Chapter 5 The Periodic Law: Fill & Download for Free

Indeed.The entirety of Cosmos, Carl Sagan’s magnum opus, can be read on the Internet Archive.[1] In Chapter 10, titled “The Edge of Forever”, Sagan talks about the origin of the Universe, and relates it to various mythos from across the world. He elucidates on how most cultures focused on a single starting point, where the deity they worship creates the world out of nothing.That is it; a linear progression from start to finish.However, Hinduism has the concept of cycles. Cycles spanning billions of years — Brahma creates the universe, Vishnu nurtures and preserves it, and at the end of its lifetime, Shiva destroys it, annihilating it into nothingness, and the cycle starts anew. Like a phoenix rising from its ashes, Shiva’s actions spurn the next cycle of creation.Every culture has a myth of the world before creation, and of the creation of the world, often by the mating of the gods or the hatching of a cosmic egg. Commonly, the universe is naively imagined to follow human or animal precedent. Here, for example, are five small extracts from such myths, at different levels of sophistication, from the Pacific Basin:In the very beginning everything was resting in perpetual darkness: night oppressed everything like an impenetrable thicket.- The Great Father myth of the Aranda people of Central AustraliaAll was in suspense, all calm, all in silence; all motionless and still; and the expanse of the sky was empty.- The Popol Vuh of the Quiche MayaNa Arean sat alone in space as a cloud that floats in nothingness. He slept not, for there was no sleep; he hungered not, for as yet there was no hunger. So he remained for a great while, until a thought came to his mind. He said to himself, ‘I will make a thing.’- A myth from Maiana, Gilbert IslandsFirst there was the great cosmic egg. Inside the egg was chaos, and floating in chaos was Pan Ku, the Undeveloped, the divine Embryo. And Pan Ku burst out of the egg, four times larger than any man today, with a hammer and chisel in his hand with which he fashioned the world.- The P’an Ku Myths, China (around third century)Before heaven and earth had taken form all was vague and amorphous . . . That which was clear and light drifted up to become heaven, while that which was heavy and turbid solidified to become earth. It was very easy for the pure, fine material to come together, but extremely difficult for the heavy, turbid material to solidify. Therefore heaven was completed first and earth assumed shape after. When heaven and earth were joined in emptiness and all was unwrought simplicity, then without having been created things came into being. This was the Great Oneness. All things issued from this Oneness but all became different . . .- Huai-nan Tzu, China (around first century B.C.)The Hindu religion is the only one of the world’s great faiths dedicated to the idea that the Cosmos itself undergoes an immense, indeed an infinite, number of deaths and rebirths. It is the only religion in which the time scales correspond, no doubt by accident, to those of modern scientific cosmology. Its cycles run from our ordinary day and night to a day and night of Brahma, 8.64 billion years long, longer than the age of the Earth or the Sun and about half the time since the Big Bang. And there are much longer time scales still.There is the deep and appealing notion that the universe is but the dream of the god who, after a hundred Brahma years, dissolves himself into a dreamless sleep. The universe dissolves with him - until, after another Brahma century, he stirs, recomposes himself and begins again to dream the great cosmic dream. Meanwhile, elsewhere, there are an infinite number of other universes, each with its own god dreaming the cosmic dream. These great ideas are tempered by another, perhaps still greater. It is said that men may not be thedreams of the gods, but rather that the gods are the dreams of men.In India there are many gods, and each god has many manifestations. The Chola bronzes, cast in the eleventh century, include several different incarnations of the god Shiva. The most elegant and sublime of these is a representation of the creation of the universe at the beginning of each cosmic cycle, a motif known as the cosmic dance of Shiva. The god, called in this manifestation Nataraja, the Dance King, has four hands. In the upper righthand is a drum whose sound is the sound of creation. In the upper left hand is a tongue of flame, a reminder that the universe, now newly created, will billions of years from now be utterly destroyed.These profound and lovely images are, I like to imagine, a kind of premonition of modern astronomical ideas.The episode was also partly shot in India. He also reiterated the same views in an interview with an Indian diplomat back when the original series was aired.[2]There is a statue of the same Nataraja, along with a plaque, at one of the premier scientific institutions of the world, the CERN.The statue[3] is in itself, mesmerizing, casting an ethereal shadow on the walls of the institute at night as if Shiva has actually descended down from Kailasa.It celebrates a rare union — Science, and Spirituality.[4]Shiva is the cosmos — his dance symbolizing the uncountable sub-atomic interactions that make up the pandemonium underlying the appearance of order and logic.The plaque reads[5]:Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, seeing beyond the unsurpassed rhythm, beauty, power and grace of the Nataraja, once wrote of it “It is the clearest image of the activity of God which any art or religion can boast of.”More recently, Fritjof Capra explained that “Modern physics has shown that the rhythm of creation and destruction is not only manifest in the turn of the seasons and in the birth and death of all living creatures, but is also the very essence of inorganic matter,” and that “For the modern physicists, then, Shiva’s dance is the dance of subatomic matter.”It is indeed as Capra concluded: “Hundreds of years ago, Indian artists created visual images of dancing Shivas in a beautiful series of bronzes. In our time, physicists have used the most advanced technology to portray the patterns of the cosmic dance. The metaphor of the cosmic dance thus unifies ancient mythology, religious art and modern physics.”Spanning 4 Vedas, 18 Puranas, 2 epics — the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, and umpteen Upanishads, the Hindu mythology is immensely vast. In these books, reside a good portion of human knowledge — morality, war, taxation, law, architecture, Cosmology, Philosophy, Geography.The origin of the universe, and also the multiverse, is detailed in Linga Purana, dedicated to the destroyer, Lord Shiva, the Mahakaal.