Department Authorization Letter - Lous Police Supply: Fill & Download for Free

These days alleged fraud perpetrated in is being shared on social platforms & news items. The amount involved in the alleged fraud is Rs. 11,500 crores approx. but everyone is not aware about the way it has happened.So, let us discuss the modus operandi & facility sanctioned by PNB in alleged Fraud:**For the purpose of this article, Foreign Bank means “Foreign branch or correspondent of an Indian Bank”Before proceeding further, we should know about the LoU i.e. Letter of Undertaking:Letter of Undertaking (LOU): In simpler terms, it means an agreement between the following:1) The person who is importing some goods (importer) from foreign market and2) An Indian bankThe process of LoU is as follows:1) An importer, who wants to import some goods will need foreign exchange (foreign currency) for the payment either in advance or in the shape of Letter of Credit or LoU.2) That importer will then approach an Indian bank of his choice (where he is having the account) and ask the bank for the payment on his behalf.3) The Indian bank will ask for the sufficient collateral security/cash margin etc. and issue a letter of Credit or letter of undertaking tat which strength the importer imports the goods under LC or LoU.4) The supplier supply the goods to the importer and then approach his bank for the payment and in turn the foreign bank will approach the Indian bank for the payment.5) The Indian bank will pay the amount to the foreign bank and then will approach its client (importer) for the payment.If payment is received the process is completed.NOTE: As per the guidelines of the RBI, an Indian bank can issue LoU for maximum period of 90 days.Now what has happened in this case:The accused importers approached the PNB (Mumbai Branch) for the agreement regarding LoU and the bank had issued the same to the importers after signing the agreement.There were two major flaws in the agreement:1) As per news items, the collateral security was missing i.e. the agreement was entered without the consideration of any security. While PNB stated that they asked importers to increase the margin to 110% as per guidelines but parties refused on the grounds that were being allowed for many years, so, in view of the track record it should be reduced.2) The LoU was issued for 1 year i.e. they had violated the directions of Reserve Bank of India because the maximum period for which it can be issued is 90 days. None of the banks in funding raised voice against this violation.LoU are conveyed through SWIFT. Let us understand functioning of SWIFT.Meaning of SWIFT: Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication code.It is an internationally-recognized identification code for banks around the world.SWIFT codes are most commonly used for international wire transfers and are comprised of 8 or 11 alphanumeric characters.Working of SWIFT:Whenever an Indian Bank issues LoU then the Bank has to communicate about the same to the foreign bank of the supplier via SWIFT that they (Indian bank) has undertaken the guarantee for the payment of money on behalf of importer.Before communicating the same,the Indian Bank has to record this transaction as a Liability in their books of accounts. But these are not operated through FINACLE SYSTEM of Banks widely known as CBS plateform.Modus operandi of the case: The Role of Banks & others in the alleged fraud:Some of the officials of PNB executed a flawed agreement with the intention of the alleged fraud for their vested interests & misused their positions.The LoU was issued in violation of the manual of bank, law and the mandatory guidelines of RBI communicated to the foreign bank that PNB has undertaken the guarantee for the payment.But no such accounting entry was booked/recorded as Contingent Liability in the books of accounts of the bank. This means as in reality there was no such liability or contingent liability of the PNB for the payment. Hence, the LoUs were continuously issued without sufficient Col. Security/Cash margin beyond the vested powers of anyone.When the foreign bank approached the Punjab National Bank for the payment then PNB had checked their books of accounts and denied the payment as no such accounting entry was there in the books.But in reality, the foreign bank was in the possession of fake Letter of Undertaking but through SWIFT mode, which can’t be denied.The MD of PNB himself approached the enforcement directorate & CBI so as to find out what exactly happened and from the investigation the whole fraud was detected.The fraud could have been prevented: Check & Balance:Branches are not having staff, well equipped in FOREX knowledge, so BMs have to depend at only one person. That is why Mr. Shetty was not transferred against transfer policy even. Likewise, people having knowledge of big projects funding are very few. So it is a systemic lapse.All the branches are equipped with concurrent Auditors, who are