Part-1 Settlement Of Death Claims: Fill & Download for Free

India actually gave away 350 sq miles (910 sq km) of land in ‘Rann of Kutch’ to Pakistan, but that was not due to losing it, as part of 1965 war.Let’s dissect each battle of 1965 war, to ascertain what happened actually, how each battle became a precursor for the subsequent battle, and which nation gained an upper-hand in each battle and the war in total; as ambiguity around this war has triggered, way too many false claims on Quora.Battle of Kutch (started on April 09, 1965) :On April 9, 51-Infantry-Brigade of the Pakistan Army, crossed the international border into the ‘Rann of Kutch’ and captured Sardar Post near Kanjarkot. On April 24, Pakistan attacked again with tanks and artillery and captured four more posts and the entire Kanjarkot area.The Indian Army did not put up any significant fight and withdrew. They reasoned that the monsoon flooding of the Rann of Kutch would, in any case, drive the Pakistani Army out. Although it is also true that Indian force in that region, was not militarily and logistically prepared to drive out the Pakistani forces at that moment.Soon after capturing the Kanjarkot area, Pakistan offered to negotiate. India refused to do so, saying that there could be no talks till Pakistan vacated the areas, illegally occupied.Outcome: Above position on the part of both nations, led to a stalemate in Rann of Kutch.2 months later, Lal Bahadur Shastri met Ayub Khan at the Commonwealth Conference in London. There, under the influence of then British Prime Minister, a cease-fire agreement was signed on June 30, 1965. Under this agreement, Pakistan agreed to withdraw its’ forces and restore Indian control over the area. India also agreed to allow Pakistan to use a road, it had constructed in Indian Territory.Noteworthy point is that a committee was formed for the determination and demarcation of the border in Kutch area, as such demarcation had never been performed in that area till then.To prove this point, here are the exact excerpts, from the agreement signed in London:Operation Gibraltar (early Aug, 1965):Pakistan, in a grand scheme, decided to send over, somewhere between 10,000 to 30,000 soldiers of Pakistan army, into Kashmir valley.These designated forces were to infiltrate Kashmir valley in small groups and once in, to mingle with the crowds there to celebrate the festival of Pir Dastagir Sahib on August 8. Then subsequent day, these people (and the influenced section of the Indian crowd) was to join the crowds assembling to demonstrate against the arrest of Sheikh Abdullah and commence the operation to create insurgence in the valley.It was a bold (and somewhat brilliant) plan, to showcase that the angry crowd present in Indian Kashmir were locals only, and were not brought in from elsewhere. The only flaw was Pakistan’s assumption that local Kashmiri would support them in this uprising.On August 5, two infiltrators approached a youngster near Gulmarg and offered him money for some information. The individual immediately reported the matter to Tanamarg Police Station.The same day, a few infiltrators approached a local man in Mendhar area for some information. The local reported the matter to the nearby brigade headquarters. The alerted Indian Army captured these two officers on August 8 near Narain. Their interrogation revealed the entire plan.India reacted swiftly and a counter operation was launched against the infiltrators. Without local support, they had nowhere to go. They were stalked, engaged and liquidated piecemeal. They were completely demoralized. Some surrendered. Some ex-filtrated across the Cease Fire Line. Large quantities of arms and ammunition were captured.By August 12, OPERATION GIBRALTAR had collapsed.Outcome: This operation was an undoubted failure for Pakistan. India reacted strongly, and Pakistan started losing ground.Considering this as direct attack, Indian troops went forward in aggression, crossed the Cease Fire Line and captured Haji Pir Pass on 28th August, the principal logistic base of the infiltrators. India’s further successes in the Neelam Valley and opposite Uri in next 3 days, unnerved the Pakistani GHQ (general headquarters) who then assumed/concluded that India had triggered a full-fledged war and Muzaffarabad was about to be attacked by India. It was under these circumstances that the Pakistani GHQ ordered execution of operation Grand Slam, with the aim of relieving Indian pressure against Muzaffarabad and Kashmir.Details here : Operation Gibraltar—An Unmitigated Disaster? - Criterion QuarterlyOperation Grand Slam (started on Sep 01, 1965):With Gibraltar having failed miserably, Pakistan initiated their plan B and launched Operation Grand Slam in the Chamb sector of Akhnoor, with the objective to capture this vital town, which would then sever communications and cut off supply routes to Indian troops in Kashmir which had gained upper hand in Kashmir region by then.If Pakistan could succeed in this plan, they could have revived operation Gibraltar as well again, as without reinforcement, Indian troops would have gotten weaker in Kashmir, and Pakistan’s objective always was to take Kashmir from India.Attacking with an overwhelming ratio of troops and technically superior tanks, Pakistan made gains against Indian forces, who were caught unprepared and suffered heavy losses. India responded by calling in its air force to blunt the Pakistani attack. The next day, Pakistan retaliated, its air force attacked Indian forces and air bases.Outcome: Pakistan in a much stronger position. They reached the Fatwal ridge which is just 4 Kms short of Akhnoor. Fall of Akhnoor, had the potential to cut off Poonch from Jammu. That could have jeopardized Indian Army’s stronger position in Kashmir.India had to react, to save their supply-line to Kashmir. And they reacted by attacking Lahore.India’s attack on Lahore (started on Sep 06, 1965):In order to ease the pressure over Akhnoor, the Indian leadership made the bold move of invading Lahore.15th infantry division was chosen for attacking Lahore. When they marched towards Lahore, they met a counter-attack by Pakistan near the west bank of the BRB Canal, which was a de facto border of India and Pakistan. Indian attack had to halt there.Although a second attempt to cross the BRB Canal, made over the bridge in the village of Barkee, just east of Lahore, was successful (this Indian success led to below Famous photograph, which has been used in numerous answers on Quora but has misled as well a bit).These developments brought the Indian Army within the range of Lahore Airport. As a result, the United States requested a temporary ceasefire, to allow it to evacuate its citizens in Lahore.Outcome: In order to save the city of Lahore, Pakistan immediately had to pull out a significant section of force from operation Grand slam which weakened its’ assertion in Akhnoor area and met India’s objective (there exists an alternative theory that in order to favor Yahya khan, Ayub ordered a command-change in between ongoing operation, and same weakened Pakistan’s grip somewhat. Although these claims were levied much later, as part of the witch-hunt in Pakistan, and since these never got confirmed, are not being used here).Here is to note that even though India met its’ objective of loosening Pakistan’s grip over Akhnoor, India’s own advance towards Lahore