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Two most prominent scholarships are:J.N. Ratan Tata Endowment FundThe J.N Ratan Tata Endowment Fund was established in 1892 and it is extending its support to deserving Indian students to study abroad, by providing a monthly stipend of 1000 US dollars, besides covering the full academic fees. The organization is particular about encouraging students only with consistent academic records. The student must be less than 27 years of age at the time of enrolling for the scholarship.The Scholarship ProgrammeThe uniqueness of the J.N. Tata Endowment Scholarship Programme lies in its inherent flexibility and transparency. The programme is open to:All Indian nationals irrespective of caste, creed, community, socioeconomic background, gender and geographical location.All age groups, up to 45 years, covering the entire spectrum of scholars – from fresh graduates to mid-career professionals and academics with several years of work experience.Scholars pursuing full-time higher education in all areas and fields of study, with newly emerging fields of relevance to the country.Scholars pursuing higher studies abroad irrespective of the selected course or training programme, or a full-fledged Master’s, Doctoral or Postdoctoral programme.Eligibility CriteriaOnly Indian nationals are eligible for the scholarship.Graduates from a recognised Indian University, with a consistently good academic record.Students in the final year of a degree course and those awaiting final-year results.Academicians and other mid-career professionals, up to the age of 45 years, with experience in their fields, who wish to go abroad for further specialised training.Application ProcedureApplications for the loan scholarships are invited by the Endowment once a year, through advertisements in leading Indian newspapers in the month of December, for the following academic year.The application is to be made on a prescribed form available at the Endowment’s administrative office from December 8, 2014 to February 16, 2015.The prescribed form can be obtained either personally or on payment of an application fee of Rs.100 by cash, or by sending a request by a ‘Money Order’ or ‘Demand Draft’ drawn in favour of “The J. N. Tata Endowment” mentioning the applicant’s full name, contact numbers and address to enable the Endowment to post the form.Completed application forms, along with all the duly certified enclosures, should reach the Endowment's office not later than March 9, 2015.Shortlisted candidates will be called in for a mandatory personal interview that is conducted by relevant subject experts in Mumbai, between the months of March and June.Rotary ScholarshipThe prolific Indian students with first class honors in their related course are eligible to apply for this international scholarship program. Students/candidates with prior work experience are given preference. The student must be of 18-30 years of age during the time of enrollment. The Rotary scholarship covers a maximum of 10,000 US dollars.Some international scholarships cover only the study materials and course fee, whereas, a few other scholarships cover your accommodation, food and other basic living expenses in addition to your academic fee.

AbstractSociety's current response to labor market polarization and job automation, intentional or not, can be observed from several perspectives: the lens of fiscal and monetary policies, as well as decisions by labor market participants:Monetary policy: lackluster wage growth and inflation due to job polarization have contributed to today's ultra accommodative monetary policy at home and abroad. On one hand, policymakers acknowledge monetary policy's ineffectiveness on structural conditions affecting the labor market, but the inflation mandate nevertheless demanded easy monetary policies to boost soft inflation, regardless of the causeFiscal policy: (a belated but growing) acknowledgement of apprenticeship and vocational training for workers to retool without taking on excessive debt to fund traditional education programs. Nevertheless, policymakers may fall back on traditional approaches such as pledges of lower tax or higher social benefits (transfer payment), despite both options are constrained by the federal budgetLabor market participants: drawn by numerous studies of higher pay from higher education, adult (30+) continued education is the labor market's response to job automation and offshoring. This resulted in the unintended consequences of academic tuition inflation, increased student debt burden, as well as a decline in entrepreneurshipIn comparison, a more preferable approach would be broad-based support (and recognition) toward apprenticeship and vocational training, as well as to encourage workers to avoid unnecessary debt and take entrepreneurial risk. Under improved business dynamism, there would be more opportunities for workers even if they were displaced by job automation and outsourcing, thus reversing the effects of