transferred frequently. Therefore, it must have been looked into by them. They are eyes & nose of Head Office (Inspection) & have instructions to report such matters directly to HO. Most of them are not having knowledge of FOREX. & avoid to look or learn it. So it is a systemic as well as a human lapse.The Indian Banks like SBI & foreign banks/ foreign correspondents should have examined properly that the LoUs were issued for more than 90 days and it was in violation of rules. But they were receiving payment so kept mum. They are also responsible.As per CVC directions, the BM & Administrative Authorities should have an eye on the living standard of all officers during their visit. When alleged perpetrator of fraud Mr. Shetty & ors. were engaged in it they must be heavily obliged by the parties. Whenever, we receive illegal money/ gifts/ jewelery, it is apparent to everyone as we purchase/ construct lavish house/ spend on lavish consumer durables/ marriages/ parties/ tours/ heavy fees of IITs/ IIMs etc. The Officers have to submit a statement of asset & liability, which is on line for last 6–7 years. Minimum 10% of total returns are checked at random basis by vigilance department.Complaints against AGMs & above are registered with CVC also. His department monitor the bank through CVO, who is from another bank. So Banks have a lot of CHECKS & BALANCE SYSTEMS BUT short cuts & deliberate human errors of omission & commission & committing systemic lapses are main reasons of this scam.Banks should recruit & post separate cadre of foreign exchange experts for foreign exchange Authorized branches and they require constant up gradation of skills.In social media it is reported that in July 2016 the matter was brought to the notice of Prime Minister Modi and his PMO and the same was marked by PMO to ROC. But the matter was closed by ROC without any reference to the complainants. The complaints were made in 2016 by the employees of Geetanjali to the Maharashtra police, Fraud cell CBI, ED etc but no action was taken by any agency.New Delhi: At an Allahabad Bank board meeting on 14 September, 2013, in a New Delhi five-star hotel, on the agenda (No 4/6) was a proposal to sanction a loan worth Rs 50 crore to Gitanjali Gems owned by Mehul Choksi, the maternal uncle of Nirav Modi. Both those men are now under the scanner of enforcement and investigative agencies for duping Punjab National Bank (PNB) of more than Rs 11,300 crore.Dinesh Dubey, former government nominee director on the Allahabad Bank board, had opposed the proposal and presented a dissent note arguing that Gitanjali Gems should first return Rs 1,500 crore loan given to it earlier before a fresh loan amount could be cleared. His dissent was met with silence and the meeting proceeded to the next agenda on the list. When Dubey learnt that the minutes of the meeting were to contain an approval of the loan to Gitanjali Gems, he became furious. Four years after that meeting, in the aftermath of the unearthing of a series of fraudulent transactions that investigating agencies have traced back to Modi and Choksi, Dubey, a journalist, agreed to talk to Firstpost about the nature of the scam, corruption in the banking system and how the government of the time, the Congress-led UPA, turned a blind eye to illegitimate loans sanctioned to the two diamond merchants."When I opposed the Gitanjali Gems loan proposal, my fight with Allahabad Bank board got really intense and dirty. They tried to persuade, mollify and even threaten me but I said such loans to the corporates without recovery will only add to more non-performing assets. I also wrote to the Reserve Bank of India and secretary, financial services in the Ministry of Finance in my effort to warn them of a massive scam looming large. My request was to take immediate preventive action and keep a watch on all the companies linked to Choksi's firm, as they were accumulating loans without making payments to the bank," Dubey said.In his email to the then deputy governor of the RBI, KC Chakrabarty (Ex. CMD of PNB), Dubey had alleged: "... a meeting of MCBOD of Allahabad Bank was held on 14 September, 2013. Regarding agenda item No 4/6 pertaining to M/S Gitanjali Jewelers for sanction of Rs 1500 cr+50 cr. I have not given my consent. But, they ignored my dissent note and sanctioned the loan. This is for your information and necessary action please."The UPA government in August 2012 appointed Dubey as the director (on the Allahabad Bank board) but things really turned turtle for him after the 14 September meeting. He told us he was "hounded and harassed" for putting up dissent notes on loan proposals that he suspected had potential to turn into bad loans. Incidentally, Allahabad Bank's Hong Kong branch is one of the banks that financed Modi."I had told the board that Choksi and his firm will turn into a big scam one day. Even if they had listened to me, this scam could have been avoided. I remember the present managing director