Adding A Background Image To A Form Such As A Switchboard: Fill & Download for Free

“Come In Oboe 1 come in Oboe 1 This is Brutus. The order is STONK NOW!!!”….Above.THE BRITISH ARMY IN NORMANDY 1944. Flash spotters of 10th Survey Regiment, Royal Artillery, on a 66ft high platform, erected north of Cheux, 12 July 1944.However, the job could be dangerous, because the enemy might work out your position and send a sniper or an air attack down on your position. Worse still, the enemy might advance and get in behind your position, and cut the lines. Enemy troops often traced ground laid telephone or field radio type lines and followed them back to your position. (If you were using a field telephone type apparatus).Phone communication lines had to be laid to forward positions, but the trouble was, enemy forces might discover them, cut your communication, and then follow the telephone line to your spotting position, and maybe shoot you.Below. US Marines laying a phone line in the Pacific War.German Soldiers using a field telephone from a dangerous forward position from 1914 to 1918.Below; Two US type wartime field telephones. Two WW II U. S. Army Signal Corps field telephones, type EE-3-B, Kellogg Switchboard and Supply by Pook & Pook, IncBelow. An old Military Postcard showing two First War German soldiers using their field telephones.Below. Large formations of heavy artillery were used frequently during World War One.Below from “White Heat. The New Warfare 1914 to 1918” a book by Historian John Terraine.“The war of 1914-18 was an artillery war: artillery was the battle-winner, artillery was what caused the greatest loss of life, the most dreadful wounds, and the deepest fear”. This Long, Long Trail article gives some insights into the extraordinary technological, tactical and organizational developments that took British artillery to the forefront of the war.German artillery guns were numerous and could easily stop any British attempt to advance. With very few exceptional instances, the enemy’s artillery was out of direct sight. It was hidden, often behind a hill or ridge; sometimes it was several miles away. To win the war, the British had to learn to find the enemy guns and to shoot at them accurately, with surprise and enough firepower to knock out or neutralize them. If that was achieved, British infantry, tanks and cavalry could advance at much-reduced risk. This was achieved through a combination of developments and hard-learned lessons: but it was achieved, and it did much to win the First World War.Knowing where the target isThe days when artillery gunners could see the enemy’s guns had long since gone. The effective firing range of the guns by 1914 was such that they could be kept well back from the front lines and well hidden.An artillery Forward Observation Officer using an angle of sight instrument in a front line artillery observation post in Salonika. From the Ministry of Information Official First World War Collection at the Imperial War Museum. Copyright image HU91352.Knowing where the enemy’s guns were (often known as “target acquisition”) drove developments in a number of areas:Accurate survey and mapping, so the enemy’s position (both of itself and relative to the British guns that would fire at it) could be defined;Observation from ground level, looking both for the target and where British shells were falling so corrections could be made, (but this is obviously limited in what can be spotted);Observation from above, by spotter aircraft and tethered balloons (with enemy aircraft and guns trying to shoot these things down);“Flash spotting” and “sound ranging”: two mathematical techniques working out the position of an enemy gun by the light flash and bang when it fired;Being able to quickly communicate the findings from these sources to the gunners, who would calculate the direction and elevation of their weapon in order to hit the targets when they fired.Firing accurately at the targetOnce the target was identified, the task became one of firing accurately in order to hit it. The method used by both sides in the early days in the war was to “register” on the target. This meant firing some ranging shots which could be observed and corrections made until the target was being hit. This was a slow and wasteful process, but more importantly, it gave away any possible surprise and let the enemy know where your guns were. By 1918 this had changed completely to the point where British artillery could open fire and hit the target first time: “predicted fire”.Gunners of 101st Siege Battery of the Royal Garrison Artillery prepare 6-inch Howitzer shells for firing near Merville, 12 April 1918. From the Ministry of Information Official First World War Collection at the Imperial War Museum. Copyright image Q352.The accurate predictable fire came about through a combination of technological and methods developments:Improved, consistent manufacturing of shells: the weight of the shell being particularly important;Measurement of gun barrel wear and taking this into account in calculating gun settings;The measure of wind speed, air pressure and other meteorological factors and also taking these into account in calculating gun settings.Ensuring the effect of accurate fireArtillery shells, particularly the fuze which is the device that ignites it, were a complex mechanism with precision parts. The need to greatly expand munitions production meant that new suppliers and new factories had to be in place in order to produce the quantities required. Almost inevitably, the mass production processes struggled to produce the precision parts until machines and tooling had been refined, workers trained properly and quality control approaches installed. For a long period in the war, the army found that its shells were unreliable: some would not