Bulletin 1-3-16: Fill & Download for Free

No one ever suggested Ashkenazi “came from Khazar stock.” That is a recent anti-semitic canard.In 1973, a man named Koestler wrote “the Thirteenth Tribe.” In it, he introduced the Khazars to a world that had never heard of them (they were left off most period maps in textbooks), and suggested that they might have intermarried with Ashkenazi Jews, providing a sizeable portion of their DNA.Intermarried. With. Askenazi.It was a revolutionary theory, and pretty fascinating at the time. The world rediscovered the Khazars. They were added to maps once more. History of Jewish Khazars, Khazar Turk, Khazarian Jews began to track every new discovery about this mysterious people that had left almost no traces behind. With only sparse archeological evidence to go on, there was much speculation about who they were, where they came from, and where they ultimately disappeared to. The concept that the last Khazars had been absorbed into the Ashkenazi Jewish population was hotly debated, and there was no proof anywhere to say yay or nay for certain.Ultimately Khazaria . com, the storehouse and distribution point for all breaking Kahzar discoverites, came down on the side of yes—the last Khazars were probably absorbed into the Ashkenazi population.As a Jew, I thought it was cool as hell. A bit of spice to be added to the family story.Then more Khazarian sites were discovered, their capital city located, graves found, and the greater story came together. We learned who these people really were. We learned that in a world ruled by intolerance, they had established and maintained a multi-ethnic, multi-religious empire wherein people of varying backgrounds lived peaceably together. If you’re gonna have mysterious ancestors, those are the best kind.And then DNA testing came along, and blew it all to hell.It always was, at its heart, a speculative theory, and it turned out to be wrong. Not only didn’t the Ashkenazi have much Khazar DNA in them, they had almost no Khazar DNA at all. There wasn’t even evidence for a small amount of intermarriage, much less the great amount that Koestler had suggested.The most recent study was of bodies from the graves of nobles in the conversion period. Scholars have long argued how many Khazars converted to Judaism, from the legendary “everyone” to “only the nobles and leaders.” Well, these were nobles, so they might reasonably be assumed to represent the gene pool that gave us Jewish Khazars. And they had no DNA in common with Ashkenazi. In fact, the absence of DNA confluence between Khazars and Askhenazi Jews is really quite remarkable. I am posting the summary of the report (the whole report has not yet been published) from the Khazaria .com newletter, with permission of the writer, at the bottom of this answer.Bottom line: there ain’t no family tie. Just ain’t. Sorry, Koeslter. Khazaria .com posted a correction (but left their original essay up for historical value, so people could see what the arguments in favor had been) and the world was poised to move on.Only… now antisemites had jumped on board. In particular, Israel-haters. The legend of partial Khazar inheritance morphed into “The Khazars became the Ashkenzi, therefore none of them have any genetic connection to real Jews (so-called “bloodline Jews”) Therefore Ashkenazi have no history in the Holy land, therefore they have no right to settle there, therefore Israel is an illegitimate blight upon the face of the earth.”This convoluted tale, rooted in a misunderstanding of the original Khazar theory, maintained despite DNA evidence it isn’t true, persists because anti-Israel advocates want it to exist. They want it so badly it hurts. Sometimes they write essays on Quora, many pages long, coming up with complicated stories that could explain away all the evidence. The Jews must be Khazars in order to cast them as European interlopers in Israel. That is the point around all this revolves now. If modern Jews are descended from the Khazars, then they are all “fake Jews”, and have no ties to the Middle East.(Some will go as far as acknowledging that Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews are actually from the Middle East, but claim that Israel was founded by the fake Jews.)There you have it: the sad, sad story of a wonderfully romantic origin theory that fermented into hate-filled bullshit. It really sucks, cause I had a great “Mongolian Jewish” costume planned for Purim, but this took all the fun out of it.My sincere thanks to the OP for posting a question that allowed for all this to be explained. Quora was long overdue for it.Please be aware, I will be removing any long “fake Jew” diatribes, based on fantasy history, from the comment thread. Don’t waste your time cut-and-pasting maps of the Mongol Empire from other Askhenazi questions. I am just so sick of all that crap I can’t even express it, and in this one place, my answer, with the authority that Quora has given me, it won’t be allowed to muddy up any legitimate discussion. Feel free to post it anywhere else you like. It’s a free world.DOCUMENTATION:Below is the announcement of the new study, and Kevin Brooks’ note giving me permission to post it, as well as his additional summary. (He says he has posted it twice on Quora.) When the entire study is published it will be on his web site.