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The early life1. Einstein was born in 1879 in Germany, in the town of Ulm. However, besides Germany, he lived in Switzerland, Italy and the US. He died on April 18, 1955, in Princeton, New Jersey.2. While he was German by birth, he changed his citizenship to Swiss in order to avoid military service. Later on, when he moved to the United States, he gained the US citizenship. He was defined as stateless for a few years, between his German and Swiss citizenships.3. Einstein had speech difficulties when he was young, and he didn’t speak until he was three years old. Nowadays there is a term “Einstein Syndrome”, coined by Dr. Thomas Sowell, which describes exceptionally bright people, who developed their ability to speak at later time than usual.4. Einstein’s father and uncle owned a company that made electric equipment that used direct electric current. With the advent of AC, the major contract to supply city of Munich with power fell through and Herman Einstein (Albert’s father) had to move to Italy. Albert stayed in Munich to finish his schooling, though.5. Although his family were Ashkenazi Jews, Albert spent 3 years in a Catholic elementary school in Munich, from the age of 5. After that, he transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium, which now bears his name – the Albert Einstein Gymnasium.6. His father wanted him to study electrical engineering after he finished his primary education, but Albert clashed with authorities during his time in the Gymnasium.In 1894 he dropped out from the Luitpold after seven years in school in order to avoid the military draft, by using a doctor’s note that claimed nervous exhaustion.7. His father and family were already in Italy at the time, so he joined them there. During his stay there, he wrote his first scientific essay titled “On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field”, at the unbelievable age of 15. The ether mention there is a concept that was later thrown away in favor of the theory of relativity, the brainchild of Einstein himself.8. Contrary to the popular belief he was good at math. After a year spent in Italy, he applied to the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zurich, where he failed the entrance examination.9. While he excelled in physics and mathematics part of the exam, he failed to meet necessary requirement in the general part, which included subjects like history, languages, and so on. He did get into the school on his second try, next year.10. Einstein was a good violin player. In fact, in the later years, when he had become famous, he would often perform with famous musicians for benefit concerts.Music was one of his biggest loves, and he could often be heard saying that “Life without playing music is inconceivable for me,”.11. His music side comes from his mother, Pauline Koch Einstein, an accomplished pianist.She first taught him to play piano, but he discovered his love for violin at the age of thirteen, and never looked back. It is almost certain that, if he wasn’t a scientist, he would have been a musician.12. He had a younger sister, Maria “Maja” Einstein, who was two years younger than Albert.She studied Romance languages and graduated at the University of Bern, and later moved to Italy. When the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini introduced anti-Semitic laws prior to the World War 2, she moved to Princeton, USA, where she lived with Albert.13. He was married twice. His first wife was a Serbian physicist Mileva Marić, which he met during his studies in Switzerland and married in 1903. There is a myth that she was behind most of the math in Einstein’s papers, during their marriage, but most historians and experts believe that’s not true.14. He had three children with her. His first was an illegitimate daughter, Lieserl, born in 1902. Her fate is unknown. His first son, Hans Albert, became a fairly established engineer in his own right, and his second son, Eduard, was studying medicine, but suffered from schizophrenia and was hospitalized full time in 1948, after his mother’s death.15. Einstein was a bad husband. He was often demeaning to his wife, and expected her to be like a servant to him. After their marriage, Marić suffered a nervous breakdown, and Einstein pledged most of his Nobel Prize money as child support to Mileva.16. His second marriage was to his first cousin Elsa Löwenthal. He married her in 1919, the same year he divorced his first wife, but Elsa and Einstein were seeing each other even before his divorce in secret, for more than seven years.17. Surprisingly, he was a notorious playboy. Even during his second marriage there is evidence that he was seeing 6 other women during that period, based on his letters. He also had a childhood sweetheart, Marie Winteler, with whom he corresponded during his first marriage.18. His second marriage was more successful (although that is debatable, considering his affairs) – He was married to Elsa, until her death in 1935. They didn’t have children.The academic success19. Einstein started working in swiss patent office, after his graduation from the school of polytechnic in 1900. He was working as an assistant examiner and he mostly examined patents that had something to do with electronics and electrical signals – topics that turned out to be foundation for most of his most important future works.20. He got a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921, for the discovery of the photoelectric effect. His work on the theory of relativity was still considered controversial at the time, and its significance will become apparent a few years