of PNB was then serving as the general manager with Allahabad Bank and he was aware of what was happening inside the shadowy walls of the board meeting," Dubey said.After flagging his dissent, Dubey claimed he was pressured by various government agencies. "The top officials in the Ministry of Finance and at Allahabad Bank wanted me to resign. I was told to mend my ways. I said the government had appointed me to keep a watch on the bank's activities and prevent any wrongdoings. If I can't do my job, it is better I should go. Then, I was told if I was ready to put up my resignation I must highlight that I was doing it for health reasons. I did that and resigned in February 2014," he added.But before his resignation, Dubey wrote to the finance ministry, raising the issue of loans to Gitanjali Gems. It was November 2013 and Dubey once again put up a dissent note, rattling the board members and chairman of the bank.In his letter to the then finance secretary, Dubey said: "On Friday, 22 November, 2013, a meeting of MCBOD and other four committees and also a board meeting was held at Kolkata at the Grand Oberai Hotel. In the board meeting, there was an agenda regarding Geetanjali Jewellers. This agenda had already appeared in past board meetings more than four times, and every time I had expressed my dissent. But, this Agenda was again brought in this meeting for approval. The CMD told me to give my consent to pass it, but I refused and again expressed my dissent note."He further noted: "I have never seen in my forty years' journalism career such type of below-dignity work, misuse of office and corruption. I would like to request you for some changes in guidelines. When the management has powers to approve the loan of up to Rs 400 crores, then why such cases are brought to board meetings? It is very clear that just to save them from any inquiry and legal action, in name of rectification and deviation, they bring such cases for board approval... when the board approves this, they are free from any legal inquiry or administrative action on behalf of the board."Dubey, who witnessed the creation of the scam, is of the opinion that it "involves many more officials and their linkages could even tie the higher-ups in the government".Accused Parties: 1) Nirav Modi, 2) Mehul Choksy, a Partner of Nirav Modi3) Ami, Wife of Nirav Modi reportedly from Ambani family, 4) Nishal, Brother of Nirav ModiBank Personnel who were involved: 1) Gokulnath Shetty 2) Manoj KharatSO, THE REAL STORY MAY OR MAY NOT BE SURFACED. APPARENTLY, THEIR MAY BE INVOLVEMENT OF GOVTS., BUREAUCRATS, MONITORING AGENCIES, REGULATORS, VARIOUS BANKS, IGNORANCE OF STAFF, INDUSTRIALISTS ETC. MANY DOCUMENTS WERE NOT CREATED EVER SO JUDICIAL PROCESS MAY BE DIFFICULT. NOW WE SHOULD WAIT FOR CONCLUSION BY VARIOUS AGENCIES, WHO ARE UNDER PRESSURE.

Q. Why did DuPont sell dynamite in Germany during World War II? Greed.A. The du Pont Co., and particularly GM, was a major contributor to Nazi military efforts to wipe communism off the map of Europe. In 1929, GM bought Adam Opel, Germany’s largest car manufacturer. In 1974, a Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly heard evidence from researcher Bradford Snell proving that that in 1935, GM opened an Opel factory to supply the Nazi’s with “Blitz” military trucks. In appreciation, for this help, Adolf Hitler awarded GM’s chief executive for overseas operations, James Mooney, with the Order of the German Eagle (first class). Besides military trucks, Germany’s GM workers also producing armored cars, tanks and bomber engines.Du Pont’s GM and Rockefeller’s Standard Oil of New Jersey collaborated with I.G. Farben, the Nazi chemical cartel, to form Ethyl GmbH. This subsidiary, now called Ethyl Inc., built German factories to give the Nazis leaded gas fuel (synthetic tetraethyl fuel) for their military vehicles (1936-1939). Snell quotes from German records captured during the war:"The fact that since the beginning of the war we could produce lead-tetraethyl is entirely due to the circumstances that, shortly before, the Americans [Du Pont, GM and Standard Oil] had presented us with the production plants complete with experimental knowledge. Without lead-tetraethyl the present method of warfare would be unthinkable."IG Farben had bought the patent for the cyanide-based pesticide Zyklon B, which had been invented in Germany in the early 1920s and which originally saw use as an insecticide, especially as a fumigant in grain stores. IG Farben licensed the pesticide to various companies, including the American Cyanamid Company for use, for example, in de-lousing incoming Mexican immigrants in the 1930s, and to the German company Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung), founded by Fritz Haber, and whose products were used in Holocaust gas chambers. IG Farben owned 42.2 % of the shares of Degesch and was represented in its supervisory board. Pesticides similar to Zyklon B remain in production by other