, and we’re going to assert an authority to appoint the electors directly,’ ” said Edward Foley, at Ohio State. Such a move would also invite a Fourteenth Amendment challenge, this time on behalf of Democrats. But it’s unclear if the conservative Supreme Court would intervene.Foley, for his part, is more concerned about this kind of scenario than he is about judicial manipulation. “Judges are fact based and evidence based,” he said. “We know that Justice Clarence Thomas is a very different person than Justice Sonia Sotomayor, but I do think that with most election results they would agree as to what the answer was.” But he worries that politicians might refuse to accept the Court’s decision. “The judicial process is going to be slower than the Twitter process,” Foley told me. “If the Twitter process forces or causes politicians to dig in, then can a unanimous judiciary unstick the politicians?”The Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution gives Congress final say over who becomes president. In some instances, the procedures for how Congress handles election disputes are clear. If there are three or more candidates and nobody wins a majority of electors, for example, the House decides who wins. But if it’s a two-way race where both candidates claim an Electoral College majority, Foley said, it’s unclear which chamber has the last word.What would happen next is anyone’s guess. But it wouldn’t be pretty. “I think you could have a long, drawn-out crisis in which our institutions lose credibility,” Levitsky said. Even if Trump were eventually forced out, “we’ll be left with a situation where maybe 30, 35 percent of our population believes the election was rigged.”It’s in this kind of crisis that Michael Cohen’s fears are most likely to be realized. “I could imagine some rioting, some civil violence,” said John Carey, a political scientist at Dartmouth who studies comparative democracy and who cofounded Bright Line Watch, which monitors the health of American democracy. “We just can’t imagine all the possibilities.”Hopefully, we won’t have to. Trump may lose decisively, rendering his claims of foul play empty. He may win. Or he may lose a tight race and cry foul, but still ultimately accept defeat. In the aftermath of the midterms, for example, Trump groused about fraud without seriously contesting the outcome.Trump, of course, wasn’t on the ballot in 2018. Losing in 2020 would be far more personal. But even if Trump refused to concede, it doesn’t mean he’d manage to remain in office. John Roberts has worried publicly about the credibility of the Supreme Court. It seems unlikely that he would “save” Trump from a less-than-ambiguous electoral defeat. Democratic governors in Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin form a formidable roadblock against local Republican power grabs. Faced with incontrovertible evidence that Trump lost—and no plausible pathway to mess with the outcome—Mitch McConnell, Kevin McCarthy, and Mike Pence would probably tell Trump to pack his bags.And if Trump still refused to go?“I’m not sure which branch it would be, but it must be the case that somebody would be responsible for taking one elbow and somebody would be responsible for taking the other elbow,” Carey said. “I can imagine the feet going kind of crazy. But I like to think that it would be without too much damage to anyone.”

Presidency of Joe Biden - WikipediaDomestic policyBiden signs his first bill as president, H.R. 335.On January 22, 2021, Biden signed his first bill.[18] Biden signed H.R. 335 into law providing an exception to a restriction on appointing a Secretary of Defense who, within the past seven years, had been on active duty in the armed forces.[19] The signing of H.R. 335 made it possible for Gen. Lloyd Austin to serve as Biden's Secretary of Defense. Austin was confirmed by both the Senate and the House that same day, making Austin the first African American Defense Secretary.[20][18]COVID-19 policyMain article: COVID-19 policy of the Joe Biden administrationOn January 20, 2021, his first day as president, Biden implemented a federal mask mandate, requiring the use of masks and social distancing in all federal buildings, on federal lands, and by federal employees and contractors.[21][22][23] Biden also signed an executive order that stopped the United States' withdrawal from the WHO making Dr. Anthony Fauci the head of the delegation to the WHO.[22] On January 21, the administration released a 200-page document titled "National Strategy for the COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness."[24][25] On his second day in office, Biden invoked the Defense Production Act to speed up the vaccination process and ensure the availability of glass vials, syringes, and other vaccine supplies at the federal level.[26][27] In justifying his use of the act, Biden said, "And when I say wartime, people kind of look at me like 'wartime?' Well, as I said last night, 400,000 Americans have died. That's more than have died in all of World War II. 400,000. This is a wartime undertaking."[28] On January 21, 2021, Biden signed 10 executive orders pertaining to the COVID-19 pandemic.[29] In order to meet his vaccination goal of 100 million shots in his first 100 days in office, Biden signed an executive order increasing needed supplies.