later.21. The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon where a material emits electrons when someone shines the light on it. The importance for physics was huge, as it was the first time that that someone described photons, which in turn means it is the cornerstone of the quantum theory.22. Curiously, the citation for this work in regards to the Nobel prize stated only the discovery of the law, not its explanation. This is because the idea of photons, tiny, subatomic, packets of light that act as both the particle and wave, was considered outlandish by other academics at the time.23. Almost all of his important work was published in a single year: 1905, which is also known as the miracle year in Einstein’s life. During this year he published four papers, all of which would go on to significantly change physics in different ways.24. The Einstein Annus mirabilis (miracle year) papers of 1905 tackled quantum theory (based on his discoveries regarding the photoelectric effect), Brownian motion (chaotic motion of microscopic particles – this is the paper that proved the existence of atoms), special theory of relativity, and the electrodynamics paper that discussed the connection between mass and energy (the paper that gave birth to the most famous equation in the world, E = mc2 )25. To give you a better scale of this accomplishment: At the time when he published the four papers, he was only 26, and working at the Swiss patent office. In the summer of that same year, he finished his Ph.D. thesis.26. During his career, he was a professor and a lecturer at a huge number of universities:University of Bern, Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague, Humboldt University of Berlin, California Institute of Technology, and he held numerous guest lectures all over the world.27. Besides Nobel prize, he was awarded numerous prestigious awards and titles. He was named Time’s person of the century, he received a Copley medal given for “outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science,” by the Royal Society in London.28. Einstein was also a recipient of the Max Planck medal by the German science society, and Franklin Medal by the Franklin Institute. There is also the Einstein Memorial in the Washington D.C., Einstein Science Park in Germany, and he was inducted into the German Walhalla temple for “laudable and distinguished Germans” in 1990.29. Besides all the awards and accolades, he also has a chemical element named in his honor. After his death in 1955, a recently discovered element with the atomic number 99 was named Einsteinium.30. During his illustrious scientific career, Einstein was an extremely prolific writer. He published more than 300 scientific papers, and over 150 non-scientific articles and other works. His total opus consisted of more than 30 000 individual documents, as was established after the release of his works by the Universities in 2015.31. Einstein believed that his General Theory of Relativity was his masterwork. He published it in 1915, almost 250 years after the previous theory of gravity was published (Sir Isaac Newton published his theory of Gravity in 1667).The social success, activism, and cultural impact32. He liked to travel, and traveled both to Asia and North America during 1920-1921. He first visited New York City on 2 April 1921, where he held guest lectures for several weeks. He received an official welcome by the NYC Mayor himself, and attended numerous receptions.33. He delivered lectures at prestigious universities, such as Columbia University and Princeton University, but he also had a chance to visit the White House, in the company of representatives of the National Academy of Science.34. After his visit he fell in love with the entrepreneurial spirit of the Americans. He was pleasantly surprised with the American character, and even wrote a paper titled “My First Impression of the U.S.A.,” in which he said:“What strikes a visitor is the joyous, positive attitude to life . . . The American is friendly, self-confident, optimistic, and without envy.”35. When he finished his travels in the U.S.A. he made a 6-month speaking tour in which he traveled to Asia, and to Palestine. During this tour, he visited Singapore, Ceylon, and Japan. In japan he gave lectures to thousands of Japanese, and had a chance to meet the Japanese emperor and empress in the Imperial Palace. In his letters, he described Japanese as intelligent, considerate, modest, and with a very sophisticated feel for the art.36. After his travels in Asia, he visited Palestine, where he stayed for 12 days. In these days, prior to the formation of Israel, Einstein was greeted more as a high political figure than a scientist, which included cannon salutes, and people storming receptions to see him. During his stay, he noted how glad he was that the world started to see Jewish people as an important global force.37. He visited the U.S. for second time in 1930, with intent to stay there for two months as a guest-lecturer at Californian Cal-tech, but he ended up spending most of his time in the States in the following years, which culminated in his permanent move to the U.S. in 1933, when Adolf Hitler became a chancellor in Germany.38. He was well known for his pacifism and socialistic tendencies. His aversion to war and aggression, led him to become friends with the most famous film star of the time, Charlie Chaplin, Singer Paul Robertson, and the author Upton Sinclair, all of whom were known for their vociferous anti-war views.39. Chaplin became one of the closest Einstein’s friends, and he considered Einstein to have “extraordinary intellectual energy” which went along with his “highly emotional temperament,” that was well hidden under his gentle and kind exterior.40. 