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What is the Apple U1 chip, and why is it important.The biggest Apple announcement today was what Apple actually didn’t announce—yet.“Hey Siri, we lost Spot the dog, do you know where he is?”Siri:”Spot is located 87 feet forward and down 2 feet from the height of the iPhone. Please hold up your phone and follow the Balloon to Spot’s location”Today, September 10th, 2019 Apple announced the iPhone 11 and iPhone 11 Pro series of phones. Not mentioned on the stage, but briefly shown on the screen during Phil Schiller’s presentation was the new Apple U1 chip. Hidden in plain sight much like how he pre-announced Apple Pay, we see the Apple U1 Chip there for the world to see, yet most missed it until after the event.Specimen Apple Event September 10th, 2019 showing Apple U1 Chip.In 2012 Phil did precisely the same thing during the announcement of TouchID as a credit card machine, a Hypercom device [0], was presented on the screen as a potential use case for TouchID. I wrote this would be a nearly 100% confirmation of what became Apple Pay (I called it the iWallet, I know very 2012 of me). Many folks in the payment industry including disruptive startups thought me insane and went about becoming redundant when Apple Pay was released. Of course I had far more basis than a single Phil image. History is about to repeat itself.Specimen of Phil showing TouchID use cases in 2012.Why was the Apple U1 chip on a graphic behind Phil and not announced overtly and only lightly mentioned on the Apple website? We will explore this in more detail at the end. Yet the first mention of how Apple will use the U1 Chip was presented on Apple’s own website as a new highly directional version of AirDrop.The text on Apple’s website for iPhone 11 series says it all:Ultra Wideband technology comes to iPhone.The new Apple‑designed U1 chip uses Ultra Wideband technology for spatial awareness — allowing iPhone 11 to precisely locate other U1‑equipped Apple devices. Think GPS at the scale of your living room. So if you want to share a file with someone using AirDrop, just point your iPhone at theirs and they’ll be first on the list.And:Can you be more precise? Yes.The new Apple‑designed U1 chip uses Ultra Wideband technology for spatial awareness — allowing iPhone 11 Pro to precisely locate other U1‑equipped Apple devices. It’s like adding another sense to iPhone, and it’s going to lead to amazing new capabilities.With U1 and iOS 13, you can point your iPhone toward someone else’s, and AirDrop will prioritize that device so you can share files faster.And that’s just the beginning.Just the beginning, indeed.Specimen Apple website September 10th, 2019 showing Apple U1 Chip promotion.Specimen Apple website September 10th, 2019 showing Apple U1 Chip promotion.Meet Ultra-Wide Band Radio TechnologyThe “U” in the U1 chip relates to the Ultra-Wide Band Radio Technology (UWB) [1] technology it uses. UWB can be used for many application and use cases. One use case that will become very large for Apple as they move to AR/MR technology and Apple Glasses is to be able to track spatial relationships of objects. One way to do this is using lasers and IR systems, and Apple is already doing this to some degree with FaceID and Animoji. The other way to do this is via the radio spectrum.The Apple U1 Chip most assuredly uses a variant of the IEEE 802.15 WPAN from the IEEE 802.15.4z Enhanced Impulse Radio group of which Apple is an active member. IEEE 802.15.4z to put in simple terms wants to absorb, in some ways, and extend Bluetooth, NFC, WiFi and other network standards and protocols.The early concept of this technology was used in an all but abandoned Apple initiative called iBeacons [2]. This technology was centered around Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). The idea was sound, however the technology was low resolution, so low that it would be hard to be with-in a few feet without triangularization of 3 or more iBeacons and even then it can drift significantly with heat and obstacle issues.Parallel to the iBeacon research, Apple was testing a newer and more exacting technology in their research labs in 2005. By 2006, before the iPhone was even announced, they applied for a patent for “Ultra-wideband radios for time-of-flight-ranging and network position estimation” via a research grant at Livermore Labs. It took until September 2010 for the patent application to be released by the US Patent and Trademark Office. Apple went on to do a lot of work with iBeacons and BLE. However, the 3 dimensional spatial resolution was not nearly as accurate as Apple needed and thus they abandoned the concept of the iBeacon.The “Smoking Gun” Apple UWB PatentsMore recently Apple has