got blocked, and it had to consider pushing themselves at alternative locations.Battle of Chawinda (Sep 09, 1965) :To gain elsewhere, once advance to Lahore was blocked, India's ‘1st Armoured Division’, launched an offensive towards Sialkot. The Division was forced back by the Pakistani ‘6th Armoured Divison’ at Chawinda. India was forced to withdraw, after suffering heavy losses of some 30-100 tanks (too many versions exist about the amount of loss, but India definitely lost this battle).Outcome: India couldn’t penetrate into Pakistan. At the same time, due to its’ substantial gain, Pakistan got confident that a counter-attack would allow them to penetrate Indian defense and capture the city of Amritsar.Battle of Asal Uttar near Khemkaran (Sep 10–11, 1965):Next day, Pakistan's 1st Armoured Division, pushed an offensive, with the intent to capture Amritsar and the bridge on river Beas to Jalandhar.Pakistan attacked with about 176 Patton tanks and 44 M24 Chaffe tanks.Indian defense had 45 Centurion tanks, 45 M4 Sherman tanks, and 45 AMX-13 tanks, which strength-wise were lesser than Pakistan.Indian army had realized by now that since Pakistan held better weaponry, a face-to-face battle again, may be as drastic for India, as was the Chawinda battle the previous day. So, they decided to resort to guerrilla warfare and breached the nearby Nullah (water stream) and distributory canals to flood the area, to the south and southwest of the sector. Hence, little room was left for the Pakistani tanks to manoeuvre. By moving forward in the plains, their tanks would grind to a halt in the slush. Hence, they were forced to pass through standing sugarcane fields, where the sound of movement would disclose their location and Indians would shatter them out of the ground.In the morning of 11th September 1965, the Indian tanks surrounded Pakistani tanks from all sides, while adopting a Horse-Shoe defense, bogging down the attackers in flooded fields, surrounding them from all sides . The swampy ground slowed down the advance of the Pakistani tanks and many of them could not move because of the muddy slush. Under fire, Pakistani crewmen and infantry broke, abandoned their vehicles and fled.99 Pakistani tanks, mostly Pattons, and a few Shermans and Chaffees, were destroyed or captured.Outcome: This battle was a decisive victory for India, and tilted the war back in balance.Ceasefire (Sep 22, 1965):Thereafter, Pakistan’s major challenge was that their stockpiles of ammunition were depleted as much as 80%, and USA had imposed embargo on ammunition supply (to both nations). Pakistani leaders correctly measured that this one factor would eventually lead to India's victory. Therefore, they quickly accepted the ceasefire in Tashkent.And for India, despite strong opposition from certain Indian military leaders, India bowed to growing international diplomatic pressure and accepted the ceasefire (there is an alternate theory where chief of Indian army, misinformed Indian PM that India had exhausted around 80% of the ammunition, whereas actual figure were just 14–20%. And this incorrect input influenced India’s decision to accept ceasefire. Although same is also true that in absence of strong international allies, India still would have accepted ceasefire).On 22 September, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed a resolution that called for an unconditional ceasefire from both nations. The war ended the following day.Conclusion :Neither side won the war. By military standards, Pakistan lost more, but India lost too, and quite significantly.Whatever marginal gains India made on the ground, were given away in Tashkent. But same was inevitable. Turkey, Iran and Saudi Arabia provided Military and financial support to Pakistan during the war, while India received no help from anywhere. India used to be quite poor nation back then, and it understood well that if it continues to press to retain the land gained, resultant financial embargo could push India towards bankruptcy.Many people attribute returning back of Pakistan’s land, to Lal Bahadur Shastri’s weak demeanor. Although they fail to consider India’s financial situation, as well as international clout back then while drawing such conclusions. It shall be noted that Indian defense minister Y. B. Chavan went to USA in May 1964, requesting for fighter planes. USA defense minister McNamara ridiculed India’s request, whereas F-104 and F-86 Sabres were provided to Pakistan in large numbers, and virtually free of cost.The biggest loss for India, coming out of this war, was death of Lal Bahadur Shastri. He was allegedly assassinated by CIA in mysterious circumstances in Tashkent in Jan 1966. I have written a detailed answer about that here, so not repeating: Niketan's answer to If you could witness any event from history, what would it be?Much later in 1968, 3 years after the war, the committee to decide the border settlement in an un-demarcated ‘Rann of Kutch’, gave their verdict, while awarding Pakistan 350 square miles (910 sq km) of the Rann of Kutch, as against Pakistan’s original claim of 3,500 square miles (9,100 sq km). India kept the remaining 90% of the land.Main reference: ‘1965 War: The Inside Story’, erstwhile Indian defense minister Y. B. Chavan’s diary of 1965 warEdit:Few queries over, did India capture Lahore? And if not, could India capture Lahore? Answer: India definitely entered Lahore district, but not the Lahore city. India ‘could’ have captured parts of Lahore city as well, although we have to understand that Indian attack came to a halt, because USA asked India to wait for one day, so that they could evacuate its’ citizens in Lahore. And that ‘one day’ gave Pakistan enough time to re-group their forces. Once same was done, the element of surprise had vanished. For infantry battles, these elements of surprise are far more influential than the ‘bravery-part’ to which we somehow attribute more credit.What is Pakistan’s version to above tales? Since this answer refers to Indian defense minister’s account, it may be biased. Answer: We don’t have enough analytical literature available from Pakistan’s side to present here. In 2006, ex-General Mahmood Ahmed wrote a book titled ‘Myth of 1965 Victory’ which was published by the Oxford University Press. During book’s review before release, General Pervez Musharraf found the book ‘too sensitive’ and ordered the government to buy all 22,000 copies of the book. The contract with the publisher got revised, while adding the binding on the publisher that it shall not provide the contents for general distribution. Such stark suppression of analytical literature in Pakistan, may never allow their true version of the war to be heard.How could tanks cross a sugarcane field, as same is quite sturdy crop? Answer: This war was fought in the month of September when sugarcane is relatively less grown (just 2–3 feet tall, in comparison to 6–7 feet later). A Patton tank could actually cross a sugarcane field of 2–3 feet high crop. It just would create a lot of ‘noise’. And Indian army soldiers, hidden in those fields, were waiting precisely for this noise during the night of 10th September. They targeted Pakistan’s tanks based on this noise and hit quite a many. Whereas Pakistan’s tanks could not locate them in the darkness. Pakistan lost this battle because India’s planning was superior.

