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California's 2019 Housing Laws: What You Need To KnowAfter the California Legislature passed a high-profile package of 15 new housing laws in 2017, it has continued to focus on housing laws in 2018 to address the state's epic housing shortage.As Gov. Jerry Brown winds down his time in office, he recently signed into law 16 pieces of housing legislation that will become effective on Jan. 1, 2019.Taken as a whole, these laws continue a significant trend towards increasing the expectations on local governments to make progress toward approving sufficient housing to meet the state's housing crisis.Also you can ask these to investor real estate agentFollowing 2017, a year in which the California Legislature passed a high-profile package of 15 new housing laws, the Legislature has continued to focus on housing laws in 2018 to address the state's epic housing shortage. (For a summary of the 2018 housing package, see Holland & Knight's article, " A Closer Look at California's New Housing Production Laws," Dec. 6, 2017). As Gov. Jerry Brown winds down his time in office, he recently signed into law 16 pieces of housing legislation, which will become effective on Jan. 1, 2019 and make additional incremental progress in producing housing. Below, they are grouped into the following categories:Increasing Density and Housing Opportunities. New laws that facilitate development near Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) stations, and reform the state's longstanding Density Bonus Law, which entitles developers to a density bonus and to certain concessions and incentives in exchange for including affordable housing in developments. Notably, new law extends the State Density Bonus Law to student housing.Streamlining and Removing Barriers to Housing Production. New laws that revise the major streamlining laws from the 2017 housing package (SB 35 and the Housing Accountability Act), reduce parking requirements for historic reuse projects and remove barriers to the development of supportive and affordable housing.Planning, Regional Housing Needs and Fair Housing Laws. New laws that reform the process of assigning local jurisdictions their regional housing targets, promote fair housing goals in local planning processes and require charter cities to meet certain planning requirements that were previously only imposed on general law cities.Miscellaneous. New laws that expand prohibitions against "price gouging" on rental properties during emergencies and extend the duration of building permits.Taken as a whole, these laws continue a significant trend towards increasing the expectations on local governments to make progress toward approving sufficient housing to meet the state's housing crisis. As further discussed below, the impacts of these laws are becoming even more meaningful as a result of the California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD's) commendable implementation of SB 35 and other new laws.Increasing Density and Housing Opportunities1. AB 2923 (Assembly Members David Chiu and Timothy Grayson) – Development on BART-Owned Land is a new law that gives the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) board of supervisors the authority to rezone any BART-owned land within a half-mile of a BART station to set the lowest permissible limit for height, density and floor area ratio and the highest permissible parking minimums and maximums. Local jurisdictions must then adopt conforming zoning amendments within two years after BART adopts standards for a district. Qualifying projects may apply for streamlined, ministerial processing as specified in SB 35 – without having to otherwise qualify separately for ministerial processing under SB 35 (discussed further below). Developers may also secure vested rights to develop in accordance with the newly adopted standards after entering into an exclusive negotiating agreement to develop an eligible project. Among the qualifying criteria, developers must make at least 20 percent of housing units affordable to very low-income and low-income households, with additional affordable requirements for projects that would displace housing or take place within the district's boundaries. BART has estimated that up to 20,000 housing units and 4.5 million square feet of commercial space could be built on its parking lots.2. AB 2753 (Assembly Member Laura Friedman) – State Density Bonus Process Reforms seeks to expedite the processing of density bonus applications pursuant to the State Density Bonus Law. The State Density Bonus Law, originally enacted in 1979, requires an agency to grant a density bonus and/or a certain number of concessions or incentives to developers who agree to construct developments that provide affordable housing and meet certain criteria. This year's amendments now require local governments to provide determinations to developers regarding the amount of density bonus for which a development is eligible, all reductions in parking requirements for which the applicant is eligible and whether the applicant has provided adequate information for the local government to make a determination regarding any requested incentives, concessions, waivers or reductions in required parking. The law further requires such determinations to be based on the development project at the time the application is deemed complete, and provides that the local government shall adjust the amount of density bonus and required parking based on any changes during the course of the development processing.3. AB 2372 (Assembly Member Todd Gloria) – State Density Bonus Law Floor Area Ratio Bonus authorizes cities or counties to grant a developer of an eligible housing development under the State Density Bonus Law a floor area ratio bonus in lieu of a bonus on the basis of dwelling units per acre. The floor area bonus is calculated based on a formula prescribed in the new statute (i.e., allowable residential base density x (site area in square feet / 43,500) x 2,250). An eligible housing development under the law is a multifamily housing development that provides at least 20 percent affordable units, is located within a transit priority area or a half-mile from a major transit stop, meets requirements for the replacement of existing units and complies with height requirements applicable to the underlying zone. The law also prohibits cities and counties from imposing parking requirements in excess of specified ratios and