applied for a few more patents centered around UWB. Inventor Joachim S. Hammerschmidt has developed some amazing extension of this technology. Apple inventor Benjamin Vigier has also contributed greatly to the UWB beacon concept. Joachim is a bit of an Apple patent savant submitting a few dozen patents on UWB and other radio frequency technologies.Specimen Joachim S. Hammerschmidt Apple Patents.Even though the concepts of UWB has been around since the dawn of radio first developed in a useable way by RCA in the 1950s, the miniaturization and low power chips has it taken on this new form.I have surfaced three very interesting Apple patents centered around UWB that most have overlooked.Beacon Triggered Processes 2019 (United States Patent Application: 0190272567)Ultra-wideband radios for time-of-flight-ranging and network position estimation 2006 (United States Patent Application: 0100225541)TIME INSTANT REFERENCE FOR ULTRA WIDEBAND SYSTEMS 2018 (United States Patent Application: 0190199398)Pulse Shaping Interoperability Protocol for Ultra Wideband Systems 2017 (United States Patent Application: 0190007093)Specimen Joachim S. Hammerschmidt Apple Patent embodiment.Clearly Apple had predicted the need for UWB as far back as the early 2000s. There are more Apple patents that relate to this technology, but these give an interesting overview:Beacon Triggered ProcessesAbstractTechniques and systems for beacon triggered processes are disclosed. A described technique includes causing a beacon device to broadcast a beacon message, the beacon device being within the vicinity of an establishment; detecting a presence of a user of a mobile device based on receiving from the mobile device a first message that is responsive to the beacon message; retrieving a transaction record based on a user or mobile device identifier in the first message; generating and transmitting a second message based on the transaction record to facilitate a completion of a transaction associated with the transaction record at the establishment; the second message being configured to provide notification of an arrival of the user and dispatch an employee to meet the user and handle the transaction; and generating and transmitting a third message based on the transaction record to facilitate the completion of the transaction at the mobileSpecimen Benjamin Vigier Apple Patent embodiment.And:Ultra-wideband radios for time-of-flight-ranging and network position estimationAbstractThis invention provides a novel high-accuracy indoor ranging device that uses ultra-wideband (UWB) RF pulsing with low-power and low-cost electronics. A unique of the present invention is that it exploits multiple measurements in time and space for very accurate ranging. The wideband radio signals utilized herein are particularly suited to ranging in harsh RF environments because they allow signal reconstruction in spite of multipath propagation distortion. Furthermore, the ranging and positioning techniques discussed herein directly address many of the known technical challenges encountered in UWB localization regarding synchronization and sampling. In the method developed, noisy, corrupted signals can be recovered by repeating range measurements across a channel, and the distance measurements are combined from many locations surrounding the target in a way that minimizes the range biases associated to indirect flight paths and through-wall propagation delays.And:TIME INSTANT REFERENCE FOR ULTRA WIDEBAND SYSTEMSAbstractEmbodiments enable communicating Ultra Wideband (UWB) devices to collaborate by exchanging pulse shape information. The UWB devices use the pulse shape information to improve ranging accuracy. The improved ranging accuracy can be used in complex multipath environments where advanced estimation schemes are used to extract an arriving path for time-of-flight estimation. To determine the pulse shape information to be shared, some embodiments include determining location information of a UWB device and selecting the pulse shape information that satisfies regional aspects. The pulse shape information includes a time-zero index specific to a ranging signal that is used by UWB receivers to establish timestamps time-of-flight calculations. Some embodiments include measuring performance characteristics and selecting different pulse shape information based on the performance characteristics for improved accuracy.And:Pulse Shaping Interoperability Protocol for Ultra Wideband SystemsAbstractEmbodiments enable communicating Ultra Wideband (UWB) devices to collaborate by exchanging pulse shape information. The UWB devices use the pulse shape information to improve ranging accuracy. The improved ranging accuracy can be used in complex multipath