Apartheid is defined as a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race.The most classic example of this of course was South Africa and it was the success of the global boycott against South Africa that provided the enticement for an absurd strategy of reverse application (to Israel), where the comparison is made simply because of the success of the anti-Apartheid campaign.There is a simple and undeniable fact, that everyone in Israel votes, which in itself dispels the Apartheid myth completely; but let’s go even further.Take as an example two Arab brothers who were living in Akko in 1947; then during the civil war in 1948 caused by the Arab rejection of partition, one left the area to escape the troubles and the other didn’t.Today, one of these brothers is Israeli, with full citizenship; the other is a Palestinian living in a refugee camp. However you choose to look at this and whatever separates these two brothers, it cannot be race.(The lies and the myths of the anti-Israeli crowd)Israel is the opposite of an apartheid state. It is a multicultural democracy and the only free country in the Middle East. Labeling Israel as practicing “apartheid” justifiably offends Israelis and many victims of real apartheid regimes. Israeli law enshrines equal rights for all citizens, and minorities participate fully in public life. While Israel, like other multi-ethnic democracies, struggles with minority disadvantages, its laws try to eradicate inequality. Nor does Israel practice apartheid in the West Bank and Gaza. ‘Palestinians’ are not citizens of the jewish state, and the vast majority do not want to be. They are governed by their own leaders—Hamas and the Palestinian Authority.(16 Things That Give Israel a Bad Name But Aren't Really True)Apartheid Laws that are Explicitly Illegal in IsraelSouth AfricaImmorality Amendment Act, Act No 21 of 1950; amended in 1957 (Act 23) - Prohibited adultery, attempted adultery or related immoral acts (extra-marital sex) between white and black people.Israel|Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty - All citizens are equal before the law. In regards to universal concepts of human dignity and liberty, religious and ethnic groups are not referenced at all, only people. There are no laws governing sexual activity within or without the bounds of marriage between consenting adults.South AfricaGroup Areas Act, Act No 41 of 1950 - Forced physical separation between races by creating different residential areas for different races. Led to forced removals of people living in “wrong” areas, for example Coloureds living in District Six in Cape Town.IsraelIt is illegal to discriminate against potential home-buyers based on race, religion or other factors in Israel. - There are no laws designating where Jews and non-Jews can or can not live. The Israel National Planning Council does designate new towns or cities as being developed for a specific community, but this is only designed to meet the needs of that community and has no bearing on who can actually live there. As such, the INPC may plan a new “haredi city,” but all Israeli citizens are free to move there, it just happens that because the plans will include special designations to meet the needs of the haredi community (additional space for synagogues, yeshivas, mikvahs…) making it more attractive to haredi citizens. INPC designations are merely guidelines and do not prevent citizens of any religion or ethnicity from living in any area.South AfricaSuppression of Communism Act, Act No 44 of 1950 - Outlawed communism and the Communist Party in South Africa. Communism was defined so broadly that it covered any call for radical change. Communists could be banned from participating in a political organisation and restricted to a particular area.IsraelBasic Law: The Knesset, Section 7A “Prevention of participation of candidates list - The only way a candidate list can be prevented from running for Knesset is if they reject Israel as a Jewish and democratic state, incite racism, or violence against the state by an enemy state or terror organization. Despite the fact that no Arab party currently in the Knesset recognizes Israel as a Jewish State, they have never been prevented from running in elections or serving in the Knesset. While there have been legal attempts to disqualify Arab parties for violating this law, each attempt was blocked by the Supreme Court. The only parties ever successfully banned from running for the Knesset were Kach and Kahane Chaiand they were subsequently banned outright after being reclassified as terrorist organizations.As for the law relating specifically to Communists, the Israeli Communist Party is currently in the Knesset as a faction of the Hadash Party which is part of the Joint Arab List.South AfricaNative Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act of 1953 - Prohibited strike action by blacks.IsraelCollective Agreements Law - 1957* and *the Settlement of Labour Disputes Law - 1957 (among others) - The right to strike by all workers, regardless of religion or ethnicity, is enshrined in law. General strikes by the Arab sector in Israel have occurred many times in the past as acts of protest.South AfricaReservation of Separate Amenities Act, Act No 49 of 1953 - Forced segregation in all public amenities, public buildings, and public transport with the aim of eliminating contact between whites and other races. "Europeans Only” and “Non-Europeans Only” signs were put up. The act stated that facilities provided for different races need not be equal.Israel:Discrimination based on religion or ethnicity is illegal in Israel - Jews and Arabs use the same public amenities, buildings and transport and it is illegal for a business not to serve a customer because they are an Arab or a Jew. The fact that occasionally the news will report about people or businesses discriminating (as happens at times in every country) is proof that they are law-breakers not policy makers.South AfricaGroup Areas Development Act, Act No 69 of 1955 - Helped to effect the purpose of the Group Areas Act of 1950, namely to exclude non-Whites from living in the most developed areas, which were restricted to Whites. It was later replaced by the Community Development Act of 1966.IsraelThere are no restrictions on where a citizen can live regardless of religion or ethnicity.South AfricaNatives (Prohibition of Interdicts) Act, Act No 64 of 1956 - Denied black people the option of appealing to the courts against forced removals.IsraelAny citizen can appeal an eviction notice before the courts. Even non-Israeli Palestinians living in Judea and Samaria can sue in the Israeli Supreme Court (and win) if they believe they are being deprived of their land unjustly. Arabs, both citizens and non-citizens, have the right to appeal to the court system for anySouth AfricaBantu Investment Corporation Act, Act No 34 of 1959 - Provided for the creation of financial, commercial, and industrial schemes in areas designated for black people.IsraelThere are no areas designated as only for Arabs (or Jews only) in Israel and no “financial, commercial or industrial schemes” specifically for those non-existent areas. The Industrial Parks or Zones in Israel and Judea and Samaria make no distinction between Jew or Arab or Israeli or Palestinian.South AfricaExtension of University Education Act, Act 45 of 1959 - Put an end to black students attending white