companies, and are used e.g. as insecticides.Of the 24 directors of IG Farben indicted in the so-called IG Farben Trial (1947–1948) before a U.S. military tribunal at the subsequent Nuremberg Trials, 13 were sentenced to prison terms between one and eight years, but most were quickly released and several became senior industry executives in the post-war companies that split off from IG Farben and other companies.Facing the Corporate Roots of American FascismThe du Pont CompanyBy Richard Sanders, Editor, Press for Conversion!In the 1930s, the du Pont and Morgan family empires dominated the American corporate elite and their representatives were central figures in organizing and funding the American Liberty League. The du Pont family was so complicit in this fascist organization that James Farley, FDR's postmaster general and one of his closest advisors, said the American Liberty League "ought to be called the American Cellophane League" because "first it's a Du Pont product and second, you can see right through it'" (Donald R. McCoy, Coming of Age). Gerard Colby, in his book DuPont Dynasty, outlines the family's pivotal role in creating and funding the League. (Click here for an excerpt.) The Dickstein-McCormack Committee learned that weapons and equipment for the fascist plotters’ Croix de feu-like superarmy “could be obtained from the Remington Arms Co., on credit through the Du Ponts.” Du Pont had acquired control of the arms company in 1932.The du Pont Co., formed in 1802 by Elèuthere Irénée du Pont de Nemours, dominated U.S. gunpowder sales for more than a century. Elèuthere I. du Pont’s father, Pierre Samuel, a French economist, politician and publisher had helped negotiate the Paris Treaty to end America’s revolution. His right wing views made French radicals very suspicious and they sentenced him to the guillotine. Somehow, he and his son, Elèuthere, were released and escaped to America, where they arrived January 1, 1800, with a vast fortune.To challenge England’s domination of the global gunpowder trade, Napoleon helped E.I. du Pont establish an American gunpowder business in 1802. Pierre returned to France and negotiated the French sale of about a million square miles of land to America (Louisiana Purchase, 1803). Meanwhile, his son made his first gunpowder sales to a close family friend, President Thomas Jefferson.Du Pont produced only gunpowder. They were the main supplier of this product during many wars, including:* War of 1812 (supplying the U.S. against Britain/Canada)* South American wars (supplying both Spain and Bolivar’s republics)* Mexican-American War, 1846 (supplying the U.S.)* Indian Wars, 1827-1896 (supplying Manifest Destiny’s genocidal westward expansion)* Crimean War, 1854 (supplying both England and Russia)* U.S. Civil war, 1861-1865 (supplying the Northern states)* Spanish-American War, 1898 (supplying the U.S.)* WWI, 1914-1918 (supplied all U.S. orders; 40% of the Allies’ needs)In 1897, when they agreed with European competitors to divide up the world, du Pont got exclusive control of gunpowder sales in the Americas. By 1905, du Pont had assets of 60 million and controlled all U.S. government orders. Du Pont bought out 100 of its American competitors and closed most of them down (1903-1907). In 1907, U.S. anti-Trust laws created two competitors for du Pont and in 1912 the government ordered du Pont to divest from some explosives production. Du Pont then diversified into newspaper publishing, chemicals, paints, varnishes, cellophane and rayon. WWI was particularly profitable. Du Pont, the world’s largest producer of dynamite and smokeless gunpowder, made unheard-of net profits of $250 million.Between the wars, du Pont was the world’s top manufacturer of explosives, the world’s leading chemical company and the top producer of cars and synthetic rubber, another strategic war material. By the 1930s, it owned Mexican and Chilean explosive companies and a Canadian chemical company. Although still the top U.S. gunpowder supplier, this product represented only 2% of its total production.Du Pont’s General Motors Co. funded a vigilante/terrorist organization to stop unionization in its Midwestern factories. Called the “Black Legion,” its members wore black robes decorated with a white skull and crossbones. Concealed behind their slitted hoods, this KKK-like network of white-supremacist thugs threw bombs into union halls, set fire to labor activists’ homes, tortured union organizers and killed at least 50 in Detroit alone. Many of their victims were Blacks lured North by tales of good auto-plant jobs. One of their victims, Rev. Earl Little, was murdered in 1931. His son, later called Malcolm X, was then six. An earlier memory, his first, was a night-time raid in 1929 when the Legion burnt down their house. Gerard Colby had this to say about the Black Legion in his book Dupont Dynasty (1984):"But corporate executives did not give up the tactic of vigilante groups, and on June 1, 1936, Cowdrick wrote