7 years after he moved to the United States, Einstein became an American Citizen, where he held a position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey – a town he would call home for the rest of his life.41. Before the World War 2, he was so famous that people would approach him in the street to ask him about “that theory”. In the end, he got so fed up with it, he claimed he only looked like Albert Einstein, so that he doesn’t have to explain it over and over again.42. During the 1933, Einstein used his considerable influence to save thousands of people from the terrible fate they would suffer in Nazi Germany. He contacted a number of Presidents, prime ministers, and other leaders, urging them to accept the unemployed German Jewish scientists, after the discriminatory laws were issued by the new Nazi regime.43. Even though he was a noted pacifist, he is one of the people responsible for the Manhattan project and the development of nuclear weapons. When the World War 2 started, he wrote a letter to the President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in which he brought attention to the possibility of developing “extremely powerful bombs of a new type”.Source: Learn Something New Every Day

ArticleAgro-industry beholds the benefits of local food needs, economic benefit, and employment opportunities all around the world. Other industries directly or indirectly depend upon agriculture for proper functioning. Bangladesh is well known in the agro market because of its fertile land. Most of the agro-trade of Bangladesh is associated to India at land custom stations through proper custom clearance channels. Agriculture goods are packaged, preserved, stored, and transported through this channel across both countries. There is certain documentation requirement to held out the process and channels strict assessment is secret to fruitful and successful agro trade between India and Bangladesh.Trend OverviewAgro-trade is a highlight of the economic and employment sector of Bangladesh because of fertile lands, to achieve sustainable development, meet the need for food and self-employment purposes young generation has diverted their professions to agripreneur. Paddy is the main and most cultivated crop in this region and account for 52.6% of independence ratio. It involves post-harvest activities (processing, preservation, consumption).Trade between India and Bangladesh & among SAARC- (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka)Bangladesh trade is 2.4 percent (1.7 dollars) of Bangladesh global trade (72.6 dollars, import being the highlight of this trade (83%). Among all other SAARC countries India is vital agro trade partner of Bangladesh with a total of 93.9% trade, out of which 12.4% is export and 22.2% is import. Trade is a result of formal an informal procedure.Formal Procedure:The Bangladesh importer applies to the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE)/DLS for an 'import authorization' (IP), Gob Books (depending on the plant or animal nature of the imported item). Upon receipt of all the required documents, the importer receives the IP and the letter of credit (L / C). To complete the process a few more certificates are required based on product description. These –SPS certificate, which must include the IP number. According to Gob rules, all agricultural and food products enter Bangladesh must be confirmed by the DAE in terms of its compliance with the requirements of the SPS under WTO rules,EPB Country Verification (Export Promotion Bureau-Government of the People\'s Republic of Bangladesh) Certificate for imported productA certificate issued by the DAE, which confirms that agricultural products are imported into Bangladesh.they are suitable for human consumption and do not contain more than 50 by / kg radio (Becquerel / Kilogram). In addition, those who import agricultural products use another certificate called weight analysis certificate (WAC), related to product weight analysis before making final import. As soon as the products are shipped to Bangladesh a Fumigation certificate is issued by the quarantine unit which means that agricultural and food products are suitable for human consumption.Informal ProcedureSeed varieties of rice, pulses, vegetables, jute, spices such as tomatoes and onions, Other items are fresh vegetables, betel nuts, seasonal fruits such as mangoes, bananas, apples, guavas etc are traded between India and Bangladesh through informal systems. The informal trade also includes spices such as fresh onions, turmeric, ginger, sugar, salt, etc.The procedure includes the pursuits:(a) traders who intend to trade in crop production must apply for registration with the National Seed Board (NSB) of the Department of Agriculture (MoA).(b) the new variety may be approved by the NSB after passing the Distinctness, Unity and Stability (DUS) (by the Seed Certification Agency) and(c) following the approval of the NSB Technical Committee on the results of multidisciplinary performance appraisal [Agricultural Value and Use (VCU) tests].Only if NSB has issued a consent order – a reported crop seed variety can be exchanged formally. Though, as was informed at KIIs, at the micro-level farmers are less anxious about the type of trade (whether formal or informal). They are rather more concerned to have the seed variation that match their harvesting arrangement. Bangladesh also requires wheat and jute seeds to meet its local demand for which the country is reliant on India.Trading Routes and land custom stations:This trade at borders of countries is handled through custom stations where import export goods are handled, packaged, and transported to both countries. For India Bangladesh trade a land custom office is situated at the Agartala, junction of either country borders It provide facility of transit, custom, immigration and cargo services for goods and passengers entering or leaving Bangladesh to northeast India. It costs 1-5 pesos’ depending upon the type and size of goods. Land custom station routes in former countries are.