universities (mainly the universities of Cape Town and Witwatersrand). Created separate tertiary institutions for whites, Coloured, blacks, and Asians.IsraelThere are no restrictions on university admission based on religion or ethnicity. On the contrary, there are affirmative action programs designed to aid disadvantaged students - Arab, women, the disabled… - in gaining admission.South AfricaPromotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, Act No 46 of 1959 - Classified black people into eight ethnic groups. Each group had a Commissioner-General who was tasked to develop a homeland for each, which would be allowed to govern itself independently without white intervention.IsraelArabs (like Jews) do fall into many categories in Israel - Muslim, Christian, Bedouin, Druze - but they are all equal before the law. There are no Bantu areas in Israel and no Israeli citizen can be deprived of their citizenship.South AfricaColoured Persons Communal Reserves Act, Act No 3 of 1961 - Effectively of lowered wages by denying Africans rights within urban areas and by keeping their families and dependents on subsistence plots in the reserves.IsraelIt is illegal to discriminate between employees based on religion or ethnicity, including in regards to their salaries.South AfricaPreservation of Coloured Areas Act, Act No 31 of 1961 - Created a legal loophole for land in “coloured areas” to be seized and paid for to white “Guardians” in place of the original owners who may or may not have registered their claims.IsraelThere are no areas specifically for Jews or non-Jews and in the case of eminent domain, only the legal owner would be compensated. All land-owners must have documentation to prove their ownership.South AfricaUrban Bantu Councils Act, Act No 79 of 1961 - Created black councils in urban areas that were supposed to be tied to the authorities running the related ethnic homeland.Israel:City councils are elected by the citizens of the municipality without regard to religion or ethnicity.South AfricaBantu Homelands Citizens Act of 1970 - Compelled all black people to become a citizen of the homeland that responded to their ethnic group, regardless of whether they’d ever lived there or not, and removed their South African citizenship.IsraelArab citizens of Israel cannot be stripped of their citizenship without their consent. While critics of Israel frequently label the Palestinian Authority as a “Bantustan” this is for propaganda purposes and does not fit the comparison at all. Rather than creating the Palestinian Authority to deprive Arab Israelis of their citizenship, Israel was essentially forced into establishing it as part of the Oslo Accords. The creation of the PA had no effect on Arab citizens of Israel and while some Knesset Members have floated the idea of ceding some Israeli Arab towns to the PA as part of a peace treaty, such suggestions were never part of Israel’s past peace offers.Palestinian AuthorityMahmoud Abbas has made it clear that under any final peace deal, he would not allow a single Jew to remain in the Palestinian State. This means that all Jews living in Judea and Samaria outside of areas annexed by Israel would not even get the option of Palestinian citizenship. Just like Blacks in South Africa, they would be unable to get citizenship where they live and instead would have to look toward their ethnic homeland for citizenship before being expelled.South AfricaThe Natives (Urban Areas) Act of 1923 - Laid the foundations for residential segregation in urban areas. This led to all Black South Africans being required to carry a Pass or ID card at all times.IsraelThere is no segregation - residential or otherwise - in urban or other areas. Segregation based on religion or ethnicity is illegal. All Israelis, regardless of religion or ethnicity, are required to carry their National ID Card at all times.Israeli Laws with Superficial Similarities to Apartheid LawsSouth AfricaProhibition of Mixed Marriages Act, Act No 55 of 1949 - Prohibited marriages between white people and people of other races. Between 1946 and the enactment of this law, only 75 mixed marriages had been recorded, compared with some 28,000 white marriages.IsraelReligious Marriage and Recognition of All Foreign Marriages - In regards to marriage, Israel maintains the law established by the Ottomans and continued by the British Mandate in which all marriages are conducted by separate religious establishments. All people are free to change their religious status for marriage or personal choice. All foreign civil marriages are recognized by the state without regard to religion, race, ethnicity, gender or sexual orientation.Palestinian AuthorityThe PA also has no Civil Marriage and all marriages are carried out through separate religious establishments. There is no recognition or protection for same-sex couples.South AfricaPopulation Registration Act, Act No 30 of 1950 - Led to the creation of a national register in which every person’s race was recorded. A Race Classification Board took the final decision on what a person’s race was in disputed cases.IsraelRegistration of Inhabitants Ordinance No. 50 OF 5709-1949 and Population Registry Law, 5725-1965 - The State of Israel’s registration authority does collect data on citizen’s religion and ethnicity under the these laws, but this is merely for statistical purposes, as stated in Section 3 of the Registration of Inhabitants Ordinance and upheld by the Supreme Court in 2004. Many if not most countries around the world do the same. The laws list “religion” and “ethnicity” but makes no distinction between them and does not call for members of a certain group to be treated differently. Israeli ID cards have not shown the barer’s religion/ethnicity/nationality since 2005.Palestinian AuthorityAll Palestinians have their religious affiliation included on their identification papersas well.An example of an Israeli ID card (note the ******** under the nationality section so the barer’s ethnicity/nationality is not shown.)South AfricaBantu Education Act, Act No 47 of 1953* - Established a Black Education Department in the Department of Native Affairs which would compile a curriculum that suited the “nature and requirements of the black people”. The author of the legislation, Dr Hendrik Verwoerd (then Minister of Native Affairs, later Prime Minister), stated that its aim was to prevent Africans receiving an education that would lead them to aspire to positions they wouldn’t be allowed to hold in society. Instead Africans were to receive an education designed to provide them with skills to serve their own people in the homelands or to work in labouring jobs under whites.