Harry Anderson, G.M's labor relations director, to ask his opinion of the Sentinels of the Republic. Anderson was apparently unaware of Irénée du Pont's support of this organization, but offered his own home-brew alternative. "With reference to your letter of June 1 regarding the Sentinels of the Republic," he replied a few days later, "I have never heard of the organization. Maybe you could use a little Black Legion down in your country. It might help."The "Black Legion" Anderson referred to was indeed a great help to General Motors in its struggle to prevent auto workers from unionizing. With members wearing black robes and slitted hoods adorned with white skull and crossbones, the Black Legion was the terror of Michigan and Ohio auto flelds, riding like Klansmen through the night in car caravans, bombing union halls, burning down homes of labor militants, and flogging and murdering union organizers. The organization was divided into arson squads, bombing squads, execution squads, and anti-communist squads, and membership discipline on pain of torture or death was strictly enforced. Legion cells filled G.M. factories, terrorizing workers and recruiting Ku Klux Klansmen.Since 1933 the Black Legion's power had permeated police departments."The Legion, claiming 200,000 members in Michigan, was divided into distinct squads, each focused on a different aspect of their work for du Pont: arson, bombing, execution and anti-communism. The Legion’s cells within GM factories intimidated workers, targeted Jews and recruited for the KKK. They worked together to stop Reds and unions that demanded their labour rights.Thanks to a Senate Munitions Investigating Committee (1934-1936) that examined criminal, war profiteering practices of arms companies during WWI, the public learned that du Pont had led munitions companies in sabotaging a League of Nations’ disarmament conference in Geneva. The committee’s chair, Gerald Nye, said that once “the munitions people of the world had made the treaty a satisfactory one to themselves,...Colonel Simons [of Du Pont] is reporting that even the State Department realized, in effect, who controlled the Nation.”The du Ponts fought back against widespread public condemnation that rightly labeled them “merchants of death.” They claimed that communists were behind the Senate hearings, and blamed the Committee for undermining U.S. military power. In response, Chairman Nye, a Republican from North Dakota, pointing out that du Pont had made six times as many millions of dollars during WWI than during the preceding four years “so naturally Mr. du Pont sees red when he sees these profits attacked by international peace.”OpelOpel BlitzThe du Pont Co., and particularly GM, was a major contributor to Nazi military efforts to wipe communism off the map of Europe. In 1929, GM bought Adam Opel, Germany’s largest car manufacturer. In 1974, a Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly heard evidence from researcher Bradford Snell proving that that in 1935, GM opened an Opel factory to supply the Nazi’s with “Blitz” military trucks. In appreciation, for this help, Adolf Hitler awarded GM’s chief executive for overseas operations, James Mooney, with the Order of the German Eagle (first class). Besides military trucks, Germany’s GM workers also producing armored cars, tanks and bomber engines.Du Pont’s GM and Rockefeller’s Standard Oil of New Jersey collaborated with I.G. Farben, the Nazi chemical cartel, to form Ethyl GmbH. This subsidiary, now called Ethyl Inc., built German factories to give the Nazis leaded gas fuel (synthetic tetraethyl fuel) for their military vehicles (1936-1939). Snell quotes from German records captured during the war:"The fact that since the beginning of the war we could produce lead-tetraethyl is entirely due to the circumstances that, shortly before, the Americans [Du Pont, GM and Standard Oil] had presented us with the production plants complete with experimental knowledge. Without lead-tetraethyl the present method of warfare would be unthinkable."Since WWII, du Pont has continued to be an instrument of U.S. government weapons production. Besides supplying plastics, rubber and textiles to military contractors, it invented various new forms of explosives and rocket propellants, manufactured numerous chemical weapons and was instrumental in building the world’s first plutonium production plant for the atomic bomb. It pumped out Agent Orange and Napalm, thus destroying millions of lives, livelihoods and whole ecosystems in Southeast Asia.With 2,000 brand names, 100,000 employees and annual sales of $25 billion in 1998, du Pont is one of the world’s biggest corporations. It’s 1939 slogan, “Better Things for Better Living…Through Chemistry,” belies a destructive legacy that will last thousands of generations. One of the globe’s worst polluters, it pioneered the creation, marketing and coverup of almost every dangerous chemical toxin ever known. It now faces countless lawsuits for the adverse health and environmental effects of its products, the unsafe working conditions in its factories and the foolhardy, disposal practices it flaunts as final solutions for its waste products. Here is a small sampling of du Pont’s gifts to the planet:* Sulphur dioxide and lead paint* CFCs: 25% of the world’s supply and almost 50% of the U.S. market.