(I) Chheherte Railway Station and Orient Jute Mill Jetty are selected as Land Customs Stations just for the objective of export of food pellets from India.(ii) Ghasuapara is retained as Land Customs Station only for the objective of exports of all commodities from India; andGolakganj is hired as a Land Customs Station only for the objective of export of stone boulders, stone chips and coal from India.”.Additionally, Phulbari is selected as Land Customs Station for the objective of import or export by any national of, –(a) Bhutan in any vehicle of Bhutan, or(b) Nepal in any vehicle of Nepal, by land from or to Bangladesh.iv) In regard of Shella Bazar Land Customs Station, the land lane from Pyrkan via Pharangkaruh (near B.P. No. 1231-S) to Bastola in Bangladesh, is chosen simply for the aim of trade of all commodities from India.”Custom clearence procedure:To export or import goods it is necessary to accomplish custom clearence according to section 131 of custom act,1969.Custom Clearance procedure for ExportA bill or custom clearance declaration is a necessity for the procedure. It must contain flowing.Export L/C (recommended); if there is no export L/C, Export Contract or Buying Order or Trade Guarantee endorsed by the cooperating bank.Industrial invoice including a comprehensive description of goods and signed by the exporter.Sorting list including quantity, weight and packing info.EXP form licensed by Authorized Dealers (ADs) to guarantee the completion of export profits.Certificate of Origin of export goods (issued by EPB or Chamber of Commerce and Industry).VAT listing certificate.Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) issued by Income Tax Department under the NBR.For certain types, product-wise added certification/documents are needed for trade.A Few of them involve:ERC for jute, jute supplies and tea.2. Shipment wise export license issued by the Bangladesh Tea Board for export of tea.3. Authorization of the Ministry of Industries in the case of export of Urea fertilizer manufactured in all factories excepting KAFCO.4. ‘No objection certificate’ from the Ministry of Information in the case of export of entertainment programs, music, drama, films, documentary films etc. in the way of audio cassettes, video cassettes, CDs, DVDs etc.5. Consumption Declaration for export of RMG under merged warehouse or Utilization Permission for export of other goods under merged warehouse.6. Phytosanitary certificate for agricultural goods (such as vegetables, corns etc.) as per the obligation of the state of export (issued by the Plant Protection Wing of the Department of Agriculture Extension).7. Quality control certificate in case of export of products for which such certificate is mandatory (e.g., quality control certificate by the Department of Fisheries is necessary as per the requirements of the country of destination for frozen fish).8. NOC from the CCI&E and Bangladesh Bank to allow exports on an export-cum-import or returnable basis.9. Bank pledge equaling the cost of goods to be exported on an export-cum-import or returnable basis.When the export testimony is certified by the Customs authority after documentary check and physical verification of export consignments, exportable commodities are packed into containers and stuffed into the ship/aircraft/truck. Export is completed once the ship/truck/airlines departs the port, and customs officer in command (PO-on-Board/gate division officer in charge) signs on the back of the 2nd copy of the shipment bill (as ‘shipped on board’). It is to be stated that where goods are packed into containers at the private ICDs/exporters’ premises, gate division officer may check the goods.Customs Clearance Procedures for ImportFor imported goods into Bangladesh, transport agents give in their distinct data (containing a description of imported goods by ship) electronically to the Customs authority. In the case of import by truck (through land customs stations), the trucking company/driver submits IGM to the customs authority. Once the Import General Manifest (IGM) is submitted online (In the case of import by truck, manually), the chosen C&F Agent (or the importer himself) finalizes the statement of the goods (popularly known as Bill of Entry or B/E) from their own grounds and submits the goods declaration to Customs systems through ASYCUDA World. The declaration or B/E has to be made in a particular format, known as Single Administrative Document (SAD).The Prescribed Bill of Entry and Bill of Export Form Order, 2001 published by the NBR outlines the documentary compliance constraints. For release of goods from Customs, following details need to be submitted along with the declaration for all types of imports:Letter of Credit (L/C).InvoiceBill of Lading/AWB/Truck Receipt/Railway ReceiptPacking List“Country of Origin” Certificate (except coal and export-oriented garments industries)Insurance policy/cover note.VAT/BIN CertificateAdditionally, records required for different types of goods, are:BDS standard will be compulsory for approval of 55 items, and in case where no certificate from and certified laboratory from the exporting country is accessible, a certificate from the BSTI is required, as per Import Policy