> KHAZARIA NEWS> The International Email Newsletter of Khazar Studies> Editor: Kevin Alan Brook> July 16, 2019>> In this bulletin:> 1. Tatiana Tatarinova's Interview with PCR News on Khazar DNA> 2. The Remains of the Khazar Fortress Sarkel Rediscovered Underwater>> =====================================================================> 1. Tatiana Tatarinova's Interview with PCR News on Khazar DNA>> The June 22, 2019 issue of Khazaria News presented a summary of the> genetic research of Tatiana Tatarinova's team.>> Further details were revealed in the interview Tatarinova gave to Aleksey> Torgashev for the Russian-language science website PCR News. Torgashev's> article "Tatarinova i khazary" was published there on June 9, 2019 at> http://pcr.news/stati/tatarinova-i-khazary/>> Tatarinova, who specializes in bioinformatics, indicated there that her> team studied the DNA of 9 ruling-class ethnic Khazars whose bones were> provided for the research in 2014 by the archaeologist Vladimir> Klyutchnikov and his colleague, the historian and anthropologist Elena> Batieva. She approached Klyutchnikov after reading the 2013 book he> co-authored titled "Khazary". They had been buried near the Don River> during the 8th-10th centuries. Some of them were buried next to horses> and one was buried with a camel. Tatarinova views the camel as having> been a status symbol in that place and time.>> She also mentioned that all but one of the Khazar DNA samples show large> amounts of Mongoloid ancestry from the original Turkic homeland of> southern Siberia and Central Asia, and that ancestry is described by her> as approximately what is found in modern Yakuts, Buryats, Kyrgyz, and> Kazakhs. One of those people shows indications of being substantially> mixed with Europeans. The only un-Turkic-like sample appears to have an> Arabian origin.>> The female Khazar samples were found to typically carry higher amounts of> Mongoloid autosomal DNA than the male Khazar samples had.>> The uniparental haplogroups of the Khazar samples were also identified.>> In this interview, Tatarinova reiterates that the Khazar samples aren't> genetically close to Ashkenazic samples, and Ashkenazim don't carry any> DNA from the Turkic homeland. She also states "There was an article a few> years ago in which researchers presented specific Ashkenazi Jewish> [genetic] markers. The Khazars do not have them.">> The interview also contains technical details on how they extracted and> analyzed the DNA from the Khazars, discussing such issues as varying> degrees of preservation of ancient DNA (some of the approximately 300> other Khazar skeletons that were available to the team had no surviving> DNA left to test) and how to identify genetic contamination. She also> discusses the high cost of testing each sample's genome.>> Altogether there are 10 people working on this Khazar DNA project.> Tatarinova explained that team member Alexander "Sasha" Mikheyev came up> with an efficient method of sequencing ancient DNA and that he works in> two laboratories: one at the Australian National University in Canberra,> Australia and the other at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology> Graduate University in Okinawa, Japan.>> Another of the team members credited by Tatarinova in this interview is> Igor Kornienko, a geneticist from Rostov, Russia who did such tasks as DNA> extraction, determination of the sex of each sample, analysis of STR> markers on the males' Y chromosomes, and determination of the haplogroup> assignments.>> The team's full paper will be forthcoming in print. It was previously> announced that at least the abstract of the paper will appear in Russian> Journal of Genetics but I imagine that the full paper will also go in> there.>> Tatarinova also expresses the hope that their next project will test the> bones of the ethnically-diverse residents of Khazarian cities. These> cities' residents included multi-ethnic and multi-religious traders like> Arabs, Jews, and Slavs, so their DNA would be expected to have differences> from the typical elite ethnic Khazar nomad of the steppes.[...]——————————-Below is taken from the short article "Using museomics to solve historicpuzzles" by Alexander Mikheyev, Alexei Zarubin, and Tatiana V. Tatarinova@ http://mccmb.belozersky.msu.ru/2019/thesis/MCCMB2019/abstracts/25.pdfwhich is part of the Moscow Conference on Computational Molecular Biology(MCCMB) held on July 27-30, 2019.Excerpts from page 3:"Using Next Generation Sequencing we explored ethnic composition of theKhazars, and specifically tested the hypothesis of their relatedness tocontemporary Ashkenazi Jews, by sequencing nine genomes fromcharacteristic Khazar elite burials in southern Russia, belonging todifferent ethnic types, according to previous physical anthropologicalinvestigations. We found that the Khazar elite drew from a variety ofSiberian tribes with a mostly Turkic genetic composition, and with someEast Asian components, as well as significant Caucasian geneticcontributions to at least some of their members. We found no significanttrace of Ashkenazi genetic composition in either nuclear or mitochondrialdata, suggesting that Khazars were generally not related to them. Thesefindings support the view that the Khazars were a mixture of predominantlyTurkic steppe tribes, who conquered westward territories in probably thesame manner as Scythians, Huns, Pechenegs, and Mongols before and afterthem."