job polarization.Monetary policy and its reluctant role in structural unemploymentThe hollowing out of middle skilled jobs is weighing on wage growth and inflation. According to a 2012 research by the New York Fed, upper and lower-middle skill jobs are especially at risk from technology innovation and offshoring. The concern, therefore, is the resulting shift in wage dynamics and consumer behavior:We split middle-skill workers into two groups: upper-middle and lower-middle. The occupations in the upper-middle-skill group have median annual wages between $30,000 and $40,000. This group includes a mix of jobs: some that are routine and therefore subject to displacement by technology and globalization, such as precision production workers, and others that require physical proximity and are less subject to these forces, like teachers and construction workers. The lower-middle group, comprising occupations with a median wage ranging from $25,000 to $30,000, has a particularly high concentration of jobs that are susceptible to displacement by technology and globalization, including administrative support workers and machine operators.Putting job polarization into perspective: low income job growth rose across the board during the recovery, but the growth in high wage professions were less uniform:Federal Reserve Chair Yellen cited the disappointing wage growth during her March FOMC press conference (source: transcript):CHAIR YELLEN. So I must say I’m—I do see broad-based improvement in the labor market, and I’m somewhat surprised that we’re not seeing more of a pickup in wage growth. But at least—and I have to say, in anecdotal reports, we do hear quite a number of reports of firms facing wage pressures and even broad-based, slightly faster increases in wages—wage increases that they’re granting. But in the aggregate data, one doesn’t yet see any convincing evidence of a pickup in wage growth. It’s mainly isolated to certain sectors and occupations. So I do think, consistent with the 2 percent inflation objective, that there is certainly scope for further increases in wages. The fact that we have not seen any broad-based pickup is one of the factors that suggests to me that there is continued slack in the labor market, but I would expect wage growth to move up some.Indeed, the anecdotal wage growth not seen in aggregate data can be explained by uneven wage growth dominated by upper 14% of the income percentile:Average hourly earnings, the aggregate data often cited by policymakers, only show tentative signs of wage growth:Despite job polarization being a structural factor largely insensitive to monetary policy, its secondary effect of uneven wage growth has contributed to Fed policymakers' decision to proceed with policy normalization with caution.In doing so, policymakers are treating the symptom of job polarization as a cyclical short-fall: "wage will likely rise, and labor market slack will tighten further as policy remain easy."Fiscal policyFaced with growing public discontent toward income inequity (seen during the 2016 Presidential Campaign), policymakers generally argued in favor of tax cut or social programs. However, there is little room for fiscal policymakers to respond in a federal budget already constrained by mounting mandatory spending (interest on debt, medicare and social security):Is more college education the solution? In a report titled stuck in the middle: job market polarization, Bureau of Labor Statistics acknowledged the "ceiling" experienced by many college graduates (the report refers to an April 2015 Brookings study by Harry Holzer)What can be done to refill the hole of middle-skill jobs and workers? Instead of relying on higher education to supply successful bachelor of arts candidates for middle-skill roles, Holzer asserts that our focus should shift to community colleges. They provide specific job-driven training through partnerships with employers and STEM education for middle-skilled occupations. He concludes that if state and federal incentives support this idea among candidates, educators, and employers, it’s possible that the middle class can rebound.To further elaborate the challenges faced by college graduates, the decline of on-the-job training also meant employers are spending time and energy to pursuit the more elusive "perfect candidate" that checks all the skill boxes (meaning new college graduates with a broad-based knowledge but deficient in experiences would still struggle in their job searches):However, even as the market demands more middle-skilled workers, will the labor supply fit the bill? Business owners complain that they’re unable to attract skilled workers. In certain high-growth sectors, like health care and information technology, this supply shortage isn’t surprising as those occupations require specific, detailed skills that were previously not required in these industries. However, Holzer notes that major sectors did not experience any real wage growth in 2013, and on-the-job training has decreased