Client Server Databases And The Oracle 10g Relational Database: Fill & Download for Free

Indian railways is one of the world's largest railways networks comprising 115,000 km (71,000 mi) of track over a route of 65,436 km (40,660 mi) and 7,172 stations.All the information technology related activities for Indian railways are handled by one umbrella organization CRIS (Centre for Railway information services ) set up in 1986.It handles the task of designing, developing and implementing the Indian ticket reservation system.CRIS has developed PRS – PASSENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM providing reservation services to nearly 1.5 to 2.2 million passengers a day on over 2500 trains running throughout the country.he PRS is available at over 8000 counters in more than 2380 locations throughout the country. Passengers can reserve a berth for any train 90 days in advance. In addition to the railway counters, multiple delivery channels have been provided to Rail passengers to access the PRS services.The PRS Application CONCERT (Country-wide Network of Computerized Enhanced Reservation and Ticketing) is the world’s largest online reservation application, developed and maintained by CRIS. The system currently operates from 5 Data centers.New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and SecunderabadCONCERT architecture is based on the state of the art technology using 3-tier client-server distributed transaction processing paradigm.The server clusters are connected together by a core network based on a mesh of 02×02 Mbps leased lines. It is an on-line client server application developed in ‘C’ .Server for hosting -Blade servers having 64-Bit Itanium 9340 ProcessorOperating System- Open VMS 8.4Database- In-house CRIS proprietaryMiddleware-HP Reliable Transaction Router (RTR)Frontend-DEC Forms, C and FORTRAN as development toolsCommunication Systems- CISCO routers using 2Mbps DOT linesNetwork Topology- Mesh TopologyNetwork protocol- TCPIP, DECNETI-Ticketing and E-ticketing and through Internet was launched in year 2002 and 2005 respectively.Irctc website whose frontend has been developed by CRIS and software for running the application is provided by broadvision.BroadVision integrates the legacy system with the existing reservation system, and verifying credit card information in real-time as bookings had to be confirmed on the Passenger Reservation System (PRS) of the railways immediately.It follows three-tier architecture.Presentation Layer—IIS 6.0 on Windows 2003 R2 Enterprise Edition at Web Servers Layer (6 servers) with 128 bit SSL GSID Certificate for secure transmission.• Application Layer—Broad Vision Enterprise on Windows 2000 Advanced Server ( 40 Servers)• Database Layer—Oracle 10g Enterprise Edition on Windows 2000 Advanced ServerServer side programming -Asp .NET,JavaClient Side-Javascript ,JqueryDesign - HTML,CSSFew more projects which CRIS is handling are below:Unreserved Ticketing System.Control Office ApplicationFreight Operations Information System.Software Aided Train SchedulingWeb National Train Enquiry SystemInformation Source : http://cris.org.in and compendium of e governance initiatives in India.

Brief History of Oracle DatabaseThe current version of Oracle Database is the result of over 35 years of innovative development.Highlights in the evolution of Oracle Database include the following:Founding of OracleIn 1977, Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates started the consultancy Software Development Laboratories, which became Relational Software, Inc. (RSI). In 1983, RSI became Oracle Systems Corporation and then later Oracle Corporation.First commercially available RDBMSIn 1979, RSI introduced Oracle V2 (Version 2) as the first commercially available SQL-based RDBMS, a landmark event in the history of relational databases.Portable version of Oracle DatabaseOracle Version 3, released in 1983, was the first relational database to run on mainframes, minicomputers, and PCs. The database was written in C, enabling the database to be ported to multiple platforms.Enhancements to concurrency control, data distribution, and scalabilityVersion 4 introduced multi-version read consistency. Version 5, released in 1985, supported client/server computing and distributed database systems. Version 6 brought enhancements to disk I/O, row locking, scalability, and backup and recovery. Also, Version 6 introduced the first version of the PL/SQL language, a proprietary procedural extension to SQL.PL/SQL stored program unitsOracle7, released in 1992, introduced PL/SQL stored procedures and triggers.Objects and partitioningOracle8 was released in 1997 as the object-relational database, supporting many new data types. Additionally, Oracle8 supported partitioning of large tables.Internet computingOracle8i Database, released in 1999, provided native support for internet protocols and server-side support for Java. Oracle8i was designed for internet computing, enabling the database to be deployed in a multitier environment.Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC)Oracle9i Database introduced Oracle RAC in 2001, enabling multiple instances to access a single database simultaneously. Additionally, Oracle XML Database (Oracle XML DB) introduced the ability to store and query XML.Grid computingOracle Database 10g introduced grid computing in 2003. This release enabled organizations to virtualize computing resources by building a grid infrastructure based on low-cost commodity servers. A key goal was to make the database self-managing and self-tuning. Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM) helped achieve this goal by virtualizing and simplifying database storage management.Manageability, diagnosability, and availabilityOracle Database 11g, released in 2007, introduced a host of new features that enabled administrators and developers to adapt quickly to changing business requirements. The key to adaptability is simplifying the information infrastructure by consolidating information and using automation wherever possible.Plugging In to the CloudOracle Database 12c, released in 2013, was designed for the Cloud, featuring a new Multitenant architecture, In-Memory column store, and support for JSON documents. Oracle Database 12c helps customers make more efficient use of their IT resources, while continuing to reduce costs and improve service levels for users.For further details read my full article on :Database Corner

Larry Ellison co-founded Oracle Corporation in 1978 with Bob Miner and Ed Oates under the name Software Development Laboratories (SDL). Ellison took inspirationfrom the 1970 paper written by Edgar F. Codd on relational database management systems (RDBMS) named "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks."He heard about the IBM System R database from an article in the IBM Research Journal provided by Oates. Also derived from Codd's theories, Ellison wanted to make Oracle's product compatible with System R, but failed to do so as IBM kept the error codes for their DBMS a secret. SDL changed its name to Relational Software, Inc (RSI) in 1979,then again to Oracle Systems Corporation in 1982, to align itself more closely with its flagship product Oracle Database. At this stage Bob Miner served as the company's senior programmer. In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name to Oracle Corporation,officially named Oracle, but sometimes referred to as Oracle Corporation, the name of the holding company.Part of Oracle Corporation's early success arose from using the C programming language to implement its products. This eased porting to different operating systems (most of which support C).Technology timelineEdit1979: offers the first commercial SQLRDBMS1983: offers a VAX-mode database1984: offers the first database with read-consistency1986: offers a client-server DBMS1987: introduces UNIX-based Oracle applications1988: introduces PL/SQL1992: offers full applications implementation methodology1995: offers the first 64-bit RDBMS1996: moves towards an open standards-based, web-enabled architecture1999: offers its first DBMS with XML support2001: becomes the first to complete 3 terabyte TPC-H world record2002: offers the first database to pass 15 industry standard security evaluations2003: introduces what it calls "Enterprise Grid Computing" with Oracle10g2005: releases its first free database, Oracle Database 10g Express Edition (XE)2008: Smart scans in software improve query-response in HP Oracle Database Machine / Exadata storage2013: begins use of Oracle 12c which is capable of providing cloud services with Oracle Database