[30][31] Biden signed an order on January 21, 2021 that directed FEMA to offer full reimbursements to states for the cost of using their own National Guard personnel and emergency supplies such as Personal Protective Equipment in schools.[30][32] On January 24, 2021, Biden reinstated a travel ban imposed by previous President Trump on Brazil, United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa and 26 other European countries.[33][34][35] The travel ban prevents non-U.S. Citizens living in the prospective countries from entering the United States.[36] Biden implemented a face mask requirement on nearly all forms of public transportation and inside of transportation hubs; previously, the CDC had recommended that such a policy be enacted but it was blocked by the Trump administration, under which the CDC issued strong, albeit non-binding recommendations for mask use in these settings.[37]Economic policySee also: Economic policy of the Joe Biden administrationOn January 22, 2021, Biden signed an executive order that removed schedule F, overturning a number of Trump's policies that limited the collective bargaining power of federal unions.[38][39][40] Biden's executive order also promotes a $15 minimum wage for federal workers and repeals three executive orders signed by Trump that made the employee discipline process stricter and restricted union representatives' access to office space. As well as promoting a $15 minimum wage, Biden's executive order increases the amount of money going to the families of children who are missing meals because of school closures due to the pandemic by 15%.[41] The repealing of Trump's three executive orders comes as the orders were used to transfer civil servants and career scientists and replace them with employees friendly to the Trump administration.[42]American Rescue PlanMain article: American Rescue PlanPresident Biden meets with Vice President Kamala Harris, Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen, and other officials to receive an economic briefing and discuss the American Rescue Plan, January 29, 2021On January 14, 2021, Biden revealed a $1.9 trillion COVID-19 strategy titled the American Rescue Plan.[43] The plan includes $1 trillion in direct aid, including $1,400 per-person checks for working Americans, and will provide for direct housing and nutrition assistance, expanding access to safe and reliable childcare and affordable healthcare, increasing the minimum wage, extending unemployment insurance, and giving families with kids and childless workers an emergency boost this year.[44][45] It will also expand the eligibility of these checks to adult dependents who have been left out of previous rounds of relief.[44][45][43] The plan additionally includes $440 billion in community support, providing $350 billion of community support to first responders while the rest goes to grants for small businesses and transit agencies; $400 billion for a national vaccination plan and school reopenings; and $10 billion for information technology, modernizing federal cybersecurity infrastructure.[43][45] In her first press briefing, Jen Psaki, the Biden Administration's press secretary, said that the plan was likely to change.[46]The plan says that the Defense Production Act will be used to safeguard the production of more pandemic supplies in the U.S.[44] Enacting the Defense Production Act will allow President Biden to direct the manufacturing of critical goods, ensuring the availability of glass vials, syringes, and other supplies. The plan allows partners of states to create vaccine centers in stadiums, convention centers and pharmacies.[26] In the plan, the federal government will identify communities that have been hit hardest by COVID-19, and ensure that the vaccine does not reach them at an unfair pace.[45][44][26] In addition, the plan will launch a national campaign to educate Americans about the vaccine and COVID-19, targeting misinformation related to the pandemic.[26] Vaccines will also be freely available to all citizens regardless of immigration status in the plan.[44] Also in Biden's plan, he will issue a national testing strategy that attempts to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 by increasing laboratory capacity and expanding testing. The plan will also create a new program that develops new treatments for COVID-19.[44][43][45][26]Domestic manufacturingBiden signed an executive order intended to support domestic manufacturers by increasing a federal preference for purchasing goods made wholly or partly in the United States. Using the broad term "Made in America laws", the executive order's stated goal is to strengthen "all statutes, regulations, rules, and Executive Orders relating to Federal financial assistance awards or Federal procurement, including those that refer to 'Buy America' or 'Buy American.'"[47][48]TradeThe Wall Street Journal reported that instead of negotiating access to Chinese markets for large American financial-service firms and pharmaceutical companies, the Biden administration may focus on trade policies that boost exports or domestic jobs. U.S. trade representative nominee Katherine Tai said the administration wants a "worker-centered trade policy".[49][50] U.S. secretary of commerce nominee Gina Raimondo said she planned to aggressively enforce trade rules to combat unfair practices by China.