overall as businesses cut costs. Employers are also hesitant to invest in young employees who change jobs quickly or workers with feeble skills who are slow to learn. Also, small businesses may have a hard time implementing training; they may lack the general knowledge of how to do so and can’t afford upfront costs. These factors, coupled with a rebounding but tepid economy, do not bode well for middle-skilled workers. Perhaps this is why many employers offshore middle-skilled jobs.Indeed, some fiscal policymakers have shifted their sights into a solution long understood by financial market participants - each generation of traders are trained by the last, and certain knowledge and skills cannot be taught in classrooms. Apprenticeship and vocational schools are again being looked into as potential solutions, although policymakers across the spectrum will likely not see eye-to-eye on how to fund such programs.Finally, society's response to dispel the stigma of trade school and apprenticeship will be a welcoming step to help workers displaced by automation.Individuals' desire to retool and the rise of student debtAs individuals respond to job polarization by taking on debt to fund higher education and retool. Unfortunately, many did so at the cost of future risk tolerance - faced with mounting debt payments, workers' ability to accumulate capital become constrained. At the same time, their risk-tolerance also decline - many opt for the corporate environment not for growth, but also for a "safe" environment to deleverage (thus the cycle of "borrow to pay for school, so one can get a good job to pay off debt"). Below chart shows the growth of student debt, especially in the 30+ age groups:With increased demand comes higher cost - current generation of students took out larger loans to fund their education. The process to retool is more costly now compared to 10 years ago.Furthermore, the more-leveraged workers with less risk-tolerance now face further declines in business dynamism (decline in business churning and new firm formations). Even though the Brookings study did not identify the reasons behind the decline, it is probable that rising debt obligation had contributed to the post-2008 dip:Skeptics may argue the Great Tech Start-up Revolution had signaled a turned-around in business dynamism, and human labor displaced by automation may come back in the form of entrepreneurs. However, Washington Post's the great start-up slowdown published in December 2014 argued the opposite:Recent research from the Brookings Institution confirms that compared to 25 years ago, a smaller share of Americans today work in start-up companies and that a smaller share of companies are start-ups. Even the tech industry — that bastion of venture capital and IPOs — has seen its start-up rate decline. In 1982, Haltiwanger and coauthors report, 3 in 5 high-tech firms were young start-ups; in 2012, that had fallen to less than 2 in 5.This is bad for middle-class workers. Newer companies create a lot more jobs, on net, than long-established ones, according to several studies, including a recent one by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which compiles economic statistics for wealthy nations around the world. (This is true even though so many start-ups fail.) Haltiwanger’s research suggests America would have 1.1 million more jobs today if dynamism were still at even mid-1980s levels. More jobs would reduce competition among would-be workers for available slots, which would mean companies would need to pay workers more to attract or keep them.The Washington Post article's main protagonist is a nuclear physicist who dreamed of disrupting the giants of the shoe industry and to democratize form-fitting footwear. Her passion was so strong that she was willing to forsake nuclear engineering:“I’ve been wishing my shoes fit for years,” Jackson said on Saturday at the Startup Weekend, after the crowd had voted to greenlight her idea and she’d assembled a team of techies and marketing whizzes. “I think it’s important to have jobs in America,” she added a moment later. “And not just soul-crushing jobs for The Man — craftsmanship jobs.”It’s important for the American economy to have start-up companies — and not just so that the owners of those companies can earn their way into the middle class. Start-ups also help oil the engine of capitalism.Unfortunately, it would be exceedingly risky for someone with existing mortgage and / or student loan obligations to leave a stable job to pursuit entrepreneurial projects. Many choose the beaten path due to financial necessity.ConclusionBased on the aforementioned analysis, the society may recognize (de-stigmatize) and expand apprenticeship plus vocational training for workers, thus reduce demand on higher education. This would reverse the growth of student loan, help improve business dynamism, and kick start a virtuous cycle where more enterprises seek (and train) middle-skill workers to offset the effects of job polarization.