explode at all (“duds”), some exploded at the wrong time (with disastrous effects if within the gun barrel or over your own soldiers). It was only gradually that these issues were overcome and the shells could be fired with confidence.An important British development of 1916 was the Number 106 Fuze, which was based on existing French technology. For the first time, the artillery had a highly sensitive contact fuze; so sensitive that it would explode the shell as soon as it touched barbed wire. Before this, contact (or percussion) fuzes needed to hit the ground before exploding. The 106 fuzes gave much superior ability to clear barbed wire defences. But this, in fact, was a total “nonsense” artillery bombardments proved very ineffective indeed against barbed wire entanglements. As troops on the Somme found out, losing ten thousand lives in just one morning after one such ineffective artillery barrage.Shells were also developed to contain compressed poison gas in addition to the high explosive or shrapnel used from 1914. This added the ability to accurately deliver gas into enemy positions and was much more effective than the cloud gas released from cylinders, which relied on the wind. A similar shell was developed for delivering smoke, which proved valuable in making the enemy’s visual observation of British attacks.Firing at the right enemyEntrenched warfare posed new problems for the artillery and in particular for shellfire used to support an infantry attack. In the first two years of offensive operations (1915 and 1916), to a great extent the British artillery aimed at the enemy’s trenches and barbed wire defences, in the belief that it was necessary to destroy the enemy in the forward position. Great faith was placed in this; the most notable example was the week-long bombardment that began the Battle of the Somme in 1916. General Henry Rawlinson assured his men that, “nothing could exist at the conclusion of the bombardment in the area covered by it“. To the great cost of the army, the firepower deployed was not sufficient, was in some areas spread over too many targets and was diluted even further by the proportion of dud shells. The enemy survived the bombardments and cut down the attacking British infantry in large numbers, from small arms fire from the trenches and from shelling by their artillery. Something had to change – but developments that would enable such a change were already underway, not least in thinking about what to fire at.In the knowledge that the front line trenches could survive even the heaviest bombardments to some extent, attention turned to firing on the enemy’s artillery and communications: if the German guns could not fire and their batteries could not receive instructions, the British attacks were more likely to succeed. Increasingly, the heavy British guns of the Royal Garrison Artillery targetted the enemy’s guns, both in neutralizing and destructive fire (neutralizing means stopping your enemy from firing, even if you have not destroyed his guns; dousing the battery positions with poison gas is, for example, a neutralizing effect). In combination with the methods of observation and firing from the map described above, the British artillery became expert at knocking out or neutralizing a German gun almost as soon as it had opened fire. This became a very significant, war-winning, factor. When however it actually worked for very long.Further development by the field artillery was that of the creeping barrage: a curtain wall of shellfire that was aimed just in front of the advancing British infantry that moved slowly forward (at a rate of, usually, about 100 yards every three to four minutes). This destroyed obstacles in their path and stopped the enemy’s ability to see what was happening. British infantry was instructed to stay as close to its own creeping barrage as possible, which meant that shells were screaming down literally a few feet above their heads – an incredibly dangerous, frightening but most effective tactic. Firing a creeping barrage required excellence communication between guns and batteries, and detailed planning between artillery, infantry and aircraft.Rail Guns and Mortars have also seen extensive use in wartime. Below this scene is actually on a railway in England during the 1930’s early 1940’s.Below “Iron Duke” in action near the 3Somme” in 1914 to 18 war.Above The HMS Iron Duke, an Mk III* or Mk VI gun on Mk I well-based railway truck, in action at Maricourt, Battle of the Somme, September 1916A “Strategic Train” rail gun from the 1860’s Civil War.Below. A railroad gun in use during the American Civil War.Above. A French 400 mm railway gun at Le Petit Hangest, 1916.To accommodate the widespread use of railway guns in world war one, a large network of various gauge sized railway tracks had to be laid by army engineers. Very little trace today generally remains of these vanished military wartime railways.I did find once online a very very rare old book called “The Worlds Awakening” which described artillery positions in France, near to an old French village. The American corp o Army railway engineers built a railway near there to supply guns with their ammunition and to also hide the guns in tunnels from attack.The author spent much time searching out the routes of this old vanished railway, built by the Americans in the first world war, finding remains of engineers concrete bridges, old trackbed shapes in fields, and old buildings once adapted for rail use. The tunnels are gone, filled in long ago, but traces where their tracks once joined the proper railway are still detectable in certain places. Finding one or two of these old railguns walled up inside their tunnels sure would be exciting, but heaven knows what to do with them after that?If anybody has a copy of the book