environments where advanced estimation schemes are used to extract an arriving path for time-of-flight estimation. To determine the pulse shape information to be shared, some embodiments include determining location information of a UWB device and selecting the pulse shape information that satisfies regional aspects. The pulse shape information includes a time-zero index specific to a ranging signal that is used by UWB receivers to establish timestamps time-of-flight calculations. Some embodiments include measuring performance characteristics and selecting different pulse shape information based on the performance characteristics for improved accuracy.In the “Pulse Shaping Interoperability Protocol for Ultra Wideband Systems” Apple patent we find very enlighten embodiments:[0021] Precise knowledge of pulse shape information used at a station's transmitter allows the use of receivers that isolate pulse shaping or other filtering effects from true propagation channel effects. Knowledge of the pulse shape information also allows the use of signal processing techniques that may be referred to as "deconvolution" techniques--methods to look at an overall received signal (e.g., end-to-end impulse response from transmitter to receiver) and factor out known artifacts such as, for example, transmitter pulse shaping including antenna effects or receiver transfer characteristics. These signal processing techniques allow extraction of a desired contribution of a wireless propagation channel in the overall system response; in turn, this extraction can be used to determine a time instant of an arriving propagation path.Other embodiments present an example system that may include but is not limited to UWB devices such as wireless communication devices (iPhones # 110 and 120), vehicular transponder device (#130), entry transponder device for doors (#140), a household device (#150 thermostat), pet leash tag (#160), and anchor nodes l70a­l70c.I have been studying patents for over 35 years and in particular Apple patents. The Apple UWB patents have been of great interest to me as I knew UWB will become not only an indoor mapping system, like GPS for indoor spaces, it will become crucial to AR/MR/VR environments for fine tuning of spatial coordinates. UWB will also be very useful with automobiles, drones, and robotic systems. I wrote a few reports for clients and one VC commented that “this would forever change the way we view indoor spaces”, I agree.These Apple patents are a potpourri of ways Apple can and very likely will use UWB. I could literally write a book on how this will play out for Apple just via these patents. Some of what I have learned since 2010 I will use in this answer.The Apple UWB Personal Radar SystemUWB can also serve as a sort of personal radar that can self reference the waves it sends out and echo locate your spacial world with a high degree of precision. I can see this as one way to avert some folks hunched over and thumb clawing at the screen walking down the street and the iPhone puts up a notification of an imminent collision.Specimen of a whimsical radar screen.Although humorous, if Apple makes this into an open standard, and there is evidence some aspects may become open sourced, imagine a world where UWBs are in all automobiles and pedestrians. The collision detection and avoidance systems can become very powerful, and save many lives.How does UWB Work?UWB IEEE 802.15 WPAN devices collaborate with each other by exchanging pulsed shapes of information that can be used for a future ranging exchange. This is achieved by the receiving UWB devices using the pulse shape information to improve the ranging accuracy. The improved ranging accuracy can be used in complex multi-path environments where advanced estimation schemes are used to extract an arriving path for time-of-flight estimation. Time-of-flight is the basis of how UWB works, very much like GPS.Specimen of waveforms used to calculate time of flight.The pulse shape information includes a time-zero index specific to a received ranging signal that is used by UWB receivers to establish timestamps for time-of-flight calculations.This includes measuring performance characteristics and selecting different pulse shape information.The UWB receiving pulse shape information from other devices, where the pulse shape information is used in UWB communications between the electronic device and the another electronic device, receiving a ranging signal that uses first pulse shape information, and determining a distance between the electronic device and the another electronic device based at least in part on the pulse shape information and the ranging signal.Thus determining the distance includes calculating a time-of-flight associated