Order, 2015-2018 Para 26(28).Radioactivity test report from the concerned authorization of the exporting country for food items (Import Policy Order, 2015-2018 Para 16).Clearance certificate(s) from the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission for food items to the effect that the radioactivity level found in the imported foodstuff is within the standard threshold (Import Policy Order, 2015-2018 Para 16(9)).Pre-shipment Examination report for milk food goods and powder milk, coal, and hard coke, Break Acrylic (HS 39.15 and 3915.90), M.S. Billets (7207) and for articles where the value of a single item permitted for import by public district organizations is Taka fifty lac or above.Authorization letter of the Chief Inspector of Explosives of the Ministry of Power, Energy & Mineral Resources for import of explosives (Import Policy Order, 2015-2018 Para 26(1)).Copy of intellectual property certificate (by the IPR holder of the exporting country) in the case of import of labeled goods recorded under any law related to IP in Bangladesh [Para 5(6)(c) of Import Policy Order, 2015-18]After the tasks and taxes are evaluated by Customs, the importer (or his C&F agent) pays duties and taxes. On compensation of duties and taxes evaluated, Customs issues release order for clearance and after completion of port procedures, goods are cleared.Samples priced up to US $100 and weighing up to 5 kg is cleared (through manual system) same day (in Dhaka Air freight) if the consignee authorizes duty and tax to be allocated to the shipper on the Air Waybill. Samples priced over US $100 and weighing more than 5 kg will require formal clearance through ASYCUDA WORLD system.It is to be noted that for the customs clearance of imported animals, plants and plant products, quarantine requirements (such as certification from the quarantine department, fumigation etc.) shall have to be observed. As per Import Policy Order, 2015-2018 Para 26(60), fumigation is compulsory in case of import of raw cotton manufactured and packed in the Western Hemisphere.If an import shipment is not cleared within 21 days (of the date of unloading at a Customs airport) or 30 days (of the date of unloading at a customs-port or a land customs station or customs-inland container depot), or within the prolonged time as the suitable officer may allow, the shipment may be disposed of through public sale [Section 82 of the Customs Act 1969].In cases, where it is not likely to evaluate customs duty that may be billed on any imported goods for the cause that the goods need chemical or other test or a further query for purposes of assessment, or that all the documents or complete documents or full information relating to those goods have not been equipped, Customs authority may assess the shipment tentatively. In such cases, the importer (except goods entered for warehousing) needs to provide an absolute bank guarantee/security deposit of an amount (as deemed sufficient by Customs) from a listed bank for the payment of the excess amount of duty that may be allocated after the final assessment. In this case, the final assessment must be done within a time of 120 working days from the date of conditional assessment.Need for the imports in Bangladesh.Major crisis like flooding, earthquake or drought resulted in a fall of food count of Bangladesh on several occasion. One example is the drought of 1998 that resulted in famine and a major fall in rice and wheat availability to public of Bangladesh that was unable to cop up although there was major funding. in such time imports of agriculture products helped in coping up the loss and averting the crisis. More broadly such crisis highlighted the benefits of imports for Bangladesh.Method to find Importers (buyers) in Bangladesh:The best way to access buyers in Bangladesh is through import-export directories available online. These are best tools for the purpose as they contain complete information regarding:Buyer agenciesProduct (for buying)ContactsImport methods.Such information you can accquire from websites like Export Import Data in India| Foreign Buyers in India , Global Export Import Trade Data |78+ Countries Export Import Shipment |Volza or Panjiva - Global Trade Insights - PanjivaSocial mediais a key to finding importers for startups or business purposes.Facebook groups providing information regarding import and export also provide potential customers.Google Ads is another way.Google search consoleA profile of Indian exporter profile attracts potential customers.To attract customers online one must create an advertising website. Invest in search engine marketing.Induce search engine optimization for the product.Trade fairs and exhibitionsTrade fairs are platform to meet and attract potential importers to your products. It is a direct platform to meet international buyers, companies, and organizations. These fairs are held on national and international level.Administration bodies like Export Marketing CommitteesAdministration bodies like Service Boards and Export Marketing Committees, and even Governments, can be a great resource of info when it comes to exploring for buyers for export. These companies are tasked with expanding the country’s exports and helping exporters and will be more than happy to provide details like names of possible buyers, locations where you can meet them, etc. You can also gain access to trade data and statistics on the export of various products in your sector, apart from data on existing buyers. As stated earlier, events and commissions arranged by these bodies are the best way to meet potential buyers and sign them on.LegationsWhilst not usually trade-centric