[51]Environmental policySee also: Environmental policy of the Joe Biden administrationOn January 20, 2021, Biden signed an executive order rejoining the United States to the Paris Agreement.[52][53] With the United States rejoining the agreement, countries responsible for two thirds of the global greenhouse gas emission will make pledges of becoming carbon neutral, while without United States it is only half.[54] On the same day, Biden also cancelled the construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline, an extension of the Keystone Pipeline, by signing an executive order. The pipeline was heavily criticized by environmental and Native American activists and groups.[55][56] As a result of the executive order, TC Energy was forced to eliminate over 1,000 construction jobs in both Canada and the United States.[57][58] This order also directed agencies to review and reverse more than 100 actions made by President Donald Trump on the environment.[22] On January 21, 2020, the Biden administration issued a 60-day ban on oil and gas leases and permits on federal land and waters.[59] On January 27, 2021, Biden signed a number of executive orders aimed at combating climate change.[60] In an attempt to encourage U.S. membership to the Kigali Amendment, an international agreement aimed to reduce the production of Hydrofluorocarbon's, Biden's executive order directed the State Department to submit the Kigali Amendment to the Senate.[61][62]Electoral reformSee also: Electoral and ethical policy of the Joe Biden administrationIn response to what Biden describes as the growing influence of special interests and gerrymandering in elections, he has pledged to seek electoral reforms.[63]Ethics reformThe Biden administration pledged to pass government ethics reform.[63]Immigration policySee also: Immigration policy of the Joe Biden administrationPresidential Proclamation 10141 – Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to the United StatesOn January 20, 2021, Biden halted the construction of the United States-Mexico barrier[22] and ended the National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States that was declared in February 2018.[23] Biden issued a proclamation that ended the Trump travel ban imposed by Donald Trump on predominantly Muslim countries in January 2017.[22][23] Biden also reaffirmed protections to DACA recipients.[64] The same day, Biden sent a memorandum to the Department of State reinstating Deferred Enforced Departure (DED) for Liberians.[65][66]On January 20, 2021, the Biden administration issued a moratorium on deporations from the Department of Homeland Security for the first 100 days of Biden's Presidency.[67] On January 22, 2021, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton sued the Biden administration for violating Biden's written pledge to cooperatively work with the State of Texas.[68] A federal judge in Texas subsequently issued a temporary restraining order barring the Biden administration from enforcing its moratorium, citing the lack of "any concrete, reasonable justification for a 100-day pause on deportations".[69]On January 21, 2021, Biden proposed a bill that, if passed, would replace the word "alien" with "noncitizen" in United States immigration law.[70][71] The following day, Biden had a call with Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador. On the call, Biden and López Obrador spoke about immigration, where Biden spoke of reducing immigration from Mexico to the United States by targeting what Biden deemed as root causes.[72] According to an Associated Press report, López Obrador noted that Biden pledged $4 billion to "help development in Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala — nations whose hardships have spawned tides of migration through Mexico toward the United States."[73]On January 23, Biden proposed an immigration bill.[74] As proposed, the bill would give a path to citizenship to 11 million immigrants living in the United States without a permanent legal status.[74] The bill would also make it easier for certain foreign workers to stay in the U.S.[75][76] Senate Majority Whip Dick Durbin called the bill, "aspirational", and the bill is widely expected not to pass in both houses of congress without significant revision.[74][75][76]Infrastructure policySee also: Infrastructure policy of the Joe Biden administrationThe Biden administration aims for massive spending on the nation's infrastructure on the order of $2 trillion.[77]Social policyMain article: Social policy of the Joe Biden administrationPresident Biden signs executive orders expanding the Affordable Care Act and revoking Trump administration health policies, January 28, 2021During his early days in office, Biden focused on "advancing equity, civil rights, racial justice and equal opportunity." According to The New York Times, Biden's early actions in office focused on racial equity more than any president since Lyndon B. Johnson, who passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[78] On January 25, 2021, Biden signed an executive order that lifted the ban on transgender military service members.[79] This reversed a memorandum imposed by the previous President, Donald Trump.[80]The Biden administration is seeking to put Harriet Tubman on the twenty dollar bill.