* Herbicides and pesticides: brain damage, hormone system disruption.* Formaldehyde: cancer and respiratory illnesses.* Dioxins: Leading the way to create these carcinogens, du Pont then suppressed data on their deadly effects.* Highly-processed, unnutritious products marketed as healthy food.* Genetically modified foods and “Terminator”/“Killer seeds” threaten food security for 1.4 billion people who depend on farm-saved seeds.* Patenting plant genes and stealing the Third World’s genetic resources.* Using U.S. prison labour and factories in many oppressive regimes.* Its oil subsidiary, Conoco, provided petrochemical raw materials and caused environmental devastation.* Du Pont is one of the world’s biggest producers of green house gases.* Sold for 33 years, the fungicide Benlate destroyed crops, shrimp farms and caused birth defects.* Since the 1920s, du Pont produced leaded gas which is responsible for 80-90% of the world’s environmental lead contamination. Besides fueling Nazi war machines that rolled and flew across Europe killing tens of millions, this product’s legacy includes retarding children’s mental health and causing hypertension in adults. Du Pont’s helped stop the U.S. ban until 1996, and then increased its overseas sales.References:H.C. Engelbrecht and F.C. Hanigan, Merchants of Death, 1934DuPont (E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.)http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/profiles/dupont/dupont4.htmGerard Colby, Du Pont Dynasty, 1984Charles Higham, Trading with the Enemy, 1983.Researchers Morton Mintz and Jerry S. Cohen, in their book, "Power Inc.,The Elkhorn Manifesto Part II, U.S. CORPORATIONS AND THE NAZIShttp://www.wealth4freedom.com/Elkhorn2.html"Explosives," Dupont websitehttp://heritage.dupont.com/floater/fl_explosives/floater.shtmlEl-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz "Malcolm X"http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Studios/2469/malcolm2.htmlSource:Press for Conversion! magazine, Issue # 53, "Facing the Corporate Roots of American Fascism," March 2004. Published by the Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade."Irénée du Pont" on Revolvy.com (1876-1963)By Charles HighamIrénée, the most imposing and powerful member of the du Pont clan, was obsessed with Hitler’s principles. He keenly followed the future Fuhrer’s career in the 1920s. On Sept. 7, 1926, in a speech to the American Chemical Society, he advocated a race of supermen, to be achieved by injecting special drugs into them in boyhood to make their characters to order. He insisted his men reach physical standards equivalent to that of a Marine and have blood as pure as that in the veins of the Vikings. Despite the fact that he had Jewish blood in his own veins, his anti-Semitism matched that of Hitler.In outright defiance of Roosevelt’s desire to improve working conditions for the average man, GM and the Du Ponts instituted the speedup systems. These forced men to work at terrifying speeds on the assembly lines. Many died of the heat and pressure, increased by fear of losing their jobs. Irénée paid almost $1 million from his own pocket for armed and gas-equipped storm troops modeled on the Gestapo to sweep through the plants and beat up anyone who proved rebellious. He hired the Pinkerton Agency to send its swarms of detectives through the whole [du Pont] chemicals, munitions and auto empire to spy on left-wingers or other malcontents.Source: Trading with the Enemy: An Expose of the Nazi-American Money Plot 1933-1949, 1983.Nobel's explosive legacyDynamite was much in demand. It was peak time for building roads, canals, railways and mines. The detonator which Alfred designed just added to the business.He set up about 90 factories and laboratories around the world, some of which became parts of big chemical companies such as DuPont, and Germany's infamous IG Farben, the company which made the gas for the Nazis' concentration camp death chambers and was split up after the war to form Hoechst, Bayer and BASF.World War II overviewIG Farben factory in Monowitz (near Auschwitz) 1941 50.036094°N 19.275534°EWoman with OST-Arbeiterbadge at the IG Farben plant in Auschwitz concentration camp.Zyklon B labelsDuring the planning of the occupation of Czechoslovakia and the invasion of Poland, IG Farben cooperated closely with Nazi officials and directed which chemical plants should be secured and delivered to IG Farben.In 1941, an investigation exposed a "marriage" cartel between John D. Rockefeller's United States-based Standard Oil Co. and I.G. Farben.It also brought new evidence concerning