with the ranging signal and the pulse shape information includes a time-zero index that may be a sample of a main lobe of the pulse shape information (e.g., a first sample or a center sample of a main lobe of the pulse shape information.) The pulse shape information also satisfies one or more regional aspects associated with location information of the electronic device.One or more of the anchor nodes may be used in conjunction with an iPhone or other device to improve the accuracy and reliability of ranging. The devices may triangulate and determine a geographic location that may be used to provide local direction information.The primary UWB can also serve as its own Anchor Node and self reference the ranging signal pattern itself. Very much like personal radar systems, this may not have the same high resolution as using two or more devices to triangulate, but it can be quite useful.Apple U1 ChipThe Apple U1 chip is a application specific low power chip design very much like the new Decawave impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) DW1000 Radio IC chip set. They have sold millions of these chips thus far and has better than 10 centimeters guaranteed indoor accuracy. It is very possible the Apple U1 chip uses the Decawave chip, licensed technology or a customized OEM version. It is possible to achieve better than 3 centimeters of accuracy in theory with this technology.Specimen Decawave DW1000 chip.The Decawave DW1000 Radio IC [3] for example, can move 6.8Mbps of data with an accuracy that is 100x better than WiFi or Bluetooth. It can reach 290 meters of distance with a very minimal power requirement with a 50x faster speed compared to standard GPS latency. Although the Apple U1 chip is not yet released, I suspect we will expect the same or better specifications. Thus based on the DW1000 as the base, we can imagine just how important the Apple U1 will become.Specimen Apple U1 Chip.Although Apple only mentioned indirectly the U1 chip in the new iPhone 11 series, I think it is likely to be a part of Apple Watch Series 5. And if not yet in Apple Watch Series 5, it will be in a future version. I also imagine the U1 in AirPods, AirPod cases, Apple Glasses, MacBook Pros and of course in a stand alone device similar to the Tile.Specimen Apple U1 Chip.The very low battery consumption of the U1 chip may make it possible for a single coin cell hearing aid battery to have a life of a year or more in normal settings. It is also possible to use the ambient radio frequencies that surround all of us to charge the battery using the patented technology from the Apple acquired company Passif [4]. It seems a very natural use case for Passif technology and was once used to power early internal testing of iBeacons.Specimen of UWB topography.Using the very low power consumption of the Apple U1 Chip and Passif ambient radio wave battery charging, it seems that we may see a less than 2 inch disc, what I will call this Locate or AppleLocate (internally called Rose Tag by Apple), device in the market. It seems the existence of AppleLocate was revealed in iPhone Find My app. Thus it seems very likely one of the first things we see utilizing the U1 chip, outside of the iPhone 11 series is this new device. Many have speculated this would be a stand alone device and today this seems to be the case. I have asserted this technology would come about since 2012 originally as iBeacons and later as UWB.Specimen of the  Locate or AppleLocate image found in Apple software.The AppleLocate tags will be relatively inexpensive, starting at about $20 and likely drifting to less than $2 in high production, it seems likely it will become widely used for countless reasons.We will thus see AppleLocate tags in just about all Apple devices at some point for very precise location tracking and perimeter fencing. For example, you can be notified when the AppleLocate tag has entered or left an area as well as the U! chip built into other Apple devices. It will become orders of magnitude more difficult to steal an Apple product in the future with perimeter fencing breech notifications.HyperLocal And HyperPrivateIt is entirely possible to build a useful AR/MR/VR map of any indoor space using the Apple U1 chip in just a few minutes few minutes. This can be utilized with the same laser and/or IR technology found in the iPhone for FaceID. Thus with a combinations of the Apple U1 chip and Apple A13 Bionic neural engine we will have one of the most sophisticated spacial mapping and analyzing systems in any currently available consumer device.Indoor mapping has been tried via many methods over the years, including using the Roomba robotic vacuum cleaner systems. Roomba met with a great deal of push back by users of