allows an applicant for an eligible development to calculate impact fees based on square feet and not per unit.4. SB 1227 (Sen. Nancy Skinner) – Density Bonus for Student Housing extends the State Density Bonus Law to apply to student housing. It allows student housing projects where at least 20 percent of the units are affordable for lower income students to receive a 35 percent density bonus. The law also provides that the development must provide priority to students experiencing homelessness. The density bonus under the law will be calculated based on the number of beds instead of units.5. AB 2797 (Assembly Member Richard Bloom) – Reconciling the State Density Bonus Law and the Coastal Act requires the State Density Bonus Law to be harmonized with the California Coastal Act so that both statutes can be given effect within the coastal zone to increase affordable housing in the coastal zone while protecting coastal resources and access. This law supersedes the Second District Court of Appeal's opinion in Kalnel Gardens, LLC v. City of Los Angeles (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 927, 944 holding that the State Density Bonus Law is subordinate to the Coastal Act.Streamlining and Removing Barriers to Housing Production6. AB 3194 (Assembly Member Tom Daly) – Housing Accountability Act Amendments makes three important revisions to strengthen the Housing Accountability Act (HAA). The HAA strictly limits local governments' authority to reject or restrict housing development projects that comply with applicable objective general plan, zoning and subdivision standards. The Legislature's reforms to the HAA in 2017 were one of the most significant elements of the 2017 housing package. (For a full description of the reformed HAA, see Holland & Knight's alert, " California Governor Signs into Law Major Reforms to Housing Accountability Act," Sept. 29, 2017.) This year, as revised by AB 3194, if the zoning for a project site is inconsistent with the general plan, a proposed housing development project cannot be considered "inconsistent" with a jurisdiction's zoning standards and cannot be required to seek a rezoning, as long as the project complies with the jurisdiction's objective general plan standards. Second, local agencies must now apply zoning standards and criteria to facilitate and accommodate development at the density allowed on the site by the general plan. Third, the Legislature declared its intent that a "specific, adverse impact on the public health and safety" – the only permissible basis on which a local government can reject or reduce the size of a project that complies with objective standards—will "arise infrequently."7. SB 765 (Sen. Scott Wiener) – SB 35 Amendments makes a series of "cleanup" revisions to SB 35, the major streamlining law enacted in 2017, which requires localities to grant a streamlined ministerial approval to housing projects that meet the locality's objective standards, commit to provide prevailing wage labor and provide a specified amount of affordable housing, among other criteria. Among the most helpful of this year's amendments is the Legislature's explicit statement that the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) does not apply to the agency's determination of whether an application for a development is subject to the streamlined ministerial approval process – eliminating one argument housing opponents have used to try to avoid the effect of SB 35. In addition, the Legislature stated that "it is the policy of the state that this section be interpreted and implemented in a manner to afford the fullest possible weight to the interest of, and the approval and provision of, increased housing supply."8. AB 2263 (Friedman) – Parking Reductions for Historic Reuse Projects authorizes parking reductions for a development project in which a designated historical resource is being converted or adapted. For projects converting or adapting a designated historical resource to a residential use that is located within a half-mile of a major transit stop, an agency shall not require the project to provide parking spaces greater than the number of parking spaces that existed on the project site at the time the project application was submitted. For a project converting or adapting a designated historical resource to a nonresidential use, a local agency shall provide a 25 percent reduction in the amount of parking spaces that would otherwise be required.9. AB 2162 (Chiu and Daly) – Supportive Housing Use "By Right" requires supportive housing to be considered a use "by right" in zones where multifamily and mixed uses are permitted, including nonresidential zones permitting multifamily uses, if the proposed housing development meets specified criteria. Supportive housing is housing linked to an onsite or offsite service that assists the resident in retaining the housing, improving his or her health status and ability to live and work in the community. Qualifying criteria relates to affordability, long-term deed restrictions, nonresidential floor use providing supportive services and other design requirements. The law requires a local government to approve, within specified periods, supportive housing developments that comply with these requirements. The law prohibits the local government from imposing any minimum parking requirement for units occupied by supportive housing residents if the development is located within a half-mile of a public transit stop.10. AB 829 (Chiu) – Prohibitions on Local Government Requirements for State Funding Assistance prohibits local governments from requiring a developer of obtain a letter of acknowledgment or similar document prior to applying for state assistance for a housing development. The law defines state assistance as any state funds, a state tax credit or a federal tax credit administered by the state. The legislative analysis for the bill explained that in at least one case in the state, city council members have delayed projects for supportive housing requiring financial assistance by conditioning a project to receive official sign-off from the local elected official in order to receive funding. This law ends that practice for all jurisdictions.Planning, RHNA and Fair Housing Goals11/12. SB 828 (Wiener) and AB 1771 (Bloom) - RHNA Process Amendments make a number of changes to the Regional Housing Needs Assessment (RHNA) process to use more data to more accurately and fairly reflect job growth and housing needs, with