I sure would like to buy it. It describes two men overflying the village where I live in France in an old biplane, and flying over the kaisers Hussars, positioned in the hollow grounds to the North….Germany used very large oversized pieces of artillery in both wars.Above. This German railway gun was actually installed during the 1940s to give shore to sea fire, to protect a strategic German bunker on the Atlantic wall in Normandie. After the war, the French owner decided to renovate it and make a Museum inside the old concrete blockhouse.Fire control for these giants had to be also co-ordinated.Above. German rail car mounted mobile artillery during the second world war.World War One Aircraft.Below. “Sinclair” played by Christopher Plummer fires his Lewis machine gun.Below. The life expectancy was just three weeks. This young pilot is on his night leave before the Balloon Mission, from which he is destined sadly never to return. Live now for today became the accepted normality during the wartime, and it changed the perceived moral code in society forever afterwards. Why not “eat, drink, be merry, for tomorrow, we are to die”…Above. Young men, ardent and wanting glory, flocked to join the newly formed RFC or “Royal Flying Corps”.Above. A Handley Page bomber. Barrages of artillery had sometimes to be coordinated with attacks and bombs dropped simultaneously from the Air.Above. photographed from an RFC photo reconnaissance fighter plane, the mighty German “Zeppelin Staaken” bomber from World WarOne.Some, along with the German Derigable craft Zeppelins (not the same these were Airships) dropped bombs as far afield as London.Some of these Aircraft are available as Model kits.The painting “The Harvest of Battle” by C. R. Nevinson. The artist would later say that this was ”A typical scene after an offensive at dawn. Walking wounded, prisoners and stretcher cases are making their way to the rear through the waterlogged country of Flanders. By now the Infantry have advanced behind the creeping barrage on the right, only leaving the dead, mud, & wire; but their former positions are now occupied by the Artillery. The enemy is sending up SOS signals and once more these shattered men will be subjected to counter-battery fire. British aeroplanes are spotting hostile positions.’ From the First World War Art Collection at the Imperial War Museum. Copyright image ART1921.A French rail gun in use in world war one in France. Note variations in the gunner crews uniforms.Organizing to fire at the enemyThe British artillery of 1914 was predominantly under command of the formations known as divisions, with the effect that the brigades and batteries were geographically spread out. This gave good local control but experience showed that it was preferable to be able to mass firepower where it was most needed. This led to half of the field artillery being taken out of the divisions in 1916, being placed under Corps or Army command and physically moved as needed (they became “army brigades”). The heavy and siege batteries were also grouped into units known as Heavy Artillery Groups or Brigades.First World War German artillery positions could be knocked out with the aid of a British or French or American Artillery “Spotter”.But, there was a “complication” to the above theories and practices. Some armies also used very high artillery spotting from barrage balloons winched up from the battlefield that could see for miles and miles over the battlefield and direct artillery fire onto armies.Above image. Up in the balloon basket.The German observer Artillery spotter discovers to his horror his ballon is about to be “busted” by the RFC Fighter pilots. Unlike the unlucky RFC Pilots, German artillery spotters had parachutes and this one “jumped for it” and parachuted back down, just before the balloon burst into flames from RFC machine gun fire.Image top. balloons looked like this diagram.Above.A Canadian Army Artillery Spotter balloon, similar to the German type featured in the Film with Christopher Plummer in 1976.German officer sights the approaching RFC Fighters and orders the balloon winch to lower their balloon. (the balloon winding system or winch can be seen to his right).Balloon “busting” was extremely dangerous and had a high fatality rate among fighter pilots, who had NO parachutes.Perhaps the best description of this “thorny” problem, comes from the film “Aces High” starring Christopher Plumber when a squadron of RFC fighters in WW1 must attack several of these (well protected) Spotter balloons. Only ONE RFC Pilot returns alive to have dinner, everyone else was shot down by Fokkers or ground machine gun fire.German ground spotter and protective machine gun team fire to protect a German artillery spotting ballon in World War One.Command and control of the guns were improved throughout the war, and by 1918 the British Army enjoyed much superior coordination of the guns with infantry, tanks and aircraft.”A very rare WW French artillery gun firing under extreme conditions. There has just been a Poison gas attack, and one man lies dead from the gas, while the others are wearing gas masks.Below. Large guns required many crewmen and services to man them effectively.A French gun crew in action near a forest in WW1. Notice the mixed uniform, and the soldier wearing an Arab type “Fez” hat stood to the right.Being able to see clearly in the hit respirator masks was a problem, some men removed their masks in the mistaken belief they were suffocating and were killed by the poison gas. Even in today's “modern” warfare, poisons and nerve agent or chemical weapons remain a deadly hazard of the battlefield.Also if the enemy targets came too close to your own position, you risked killing yourself by your own vector artillery fire.Also, unlike the German Mobile fires system, I