institutions, legations nevertheless can be a good source for trade-related info. India has consulates and delegations in many countries, with close to 200 embassy missions global. They have log on to local news and market fashions, and you can approach them to ask for names of reliable buyers in that country in your sector. APEDA, FIEO and other Export Promotion Council can also reach out to these tasks on your behalf to seek info on buyers and pass it on to you. Nevertheless, it must be noted that in all such cases, the obligation of due conscientiousness about the reliability of the buyer lies with the exporter and not the EPC or the legations.Market Inquiry FirmsPlenty of firms offer trade-related skilled services to exporters and traders, including global directories of importers in various countries, market investigation and studies, shipment-related info, etc. You can purchase information specific to your product and sector from these firms; however, do note that the cost may sometimes be quite steep. You can search for Bangladesh Business Consultants from Google for specific market-related help in BangladeshConclusionFor trading purposes, proper product, market, customs procedure and buyer finding is some of the key necessities. In case of Bangladesh and India trading practices land custom station (LCS) fulfil the duties of custom clearance....

Yes the syllabus of June 18 as well as of June 19 are the same. I'm giving you the details of the syllabus below so that you can understand it better.Scheme of PapersDETAILED SYLLABUS FOR FOUNDATION PROGRAMME1: BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AND LAWLevel of Knowledge: Basic KnowledgeObjective: To give orientation about different forms of organizations, functions inorganizations, business strategies and environment, along with an exposure to elements ofbusiness laws.PART A: BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT (40 MARKS)1. Business EnvironmentIntroduction and Features; Concepts of Vision & Mission Statements; Types ofEnvironment-Internal to the Enterprise(Value System, Management Structure andNature, Human Resource, Company Image and Brand Value, Physical Assets,Facilities, Research & Development, Intangibles, Competitive Advantage),External tothe Enterprise(Micro- Suppliers, Customers, Market Intermediaries; Macro￾Demography, Natural, Legal & Political, Technological, Economy, Competition, Socio￾cultural and International); Business Environment with reference to GlobalIntegration; Comparative Analysis of Business Environment: India and OtherCountries2. Forms of Business OrganizationConcept and Features in relation to following business models- Sole Proprietorship;Partnership; Company; Statutory Bodies and Corporations; HUF and FamilyBusiness; Cooperatives, Societies and Trusts; Limited Liability Partnership; OPCs;Other Forms of Organizations.3. Scales of BusinessMicro, Small and Medium Enterprises; Large Scale Enterprises and PublicEnterprises; MNCs4. Emerging Trends in BusinessConcepts, Advantages and Limitations-Franchising, Aggregators, Business ProcessOutsourcing (BPO) & Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO); E-Commerce, DigitalEconomy5. Business FunctionsStrategic- Planning, Budgetary Control, R&D, Location of a Business, Factorsaffecting Location, Decision Making and Government Policy; Supply Chain￾Objectives, Importance, Limitations, Steps, Various Production Processes; Finance-Nature, Scope, Significance of Financial Management, Financial Planning(Management Decisions – Sources of Funds, Investment of Funds, Distribution ofProfits); Marketing- Concept, Difference between Marketing and Selling, MarketingMix, Functions of Marketing; Human Resources- Nature, Objectives, Significance;Services- Legal, Secretarial, Accounting, Administration, Information andCommunication Technology; Social Functions.PART B: BUSINESS LAWS (60 MARKS)6. Introduction to LawMeaning of Law and its Significance; Relevance of Law to Modern Civilized Society;Sources of Law; Legal Terminology and Maxims; Understanding Citation of Cases7. Elements of Company LawMeaning and Nature of Company; Promotion and Incorporation of a Company;Familiarization with the Concept of Board of Directors, Shareholders and CompanyMeetings; Company Secretary; E-Governance8. Elements of Law relating to Partnership and LLPNature of Partnership and Similar Organizations- Co-Ownership, HUF; PartnershipDeed; Rights and Liabilities of Partners- New Admitted, Retiring and DeceasedPartners; Implied Authority of Partners and its Scope; Registration of Firms;Dissolution of Firms and of the Partnership; Limited Liability Partnership Act.9. Elements of Law relating to ContractMeaning of Contract; Essentials of a Valid Contract; Nature and Performance ofContract; Termination and Discharge of Contract; Indemnity and Guarantee;Bailment and Pledge; Law of Agency10. Elements of Law relating to Sale of GoodsEssentials of a Contract of Sale; Sale Distinguished from Agreement to Sell, Bailment,Contract for Work and Labour and Hire-Purchase; Conditions and Warranties;Transfer of Title by Non-Owners; Doctrine of Caveat Emptor; Performance of theContract of Sale; Rights of Unpaid Seller.11. Elements of Law relating to Negotiable InstrumentsDefinition of a Negotiable Instrument; Instruments Negotiable by Law and byCustom; Types of Negotiable Instruments; Parties to a Negotiable Instrument￾Duties, Rights, Liabilities and Discharge; Material Alteration; Crossing of Cheques;Payment and Collection of Cheques and Demand Drafts; Presumption of Law as toNegotiable Instruments.12. Elements of Information Technology ActCyberspace; Cyber laws; Scope of Cyber Laws; Classification ofCyber