[81][82] This decision comes after Steven Mnuchin blocked the Obama administration's decision to put Tubman on the bill.[83] White House press secretary Jen Psaki said that it was important that United States money and notes reflect the "history and diversity" of the United States and putting Tubman on the twenty-dollar bill would reflect that.[84]On January 26, Biden directed the Department of Justice to reduce their usage of private prisons and ordered the attorney general to not renew contracts with private prisons, citing the need to "reduce profit-based incentives" for the incarceration of racial minorities.[85] GEO Group considered the policy "a solution in search of a problem." David Fathi, the director of the National Prison Project of the American Civil Liberties Union, stated that the executive order did not fully end America's usage of private prisons.[86][87]Foreign policyMain article: Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administrationSee also: Antony Blinken § Foreign policyPresident Biden speaks with NATO Secretary General Jens StoltenbergBiden has said the U.S. needs to "get tough" on China and build "a united front of U.S. allies and partners to confront China’s abusive behaviors and human rights violations."[88]Biden nominated Antony Blinken to serve as Secretary of State who took office on January 26, 2021.[89][90] During his nomination hearing, Blinken stated that previous optimistic approaches to China were flawed,[91] and that Biden's predecessor, Donald Trump, "was right in taking a tougher approach to China", but that he "disagree[s] very much with the way [Trump] went about it in a number of areas."[90] He endorsed former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo's report that China is committing a genocide against Uyghur Muslims.[90]The administration will make tackling global climate change a priority for U.S. national security and foreign policy.[92] Immediately after becoming president, Biden rejoined the Paris Climate Accord.Biden ordered a halt in the arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates which the Trump administration had previously agreed to.[93] Two years after Jamal Khashoggi's assassination, Avril Haines, the Director of National Intelligence under Biden’s administration, announced that the intelligence report into the case against Saudi Arabia's government will be declassified. It was reported that Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman would be blamed for the murder, as was concluded by the CIA.[94]On February 1, 2021, Biden condemned the Myanmar coup d'état and called for the release of detained officials. Biden also threatened to impose sanctions on coup perpetrators, saying in a statement that the United States would initiate "an immediate review of our sanction laws and authorities, followed by appropriate action." [95][96]Nominees and appointments of the Biden cabinetFurther information: Cabinet of Joe Biden and Political appointments by Joe BidenThe Biden CabinetOfficeNameTermPresidentJoe Biden2021–presentVice PresidentKamala Harris2021–presentSecretary of StateAntony Blinken2021–presentSecretary of the TreasuryJanet Yellen2021–presentSecretary of DefenseLloyd Austin2021–presentAttorney GeneralMerrick Garland*2021–Secretary of the InteriorDeb Haaland*2021–Secretary of AgricultureTom Vilsack*2021–Secretary of CommerceGina Raimondo*2021–Secretary of LaborMarty Walsh*2021–Secretary of Health and Human ServicesXavier Becerra*2021–Secretary of Housing and Urban DevelopmentMarcia Fudge*2021–Secretary of TransportationPete Buttigieg*2021–Secretary of EnergyJennifer Granholm*2021–Secretary of EducationMiguel Cardona*2021–Secretary of Veterans AffairsDenis McDonough*2021–Secretary of Homeland SecurityAlejandro Mayorkas*2021–Administrator of the Environmental Protection AgencyMichael S. Regan*2021–Director of the Office of Management and BudgetNeera Tanden*2021–Director of National IntelligenceAvril Haines2021–presentUnited States Trade RepresentativeKatherine Tai*2021–Ambassador to the United NationsLinda Thomas-Greenfield*2021–Chair of the Council of Economic AdvisersCecilia Rouse*2021–Administrator of the Small Business AdministrationIsabel Guzman*2021–Director of the Office of Science and Technology PolicyEric Lander*2021–Chief of StaffRon Klain2021–present*Pending Senate confirmation

I normally would not write an answer that does not have the specific name attached to it. However, I am writing this because the existing three answers are rather shallow , inadequate, and very limited in their perspective. . There are both differences and similarities. The primary differences are in their values. The values of business administration ( hereafter BA) are derived from the field of Economics. Economics advocates favor the exploitation of resources and the maximization of profit. Economics also has many assumptions that are not valid (eg.—Man is rational and will make rational decisions). Economics primary theoretical value is that they desire to maximization of marginal cost to marginal revenue—but they really can’t find it. The BA model tries to focus on Return on Investment for its shareholder. However, in actuality, there is a “ goal displacement” when the Chief Executive tries to maximize his own present value and the hell with the shareholders and the rest of society.