Below are the eligibility criteria taken from the the official information bulletin.1 .Eligibility to appear in NEET-UG Eligibility for appearing in NEET-UG is as stipulated in Indian Medical Council Act-1956/Regulations as amended in 2016 and the Dentists Act-1948/Regulations as amended in 2016.(a) He/she has completed age of 17 years at the time of admission or will complete the age on or before 31st December of the year of his/her admission to the 1styear MBBS/BDS Course.(b) The upper age limit for NEET is 25 years as on the date of examination with relaxation of 5 years for candidates belonging to OBC/SC/ST category. (As per letter no. U.12023/16/2010- ME-II dated 17.01.2017 received from MoH&FW) The Age criteria for appearing in NEET (UG), 2017 is as follows: For Candidates of Unreserved Category (UR) born on or between 08.05.1992 and 01.01.2001 For Candidates of SC/ST/OBC Category born on or between 08.05.1987 and 01.01.2001(c) The number of attempts which a candidate can avail at NEET-UG examination shall be limited to 3 (three) uniformly to all the candidates. The candidates who have already appeared in AIPMT/NEET on three occasions are not allowed to take this examination. The candidates will be required to give an undertaking in this regard and submitting false undertaking may result in cancellation of the candidature and action in accordance with norms for handling UFM cases. (As per letter no. U.12023/16/2010- ME-II dated 17.01.2017 received from MoH&FW)(d) The previous attempts in AIPMT/NEET will be counted against these 3 permissible attempts. The candidates who have already exhausted their allowed 3 attempts are not eligible to apply for NEET (UG), 2017.(e) Indian Nationals, Non Resident Indians (NRIs), Oversees Citizen of India (OCIs), Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) & Foreign Nationals are eligible to appear in NEET (UG)-2017.As mentioned in the bold point above, there is no way to appear in the exam legally .If you decide to falsify the undertaking and are found, your registration will be cancelled and action in accordance with norms for handling UFM cases.Here are the norms for handling UFM cases.https://goo.gl/RbGdtN

The last time China got their double digit growth, people around the world were very pissed off apparently because:“Oh my God!! China is polluting the earth!!!”[1][2][3]“Look at those miserable Chinese workers!!!”[4][5]“China is faking their growth, look at those poor people!!!”[6]And China be like, “Sh*t. You are right, mate. We need to change for better growth, not faster.”[7]So, China tried to reduce their depedency on export.(Source : China Exports, percent of GDP - data, chart | TheGlobalEconomy.com)And by better growth, China :invests tons in R&D[8]implements artificial intelligence massively [9][10][11]migrates to solar and nuclear energy [12][13][14]builds high speed rail [15][16]launches many health campaigns[17][18]Isn’t it funny, how China reduces their chance of collapsing by slowing their economy?Footnotes[1] China - Pollution - Environment[2] Air Pollution in China[3] Choking in China's polluted city[4] In Chinese Factories, Lost Fingers and Low Pay[5] Inside China factory hit by suicides[6] Lives of Poverty, Untouched by China’s Boom[7] Premier Li urges sustained and healthy economic growth [8] China spent an estimated $279 billion on R&D last year[9] The Amazing Ways Chinese Tech Giant Alibaba Uses Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning[10] How China Is Dominating Artificial Intelligence[11] World's first AI news anchor makes "his" China debut[12] How China's giant solar farms are transforming world energy[13] The future of nuclear energy depends on China - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists[14] Why China, and not the US, is the leader in solar power[15] China to add more than 11,000km of new high-speed lines by 2025[16] China's new high-speed train from Hong Kong to Guangzhou[17] http://en.nhfpc.gov.cn/2016-08/26/c_70276.htm[18] http://en.nhfpc.gov.cn/2016-01/08/c_68740.htm