Crime;Information Technology Act 2000; Regulation of Certifying Authorities;13. Role of CS- Duties and Responsibilities, Areas of PracticeIntroduction; Role of Company Secretary under Companies Act, 2013- Role ofCompany Secretary in Employment, Role of Company Secretary in Practice;Recognition to Company Secretary in Practice under Various Laws.PAPER 2: BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, ETHICS & ENTREPRENEURSHIPLevel of Knowledge: Basic KnowledgeObjective: To acquaint with the basic principles of management, ethics, communicationtechniques and entrepreneurshipPART A: BUSINESS MANAGEMENT (40 Marks)Nature of Management and its ProcessMeaning, Objectives, Importance; Nature of Management- Science, Art, Profession;Evolution of Management; Management Functions- Planning, Organising, PersonnelManagement, Directing and Control; Principles of Management- Fayol and TaylorPrinciples; Managerial Skills; Task and Responsibilities of Professional Manager1. PlanningConcept, Features, Importance, Limitations; Planning process; Types of Plans￾Objectives, Strategy, Policy, Procedures, Method, Rule, Budget; Plan vsProgramme￾Policies and Procedures; Decision making2. OrganizingConcept, Features, Importance, Limitations; Organising process; Types ofOrganisation; Structure of Organisation; Centralisation and De-Centralisation;Delegation; Growth in Organisation3. Human Resource ManagementConcept, Features, Importance, Limitations; Recruitment process- Selection;Training and Development- Methods; Functions of Personnel Manager; PerformanceManagement; Appraisal Methods; Human Resource Planning,; Talent Management;Organization Development4. Direction and Co-ordinationDirection: Concept, Features, Importance, Limitations; Elements of Directing￾Supervision, Motivation, Leadership, Communication; Co-Ordination-Concept,Features, Importance, Limitations; Co-Ordination Types- Internal and External; Co-Ordination- the Essence of Management.5. ControllingConcept, Features, Importance, Limitations; Control process; Essentials of a GoodControl System; Techniques of Control- Traditional and Non-Traditional Controldevices; Relationship between Planning and Controlling6. Recent Trends in ManagementChange Management; Crisis Management; Total Quality Management; RiskManagement; Global PracticesPART B: BUSINESS ETHICS (10 MARKS)7. Business EthicsOverview of Ethics in Business; Elements; Ethical principles in Business- Indian andAncient Indian PerspectivePART C: BUSINESS COMMUNICATION (25 MARKS)8. Business CommunicationConcept, features, importance, limitations; means of Communication- Written, Oral,Visual, Audio Visual; Principles and Essentials of Business Communication; Processof Communication; Barriers to Communication9. Essentials of Good EnglishGrammar and Usage; enriching vocabulary, words- multiple meaning, single wordfor a group of words, choice of words, words frequently misspelt, punctuations,prefix and suffix, parts of speech, articles; synonyms and antonyms, tenses, idiomsand phrases; foreign words and phrases commonly used; abbreviations andnumerals; pronunciation, Latin, French and Roman words used in abbreviated form;Legal Terminologies- idioms and phrases10. Business CorrespondenceIntroduction; Meaning of Business Correspondence; Importance of BusinessCorrespondence; Essential Qualities of a Good Business Letter; Parts of a BusinessLetter; Types of Business Letters; Human Resource; Purchase; Sales; Accounts11. Interdepartmental CommunicationInternal memos; messages through Electronic Media; Public Notices and Invitations;Representations to Trade Associations, Chambers of Commerce and PublicAuthorities.12. E CorrespondenceConcept of E-Correspondence: Web, Internet; Concept of e-mail- History of E-mail,Features; Electronic Mail System- optimizing personal e-mail use, proper E-mailCorrespondence, E-Mail Etiquette; Advantages and Disadvantages of E-mail;Intranet- Benefits of Intranet, Purpose of IntranetPART D: ENTREPRENEURSHIP (25 MARKS)13. EntrepreneurshipFour Key elements of Entrepreneurship; Traits of an Entrepreneur; Characteristicsof an Entrepreneur; Who is an Entrepreneur; Why Entrepreneurship; Types ofEntrepreneur14. Entrepreneurship-Creativity and InnovationCreativity and Innovation in an Entrepreneurial organisation; Tools forEnvironment Scanning- SWOT Analysis, PESTLE Analysis, Porters approach toIndustry Analysis; Environmental Scanning Process; Types of EnvironmentalScanning; Market Assessment; Assessment of Business Opportunities- DevelopingEffective Business Plans, identification and evaluation of the opportunity,Determination of the required Resources, management of the resulting enterprise15. Growth and Challenges of Entrepreneurial VenturesEntrepreneurial opportunities in contemporary business environment; StrategicPlanning for emerging venture- Financing the entrepreneurial Business, ResourceAssessment- Financial and Non-Financial; Fixed and Working Capital Requirement;Funds flow; Sources and means of Finance; Managing the growing Business￾Effecting Change, Modernization, Expansion and Diversification16. Social EntrepreneurshipIntroduction; Definition of Social Entrepreneurship; Who is a Social Entrepreneur;how to identify a Social Entrepreneurship Opportunity; Creating a social business model; Funding social ventures; Strategies for success; Challenges for the Indian Social Enterprise Sector17. Government Initiatives for Business DevelopmentSkill India; Ease of Business; Start Up India; Stand Up IndiaPAPER 3: BUSINESS ECONOMICSLevel of Knowledge: Basic KnowledgeObjective: To familiarize the basic concepts and theories of economics, elementarystatistics and mathematics.PART A: ECONOMICS (80 MARKS)1. The Fundamentals of EconomicsThe Economic Problem-Scarcity and Choice; Nature and Scope- Positive andNormative Economics, Micro and Macro Economics; Central Problems of anEconomy; Production Possibility Curve; Opportunity Cost; Working of EconomicSystems; Economic Cycles2. Basic Elements of Demand and SupplyDemand- Meaning, Demand Schedule, Individual and Market Demand Curve,Determinants of Demand, Law of Demand, Changes in Demand; Supply- Meaning,Supply Schedule, Individual and Market Supply Curve, Determinants of Supply, Lawof Supply, Changes in Supply; Equilibrium of Demand and Supply- Determination ofEquilibrium Price and Quantity, Effect of a shift in Demand or Supply; Elasticity ofDemand and Supply3. Theory of Consumer BehaviourCardinal Utility Approach-Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Law of Equi-MarginalUtility; Indifference Curve Approach- Indifference Curves, Properties of IndifferenceCurves, Budget Line, Consumer’s Equilibrium4. Theory of Production and CostsTheory of Production- Factors of Production, Basic Concepts, Production Function,Law of Variable Proportions, Returns to Scale; Producer’s Equilibrium- Least-CostFactor Combination and Output Maximisation for a given Level of Outlay; Theory ofCosts- Basic Concepts, Short-run Total Cost Curves- Fixed and Variable, Short-runAverage and Marginal Cost Curves, Relationship between Average and Marginal CostCurve, Average and Marginal Cost Curves in the Long-run5. Analysis of MarketsBasic Concepts of Revenue, Revenue Curves, Relationship between Average andMarginal Revenue Curve; Concept of Market and Main Forms of Market; Equilibriumof the Firm- Meaning, Objectives of the Firm, Total Revenue-Total Cost Approach,Marginal Revenue-Marginal Cost Approach; Price and Output under DeterminationPerfect Competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly.6. Indian Economy- An OverviewBasic Characteristics of the Indian Economy; Major Issues of Development;Development Experience and Recent Trends in Indian Economy; Indian Economy inComparison to Major Economies of the World7. Basic Elements of Money and BankingConcept of Money-Its Functions, Quantity Theory of Money, Credit Creation; CentralBank (Reserve Bank of India)-Role and Functions; Commercial Banks-Role andFunctions; Basic Elements of E-Banking; Monetary Policy in India.PART B: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS (20 MARKS)8. Descriptive StatisticsStatistics- Definition, Functions, Scope, Application in Business, Law of Statistics,Limitations of Statistics; Collection and Presentation of Statistical Data-Primary andSecondary Data, Classification and Tabulation, Frequency Distribution, CrossTabulation; Diagrams and Graphs; Measures of Central Tendency-Mean, Median,Mode; Measures of Dispersion-Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation, Range,Coefficient of Variation; Bi-variate Analysis-Covariance, Coefficient of Correlation.9. Mathematics of Finance and Elementary ProbabilityMathematics of Finance-Simple Interest, Compound Interest; Time Value of Money￾Compounding & Discounting, Present Value & Future Value of an Annuity;Probability- Random Experiments, Sample Spaces, Events and Probability,Approaches to Probability- Classical & Empirical; Expected Value.PAPER 4: FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCOUNTING AND AUDITINGLevel of Knowledge: Basic KnowledgeObjective: To familiarize and develop an understanding of the basic aspects of accounting,auditing concepts and their principles.PART A: FUNDAMENTALS OF ACCOUNTING (70 MARKS)1. Theoretical FrameworkMeaning and Scope of Accounting; Accounting Concepts; Accounting Principles,Conventions and Standards - Concepts, Objectives, Benefits; Accounting Policies;Accounting as a Measurement Discipline - Valuation Principles, AccountingEstimates2. Accounting ProcessDocuments & Books of Accounts- Invoice, Vouchers, Debit & Credit Notes, Daybooks, Journals, Ledgers and Trial Balance; Capital and Revenue- Expenditures andReceipts; Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities; Rectification of Errors3. Bank Reconciliation StatementMeaning; Causes of difference between Bank Book Balance and Balance as per BankPass Book /Bank Statement; Need of Bank Reconciliation Statement; Procedure forPreparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement4. Depreciation AccountingBrief of various Methods; Computation and Accounting Treatment of Depreciation(Straight line and Diminishing Balance Method); Change in Depreciation Methods5. Preparation of Final Accounts for Sole ProprietorsPreparation of Profit & Loss Account; Balance Sheet.6. Partnership AccountsGoodwill- Nature of Goodwill and Factors Affecting Goodwill; Methods of Valuation￾Average Profit, Super Profit and Capitalization Methods; Treatment of Goodwill;Final Accounts of Partnership Firms- Admission of a Partner, Retirement/Death of aPartner, Dissolution of a Partnership Firm; Joint Venture and Consignment Account7. Introduction to Company AccountsIssue of Shares and Debentures; Forfeiture of Shares; Re-Issue of Forfeited Shares;Redemption of Preference Shares8. Accounting for Non-Profit OrganizationsReceipt and Payment Accounts; Income and Expenditure Accounts9. Computerized accounting environmentBasic Utility of SAP, TALLY, ERPPART B: FUNDAMENTALS OF AUDITING (30 MARKS)10. AuditingConcepts and Objectives; Principles of Auditing; Types of Audit; Evidence inAuditing; Audit Programmes11. Audits and Auditor’s ReportsInternal Audit; Statutory Auditor- Appointment, Qualification, Rights and Duties;Secretarial Audit- An Overview; Cost Audit- An Overview; Reporting- Types,Meaning, Contents, Qualifications.