You mean in addition to these instances?Reparations Payments Made in the United States by the Federal Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, and Colleges and Universities1866: Southern Homestead Act: "Ex-slaves were given 6 months to purchase land at reasonable rates without competition from white southerners and northern investors. But, owing to their destitution, few ex-slaves were able to take advantage of the program. The largest number that did were located in Florida, numbering little more than 3,000…The program failed."1927: The Shoshones were paid over $6 million for land illegally seized from them (although it was only half the appraised value of the land) (Race, Racism, and Reparationsby J. Angelo Corlett, 2003, Cornell University Press, p. 170).1956: The Pawnees were awarded more than $1 million in a suit brought before the Indian Claims Commission for land taken from them in Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri (Race, Racism, and Reparations by J. Angelo Corlett, 2003, Cornell University Press, p. 170).1962: Georgia restored many Cherokee landmarks, a newspaper plant, and other buildings in New Echota. It also repealed its repressive anti-Native American laws of 1830 (Race, Racism, and Reparations by J. Angelo Corlett, 2003, Cornell University Press, p. 170).1969: The Black Manifesto was launched in Detroit as one of the first calls for reparations in the modern era. Penned by James Forman, former SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) organizer, and released at the National Black Economic Development Conference, the manifesto demanded $500 million in reparations from predominantly White religious institutions for their role in perpetuating slavery. About $215,000 was raised from the Episcopalian and Methodist churches through rancorous deliberations that ultimately tore the coalition apart ("Black and Blue Chicago Finds a New Way to Heal" by Yana Kunichoff and Sarah Macaraeg, YES Magazine, Spring 2017).The payments from 1971-1988 are taken from the booklet Black Reparations Now! 40 Acres, $50 Dollars, and a Mule, + Interest by Dorothy Benton-Lewis; and borrowed from N’COBRA (National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America).1971: around $1 billion + 44 million acres of land: Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.1980: $81 million: Klamaths of Oregon ("Spending Spree" by Dylan Darling, Herald and News (Klamath Falls, OR), June 21, 2005).1980: $105 million: Sioux of South Dakota for seizure of their land (United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U.S. 371 (1980)).1985: $12.3 million: Seminoles of Florida (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81).1985: $31 million: Chippewas of Wisconsin (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81).1986: $32 million per 1836 Treaty: Ottawas of Michigan (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81).1988: Civil Liberties Act of 1988: President Ronald Reagan signed a bill providing $1.2 billion ($20,000 a person) and an apology to each of the approximately 60,000 living Japanese-Americans who had been interned during World War II. Additionally, $12,000 and an apology were given to 450 Unangans (Aleuts) for internment during WWII, and a $6.4 million trust fund was created for their communities ("U.S. pays restitution; apologizes to Unangan (Aleut) for WWII Internment," National Library of Medicine).1989*: Congressman John Conyers, D-Michigan, introduced bill H.R. 3745, which aimed to create the Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act. The bill was introduced "[to] address the fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery in the United States and the 13 American colonies between 1619 and 1865 and to establish a commission to study and consider a national apology and proposal for reparations for the institution of slavery, its subsequent de jure and de facto racial and economic discrimination against African-Americans, and the impact of these forces on living African-Americans, to make recommendations to the Congress on appropriate remedies, and for other purposes." (Preamble)1993*,**: U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution acknowledging and apologizingto Native Hawaiians the illegal United States–aided overthrow of the sovereign Hawaiian nation.The reparations payments from 1994-2016, with the exception of Virginia Governor Mark Warner’s 2002 apology and Georgetown University’s actions, are taken from "Black and Blue Chicago Finds a New Way to Heal" by Yana Kunichoff and Sarah Macaraeg, YES Magazine, Spring 2017; and Long Overdue: The Politics of Racial Reparations: From 40 Acres to Atonement and Beyond by Charles P. Henry, 2007, NYU Press.1994: The state of Florida approved $2.1 million for the living survivors of a 1923 racial pogrom that resulted in multiple deaths and the decimation of the Black community in the town of Rosewood ("Rosewood Massacre: A Harrowing Tale of Racism and the Road toward Reparations" by Jessica Glenza, The Guardian, January 3, 2016).1995**: The Southern Baptists apologized to African American church members for the denomination’s endorsement of slavery.1997**: President Bill Clinton apologized to the survivors of the U.S. government–sponsored syphilis tests in Tuskegee, Alabama.1998: President Clinton signed into law the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Study Site Act, which officially acknowledges an 1864 attack by seven hundred U.S. soldiers on a peaceful Cheyenne village located in the territory of Colorado. Hundreds, largely women and children, were killed. The act calls for the establishment of a federally funded Historic Site at Sand Creek.2001: The Oklahoma legislature passed and Governor Keating signed a bill to pay reparations for the destruction of the