|asdfasdfasd|IsraelSignatory to Convention against Discrimination in Education and Numerous Israeli Universal Education Laws - The Ministry of Education runs an Arab education system for the Arab minority in Israel that makes special recognition of Arab heritage and culture. This includes instruction in Arabic and lessons in Arab history and literature. There are also many joint Jewish-Arab schools throughout the country.In order to address gaps between the level and quality of education between Jewish and Arab students, the Israeli government has initiated numerous affirmative action campaigns and increased budgets for the Arab community. This has had mixed results. Despite the problems Israel faces with ensuring students in minority and poor student get a proper education (something every country has difficulty with) Christian Arabs have flourished in Israel in terms of education. Far from intending to prevent Arabs “from receiving an education that would lead them to aspire to positions they wouldn’t be allowed to hold in society” (none such positions exist in Israel), the Arab Education system of the Ministry of Education is designed to incread the educational standards in Arab schools while celebrating and teaching Arab culture and history.Arab students in IsraelSouth AfricaNatives Resettlement Act, Act No 19 of 1954 - Permitted the removal of blacks from any area within and next to the magisterial district of Johannesburg by the South African government. This act was designed to remove of blacks from Sophiatown to Soweto.IsraelIt is illegal to remove anyone, regardless of religious or ethnic background, from their legally owned homes. - If a citizen does not own their home or property or built their home without a legal permit, only then can they be evicted, but these evictions can be fought in court. The most common occurrences deal with Bedouin squatting on State Land and Jews who establish outposts in Judea and Samaria on property they have not legally acquired. In both cases, the residents may appeal their evictions to the Supreme Court. The only example of Israeli citizens being forced from their legally owned homes is of Jews who were forcibly removed from Sinai, Gaza and Samaria as part of the peace treaty with Egypt and the 2005 Disengagement Plan.Palestinian AuthorityMahmoud Abbas has made it clear that under any final peace deal, he would not allow a single Jew to remain in the Palestinian State. This means that any Jews living in the area designated for a Palestinian State would be expelled in the same way Jews were previously expelled from Sinai, Gaza and Northern Samaria.South Africa:Terrorism Act of 1967 - Allowed for indefinite detention without trial and established BOSS, the Bureau of State Security, which was responsible for the internal security of South Africa.Israel:British Mandate 1945 Law on Authority in States of Emergency as amended in 1979, or Administrative Detention - (From Wikipedia)Within Israel, the Defense Minister has the authority to issue Administrative Detention orders for up to 6 months in cases where there is a reasonable chance that the person harms the security of the state. The same Minister has the authority to renew such orders. Likewise, the Chief of the General Staff can issue such orders, but valid for only 48 hours. Law enforcement authorities have to show cause within 48 hours (in a hearing behind closed doors). Administrative Detention orders can be appealed to the District Court and, if denied there, to the Supreme Court of Israel. The District Court can annul such orders if it finds the administrative detention occurred for reasons other than security (e.g., common crimes, or the exercise of freedom of expression). Overall supervisory authority on the application of the relevant law rests with the Minister of Justice.More importantly, this law applies to all terrorism suspects. Suspected Jewish terrorists are subjected to the strictures of the law exactly as are Arab terrorists. It just happens that there are fewer Jewish terrorists (Thank God!) and therefore fewer Jews placed in administrative detention. Importantly, it is only very rarely used against Israeli citizens, Arab or Jew.This law is not perfect and, like any law, can be abused. However, the number of prisoners held in such an arrangement has a direct correlation with the terror level. In June 2012, there were 285 Palestinians in detention but by December 2013, this number was cut by more than half to 140. To put this in perspective, as of 2011, Jordan had 11,345 prisoners in Administrative Detention 81 times the number in Israel, with a significant proportion of those detained being Palestinian.South AfricaThe Natives Land Act, No 27 of 1913 - Made it illegal for blacks to purchase or lease land from whites except in reserves; this restricted black occupancy to less than eight per cent of South Africa's land.IsraelArabs can and do purchase and lease land from Jews and there are no restrictions on them doing so. It is illegal to discriminate between buyers based on religion or race.When confronted with this fact, many people then point to the Jewish National Fund, which only allows Jews to buy, mortgage or lease its land. There are two important things to take into consideration in regards to the JNF:In 2005, Israeli Attorney General Menachem Mazuz ruled that the Israel Lands Administration could not comply with the JNF's Jews-only policy as it directly contravened Israel's anti-discrimination laws. Therefore, the JNF would be required to sell, lease or rent land to anyone regardless of religion or ethnicity.The Jewish National Fund was founded in 1901 in order to help Jews settle in the land of Israel at a time of growing global anti-Semitism. It was an NGO dedicated to aiding Jews regain territory in their ancestral homeland. This was akin to establishing Indian Reservations in the US or Aboriginal land rights in Australia however it was established and funded by the Jews themselves rather than the ruling government. It is understandable that such areas are run by and in many cases, restricted to, members of the native tribes who were kicked off their land so many years ago and that need these areas to maintain their cultural traditions. There are many laws in the United States, like the Dawes Act and the Indian Reorganization Act that deal specifically with setting aside land only for members of the tribes while Australia has the Indigenous Land Corporation whose sole purpose is to aid Aboriginal Australians gain and manage their land. If Australia were to elect an Aborigines Prime Minister, it would still be necessary and just to have land set aside specifically for Aboriginal use and settlement. The same is true for Israel and the Jewish National Fund.Palestinian AuthorityIt is illegal to sell land to Jews - Any Palestinians who sells land to Jews is not only subject to intense social pressure leading to most claiming they were misled as to the real buyers, but the PLO’s Revolutionary Penal Code (1979) applies the death penalty to anyone “transferring positions to the enemy.” While this was strictly enforced in the 1990s, Abbas has not authorized executions for land sales since 2004. Instead, Palestinians convicted of selling land to Jews are now sentenced to hard labor for life.Technically these laws refer either to "enemy states" or "Israelis," however in practice, this is only ever applied to land deals with Jews. There has never been a case where Palestinians were prosecuted for selling land to Israeli Arabs, despite the fact that many buy homes in the PA. Additionally, since all Jews were ethnically cleansed from Judea and Samaria by Jordan and Gaza by Egypt in 1948, there are no Jewish citizens of the Palestinian Authority (other than token citizenship for famous Israeli "peaceniks" like Daniel Barenboim who don't actually live there) who could buy land or property without being members of an "enemy state." The effect is that it is illegal to sell or rent land to Jews in the Palestinian Authority.(Apartheid Law vs. Israeli Law)Above: South African racial discrimination signBelow: Israeli busAbove: South AfricaBelow: IsraelAbove: South AfricaBelow: IsraelAbove: South AfricaBelow: IsraelAbove: South African racial segregation signBelow: Israeli townPrime Minister Netanyahu shaking hands with Ayman Oudeh, Head of the Joint Arab List, in the KnessetA strike by Israeli workers (if you can tell which are Arabs and which are Jews, be sure to let me know as I certainly cannot tell the difference).An Arab student at Ben Gurion University of the NegevArab workers in IsraelArab voting in an Israeli electionOn Jerusalem's light RailOn Israel Train