an emphasis on fair housing goals. RHNA is the process to identify the total number of housing units and income levels that each jurisdiction must accommodate in its housing element. The RHNA process has been in the spotlight recently due to claims that some cities have artificially low RHNA targets due to a politically driven process. New amendments revise the data that the council of governments (the entities that determine RHNA targets) must provide to HCD as part of the RHNA process. That data must now include new information regarding overcrowding rates, vacancy rates and cost-burdened housing (among other new data points). This law adds more opportunities for public comment and HCD adjustments to the council of governments' methodology for selecting RHNA targets, as well an ability for local governments to appeal RHNA targets. Additionally, the law prohibits a council of governments from using prior underproduction of housing, or stable population numbers, as justification for a determination or reduction in a local government's share of the RHNA.13. AB 686 (Assembly Member Miguel Santiago) – Affirmatively Further Fair Housing requires a public agency to administer its programs and activities relating to housing and community development in a manner to affirmatively further fair housing and not take any action that is inconsistent with this obligation. "Affirmatively furthering fair housing" means, among other things, "taking meaningful actions ... that overcome patterns of segregation and foster inclusive communities" and "address significant disparities in housing needs and in access to opportunity." Additionally, an assessment of fair housing practices must now be included in upcoming housing elements.14. SB 1333 (Sen. Bob Wieckowski) – Planning Requirements for Charter Cities makes charter cities (those governed by a city charter document rather than by general law) subject to a number of planning laws that previously only applied to general law cities. These include laws related to general plan amendment processing, accessory dwelling unit permitting and the preparation of housing elements. Notably, the new law now requires a charter city's zoning ordinances to be consistent with its adopted general plan. Currently, only about 25 percent of the state's 121 charter cities have adopted consistency rules that zoning and subdivision approvals must be aligned with the cities' general plans.Miscellaneous15. AB 1919 (Assembly Member Jim Wood) – Anti-"Price Gouging" During Emergencies recognizes that under current prohibitions against "price gouging," landlords cannot raise rents by more than 10 percent within 30 days of a declared disaster, but the prohibition does not apply to rental properties that were not on the market at the time of the emergency. In response to concerns about increased rents in the North Bay region immediately following the October 2017 wildfires, this new law expands the existing crime of price gouging to include new rentals that were not on the market at the time of the emergency within the types of goods and services that are price-controlled in the immediate aftermath of an emergency. The law also makes other related reforms to limit rent increases and evictions following an emergency.16. AB 2913 (Wood) – Extending the Duration of Building Permits extends the duration of a building permit from six months (180 days) to 12 months, as long as construction has started and has not been abandoned. The law also provides that a permit is subject to the building standards in effect on the date of original issuance, and if the permit does expire, the developer may obtain approval from the local building official for one or more six-month extensions.ConclusionAfter another prolific year of new housing laws, tracking and understanding new California housing law is becoming more important than ever. HCD has been extremely active in monitoring the implementation of these laws by regularly releasing new materials on the interpretation, implementation and enforcement of these laws on its dedicated webpage. Most recently, HCD promulgated draft official guidelines for SB 35, which will have significant weight interpreting this important law. HCD is seeking public comment on the guidelines for a 30-day comment period ending Oct. 30, 2018.Further, implementation of the HAA continues to pick up steam throughout the state in both administrative and judicial settings. This year's package has the potential to increase the effectiveness of these laws even further. Additionally, the facilitation of development on BART-owned land, amendments to the State Density Bonus Law, RHNA and Fair Housing laws demonstrate that we have entered an era where the typical processing of housing developments has been fundamentally shifted.Find How to Invest in Real Estate ?

There is a difference in the tone scientists use when writing carefully for an academic audience and when playing the role of public intellectual (which inescapably has aspects of power, and therefore has all the risks associated with operating in this domain). That the latter is potentially problematic is hardly controversial amongst thoughtful observers of this field. Apart from anything else, there is a sense that science must be relevant, and be seen to be relevant, and that the scientist is not doing their job and serves no social purpose if this is not shown to be the case. Karl Polanyi criticized this mentality rather well many decades back, but unfortunately his arguments are less relevant in an age where practical considerations dominate.There are many more subtle influences that may ultimately be more important. However one obvious channel is the game played with press releases. People tend to exploit the laziness/lack of resources/lack of know-how/busyness/etc of journalists knowing that they will often tend to publish press releases without careful consideration and critical examination. So then people do on occasion push it a bit in how they present their work publicly to a broader audience, with the benefit of plausible deniability if criticized - they can just say that they were very careful in what they wrote (which often may be true), and that they cannot be held responsible for the sloppy thinking/writing/laziness of journalists.Feynman, too, wrote about the dangers of this approach. For example, in his speech on Cargo Cult Science:But this long history of learning how not to fool ourselves--ofhaving utter scientific integrity--is, I'm