complex price and marketing agreements between DuPont, a major investor in and producer of leaded gasoline, United States Industrial Alcohol Company and its subsidiary, Cuba Distilling Co. The investigation was eventually dropped, like dozens of others in many different kinds of industries, due to the need to enlist industry support in the war effort.However, the top directors of many oil companies agreed to resign, and oil industry stocks in molasses companies were sold off as part of a compromise worked out.IG Farben had bought the patent for the cyanide-based pesticide Zyklon B, which had been invented in Germany in the early 1920s and which originally saw use as an insecticide, especially as a fumigant in grain stores. IG Farben licensed the pesticide to various companies, including the American Cyanamid Company for use, for example, in de-lousing incoming Mexican immigrants in the 1930s, and to the German company Degesch (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung), founded by Fritz Haber, and whose products were used in Holocaust gas chambers. IG Farben owned 42.2 % of the shares of Degesch and was represented in its supervisory board. Pesticides similar to Zyklon B remain in production by other companies, and are used e.g. as insecticides.Of the 24 directors of IG Farben indicted in the so-called IG Farben Trial (1947–1948) before a U.S. military tribunal at the subsequent Nuremberg Trials, 13 were sentenced to prison terms between one and eight years, but most were quickly released and several became senior industry executives in the post-war companies that split off from IG Farben and other companies.Some of the people who served prison sentences but later became leaders in post war-companies include:Hermann Schmitz, who became a member of the supervisory board for the Deutsche Bank in Berlin and honorary chairman of the supervisory board of Rheinische Stahlwerke AGGeorg von Schnitzler, serving as president of the Deutsch-Ibero-Amerikanische GesellschaftFritz ter Meer, becoming chairman of the supervisory board of Bayer AG and a supervisory board member of several firmsOtto Ambros, holding seats on supervisory boards Chemie Grünenthal (being active during the Contergan scandal), Feldmühle, and Telefunken, and working as an economic consultant in MannheimHeinrich Bütefisch, becoming a member of the supervisory boards for Deutsche Gasolin AG, Feldmühle, and Papier- und Zellstoffwerke AG, and consulting with Ruhrchemie AG Oberhausen and subsequently joining its supervisory board.Max Ilgner, becoming the chairman of the executive board of a chemistry firm in Zug.Heinrich Oster, becoming a member of the supervisory board of Gelsenberg AG.Some of the people who were acquitted and later became leaders in post war-companies include:Fritz Gajewski, becoming chairman of the board of Dynamit Nobel.Christian Schneider (chemist), becoming a member of the supervisory boards of Süddeutsche Kalkstickstoff-Werke AG Trostberg and Rheinauer Holzhydrolyse-GmbH, Mannheim.Hans Kühne, taking a position at Bayer Elberfeld.Carl Lautenschläger, becoming a research associate at Bayer ElberfeldWilhelm Rudolf Mann, resuming his position as head of pharmaceutical sales at Bayer. He also presided over the GfK, Society for Consumer Research, and the Foreign Trade Committee of the BDI, Federation of German Industry.Carl Wurster, resuming his position of chairman of the managing board, and was the major force behind the reestablishment of BASF. After retiring, he continued to be active as a member and chairman of supervisory boards in companies such as Bosch, Degussa (later being acquired by RAG ), and Allianz.Heinrich Gattineau, becoming a member of the board and supervisory council of WASAG Chemie-AG, and Mitteldeutsche Sprengstoff-Werke GmbH.Ruins ofthe synthetic petrol plant (Hydrierwerke Pölitz – Aktiengeselschaft) in Police, PolandFacilities during World War IIIG Farben facilities were bombing targets of the Oil Campaign of World War II, and up to 1941, there were 5 Nazi Germany Buna plants that produced Buna Nby the Lebedev process.Dwory The Buna Chemical Plant at Dwory was under construction by 1943, after a March 2, 1942 contract with "IG Farbenindustrie AG Auschwitz." At its peak in 1944, this factory made use of 83,000 slave laborers. Today, the plant operates as "Dwory S.A." FrankfurtIn addition to the "cavernous" IG Farben building at Frankfurt, a Hoechst AGchemical factory in Frankfurt was bombed by the RAF on 26 September 1944.Ludwigshafen and Oppau The I.G. Farbenindustrie, A. G., Works, Ludwigshafen and Oppau had several chemical plants. Pölitz, North Germany (today Police, Poland)In 1937, IG Farben, Rhenania-Ossag, and Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft founded the Hydrierwerke Pölitz AG synthetic fuel plant. By 1943, the plant produced 15% of Nazi Germany's synthetic fuels, 577,000 tons. Waldenburg An IG Farben plant was at WaldenburgBreak-up and liquidationDue to the company's