their products when it was discovered the company may be selling indoor maps of the user’s homes [5] using SLAM technology. In the case of Apple, the U1 chip along with the results of FaceID/TouchID system is stored in the Secure Enclave. The data stored in the Secure Enclave is physically, nearly impossible to retrieve from the chip and is held only local to the device fully encrypted.There will be endless allegations that Apple is trying to collect and sell the results of indoor mapping and other telemetries from the Apple U1 Chip, but this will not be the case. Apple simply does not have access to the information and could not use it without you supplying it.Developer OpportunityIt seems very likely Apple will open up some of the abilities of the Apple U1 chip to developers. This will of course be by explicit permissions granted to the developer much like sharing location data. However I feel strongly Apple will never let a free flow of U! chip data be shared with any developer app. The opportunities with a well crafted API supply by Apple can be quite amazing. From AR use case to collision avoidance systems and just about everything in-between, this will become a very interesting new frontier for Apple developers. I think we will begin to see the API by the Apple World Wide Developer Conference 2020.Apple Glasses: The Held And Worn New Software VersionMore than anything else, the Apple U1 Chip helps telegraph the Apple Glasses AR/MR platform. Internally at Apple this is known under a few names, Project StarBoard is linked to the first generations of Apple Glasses. The ARDisplayDevice SDK in iPhoneOS 13 also clearly confirms an external AR/MR display device. The first versions will use the iPhone 11 Series as a tether base—wirelessly. Much like Apple Watch and Apple CarPlay the Apple Glasses will interact and interplay with full apps on the iPhone. There is likely to be an Apple U1 Chip built-in to the Apple Glasses as well as new Siri chips and Bone Conduction sound chip Apple has been working on. The Apple U1 Chip on the Apple Glasses and on the iPhone will work together as node anchors.Specimen of a hypothetical Apple Glasses display monitor using AirPlay.Apple will allow for two versions of the same code to run. Called held as in the iPhone and worn as in Apple glasses. And like CarPlay the worn version for the first generations of Apple glasses will have less information. Apple has slowly been adding features that will use Apple Glasses in Apple Maps, Find My app and other Apple apps to help build the infrastructure and early developer interest in Apple Glasses. Thus as we see use cases slowly rolled out by Apple for the Apple U1 Chip, imagine how it will related to Apple Glasses. As this slowly plays out, it will become abundantly clear how deeply Apple has been thinking about this.The Apple U1 chip will be used to help decode hand gestures in an AR/MR/VR spacial environment. The unfortunate aspect is just like the QWERTY keyboard there may be dozens of “standards”. It is my sincere hope that American Sign Language becomes the “Silent Voice” for this new user interface. It is robust and nuanced and will include a far wide audience. If we must learn new gestures, let me be gestures that a significant portion of the population already know. A great artifact is compared to thumb clawing at glass screens on the 1870s QWERTY keyboard, ASL is 10X faster. The Apple U1 Chip will help bring this about with the combination of other technologies.If we gave an #ASLVoice to this next generation adopting American Sign Language to spacial gestures we would unlock future generations from thumb clawing on glass screens into the next century.It is a #VoiceFirst future, #ASLVoice will change the world in astonishing ways. https://t.co/iQhEWAPgQT pic.twitter.com/re5CVjQAPs— Brian Roemmele (@BrianRoemmele) September 13, 2019Specimen of open source MediaPipe GPU based software decoding ASL.I have been experimenting with Glasses in my garage lab for a few years that display contextual information and interact via a Voice First system I call The Intelligence Amplifier. I use a number of systems in my cheap glasses including the Decawave DW1000 Radio IC with a very early version of the IEEE 802.15.4z spec. I have had robust success and see no reason why Apple will not do as robustly with this technology. There is no doubt Apple Glasses will be a Voice First device.I‘ve been using a UWB IEEE 802.15.4z WPAN chip from Decawave the IR-UWB DW1000 for over a year with robust success.I can now say I have this chip in my cheap glasses below.Many may find interesting, the Apple U1 Chip is IEEE 802.15.4z and based on the DW1000.Coincidence 🧐 https://t.co/VfZRkLjAZL pic.twitter.com/6jWnXwM8qk— Brian Roemmele (@BrianRoemmele) September 12, 2019Specimen of my cheap glasses modifed in my garage lab..Apple Pay, Retail and Industrial UsesAs I mentioned, there will be countless new use cases for the Apple U1 Chip. I built the first and still the largest Apple Pay Map in the world, PayFinders [6]. One of my challenges was to push a notification to the iPhone user’s phone when they were inside the business, but also close to the checkout. In large stores like Target, I had great accuracy. However In smaller stores the boundaries were in and sometimes near the store. I urged Apple to use Bluetooth at top line merchants to help users know where an Apple Pay Credit Card machine was located and operational. My research showed people just did not want to ask or even test in most circumstances. With the AppleLocate tags on Credit Card Machines, the Apple Pay user can be directed precisely to with-in a few millimeters.The same can be said of product locations. The “Beacon Triggered Processes” Apple patent just released on September 5th, 2019 goes a long way on how the Apple U1 Chip will be used with Apple Pay to begin and complete a sale. Apple Stores are already testing AppleLocate tags in their stores today. Although it takes some interesting radio frequency equipment to find them, I have been successful at two locations. The use case will allow for you to find a product like you world on a website with a whimsical Balloon, also used in the Find My app, to direct you to the precise location of the Apple product. With FaceID and Apple Pay you just look at your phone and confirm and leave. It is not hard to imagine many retail businesses adopting the system. It is also not hard to imagine AppleLocate used in industrial locations and medical locations. I will have much to say about this over the next few months as I have studied these use cases in depth for over a decade.Finally it is entirely likely a form of UWB will fully replace NFC for many payment transactions in the physical world. Although this will not take place any time in the next few years because the merchant payment systems are always on a 5 to 8 year upgrade cycle, however it will be likely to take place in the next decade.Open Sourced Apple UWB TechnologyI think it is likely some of the technology around the AppleLocate system and the Apple U1 Chip will be open sourced for adoption of other companies. Much like elements of AirPlay it would make a great deal of sense for Apple to get as many manufactures to adopt this system as possible. Apple is light years ahead of Google, Samsung and Amazon in intellectual property and public patents that would give them a big edge in home automation and help guide Siri to a more favorable position in the home.Speculative But Very Likely Use Cases Of The Apple U1 ChipI have written a few reports over the last few years on how UWB technology will be used in the future. I presented the rather certain use cases in this article, however there will be many others. Time and space constraints presented here I will mention a few:Bitcoin wallets and merchant payment systemsMedical biometricsVoice First HyperLocal HyperContextual systemsWhy Apple Did Not Announce The U1 Chip?So with all of these amazing attributes, why did Apple not announce the Apple U1 Chip? I assert it is a confluence of things:The iPhoneOS software needed is not yet releasedApple will release AppleLocate tags for holiday shopping 2019Apple had too many things to announce at this Apple Event and this would take too much timeApple is aware of the privacy implication many will cast and wants to spend more time to explainOther issues I can not present at this moment in timeThus it was not in the cards to hear anyone on the stage talk about the Apple U1 Chip but it certainly was presented behind Phil during his time on the stage and later indirectly communicated as part of a new version of “directional” AirDrop. Some people find it intriguing that AirDrop will use the Apple U1 Chip, however it will make much more sense how AirDrop will work in an AR/MR world that is on the map for Apple. In the meantime, being able to precisely locate via people and device via AirDrop will allow for new ways to send larger amounts of private and encrypted data.The findable abilities of the U1 chip will bridge across a multitude of Apple systems and software. It begins with AirDrop:, the largest file sharing social media network for the 14-23 age cohort. Quite hidden on campuses across the US AirDrop and Apple Messages serve as an ad-hoc HyperLocal HyperPrivate social network. Built into all new iPhones is this new permission based HyperLocal Social Network with permission based people finder systems built-in. Before we hear how bad this is, understand