sorry to say, something that we haven't specifically included in any particular course that I know of. We just hope you've caught on by osmosis. The first principle is that you must not fool yourself--and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that. I would like to add something that's not essential to the science, but something I kind of believe, which is that you should not fool the layman when you're talking as a scientist. I am not trying to tell you what to do about cheating on your wife, or fooling your girlfriend, or something like that, when you're not trying to be a scientist, but just trying to be an ordinary human being. We'll leave those problems up to you and your rabbi. I'm talking about a specific, extra type of integrity that is not lying, but bending over backwards to show how you are maybe wrong, that you ought to have when acting as a scientist. And this is our responsibility as scientists, certainly to other scientists, and I think to laymen. For example, I was a little surprised when I was talking to a friend who was going to go on the radio. He does work on cosmology and astronomy, and he wondered how he would explain what the applications of this work were. "Well," I said, "there aren't any." He said, "Yes, but then we won't get support for more research of this kind." I think that's kind of dishonest. If you're representing yourself as a scientist, then you should explain to the layman what you're doing--and if they don't want to support you under those circumstances, then that's their decision.This being said, corruption in science is not confined to misleading representation of what has been found (also implications and confidence levels) in press releases. One study finds that 2% of scientists have cooked the data at least once in their lives.How Many Scientists Fabricate and Falsify Research? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Survey DataThis is based on survey data - one might think that the true incidence is not lower than 1.97% and might be in some domains much higher. [Fraud is relevant to the question, because it relates to the general question of misplaced conviction].Here are a few links to people who have explored this phenomenon. I don't necessarily agree with their other views, or the way they apply their critique - just to point out that this is something real, and not a partisan point:Science by press releasePublish-or-perish: Peer review and the corruption of science | David ColquhounScience Press Releases: Good, Bad or Zombies?Medical Scientists and Health News Reporting: A Case of MiscommunicationThe corruption of science?Review: ‘The Deliberate Corruption of Climate Science’ by Dr. Tim BallWhitewashing IPCC Renewables: the Carbon BriefGlobal Warming and Walnut Trees: a Case Study in DeceptionFrom the controversial former editor of Medical Hypotheses:Not even trying: the corruption of real scienceThe most egregious domain of untruthfulness is probably where scientists speak or write about their own work.When modern researchers are preparing applications for funding, there is clearly no notion that they should be trying to communicate the truth. The idea would be regarded as ridiculous! The whole motive and rationale of the exercise is to write a successful application: in other words to get yourself money by selling (what you claim are) your research results and plans.The veracity of what is being claimed is merely a means to an end. The funder neither expects truth nor does the applicant expect to write truth – grantsmanship is thus a kind of game (albeit with high stakes) where one side sets up the rules, and the other side tries to be as dishonest as it can get away with, while sticking to the letter of the rules - then the first side tries to catch them out in an inconsistency.Modern research grant proposals therefore resemble the official accounts of organized crime – everyone knows that they are intentionally and carefully faked, but the auditors are allowed only to check for internal consistency among the lies. Consistent lying is fine – indeed admired and rewarded.So long as the information in grant proposals and research publications has been thoroughlylaundered, then everybody is happy (well, ‘everybody’ who has influence over career success – and for modern researchers that is everybody-who-matters...).*When a modern researcher describes the nature and significance of his research to another researcher in the same field, for example in a writing a publication or speaking at a conference or in the casual interactions of scientific life; or to a bureaucrat or official who might directly or indirectly influence his pay and conditions (say a university administrator); or to a journalist or media person, or even to a random member of the public – there is no notion of the modern researcher trying to be truthful about the nature and significance of his research.Trying strictly to be truthful would indeed be regarded as evidence of naiveté, or – if persisted-with - actively dangerous.Modern research communication is strategic – it is a means to an end: and the degree of veracity of what is being said is controlled by the requirements of that end....Once they have been observed, selected and trained; real scientists are unreflectingly honest and will trust each other; but their honesty is also enforced by a multitude of informal processes – if, after being trusted, that trust is betrayed there is the permanent sanction of exclusion from real science. From that point, real scientists will simply ignore you.*In discussing the dishonesty of modern ‘science’ it is tempting to focus on cases of ‘fraud’ – especially instances in which specific researchers have fabricated, invented or deliberately distorted their results for personal gain.It is tempting but misleading, because it assumes honesty as a baseline. While real scientists are indeed habitually truthful, modern professional researchers by contrast are not even tryingto be truthful.Truth is a positive value. However, at most, modern researchers are trying not to be factuallyincorrect – which is as different from trying to be truthful as a scandal-mongering tabloid ‘investigative’ journalist is different from Einstein.This is not a subtle matter. Nor is it a matter for debate. It is absolutely plain and obvious on a day-by-day level in the conduct and conversation of modern researchers. Compared with real scientists, the mass of modern researchers (including, perhaps especially, scientific leaders) are neither motivated nor regulated by truth, nor do they speak about truth, nor do they discriminate on the basis of truthfulness.