entanglement with the Nazi regime, it was considered by the Allies to be too morally corrupt to be allowed to continue to exist. The Soviet Union seized most of IG Farben's assets located in the Soviet occupation zone, as part of their reparation payments. In the western occupation zone, however, the idea of destroying the company was very quickly abandoned as the policy of denazification evolved, in part due to the need for productive industry to support reconstruction, and in part because of the company's large entanglement with American companies, notably with the successors of Standard Oil which IG Farben was modelled after and which had itself been broken up into several companies. In the late 1940s, IG Farben was being rebuilt in the western zones and continuing doing business. In 1951, the company was split into its original constituent companies. The four largest quickly bought the smaller ones.Today Agfa, BASF and Bayer remain, Hoechst having in 1999 spun off its chemical business as Celanese AG before merging with Rhône-Poulenc to form Aventis, which later merged with Sanofi-Synthélabo to form Sanofi. Two years earlier, another part of Hoechst was sold in 1997 to the chemical spin-off of Sandoz, the Muttenz (Switzerland) based Clariant. The successor companies remain some of the world's largest chemical and pharmaceutical companies.Though IG Farben was officially put into liquidation in 1952, this did not end the company's legal existence. The purpose of a corporation's continuing existence, being "in liquidation", is to ensure an orderly wind-down of its affairs. As almost all its assets and all its activities had been transferred to the original constituent companies, IG Farben was from 1952 largely a shell company with no real activity.In 2001, IG Farben announced it would formally wind up its affairs in 2003. It had been continually criticised over the years for failing to pay any compensation to the former laborers, the stated reason for its continued existence after 1952 being to administer its claims and pay its debts. The company, in turn, blamed ongoing legal disputes with the former captive labourers as being the reason it could not be legally dissolved and the remaining assets distributed as reparations.On November 10, 2003, its liquidators filed for insolvency, but again, this does not affect the existence of the company as a legal entity. While it did not join a national compensation fund set up in 2001 to pay the victims, it contributed 500,000 DM(£160,000 or €255,646) towards a foundation for former captive labourers under the Nazi regime. The remaining property, worth DM 21 million (£6.7 million or €10.7 million), went to a buyer.year, the company's annual meeting in Frankfurt was the site of demonstrations by hundreds of protesters.Its stock (denominated in Reichsmarks) traded on German markets until early 2012. As of 2012, it still existed as a corporation in liquidation.IG Farben TrialThe defendants in the dock on the first day of the IG Farben trial.The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al., also known as the IG Farben Trial, was the sixth of the twelve trials for war crimes the U.S. authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany (Nuremberg) after the end of World War II, against leading industrialists of Nazi Germany for their conduct during the Nazi regime. The defendants in this case had all been directors of IG Farben. Of the 24 defendants arraigned, 13 were found guilty. The indictment was filed on 3 May 1947; the trial lasted from 27 August 1947 until 30 July 1948.All defendants who were sentenced to prison received early release. Most were quickly restored to their directorships, and some were awarded the Federal Cross of Merit.ProductsThe products produced by IG Farben include synthetic dyes, nitrile rubber, polyurethane, Prontosil, and Resochin, among others. The nerve agent Sarin was first discovered by IG Farben.The company also made the poison gas Zyklon B, which was used to murder prisoners at Auschwitz concentration camp in World War II. One product crucial to the operations of the Wehrmacht was synthetic fuel, made from ligniteusing the coal liquefaction process.IG Farben scientists made fundamental contributions to all areas of chemistry. Otto Bayer discovered the polyaddition for the synthesis of polyurethane in 1937.Several IG Farben scientists were awarded a Nobel Prize. Carl Bosch and Friedrich Bergius were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1931 "in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods".Gerhard Domagk was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1939 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil".Kurt Alder was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Otto Diels) in 1950 "for his [their] discovery and development of the diene synthesis"."The Nazi Hydra In America [How America's Right Wing Politicians Are Plunging The Country Into A Fascist Police State] (archive.org)"