Greenwood, Oklahoma, community in 1921 in the form of low-income student scholarships in Tulsa; an economic development authority for Greenwood; a memorial; and the awarding of medals to the 118 known living survivors of the destruction of Greenwood.2002**: Governor Mark Warner of Virginia issued a formal apology for the state’s decision to forcibly sterilize more than 8,000 of its residents ("Va. Apologizes to the Victims of Sterilizations" by William Branigin, Washington Post, May 3, 2002).2005*,**: The U.S. Senate approved, by voice vote, S.R. 39, which called for the lawmakers to apologize to lynching victims, survivors, and their descendants, several whom were watching from the gallery.2005: Virginia, five decades after ignoring Prince Edward County and other locales that shut down their public schools in support of segregation, is making a rare effort to confront its racist past, in effect apologizing and offering reparations in the form of scholarships. With a $1 million donation from the billionaire media investor John Kluge and a matching amount from the state, Virginia is providing up to $5,500 to any state resident who was denied a proper education when public schools shut down. So far, more than 80 students have been approved for the scholarships and the numbers are expected to rise. Several thousand are potentially eligible. “A New Hope For Dreams Suspended By Segregation,” The New York Times, July 31, 2005 by Michael Janofsky.2008/2009*,**: U.S. House Resolution 194and Senate Concurrent Resolution 26 made a formal apology to the African American community for "centuries of brutal dehumanization and injustices." Plus, there was an admission that "African Americans continue to suffer from the complex interplay between slavery and Jim Crow long after both systems were formally abolished through enormous damage and loss, both tangible and intangible, including the loss of human dignity."2014: The state of North Carolina set aside $10 million for reparations payments to living survivors of the state’s eugenics program, which forcibly sterilized approximately 7,600 people ("North Carolina Set To Compensate Forced Sterilization Victims" by Scott Neuman, NPR, July 25, 2013; "Families of NC Eugenics Victims No Longer Alive Still Have Shot at Compensation" by Anne Blythe, News & Observer (Raleigh, N.C.), March 17, 2017).2015: The City of Chicago signed into law an ordinance granting cash payments, free college education, and a range of social services to 57 living survivors of police torture (Burge Reparations). Explicitly defined as reparations, which totaled $5.5 million, the ordinance includes a formal apology from Mayor Rahm Emanuel and a mandate to teach the broader public about the torture through a memorial and public school curriculum.2016: Georgetown University has acknowledged that the school has profited from the sale of slaves and has "reconciled" by naming two buildings after African Americans and offer preferred admission to any descendants of slaves who worked at the university.2016: The state of Virginia, one of more than 30 other states that practiced forced sterilizations, followed North Carolina’s lead and has since 2016 been awarding $25,000 to each survivor ("Virginia Votes Compensation for Victims of its Eugenic Sterilization Program" by Jaydee Hanson, Center for Genetics and Society, March 5, 2015).2018: The Supreme Court, in a 4-4 deadlock, let stand a lower court's order that the state of Washington make billions of dollars worth of repairs to roads, where the state had built culverts below road channels and structures in a way that prevented salmon from swimming through and reaching their spawning grounds, that had damaged the state’s salmon habitats and contributed to population loss. The case involved the Stevens Treaties, a series of agreements in 1854-55, in which tribes in Washington State gave up millions of acres of land in exchange for "the right to take fish." Implicit in the treaties, courts would later rule, was a guarantee that there would be enough fish for the tribes to harvest. Destroying the habitat reduces the population and thus violates these treaties. This decision directly affects the Swinomish Tribe ("A Victory For A Tribe That’s Lost Its Salmon" by John Eligon, The New York Times, June 12, 2018).2019*: Senator Cory Booker, D-New Jersey, introduced bill S. 1083 (H.R. 40 Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act) in the Senate that would provide for a commission to study and report on the impact of slavery and discrimination against Black Americans and deliver a verdict on different proposals for reparations. The bill "is a way of addressing head-on the persistence of racism, white supremacy, and implicit racial bias in our country. It will bring together the best minds to study the issue and propose solutions that will finally begin to right the economic scales of past harms and make sure we are a country where all dignity and humanity is affirmed." (Press release, April 8, 2019)2019***: "Students at Georgetown University voted to increase their tuition to benefit descendants of the 272 enslaved Africans that the Jesuits who ran the school sold nearly two centuries ago to secure its future." In a nonbinding student-led referendum, "the undergraduate student body voted to add a new fee of $27.20 per student per semester to their tuition bill, with the proceeds devoted to supporting education and health care programs in Louisiana and Maryland, where many of the 4,000 known living descendants of the 272 enslaved people now reside." ("Georgetown Students Agree to Create Reparations Fund" by Adeel Hassan, The New York Times, April 12, 2019)* Congressional actions** apologies from government institutions and other organizations*** first college students to vote to financially support reparations