describe in my other article, which had its orders given by a mobile command post, not a “fixed” position, if the spotter got killed or their position overrun, then your artillery was “blind”!!!Forward Post artillery “spotting” is used to call down the coordinates of enemy troop or tank movements and to direct close artillery fire onto those given targets.Certain Mortar “batteries” or groups could also be used as supporting Artillery under radio or field telephone control. here a US soldier listens for firing coordinates and orders during the Battle of the Ardennes in 1944.World War Two Germany still used portable field telephones, here a SS soldier is speaking with his Commander during the battles on the Russian Front.Aerial observation and spotting have been around for a very long time. Ancient Chinese warlords used Kites with soldiers to observe enemy army movements.When Were Kites Invented?Kites were invented in the early warring states period of Chinese History, (475 - 221 B.C.) by Mozi and Lu Ban, two philosophers who came after the teachings of Confucius. The kites were exclusive to China for many years before the knowledge of how to make and use them advanced. The period saw many attacks from foreign powers, as well as civil unrest. Kites played a role in providing military intelligence for the Chinese forces.Why Were Kites Invented?Mainly, they were used for military purposes. The first kites were what we today would call prototype kites: they were made of light wood and cloth. They were designed to mimic a bird's natural flight. The first Chinese kites were used for measuring distances, which was useful information for moving large armies across difficult terrain. They were also used to calculate and record wind readings and provided a unique form of communication similar to ship flags at sea.The job has been around for a long time, and still gets used in today's modern armies. Lighter Kites. It was not until the Tang (CE 618-907) Dynasty that lighter kites made of first silk and then paper (bamboo was a common material used for the ribs) made their appearance. It was at this time that the kite came to transcend its humble military, or functional, origins, becoming an instrument of pleasure.China thousands of years ago hoisted soldiers high up in kites to observe the terrain of battle.Spotter balloons were also used during the 1860’s American Civil War.During the French Revolution, Spotter balloons were also used.In 1793, the French government formed an air arm to the Army, and balloons were used for reconnaissance during the French Revolution. During this period, the hydrogen balloon became more popular than the hot­air balloon. Pierre Blanchard and Dr. John Jeffries made the first balloon flight from one nation to another. They flew across the English Channel from England to France. The flight covered about 20 miles and required almost two hours to complete. Blanchard also piloted the first balloon in the United States. The flight took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on January 9, 1793, and among the many witnesses was President George Washington.1793—First Flight in North America: On January 9, Jean-Pierre Blanchard makes a 45-minute flight from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Gloucester County, New Jersey. George Washington is present to see the balloon launch.1794 to 1945—First Use in Wars: From the U.S. Civil War through World Wars I and II, balloons come into play as tools for warfare, surveillance, transportation, and communication.Balloons had been used degrees of success when first used in the French Revolution. The United States first used balloons for military purposes during the Civil War. While balloonists for both the North and South accomplished many military missions, the use of balloons stopped in 1863 when the Union disbanded its balloon corps. The failure was a result of many factors, such as commanders playing down the importance of balloons, rivalries between balloonists, and the South's lack of materials to build balloons.Modern Day Use.A military artillery observer or spotter or FO (forward observer) is responsible for directing artillery and mortar fire onto a target and maybe a Forward Air Controller (FAC) for close air support and spotter for naval gunfire support. Also known as "Fire Support Specialist" or "FISTer", an observer usually accompanies a tank or infantry manoeuvre unit. More recently a mission controller for an Army Unmanned Air System (UAS) may also perform this function, and some armies use special artillery patrols behind the enemy's forward elements. Spotters ensure that indirect fire hits targets which the troops at the fire support base cannot see.Modern Day warfare depends upon highly trained, reliable Communications specialists to direct operations and artillery fire.Modern day warfare network of communications.Modern Day Wireless LAN Army network.Some systems are more user “specific” and developed for special applications.Above. Modern Military Satellites have revolutionized the way Land warfare is prosecuted.Some countries have developed their own tactical systems, such as India.Many modern pieces of military communications equipment are built to both encrypt and decode transmissions and survive rough treatment in hostile climates. They use different frequencies to send signals to other radios and to satellites.Military communications - or "comms" - are activities, equipment, techniques, and tactics used by the military in some of the most hostile areas of the earth and in challenging environments such as battlefields, on land, underwater and also in the air. Military comms include command, control and communications and intelligence and were known as the C3I model before computers were fully integrated. The U.S. Army expanded