[6]The life of the universe, as noted by Carl Sagan, though billions of solar years, is just one day in the life of Brahma.“The period of the duration of the Prakrita creation is said to be a day of Brahma. There is a similar period constituting the night. The lord effects creation during day time and dissolution during the night. He has neither a day nor a night (as we understand the terms). The time-duration by day and night is used in a secondary sense.During the (so-called) day all the Vikrtis—the Visvedevas, the Prajapatis and the sages stay by. During the night all of them are dissolved. They are produced (again) at the end of the night. A day of His constitutes our kalpa, His night too similarly another kalpa. There are fourteen Manus by the time a thousand sets of four yugas come to a close. O brahmins, the Krta yuga consists of four thousand years. Four hundred, three hundred, two hundred and hundred years respectively constitute the period of transition both at the beginning and end of a yuga.”The text then dwells in further detail about the ages of the Yugas, the transition period between them. It talks about the length of the Yugas, totalling to 4,320,000 human years. One kalpa (day) of Brahma is equal to thousand of these sets, the night a thousands more.“Thus the duration of the four yugas, without the period of junction and transition totals to three million six hundred thousand human years. If Sandhya periods are included, the set of four ages will consist of four million three hundred and twenty thousand years. A little over seventy one sets of four yugas—Krta, Treta, Dvapara and Kali—constitute a manvantara.” The number of human years in a manvantara are thirty crures six million and seven hundred and twenty thousand, O excellent brahmins. The period of a manvantara, according to this Purana, is not more than this.The number of years in one set of four yugas have been mentioned earlier. O excellent brahmins, a thousand such sets of four yugas constitute a kalpa (of Brahma).During Brahma’s night the creatures perish; at the end of the night they are created again. There are twenty-eight crores of gods who move in aerial chariots.”In essence, a full day-night cycle of Brahma, with the day representing creation (or expansion / the Big Bang), and the night representing the destruction (or contraction / the Big Crunch), comes to 2000 sets of 4.32 million years, or 8.64 billion years.This is the age of one universe, after which a new one begins.Footnotes[1] Full text of "COSMOS - CARL SAGAN"[2] 'Hindu cosmology's time-scale for the universe is in consonance with modern science'[3] Shiva Dances the Eternal Cosmic Dance at CERN - Hinduism Now[4] The Scientific Symbolism of the Statue of Shiva Nataraja at CERN, Switzerland[5] Shiva’s Cosmic Dance at CERN[6] Linga Purana - English Translation - Part 1 of 2 : J.L.Shastri : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

I think the question doesn't reflect the glorious way in which the Constitution of India was written. I have a detailed chapter on this here: Chapter on Making of the Indian Constitution.The Constitution is not a rule book, nor is it a bunch of laws. It is a collection of principles and frameworks that would guide the leaders of the country. It reflects the visions and aspirations of the people who built the country. It specifies the limits of the powers of limits of government's power and guarantees the rights of the people.The UK doesn't even have a written Constitution. Thus, you can be sure that we didn't take anything from them. OurThere were 100s of people involved in writing the Constitution as a part of the Constituent Assembly - businessmen, farmers, professors, lawyers, politicians, priests and bureaucrats. Among the world bodies that wrote a Constitution, we were among the first to involve the women.The discussions happened over a period of 3 years over which they elaborately discussed each rule and saw which of them would fit the future of India. It was not a mere copy of any existing rulebook.The Assembly invited suggestions from all over India and 100s of groups were involved in providing the ideas. The popular ideas were debated and voted upon.Btw.. here are the members of the drafting committee who finally wrote the constitution:BR Ambedkar - educated in the US, not in UK.Gopalaswami Ayyangar - Civil servant, not a lawyerTT Krishnamachari - A professor of economics, not a lawyerAlladi Krishnaswamy Iyer - lawyer educated in India.K. M. Munshi - renowned education advocate who founded Bharatiya Vidhya BhavanB. N. Rau - a lawyer educated in UK, but he was also a civil servantMuhammed Saadulah - a lawyer educated in India.In short, it was not a rule book and it was not merely created by lawyers. More importantly it was not inspired from Britain. It is sad that instead of learning about one of the most glorious chapters in Indian history, we are just throwing out random assertions about our constitution.The best way to understand the Constitution is by reading it. Find out which article doesn't make sense for us and let us debate on that. Saying that the whole constitution is irrelevant because it had lawyers in the committee, will not be taken seriously.