*You doubt this?Just watch! Just listen! Just read! So long as you can tell the difference between on the one hand someone trying to be as truthful as they can be, and on the other hand someone trying to sell something – then it is a no-brainer....Scientists are usually too cautious and timid to risk telling outright lies about important things, or to invent and emphasize fake data; but instead they push the envelope of exaggeration, selectivity and distortion as far as possible. And tolerance for this kind of untruthfulness has greatly increased over recent years.So it is now routine, normal, indeed required behaviour for scientists deliberately to exaggerate, to ‘hype’ the significance of their status and performance, and ‘spin’ the importance of their research.The envelope of exaggeration is now extended to the not-impossible: so if it is in reality not-impossible that my research might (under highly implausible but not-impossible combinations of conditions) assist in some way in curing cancer... then it is nowadays permissible (in a ‘good’ cause – i.e. when it is expedient) to present the research as being progress towardscuring cancer.In sum, when a modern researcher says ‘my research is progress towards curing cancer’ itreally means ‘it is not impossible that my research could conceivably count as progress towards curing cancer’.*Furthermore, it is entirely normal and unremarkable for ordinary ‘scientists’ to spend their entire professional life doing work they know in their hearts to be trivial or bogus – preferring that which promotes their career over that which has the best chance of advancing science.Indeed, it is entirely normal and unremarkable for the best modern ‘scientists’ to spend their entire professional life doing sub-optimal work they know in their hearts to be less scientifically ambitious than they are capable of.In a nutshell the most successful modern researchers have replaced scientific ambition with career ambition.Far from being frowned-upon, such gross and treacherous misapplication of research effort is positively encouraged, nay enforced, and not just sometimes but as the norm in many places and by many people, including what are supposed to be the best places for research (universities and other institutions); because careerism is a more reliable route to high productivity than real science.In fact it may be impossible to get a job, or get tenure, or promotion - except by dumping idealism and scientific ambition and embracing low-risk careerism.*Indeed, senior scientists in the best places are clever, hard-working and intelligent enough rapidly to become expert at hyping mundane research to create a misleading impression of revolutionary importance. Far from resisting, or fighting, the degradation of science; the senior researchers at the ‘best’ places have led (indeed driven) their subordinates into a morass of corruption, like so many demonically-possessed Gadarene swine.It is a kind of Gresham’s Law at work; when dishonest research is treated as if it were real science; then bad research drives out the good....Feynman also said:The scientist has a lot of experience with ignorance and doubt and uncertainty, and this experience is of very great importance, I think. When a scientist doesn’t know the answer to a problem, he is ignorant. When he has a hunch as to what the result is, he is uncertain. And when he is pretty darn sure of what the result is going to be, he is still in some doubt. We have found it of paramount importance that in order to progress we must recognize our ignorance and leave room for doubt. Scientific knowledge is a body of statements of varying degrees of certainty — some most unsure, some nearly sure, but none absolutely certain.Now, we scientists are used to this, and we take it for granted that it is perfectly consistent to be unsure, that it is possible to live and not know. But I don’t know whether everyone realizes this is true. Our freedom to doubt was born out of a struggle against authority in the early days of science. It was a very deep and strong struggle: permit us to question — to doubt — to not be sure. I think that it is important that we do not forget this struggle and thus perhaps lose what we have gained....Another of the qualities of science is that it teaches the value of rational thought as well as the importance of freedom of thought; the positive results that come from doubting that the lessons are all true. You must here distinguish--especially in teaching--the science from the forms or procedures that are sometimes used in developing science. It is easy to say, "We write, experiment, and observe, and do this or that." You can copy that form exactly. But great religions ared issipated by following form without remembering the direct content of the teaching of the great leaders. In the same way, it is possible to follow form and call it science, but that is pseudo-science. In this way, we all suffer from the kind of tyranny we have today in the many institutions that have come under the influence of pseudoscientific advisers.We have many studies in teaching, for example, in which people make observations, make lists, do statistics, and so on, but these do not thereby become established science, established knowledge. They are merely an imitative form of science analogous to the South Sea Islanders' airfields--radio towers, etc., made out of wood. The islanders expect a great airplane to arrive. They even build wooden airplanes of the same shape as they see in the foreigners' airfields around them, but strangely enough, their wood planes do not fly. The result of this pseudoscientific imitation is to produce experts, which many of you are. [But] you teachers, who are really teaching children at the bottom of the heap, can maybe doubt the experts. As a matter of fact, I can also define science another way: Science is the belief in the ignorance of experts.When someone says, "Science teaches such and such," he is using the word incorrectly. Science doesn't teach anything; experience teaches it. If they say toyou, "Science has shown such and such," you might ask, "How does science show it? How did the scientists find out? How? What? Where?"It should not be "science has shown" but "this experiment, this effect, has shown." And you have as much right as anyone else, upon hearing about