13 years is a far off prediction to make. I can give some basic estimates off of what i see in current trends. These represent my personal opinions:Water stress and rationing.Water stressed cities and water rationing/water bills in place. Households are only allowed to use a certain amount of water, you have to pay a bill on water too. Water related black economy is in place with Water Tanker mafia operating in cities by paying off cops and smuggling/selling water in urban areas. Cops regularly bust poor people for hoarding water from broken city pipes. Unfortunate episodes of drought like the Thar drought will take place more often in the hinterlands.Pakistan turning into a water-scarce country, say experts828 children died in drought-hit Thar in three years, NA panel toldGrowing Chinese Expat communityA growing Chinese expat community and a large infusion of Chinese culture into Pakistan. I’m not sure about the exact amount, but Pakistan could become home to a large and growing Chinese expat community who will primarily be concentrated in Lahore, Punjab and Islamabad-Rawalpindi but also spread across in smaller communities and compounds dotting the country. Some of them will be settled close to CPEC related projects while others might start their own private businesses and mix with the local population. We might have government and legal systems in place facilitating their travel across the country and security provisions. There might also be an uptick in marriages between Chinese people and Pakistani people and it might not even be restricted to Uyghur Muslim Chinese and Pakistani Chinese. I have observed that Chinese people are pretty secular minded and don’t normally make a big deal of converting for marriage. This is a personal observation, feel free to correct me.How Pakistan is becoming China's land of opportunity“China Town” Likely to be Established In KarachiGrowing infusion of Chinese culture into PakistanChinese cultural infusion into the country deserves it’s own separate point. Pakistan as a nation state has a curious case of identity related issues due to our somewhat hybrid state as a Muslim majority country located between the greater Indian civilization sphere and the Greater Iranian-Turkic-Afghan cultural spheres. In this state of half-existence, we technical don’t fully qualify for inclusion in either cultural sphere. Pakhtuns and Baloch identify more with Iranian-Afghan culture than India from my observations. Punjabis tend to be split between the ones embracing their South Asian identity or fully cutting themselves off from local stuff to embrace Islamic identity. Sindh on the other hand is a pretty self-contained culture in it’s own right. Because of this void in our identity, our multi-cultural and multi-ethnic nature and somewhat fluid existence, Pakistan has always proven fertile ground for the importation of foreign culture and ideology whether it’s the Arabization under General Zia, Afghan cultural influx in the 80s and 90s, the Indian media influx and Bollywood culture under Musharraf and the PPP 2008–2013 government or the current Chinese cultural influx under the democratic government of 2013–2018. This also fits in with the Pakistan’s ancient heritage as a crossing point between greater civilisation spheres, as it sits adjacent to Turkic, Iranian, Afghan, Sikh, Hindu and Chinese civilisations and culture.We will see a sharp uptick in Chinese food consumption, Chinese language use, Chinese clothing and goods, Chinese business presence, Chinese architecture and Chinese cultural practices like Chinese dragon symbols, fire crackers, new years celebration related stuff, their garden styles and maybe even some Feng Shui in more wealthier, liberal suburbs. Chinese cultural symbols will definitely become more visible if not commonplace in Pakistan by 2030.A lot of this stuff has happened already or is currently happening. The Ali Baba CEO is setting up his presence in the country. Property prices are rising in certain areas as Chinese buy real estate here. Chinese goods and services are becoming mainstream across the nation. Chinese people intermingling, roaming the streets of Pakistan in major cities will be a common sight rather than a rarity in 2030, as evidenced by the Dawn News video about Chinese businesswomen selling cellphones in Karachi:Dawn.comPakistan also has a large and growing number of people learning and using the Chinese language. Chinese Confucian language centres are swamped with so many language students they have to do classes multiple times a day to accommodate them all. Confucian centres have had mixed results across the globe depending on the politics of the region, but due to the close nature of Pakistan and China’s relationship they have been met with a large amount of success in the country.Even certain projects of CPEC are designed to enhance the projection of Chinese soft power via culture in Pakistan. This is an extract about the fiber optic line being placed from Pakistan to China:“A national fibreoptic backbone will be built for the country not only for internet traffic, but also terrestrial distribution of broadcast TV, which will cooperate with Chinese media in the “dissemination of Chinese culture”.”We might soon see Chinese news channels, TV shows and films translated and played on local media here. The massive popularity of Turkish dramas in Pakistan offers a precedent. It remains to be seen whether Chinese media finds a foothold in this conservative Muslim country.Confucius Institutes expanding rapidly to meet demand for Chinese language skills - ICEF Monitor - Market intelligence for international student recruitmentMandarin lessons to become compulsory in PakistanPakistan embraces language lessons and Chinese cultureMother China: A 'Chinese revolution' sweeps across PakistanDawn.comPak-China ties getting stronger through cultural corridor: Sun WeidongBut all in all, several aspects of Chinese culture, Chinese people, their language, media, architecture, diet and practises will become pretty visible, if not commonplace, by 2030.A Different EconomyWe will transition from a agricultural-semi industrial economy to a more logistics-semi industrial-commercial economy with a reduced role for agriculture.Part of this will be due to water shortages and land loss reducing agricultural output. Part of this will be due to Chinese investments changing the economic landscape and bringing certain new sectors into greater prominence. The CPEC investments total somewhere around 20% of our current economic size. If you sink 50 billion into a 1 trillion USD economy, it might not change that economy much and just be absorbed without changing the economic footprint of different sectors. But in a smaller economy like Pakistan which is only around 270 billion USD, 50 billion USD will change