—I got mine, you get yours !. ( eg. Wells Fargo, Enron, )In summary, the Economists assume away their problem with unrealistic assumptions and/or use mathematical models that are not really relevant to the actual application of their knowledge .BA prefers the Republican Party and come up with the Supply Side Economics. This is the “ trickle down “ Theory. You give large tax cuts to the wealthy and they will ( ( hopefully) reinvest in new plant and equipment and this will eventually create more jobs. However, it usually takes a minimum of two years for this to take effect. Many of the corporate beneficiaries oi Trump’s Great Tax Cut have bought up their own stock. G.W. Bush kept advocating this form of tax cuts—But it is pure Bull Shit. . The BA model is called an “ organization”—which is valued by its members and not necessarily by the environment (society). The Right to Manage is based upon Property Rights. The PA Model is an “ Institution” and is valued by and will be maintained by its environment. That is, until Trump comes along and dismantles various Governmental Agencies.Okay, I now have the economic and business professors mad at me. Public Administration ( hereafter PA))may use some of the same tools and techniques but in a very different manner. The values of PA are derived from the field of Political Science—which is supposedly “ Public Interest”—The question now is: —Which Public and Whose Interest ?. Political Science ( Hereafter PS ) is the art of negotiating conflict of various value systems. PA is the science and art of implementing public policy. The primary subject field for managerial implementation is found in the field of Behavioral Systems Analysis within the academic field of Social Psychology and not in Sociology, Psychology., Economics, Political Science, or BA. The field of PA is much more complex than BA and Economics. The Right to manage in Economics and BA as mentioned previously is based on Property Rights. The Right to Manage in PA is based on” “The Mission of the Agency”. PA will encompass many different academic disciplines as well as the negative fallout created by values inherent in both economics and BA Models. PA cleans up the dysfunctional aspects of the greedy BA Model. You can see this in the current dotard Trump in the destruction of various governmental institutions as well as Tax , Affordable Health Care Act, Immigration, Environmental, and International Treaties and Policies..PS & PA n embrace and implement almost all other academic disciplines. BA is a relative closed social system except for certain points s of interaction with its environment. However, PA a relatively Open System where anyone can participate in various ways through “ end runs” bypassing the governmental agency and going directly to the elected representative. There is a greater more opportunity for corruption in the public agencies than in businesses.DEFINITIONS A System is defined as a group of inter-dependent variables hopefully (?) with a common purpose. My definition of a Behavioral Social System is is far more complex and involves a Master Grid similar to a submarine periscope. It has two main variables on a horizontal plain ( Interactions) and a vertical line ( resources) with four various positions. High resources.Low resources) and High Interactions/Low Interactions. Thus you have 4 both positive and negative positions . Within each classification you then have various Combinations of Polyarchical Sub-Systems floating within this Matrices. This Model was an integration of Political Science and Social Psychology A Polyarchy with high resources and high interactions ( Far Upper Right) has great power to influence its environment. However, even a Polyarchy with low resources and low interactions can also have tremendous power ( Lower Left) (eg. North Korea, Somalia Pirates Panama Canal, Iran’s control of the Straight of Hormuz, Suez canal, etc.),on Horn of Africa- The issue is what resources do they have control over? ( Polyarchy= Non-leaders who control Leaders)End of Definitions______________________________________________________________________ _In BA Budget is determined by Administrative Fiat. In PA the Budget is created by the Legislative Body holding hearings. Once adopted the Budget becomes LAW. Type of Budget is also different. In PA it focuses on “ line item” or basically, input only. Whereas in the BA you can have various types based on economic forecasts inputs from within ( Marketing Dept). The PA Budget is an input model only & determined by the Legislative Body .It focuses on Economy only. You also have to have a minimum of three bidders on an “ open market” . You have to accept the lowest bidder. The “ line item” Budget results in a PA Bureaucracy being “ “Administered” rather than being “ Managed” because Decision Making is done by the Legislative Body and NOT by the PA Administrators within the Bureaucracy. Thus, in the current “ Line item Budget Model” used in PA you have little or no Accountability. In order to obtain Accountability in PA your have to change the Budget from a “ Line item” to a lump sum called a “ Performance Budget”. At that point you go to a Program Management System that focuses on both input/output/ & accountability. This also shifts leadership styles from being Administrative to