the experiments--but be patient and listen to all the evidence--to judge whether a sensible conclusion has been arrived at.In a field which is so complicated [as education] that true science is not yet able to get anywhere, we have to rely on a kind of old-fashioned wisdom, a kind of definite straightforwardness. I am trying to inspire the teacher at the bottom to have some hope and some self-confidence in common sense and natural intelligence. The experts who are leading you may be wrong.I have probably ruined the system, and the students that are coming into Caltech no longer will be any good. I think we live in an unscientific age in which almos tall the buffeting of communications and television--words, books, and so on--are unscientific. As a result, there is a considerable amount of intellectual tyranny in the name of science.There is a big gap to go from failing to reject the null hypothesis, to being sure that your hypothesis must be right. In my view it steps outside the domain of science to become a cheerleader for specific policy measures - the person who is employed as a scientist is no longer acting as a scientist when she enters the field of policy advocacy (rather than just explaining possible policy choices and what the implications might be). Of course that role is rather less satisfying, and people want to 'make an impact'.There ought in any case to be more humility and a greater tentativeness about things given how many times in the past decades established wisdom has been proven totally and utterly wrong (not counting the cases where the jury remains out).

The following are some questions asked during the course of one mock interview conducted by one training institute at Chennai1) Repo rate, Current Reporate.2) Bank rate, MSF (Repo rate are rates at which commercial bank takes loan from rbi against the securities kept with RBI and marginal standing facility was released in May 2011. The main purpose was to eliminate the volatality of the overnight money market. The rates are usually 1% higher than repo.)3) Base rate4) What are the Demand Deposits and Time deposits ?(Demand deposits and term deposits differ in terms of accessibility or liquidity, and in the amount of interest that can be earned on the deposited funds. Demand deposits and term deposits refer to two different types of deposit accounts available at a bank or similar financial institution, such as a credit union.)(Time Deposit - a deposit in a bank account that cannot be withdrawn before a set date or for which notice of withdrawal is required.)5) When a minor, aged 8 comes to bank with his grandmother, will you open an account inthe name of minor ?6) Hen’s hatching Period ?7) Name the agriculture development Bank, who will provide thte subsidy to farmers for agriculture development ?8) Different types of loans for Agriculture ?9) What are the two Schemes introduced by Narendra Modi related to Banking ? Expalin10) KYC norms ? (Know your customer (KYC) is the process of a business verifying theidentity of its clients. The term is also used to refer to the bank regulation which governs these activities.)11) Which document is mandatory for the customer to deposit around ` 1 crore ?12) Balance Sheet - Details13) Will you work in rural areas ?14) What is the purpose of Commercial Banks & Development Banks ? Name two each?15) What is the minimum and maximum period of Fixed Deposit ?16) Procedures to Deposit Money17) What is the NOSTRO account ?18) What is the meaning of Negotiable ?19) What are the Non-Negotiable instruments ?20) What is special crossing? (Often cheques are crossed with two parallel transverse lines and in between the two parallel lines the words “a/c payee "or “a/c payee only "are written. - This means that the proceeds of the cheque are to be credited to the account of the payee only. - This type of crossing is also called “restrictive crossing”)21) What you willdo when the cheque is crossed by two banks ?22) Can NABARD give loans to Farmers ?23) What is the expansion of UAV ?24) What are the deposits available in Bank ?25) What is PMJDY Scheme ?Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is a nationwide scheme launched by Indian government in August 2014. In this scheme financial inclusion of every individual who does not have a bank account is to be achieved.The scheme will ensure financial access to everyone who was not able to get benefits of many other finance related government schemes. These financial services include Banking/ Savings & Deposit Accounts, Remittance, Credit, Insurance, Pension which will be made available to all the citizens in easy and affordable mode.26) What are the insurance in PMJDY scheme ? (Life Cover under Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana)27) What is Your Strength & Weakness ?28) What is the facility (Irrigation) introduced by M.S.Swaminathan29) About Hobbies30) What is Bank Assurance ?31) Name some Health Insurance Companies ?32) What are the functions of an Bank ?33) Can order cheque be converted into bearer cheque ?34) Name the General Insurance Companies ?35) Validity of a cheque ?36) Meaning of Your Name ?37) About Native Place & Its specials38) Is Interview Necessary ?39) D/B Simple Interest & Compound Interest40) Parties of Cheque?41) Present RBI Governor ?42) First RBI Governor?43) First Indian RBI Governor ?44) R/B Banker & Customer, mentioned in which ACT ?45) Security features in ATM room ?46) If a customer (VIP) deposits a Counterfeit notes, what will you do ?Counterfeit money is imitation currency produced without the legal sanction of the state or government. Producing or using counterfeit money is a form of fraud or forgery. Counter feiting is almost as old as money itself47) Who received Bharat Ratna Award recently ?48) What is the name of signature behind the cheque?49) Value of IT rabate.50) CAMELS abbreviations ?(Capital, Asset Quality, Management, Earnings, Liquidity, and Sensitivity (creditworthiness assessment system)51) IFSC code used for ?52) Banking Ombudsman ?