how much different sectors contribute to the economy, which sectors employ how many people and so on.An authoritarian democracyA contradiction perhaps, but one that can only work in Pakistan. We are seeing even today the uneasy nexus between the Armed Forces, the Establishment, the Elected career politicians, the Judiciary and the Islamists settling into a stable equilibrium. Neither having the required power to overtake all the others. And some, not having the capacity to do so.Pakistan is an increasingly large and complex country. Both in terms of size and internal factionalism. A coup cannot control and contain the entirety of the nation as it could in the past. And neither does the inclination for a coup exist anymore (for now).Similarly, the PML-N has seen the limits of its power in the face of an energetic and fanatical PTI and an assertive Judiciary.Without going into details, suffice it to say that all the different factions like the courts, the Army, the PML-N, the PTI, the Islamists and so on have seen the limits of their power during the tussle to redefine Pakistan from the 1998–2017 period and they have all settled into an uneasy but currently steady equilibrium that we see today. A limited democracy. A flawed republic.But the increasing trend towards authoritarianism has been the one key element common to all these factions. Mass surveillance, deportations, border controls, militarised law and order, suspension of normal procedures for quick and easy enforcement and so on have continue regardless of which way the power of the pendulum swings.After taking a beating from all sides during the turbulence of the 2008–2013 period when the country was transitioning between military rule and civilian rule, the state is starting to settle and reassert itself.There is a growing and gnawing fear that Pakistan is in for some immense challenges ahead in the near future. And that fear is translating into increasingly harsh and punitive government measures for controlling citizens and mass surveillance. And these measures pass because of the flawed nature of our democracy, lack of civil society, general consensus among most government power centres that they are needed and a populace scarred by terrorism for decades willing to accept them.Missing persons, jailing for criticism of powerful institutions and people in public, harsh and questionable sentencing under anti-terror laws, mass surveillance of private lives, torture, abduction and death penalties will become more frequent. Military courts will be a permanent part of the judicial system and sentencing/trials for terrorism or related charges will be “off the books” for the most part. Terror will be wielded as an instrument of the state to impose harsh law and order.Pakistan's Military-Democracy ComplexMilitary courts resume in PakistanPakistan, currently, is a competitive authoritarian regime and not a democratic oneA two front military deploymentAs the war in Afghanistan intensifies, placing significant pressure on the Afghan government, we might see a tense border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. There will be heavy fortifications, artillery exchanges and extremely restricted travel across the western border similar to the border with India.Under defence policy in the Trump administration, which is increasingly defined by the Generals appointed by President Trump, we are seeing a larger troop commitment by the US to Afghan government defence against an increasingly stronger Taliban insurgency. The US will not be willing to give up all of it’s military presence and nation building investments in Afghanistan are spending so much blood and treasure on the country in nearly 2 decades of war.However, if the US government does change policy on Afghanistan after a change in Presidents and does begin a pullout, it’s quite possible India might send troops and arms to prop up the Afghan government.India is currently undergoing a transformation in foreign policy and taking a more muscular foreign policy approach on the back of its growing economic and military capability. India, similar to the US, might not allow investments in Afghanistan and a friendly regime go to waste if the US were to pullout and the Afghan government were to face a collapse. A small but significant deployment of Indian forces in Afghanistan to assist the current government might be a possibility by 2030 if the Western ISAF mission were to abandon Afghan government in the face of an increasingly aggressive Taliban offensive. We might even see other smaller nations like Bangladesh and Nepal sent small support contingents as well under an Indian umbrella.Of course, this possibility might not come to pass if the Afghan troops manage to hold out against the Taliban with ISAF air support/special ops backup. Or if a political settlement is reached with Russia-Iran-China-Pakistan acting as mediators between the Afghan government and the Taliban.Whether or not ISAF remains in Afghanistan or leaves and is replaced by India or we see the Afghan government alone, the situation at the Western border is likely to remain tense enough to necessitate military deployment on 2 fronts.Even if the government collapses and the Taliban take over the entire country, a 2 front deployment might still be in place. The last 16 years have changed Afghanistan for a long time to come. There will always be an influx of terror from the West, necessitating a fortified and controlled border and the military troops needed to screen it.This would mean more defence expenditure as well. Which would either add to our debt, be absorbed by the economic growth enabled by CPEC or be made up with foreign aid (the SCO’s counter-terror budget for example).More technology, more advanced infrastructureDue to the capitalist and relatively open nature of Pakistan’s economy and the current trend of Chinese investments in Pakistani infrastructure, we are likely to keep up with a lot of tech trends in the world.Military tech aside, Pakistan in 2030 could see more advanced cellular comms, wireless payments, subways, urban metros, renewable energies and even some electric vehicles.Technological progress doesn’t automatically mean a better life though. Pakistan experienced a massive boom in internet, cellular tech and urban mass transit but at the same time experienced massive law and order problems, terrorism and flooding. But the point here is, that by 2030, this trend is likely to continue.China’s WeChat app and its ushering in of wireless digital payments, scheduling and other options could cross over into Pakistan as well. The current CPEC project laying down a fibre optic cable from Pakistan to China and China’s Ali Baba entering Pakistan’s e-commerce market could enhance this integration of digital economies and services in Pakistan and China.WeChat faced issues with it’s adoption in countries like Vietnam because it contained a map that showed the Nine Dash Line as China’s border in the South China sea which angered countries like Vietnam and Philippines who oppose those claims. Pakistan, however, does not have any sentiments over that dispute so WeChat could become on of the mainstays in the country’s digital market, especially if it is integrated with the country’s e-commerce and digital, wireless financial transactions infrastructure.This makes sense historically as well as ever since Musharraf