the model to C4I when it recognized the vital role played by automated computer equipment to send and receive large, bulky amounts of data.To provide Armies with Radio or telephone or other communications services, a qualified corps of “signals” had to be created in each army service.Above. The Cap badge of the British Army Royal Corps of Signals.There are currently six different Royal Corps ofArmy Signals jobs or specialist trades available to “other ranks” these are set out below.Each of which is open to both men and women:Communication Systems Operator: trained in military radio and trunk communications systemsCommunication Systems Engineer: trained in data communications and computer networksRoyal Signals Electrician: trained in maintaining and repairing generators and providing electrical powerCommunication Logistic Specialist: trained in driving and accounting for communications equipmentInstallation Technician: trained in installing and repairing fibreoptics and telephone systemsElectronic Warfare Systems Operator: trained in intercepting and jamming enemy communicationsStaff Sergeant & Warrant Officers work in one of five supervisory rosters:Yeoman of Signals - trained in the planning and deployment and management of military tactical/strategic communications networks;Yeoman of Signals (Electronic Warfare) - trained in the planning, deployment and management of military tactical/strategic electronic warfare assets;Foreman of Signals - trained in the installation, maintenance, repair and interoperability of military tactical/strategic communications assets;Foreman of Signals (Information Systems) - trained in the installation, maintenance, repair and interoperability of military tactical/strategic Information Systems;Regimental Duty - trained in the daily routine and running of a unit.Whilst SSgts are generally regarded as being Regimental Duty, this roster does not start until WO2 and therefore all SSgts in the Royal Signals who are not supervisory are still employed "in trade".A female soldier training on an Induction course in the Royal Corps of Signals.Below. A soldier using the “Bowman” Radio tactical pack.Below. French Army Communications specialist French 1er RPIMa operatorFrench Armee De Terre.Above picture. The 4ème RHFS (4ème régiment d'hélicoptères des forces spéciales) is the French equivalent of the US “Night Stalkers.Below. A soldier in the French Foreign legion equipped with a Radio.Signals by Radio or telephone are no longer just for ordering artillery barrages or fire support, thanks to very new technology they can also stop attacks made by Terrorists using Improvised Remote control devices. This must prove useful when dealing with radio signal operated devices.CAESAR 155 mm Self-Propelled Howitzer (France).French TRF1 155 mm howitzer.French Modern towed artillery.The Modern French Army is now also using a system that jams the signals to detonate Improvised Explosive Devices from Terrorists and enemy armies.ECLIPSE, a new counter-IED system developed by Thales is soon to enter into service with the French armed forces. The ECLIPSE system recently completed qualification testing with the French Defense Procurement and Technology Agency (DGA), under the BARAGE (Brouilleurs anti-IED réactifs actifs goniométriques) program. The new system introduces advanced functions, such threat localization, enabling enhanced force protection, by neutralizing radio-controlled IEDs, one of the major threats faced by forces deployed in conflict zones today.ECLIPSE is built around a new-generation jammer that prevents improvised explosive devices from being detonated by remote control. The moment an IED is detected, ECLIPSE jams radio signals across a wide range of frequencies, without interfering with the radio communication systems used by friendly forces.Modern tanks can also coordinate to give artillery support.The french main battle tank, the LeclercNotice the highly effective camouflage pattern set against the European countryside background. Effective camouflage protection remains always a feature of Artillery or mobile artillery and armoured formations.A compact and modular system, ECLIPSE is designed to be integrated on board light or armoured vehicle. It is based on an open architecture that makes it possible to adding new functions to the system as threats evolve.ECLIPSE jammers are already in operation within the armed forces of several other countries and will equip a number of French Army vehicle types, including the future Griffon and Jaguar vehicles, being developed for the SCORPION programme.In addition to new systems, Thales maintain a significant proportion of the radio-controlled IED jammers already deployed by the French Army in foreign operations.Below. The THALES developed “ECLIPSE” signal explosives “jammer”.Image courtesy of “Defence Update”.The advent of distinctive signals led to the formation of these signal corps, a group specialized in the tactics of military communications. The signal corps evolved into a distinctive occupation where the signaler became a highly technical job dealing with all available communications methods including civil ones.Above two views of the AMX AuF1 French Mobile 155 MM gun.Towed artillery still forms a part of Modern Armies.Armoured cars also have big guns.ERC 90 Sagaie of the 1er régiment de chasseurs d'Afrique during the military parade of 14 July 2012 in Marseille.In the modern world, most nations attempt to minimize the risk of war caused by miscommunication or inadequate communication. As a result, military communication is intense and complicated and often motivates the development of advanced technology for remote systems such as satellites and aircraft, both manned and unmanned, as well as computers. Computers and their varied applications have revolutionized