(The Banking Ombudsman Scheme enables an expeditious and inexpensive forum to bank customers for resolution of complaints relating to certain services rendered by banks. The Banking Ombudsman Scheme is introduced under Section 35 A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 by RBI with effect from 1995.)53) Who is the Present President of India ?54) Whos is the Present Finance Minister ?55) Tamilnadu CM Jayalalitha case heared in ? (Bangalore, Karnataka)56) Whom confirm Jayalalith case verdict ?57) Whom release Jayalalitha verdict case ?58) Which loans are provided to a person to manufacture the product ? e.g., Water bottle59) Letter of Credit means ? (a letter issued by a bank to another bank (especially one in a different country) to serve as a guarantee for payments made to a specified person under specified conditions.)60) Bank Guarantees means? (A guarantee from a lending institution ensuring that the liabilities of a debtor will be met. In other words, if the debtor fails to settle a debt, the bank will cover it.)61) Situation Question : When you are working as a PO in Public sector bank, And near of your branch, So many Private and Public sector banks are there. And How will you attract the people towards your bank?62) Non performing assets ? (A Non-performing asset (NPA) is defined as a credit facility in respect of which the interest and/or installment of principal has remained 'past due' for a specified period of time. In simple terms, an asset is tagged as non performing when it ceases to generate income for the lender.)63) Chennai Flood Related Questons64) Who are all scored Double century in ODI cricket?65) What is Recent record in Cricket ?66) Difference between FCNR & RFC ?67) What is your part during Chennai floods ?68) What is the meaning of your name ?69) Situation Question : What will you do if your husband gets foreign opportunity, You will quit the job. So, why should we select you?70) Chairman of SBI71) Situation Question : Suppose if you are an Assistant Manager, only you and clerk are in the bank. A person comes and deposits a huge amount, then two robbers comes and threatens you with knife to give them money. What will you do?72) Para Banking ? (Banks can undertake certain eligible financial services or para-banking activities either departmentally or by setting up subsidiaries. Banks may form a subsidiary company for undertaking the types of businesses which a banking company is otherwise permitted to undertake, with prior approval of Reserve Bank of India.)73) Retail Banking ? (Retail banking also known as Consumer Banking is the provision of services by a bank to individual consumers, rather than to companies, corporations or other banks. Services offered include savings and transactional accounts, mortgages, personal loans, debit cards, and credit cards)74) What are the documents you should have when you drive a 2-wheeler?75) RC book is issued by which authority ?76) Services of ATM77) Which bank cancelled withdrawal receipt issue recently ?78) Who is Chennai Mayor ?79) Three principles of Insurance ?80) What you have to check, if you buy a land ?81) Life & Non-Life Insurance ?82) Hobbies : What are the novels have read ?83) Questions related to Cooking ?84) Positive & Negative points about urself ?85) Who issued EC certificate which is related to housing ?86) Off-sheet Balance items87) I opend an account in a bank & name my wife as a nominee, should we tell that she is the nominee person for the account opened by her spouse?88) What is the Sundry debtors ?89) Where is your spouse working ?90) Did you help him in his work ?91) Auto loans proof ?92) What is Pay slip ?93) What is withdrawal slip ?94) If you want to transfer your account from UP to Tamil Nadu, what are the documents yourequire?95) What is DRA ? (The Developmental Reading Assessment (DRA) is a standardized reading test used to determine a student's instructional level in reading. The DRA is administered individually to students by teachers and/or reading specialists.96) Chief of three Defence Forces?97) Recently our Prime Minister, visited unexpectedly to which country ? Was the motive good or not ?98) Priority sector advances (Priority sector refers to those sectors of the economy which may not get timely and adequate credit in the absence of this special dispensation. Typically, these are small value loans to farmers for agriculture and allied activities, micro and smallenterprises, poor people for housing, students for education and other low income groups and weaker sections.)99) No of states, recently included states ?100) Chief Minister of Telangana ?101) Types of debentures102) How many payment banks are there ?103) Who is M.S.Subulakshmi104) What is correspondent bank ?105) What is soft bank ?106) Tell about your family107) How to identify counterfeit notes ?108) What is depreciation in Balance Sheet ?109) Women Chief Ministers of India110) What are the subsidy for Housing for all schemes ? Why only women are eligible?111) Tell me five famous womens of India112) Situation Question : When a person from Rural Area has got a loan and he is not giving back and you are given the responsibility to collect it from him. What you’ll do?113) What is hard copy ?114) How you’ll arrange mirror imaged icons in PC screen ?115) Balance Sheet Items - Assets & Liabilities116) Working Capital ratio117) Current ratio118) Max loan granted by payment banks - No loanHow do payment banks earn ? - Through RemittancesWhat are remittancesNo of Payment Banks119) Does required to be verified from the cust who wants to avail Housing loan ?120) About Tatkal Banking121) Explain in Tamil, any 2 functions of a bank122) NSE & BSE - No of listed companies - Name some PSU’s listed ?123) Name few PSB’s esablished in foreign countries.124) What are the Documents required for a Proprietor firm, Partnership firm of public ltd company ?125) What is Revenue Reseve & Capital Reserve126) About DICGC : (Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation ( DICGC) is a subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India. It was established on 15 July 1978 under Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, 1961 for the purpose of providinginsurance of deposits and guaranteeing of credit facilities. DICGC insures all bank deposits, such as saving, fixed, current, recurring deposits for up to the limit of Rs. 100,000 of each deposits in a bank)127) About ECGC (The ECGC Limited is a company wholly owned by the Government of India based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It provides export credit insurance support to Indianexporters and is controlled by the Ministry of Commerce.)128) What is SDR ? (The Special Drawing Right (SDR) is an international reserve asset, created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement the existing official reserves of member countries. The SDR is neither a currency, nor a claim on the IMF. Rather, it is