opened up the economy during his tenure, we’ve pretty much automatically adopted tech from abroad in our localised setting. Whether it’s Netflix, Uber or what not. And this is likely to continue.And the CPEC investments in infrastructure (urban rail lines, metros), fiber optics and e-commerce will also usher in more up to date tech in everyday Pakistani life.Pakistan Has A Growing Tech SceneOpinion | Pakistan, the Next Software Hub?Major partner in Chinese lead regional orgs like the SCO rather than Western institutionsSAARC will be dead by 2030 barring a major Chinese diplomatic intervention to act as a mediator between India and Pakistan. The road to peace between India and Pakistan increasingly passes through Beijing as the systemic barriers to peace between India and Pakistan are making it increasingly difficult for a bilateral process to work.SAARC’s death suits both country’s just fine. It allows India to focus on BIMSTEC and BBIN. And Pakistan focuses on the SCO. Pakistan has long advocated joining a regional forum where India isn’t the only economic heavyweight (and thus, the sole power) as was the case with SAARC and the SCO with it’s Russian and Chinese members meets this criteria perfectly.This will be compounded by the fact that the only major economic, diplomatic and counter terror alliance that Pakistan and India will share in common will be the SCO. And the SCO is dominated by the policy agenda set forward by China.Pakistan will be increasingly embedded in the SCO and possible majority of its economic, diplomatic, military and counter terror activities will be under the auspices of the SCO regional framework. Economic integration and regional cooperation will be increasingly defined with China, Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan (the latter with a pinch of salt).How the entry of India and Pakistan transforms the SCO’s agendaSAARC Is Dead; Long Live SAARCGreater Debt Problems and more Debt relief and servicing with the AIIB and Chinese state banks rather than the IMF/World BankPakistan’s debt problem is unlikely to go away anytime soon. Declining exports might soon be compounded probably by the GCC countries kicking out Pakistani labourers and workers from their countries due to Pakistan’s refusal to be involved in their disputes with Iran. Pakistan’s debt issues will plague it well into the next decade.Because of cooling ties with the US that has the most significant voting rights in institutions like the IMF and World Bank, its possible that future debt servicing will not be possible from the IMF. Instead, Chinese banks like the AIIB might take up Pakistan’s debt management programs.China bails out Pakistan with over $1 billion in loansEurobond debt paid off with Chinese loan - The Express TribuneMore state fragility, urban pressure, crimeWith a population straining at 200 million, a huge youth bulge and growing stress on scarce economic resources, it’s a blunt fact that there will be an increased threat to the state from large segments of society unable to get jobs and business opportunities.While CPEC related projects and investments will stave off pressure from the government for a while, until and unless massive investments are made in education and training sectors, new business opportunities created, exports boosted and trade accelerated: the country is in for some deep problems. More and more rural to urban migration will occur as well on the backs of a declining agricultural sector, environmental degradation and lack of rural opportunities in general. This will stress city infrastructure and collect large groups of people in one place which is always a recipe for disaster during times of tense political and economic crises.Three trends i’m uncertain about:Will we lean more towards Iran or the GCC in 2030?Will religious conservatism be less or more in 2030?Will CPEC integration occur with India, Iran or both or neither?The Iran-GCC issue is in a state of flux. On one hand we are in trouble with the GCC as they deport more of our labor force, we refuse to send troops to Yemen, strictly stay out of Saudi lead military force against Iran and have committed ourselves to defend Saudi Arabia only from a hostile invasion.On the other hand, we just shot down an Iranian drone, our border with Iran is unstable with border guards being killed and mortars being fired and delays in economic integration.The situation remains in a state of flux and it’s hard to determine whether we will stick with our current neutrality, lean towards the GCC or lean towards Iran in 2030.The religious conservatism also deserves some analysis. The long war on terror has upset the forces of political Islam who have lost key strongholds in their north western regions to upstart parties or establishment parties pursuing a primarily economic rather than Islamist agenda.On the one hand we see the old conservatism and ultra conservatism even still at play as we see ISIS encroach in the region, religious mob violence, honor killings and terrorist violence persist. On the other hand we see massive reduction in non-state Islamist actors holding sovereign territory as military offensives kick into gear, intelligence operations nab more terrorists, the western border is sealed, refugee camps emptied and more violent factions law down arms to join mainstream political activities. There has been quite an opening up of Pakistani society with more media channels having quite liberal content, more women in the work force and higher educational standards. It’s a far leap over what our society was like in the 90s.Pakistan has never been a resource rich country like the GCC so it has always had to balance some aspects of modernity and progress with its traditional, conservative form of Islam in order to remain a viable threat to it’s eastern neighbor.Nowhere is this balancing act better symbolized than by the Hijabi female fighter pilots in the Pakistan air force, walking the fine line between modernity and traditional values.What our society will look like in 2030 in terms of this balancing act and which way we swing more, remains to be seen.And ofcourse, the last point is a question over what path the future of Indian, Pakistani and Iranian relations take. CPEC integration with the giant economies of Iran and India is a goal for China as part of it’s OBOR project and even Pakistan seems quiet open to the idea.Shun ‘enmity’, join CPEC: Pakistan Army commander tells IndiaWhether all three countries involved manage to resolve their differences and push forward in economic integration is a question that remains to be answered, although given the current border crises that just popped up between China and India, i have a pessimistic viewpoint on what the future could hold.Pakistan, due to its somewhat hybrid identity has shifted constantly as a society throughout the decades of it’s existence and has proven fertile ground for foreign cultures, ideologies and social concepts to take root.Similarly, her position as a nexus between major competing powers and Geopolitical forces has shifted her economic, political and military fortunes considerably and they too have remained in a state of flux. Add to that the upcoming pressures of water stress and overpopulation.I could be 100% wrong about everything i predicted in this answer. Or 100% right. Or somewhere in between. That, is pretty much Pakistan in a nutshell.