Managerial The PA Model requires that the Chief Administrative Officer provides guidance as to input and implementation to the Legislative Body but he/she cannot actually make the decision. However, there are ways to package specific information so that the decision maker is compatible with your presentation and will buy into it. Thus, the Manager must know the value system of each individual member, The PA Model also had many Extraneous Variables that quite often may become routine. ( Note: An Extraneous Variable is something that you have no control over). These Extraneous Variables would include: Hurricanes. Volcanoes, Wildfires, Health Pandemics, Riots, Floods. ec. BA does not have to deal with. Fires, earthquakes, racism, riots, floods, crime, war, refugees from violence, poverty, e, homeless vector control, etc).Public Administration establishes the environment for Business Administration. We use the monetary system for allocation of resources in our American Government. During World War II we also used rationing a well due to a redirection of resources for war material and there were dwindling resources ( ( (gas, metal, etc). No System functions perfectly so we now have a great disparity between income levels. The Trump Republicans wish to use their current power to enhance their wealth while creating poverty. They fail to realize that you need a healthy “ middle class” to function in order to have both employees and customers for their products. However, it appears that once they have exploited and economically raped the non-existent American Middle Class they will just go to another underdeveloped country and repeat the process. The Europeans did this to the American Indians and Mexico ( Spanish American War and the annexation of California. Southern Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas).The United States has already done this to Argentina, Chili, Brazil, and many other countries mainly in South America through control of the World Bank. They require these countries to sell off their government assets ( corporations) to favored American businesses. They did this to Argentina and Chili and gave the “ fire sale” assets to Enron, etc. These were political decisions but eventually implemented through the field of Public Administration to favored clients. We have the same problem within the United States with the vast amounts of public land owned by the Federal Government.State and Local Governments reserve to themselves the following rights: Legitimize coercive power through: Police Departments; Code Enforcement, Zoning; Health and Safety; Fire; To condemn property for urban renewal; To take our property through Eminent Domain. etc. These formats remove the “ “Right to Vote”. They have to also regulate businesses to be compatible with the local community values. The County District Attorney arbitrarily decides what laws to prosecute and enforce. The decision is quite often political in nature. All of these items just listed are not common to the field of Business Administration. Economic analysis is quite different from PA. BA looks at market segments and competitors and how technology and foreign trade will impact its sales and profits. The PA includes monetary, Tax, and Fiscal Policies in a different manner. These strategies and implementation will vary between Federal, State, and Local. Quite often both State and Local will be counter cyclical to the Federal Monetary Policies . Republicans tend to prefer Monetary Policy while Democrats desire Keynesian flexibility, PA has to generate different sets of economic analysis that I call “ Analytical Economics” which will include generation of various kinds of social indicators to determine which programs to seek Grants from the Federal Government. The Research Methods are quite different between BA & PA. BA focuses on GDP, Industry Trends, and their marketing strategies. PA focuses on Behavioral Research using Null Hypothesis to attempt to determine the “ cause and effect” of various rehabilitation programs ( Prisons, Juvenile Diversions, etc Mental Health, Health,etc ) PA also focuses on a longer time span in their forecasts relating to both physical, Technological, and material resources. At the Navy Laboratory the technical forecast was for fifteen years while operational was ten years.My credibility ? I am interdisciplinary and possess five earned graduate degrees and can easily integrate as well as expand within fields simultaneously. I have taught for academic credit in the following fields. Economics, Business and Public Administration, Political Science, Judicial Administration, Sociology, and Education. My applied fields are: Evaluation Research, Management and Organizational Development; Organizational Change; Economic and Social Change; Program Management in R & D. ( Exploratory and Advanced Development). I design at the Construct Level ( System of Concepts); Teach at both the Concept and Operational Level. I have been on the faculties: USC, UCLA, UCR. SDSU, CSULA, CSULB, CSUDH< CSUSB, Chapman University, Naval Civil Engineer Corps Officers School. Former Member, Roster of Consultants, Executive Development, The United Nations.Remember: All organizations , bureaucracies , and social systems, favor and desire the “ status quo “. 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