military comms. Although military communication is designed for warfare, it also supports intelligence-gathering and communication between adversaries, and thus sometimes prevents war.Above. Officer using radio, 1940There are six categories of military comms: the alert measurement systems, cryptography, military radio systems, nuclear command control, the signal corps, and network-centric warfare.The alert measurement systems are various states of alertness or readiness for the armed forces used around the world during a state of war, act of terrorism or a military attack against a state. They are known by different acronyms, such as DEFCON, or defence readiness condition, used by the U.S. Armed Forces.Cryptography is the study of methods of converting messages to a form unreadable except to one who knows how to decrypt them. This ancient military comms art gained new importance with the rise of radio systems whose signals travelled far and were easily intercepted. Cryptographic software is also widely used in civilian commerce.Please see also :Maxime Jouhan Chevallier's answer to Which force in World War 2 had the most effective Artillery support?And now some “light relief” in 1/32 or 54 MM Scale.German Maxim Machine Gun Team in Pickel haub style early helmets.Australian World War One Infantryman.Irish Rifleman World War One.Canadian Scottish Soldier World War One.World War One Scottish.World War One British Infantryman.British Officer on Horseback. World War One.World War One British Artilleryman.World War One British Officer leading an attack.World War One British lancer.

Uh sure. Heard of Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Skype, GoToMeeting, and other video conferencing software? Suddenly a huge thing for both productivity, new applications, and new companies.Netflix? Subscribers way, way up as well as engagement by current subscribers (erosion of that is a big deal, ask Dish TV, Spectrum, Charter, etc.-those are all tech companies too.)Amazon’s adding 100,000 employees as people ordered in instead of shopped and discovered how convenient that is with Amazon Prime.Many more people will have filed their taxes only using Intuit’s software, part of the continuing shift away from live services you physically visit. Home scanners, home printers, electronic filing, online live IRS forms, that’s a sea change that’s kept building.Food delivery through the previous and new services as well as using much more interactive versions of the restaurants, coffeehouses, pizza joints, fast fooderies, etc. so relatively new outfits like GrubHub get to advance in the market to the Late Majority Adopters years earlier and with far less advertising expenditures.People’s dissatisfaction with their current electronics grows when trapped with just some of them for months, not to mention wearing them out physically. Each device you buy seems amazingly fast, better images and audio, lighter, etc. and after a while it seems (or becomes) slow eventually to an intolerable pace for replacement on that basis.For the tech companies themselves many millions of people are now aware of they exist, potential customers as well as investors. Being inside at home makes learning software seem like an interesting thing to do rather than a task to be avoided for playing outdoor games, hanging out with friends, bar-hopping, etc..And people working from home have generally been shown to be about 30% more productive than offices/cube farms where background noise, endless and pointless meetings, long commutes, poor air quality, bad coffee or very expensive coffee, filthy environments where the flu germs last for months and the average desk top is filthier than a toilet seat, and few central resources essential still (big copiers, law libraries, plotters, big shared printers, phone switchboards/PBX’s, conference rooms…all really don’t matter much at all now, certainly not for a 2–3 hour work commute every day. When I started working at home with HQ in another city 20 years ago I eventually noticed I saved about 7–10 hours a week in pointless meetings that my co-workers at HQ were drug into, and saved hours of stress each week by being oblivious to the office politics back there.

222 terms by jfrailing TEACHERSTUDYFlashcardsLearnSpellerTestPLAYScatterGravityLike this study set? Create a free account to save it.Create a free accountListScoresInfoOriginalAlphabeticalpsychologythe scientific study of behavior and mental processes. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 002)empiricismthe view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 003)structuralisman early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 004)functionalisma school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 005)humanistic psychologyhistorically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 007)natural selectionthe principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 009)nature-nurture issuethe longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 009)biopsychosocial approachan integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 010)levels of analysisthe differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 010)basic researchpure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 012)applied researchscientific study that aims to solve practical problems. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 013)clinical psychologya branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 013)counseling psychologya branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 013)psychiatrya branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 013)hindsight biasthe tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.) (Myers Psychology 8e p. 020)critical thinkingthinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 024)theoryan explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 024)hypothesisa testable prediction, often implied by a theory. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 025)operational definitiona statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 025)replicationrepeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 025)case studyan observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 026)surveya technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 027)false consensus effectthe tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 028)populationall the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. (Note: Except for national studies, this does not refer to a country's whole population.) (Myers Psychology 8e p. 028)random samplea sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 028)naturalistic observationobserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 029)correlationa measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to 1. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 030)scatterplota graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation). (Also called a scattergram or scatter diagram.) (Myers Psychology 8e p. 031)illusory correlationthe perception of a relationship where none exists. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 033)experimenta research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 036)control conditionthe condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 037)double-blind procedurean experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 037)experimental conditionthe condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 037)placebo [pluh-SEE-bo] effectexperimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 037)random assignmentassigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 037)dependent variablethe outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 038)independent variablethe experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 038)meanthe arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 041)medianthe middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 041)modethe most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 041)rangethe difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 042)standard deviationa computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 042)statistical significancea statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 043)culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 045)evolutionary psychologythe study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 107)mutationa random error in gene replication that leads to a change. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 108)natural selectionthe principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 108)genderin psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 110)biological psychologya branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.) (Myers Psychology 8e p. 054)action potentiala neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 055)axonthe extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 055)dendritethe bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 055)myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheatha layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 055)neurona nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 055)thresholdthe level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 056)neurotransmitterschemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 057)synapse [SIN-aps]the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 057)acetylcholine [ah-seat-el-KO-leen] (ACh)a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 058)endorphins [en-DOR-fins]"morphine within"—natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 059)central nervous system (CNS)the brain and spinal cord. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 061)nervous systemthe body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 061)peripheral nervous system (PNS)the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 061)autonomic [aw-tuh-NAHM-ik] nervous systemthe part of the peripheral nervous system, which controls the glands, and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 062)interneuronscentral nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 062)motor neuronsneurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 062)nervesneural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 062)parasympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 062)sensory neuronsneurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 062)somatic nervous systemthe division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 062)sympathetic nervous systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 062)reflexa simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 063)neural networksinterconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 064)endocrine [EN-duh-krin] systemthe body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 065)hormoneschemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 065)adrenal [ah-DREEN-el] glandsa pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and nor-epinephrine (nor-adrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 066)pituitary glandthe endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 066)electroencephalogram (EEG)an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 068)lesion [LEE-zhuhn]tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 068)fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy; fMRI scans show brain function. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 069)MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 069)PET (positron emission tomography) scana visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 069)brainstemthe oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 071)medulla [muh-DUL-uh]the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 071)reticular formationa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 071)amygdala [uh-MIG-duh-la]two lima bean sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 072)cerebellum [sehr-uh-BELL-um]the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 072)limbic systema doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 072)thalamus [THAL-uh-muss]the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 072)hypothalamus [hi-po-THAL-uh-muss]a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 073)cerebral [seh-REE-bruhl] cortexthe intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 074)glial cells (glia)cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 075)frontal lobesthe portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 076)occipital [ahk-SIP-uh-tuhl] lobesthe portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 076)parietal [puh-RYE-uh-tuhl] lobesthe portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 076)temporal lobesthe portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 076)motor cortexan area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 077)sensory cortexthe area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 078)association areasareas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 079)aphasiaimpairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). (Myers Psychology 8e p. 080)Broca's areacontrols language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 081)Wernicke's areacontrols language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 081)plasticitythe brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 082)corpus callosum [KOR-pus kah-LOW-sum]the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 084)split braina condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 084)behavior geneticsthe study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 096)chromosomesthreadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 096)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 096)environmentevery nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 096)genesthe biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 096)genomethe complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 096)identical twinstwins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 097)fraternal twinstwins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 098)heritabilitythe proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 102)temperamenta person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 102)interactionthe effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity). (Myers Psychology 8e p. 105)molecular geneticsthe subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 105)bottom-up processinganalysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 197)perceptionthe process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 197)sensationthe process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 197)top-down processinginformation processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 197)absolute thresholdthe minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 199)psychophysicsthe study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 199)signal detection theorya theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus ("signal") amid background stimulation ("noise"). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 199)primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 200)subliminalbelow one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 200)difference thresholdthe minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference. (Also called just noticeable difference or jnd.) (Myers Psychology 8e p. 201)sensory adaptationdiminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 202)Weber's lawthe principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount). (Myers Psychology 8e p. 202)transductionconversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 204)wavelengththe distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 204)accommodationthe process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 205)huethe dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 205)intensitythe amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 205)irisa ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 205)lensthe transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 205)pupilthe adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 205)retinathe light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 205)acuitythe sharpness of vision. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 206)conesretinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 206)farsightednessa condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 206)nearsightednessa condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 206)rodsretinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 206)blind spotthe point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 207)foveathe central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 207)optic nervethe nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 207)feature detectorsnerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 209)parallel processingthe processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 210)Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theorythe theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 212)opponent-process theorythe theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 213)https://quizlet.com/570378/review-cumulative-test-1-app-flash-cards/