Chapter 1:- THE PHYSICAL WORLDthe name of Indian sciencetists4 fundamental forces of natureChapter 2:- UNITS AND MESUREMENTSparallax errors%age errorsDimensional analysisParsec and other important definitionsChapter 3:- MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINErelative velocity applicationsDerivation of 3 eqns of motionNumericals on equation of motionChapter 4:- MOTION IN A PLANEvector addition,subtraction,dot &cross productParralleogram law of vectorsTriangular law of vectorsEquation of path of projectile (horizontal and angular projection) + derivation of corresponding formulas of maximum height , time and rangecentrifugral force derivationChapter 5:- LAWS OF MOTION1st 2nd and 3rd law of motionthe derivation of 1st and 3rd law of motion using 2nd law of motionrecoil of a gunnumericals on tension and free body diagramsfrictional force numericals+ derivationsbanking of roads (derivation)vertical circular motionChapter 6:- WORK ENERGY AND POWERWork - energy theorem for variable and constant force + numericalsNumericals on power and efficency of pumpsElastic and inelastic collision i 1st and 2nd dimensionpotential energy of springconservation of mechanical energy in a free falling bodyChapter 7:- SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTIONcentre of massEquillibrium of a rigid bodymotion of centre of massequations of angular motioncartesian form of Angular momentumtheorem of prependical and parallel axesconservation of angular momentumrolling of an object in an inclined planeChapter 8:- GRAVITATIONDerivation of 1st 2nd and 3rd law of Kepler s planetary motiongravitational potential energyvariation of 'g' with altitude and depthcalculation of 'g'escape velocity of a sateliteorbital velocity of a sateliteHeight of geostationary sateliteChapter 9:- MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDSYoung and bulk modulus+ numericalsstress v/s strain graphpossion s ratioelastic potential energyChapter 10:- MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDSPascal s lawtorricelli s experimentascent formulaterminal velocityrate of flow (Reynolds s number)Surface tensionsurface energyBernoulli s theoremEquation of continuitystokes lawChapter 11:- THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTERThermal expansions +numericalsNumericals on conductionNewton s law of cooling + numericalscalorimetryChapter 12:- THERMODYNAMICSZeroth 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics (qualitative idea)Mayer s formula (Cp-Cv=R)Performance of heat enginePerformance of carnot engineCarnot cycle + carnot theoremChapter 13:- KINETIC THEORY OF GASESLaw of equipartion of energyresults of derivation of pressure exerted by the gasmean free path of gasesMaxwell distribution of molecular speedsChapter 14:- OSCILLATIONSDerivation of simple harmonic motionenergies at different point during SHMDerivation of Time period of Simple pendulum, oscillation of a floating cylinder , spring , liquid in utube , body in a tunnel inside earthDefinitions of Resonance ,Free and Forced oscillationsChapter 15:- WAVESTypes of wavesNewton s calculation of speed of soundLaplace correctionbeats and standing wavesDoppler s effectIT WILL BE BETTER IF YOU ATTEMPT BACK EXERCISES OF ALL CHAPTERHope it helpsthanks.........enjoy physics :)