a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF members.)129) What is MSF ? (Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) is a new scheme announced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in its Monetary Policy (2011-12) and refers to the penal rate at which banks can borrow money from the central bank over and above what is available to them through the LAF window)130) About Hobbies (Mentioned No Hobbies in BIO-DATA, suggested to mention at least one hobby)131) CGTMSE(The main objective is that the lender should give importance to project viability and secure the credit facility purely on the primary security of the assets financed. The other objective is that the lender availing guarantee facility should endeavor to give composite credit to the borrowers so that the borrowers obtain both term loan and working capital facilities from a single agency. The Credit Guarantee scheme (CGS) seeks to reassure the lender that, in the event of a MSE unit, which availed collateral free credit facilities, fails to discharge its liabilities to the lender, the Guarantee Trust would make good the loss incurred by the lender up to 75 / 80/ 85 per cent of the credit facility.)132) Horizontal merger (Horizontal merger is a business consolidation that occurs between firms who operate in the same space, often as competitors offering the same good or service)133) Communication System (from my PG subject)134) Banking Hierarchy135) About Natural Guardian(A child's parent. In divorce situations, the parent with custody is considered the natural guardian. The opposite of a natural guardian is an appointed guardian or legal guardian, who must be authorized by a court or a will to care for and make decisions on behalf of a minor child. Of particular concern are financial and medical decisions; since minor childrengenerally do not have legal authority to make such decisions, their natural or legal guardian must authorize them.)136) Technical questions related to My Subject- Types of Circuits- Open circuit & closed circuit- About three phaces (RYB)- About Earthing137) Situation Question :If you are a Assistant Manager in a Bank, your superior person told you to grant loan for a person who he knows, But the documents submitted by the person is not valid, what you will do at that time ?138) Sheep loan139) Tax Deducted at source for Deposits140) Tripatriate Free Trade Agreement141) Management142) Active Voice / Passive Voice143) Current Ratio - Current Assets / Current Liabilities144) Tangible / Intangible assets(Tangible assets include both fixed assets, such as machinery, buildings and land, and current assets, such as inventory. The opposite of a tangible asset is an intangible asset. Nonphysical assets, such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, goodwill and brand recognition, are all examples of intangible assets.)145) Current / Non Current Assets(A noncurrent asset is an asset that is not likely to turn to unrestricted cash within one year of the balance sheet date. (This assumes that the company has an operating cycle of less than one year.) A noncurrent asset is also referred to as a long-term asset.)146) SBI Registred Office147) SBI Established Date148) Head Quarters of few Banks149) Difference between normal cheque and CTS150) Relationship between Depositor and Banker151) Relationship between person who is having safe deposit locker and banker.152) Emblem in currency note of Rs.500153) Emblem in currency note of Rs.10154) Break even point (In economics and business, specifically cost accounting, the break-even point (BEP) is the point at which cost or expenses and revenue are equal: there is no net loss or gain, and one has "broken even.")155) Dandi Yatra (On 12 March 1930, Gandhi and 78 satyagrahis many of them were scheduled castes, set out on foot for the coastal village of Dandi, Gujarat, over 390 kilometres (240 mi) from their starting point at Sabarmati Ashram.)156) BSBDA(Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account (BSBDA) is a Zero Balance Savings Account that takes care of your simple banking needs with Free ATM card, monthly statement, and cheque book.)157) Minimum Balance for BSBDA158) Regarding Plastic Money(Plastic money is a term that is used predominantly in reference to the hard plastic cards we use everyday in place of actual bank notes. They can come in many different forms such as cash cards, credit cards, debit cards, pre-paid cash cards and store cards.)159) Blind person conditions while Opening a Account160) Dormant Account(DEFINITION of 'Dormant Account' When there has been no financial activity for a long period of time, other than posting of interest, an account can be classified as dormant. Statute of limitations usually does not apply to dormant accounts, and funds can be claimed by the owner or beneficiary at any time.)161) ALM (Application lifecycle management (ALM) is the supervision of a software application from its initial planning through retirement. It also refers to how changes to an application are documented and tracked.)162) NPA(A Non-performing asset (NPA) is defined as a credit facility in respect of which the interest and/or installment of Bond finance principal has remained 'past due' for a specified period of time. NPA is used by financial institutions that refer to loans that are in jeopardy of default.)163) Risk faced by Banks - Market, Operational, Credit Risk ?164) Syndicate Bank Head Quarters165) Delhi - Banks Headquarters166) FCNR (It means 'Foreign Currency Non-Resident (Bank)' Account. Who can open a FCNR (B) a/c ? - The account can be opened in the name of NRI individuals (single/ joint) or with resident Indians on 'former or survivor' basis.)167) 1969 - Any four Nationalised Banks168) Financial intermediaries(an institution, such as a bank, building society, or unit-trust company, that holds funds from lenders in order to make loans to borrowers.)169) What are the Function of RBI?170) What are the Roles of a PO ?171) CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio)172) MSF (Marginal Standing Facility)173) SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio) - Indepth174) DICGC full Form ? (The Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act, 1961)175) MUDRAK Schemes (Micro Unit Development / Credit Guarantee Corporation176) Situation Question : A person comes in to my bank with Rs.51000/-, What is the procedure to deposit in an Account.Bank Exams PO, Coaching Centre Chennai, ibps, RRB, SSC, Bank Clerical Exams,