this is permission based and by invitation.The new AirDrop will allow for extremely high resolution to discover and send files and other new elements to friends and devices in a room. The precision is within millimeters. This will be achieved by simply pointing the phone in the direction of the person and a screen animation will allow in a held or worn (think Apple glasses) position to visualize the direction and avatar of the recipient.Specimen of the new AirDrop location system.We may begin to see the Apple U1 Chip take shape as early as September 30th, 2019 but more likely over the last quarter of 2019 on to the announcements of Apple Glasses.The Biggest Apple Announcement Today Was What Apple Actually Didn’t Announce—Yet.Apple began to give developers a small insight on the future of some aspects of the Appel U1 Chip during the World Wide Developer Conference 2019 {7]. The talk on “Introducing the Indoor Maps Program” will begin to more sense today. In the talk there was indirect reference to how Apple may use this technology.The accelerometer systems, GPS systems and IR proximity sensors of the first iPhone helped define the last generation of products. The Apple U1 Chip will be a material part of defining the next generation of Apple products.This all will move us to the ambient world of computing where the mechanical user interface will become less needed and situational images and video will present on the closest Apple U1 Chip enabled display. In some ways most of this is already here. I was urged to post a sort of recursive video below about this Quora answer as an example of the non-mechanical future.My drive this morning with Ms. https://t.co/qdKFgeC498 #TheIntelligenceAmplifier.I was remiss and did not have her build my last 24 hours better but she is up to the task and found some solutions.I seriously don’t know what I would do with out her and https://t.co/bvJPYnwNzN. pic.twitter.com/MUzo9rl0Cd— Brian Roemmele (@BrianRoemmele) September 12, 2019Specimen real-time video interaction with Agatha.Best, The Intelligence Amplifier from my garage lab.I feel rather strongly the Apple U1 Chip, over time will be seen as one of the most important aspect of the September 10th, 2019 Apple Event. We will see it as the start of the HyperLocal world of computing that ultimately will lead to less of a need for the cloud. The Apple U1 Chip is the start of this process of HyperLocal and HyperContextual computing where holographic crystal memory [8] and very fast local computer speed will render the cloud as we know it redundant and far less useful. With Petabytes of data on every device, all of your data and a useful base of the Internet will be local in a chip, on the device. This is far more than the speculated IoT edge computing and the Apple U1 Chip is one important part to bring this about. We will once again leave the Mainframe computer and become—cloudless.[0] Brian Roemmele's answer to Why is Apple’s iPhone Touch ID Important?[1] Ultra-wideband - Wikipedia[2] Brian Roemmele's answer to What are some interesting applications that are enabled by iBeacons technology featured in iOS 7?[3] DW1000 Radio IC - Decawave[4] Brian Roemmele's post in Accepting Payments[5] Hey, Apple and Google: iRobot wants to sell its Roomba vacuum indoor mapping data[6] http://PayFinders.com[7] Introducing the Indoor Maps Program - WWDC 2019 - Videos - Apple Developer[8] Formation of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal memory by angle-multiplexing recording for optically reconfigurable gate arrays

Checkout what makes a VC to say NO to you (source: The real reasons why a VC passed on your startup – Entrepreneur's Handbook)The real reasons why a VC passed on your startupPhoto by Hello I’m Nik on UnsplashOriginally published on Forbes in multiple parts. Part 1 here.You’re more likely hear about the companies that venture capitalists said “yes” to — the big funding rounds, the success stories, and the unicorns. But the day-to-day reality of being a VC is that we spend ~99% of our time saying “no.” It’s a core competency of any VC. Or at least it should be.Receiving that “no” as a startup founder is often hard. It’s not fun for us either, though. We’re empathic to how difficult it is to build a business and the effort and belief it takes. It can be painful to tell the human being you’ve just spent time with why something they’re building is not a fit for you or your firm.Most of the time VCs have one or more discrete reasons for saying “no.” Although it would be ideal if we relayed them to founders clearly and openly, we sometimes feel pressure to take the less confrontational path and say vague things “this is too early for us” when the truth is more difficult to hear. VCs have a code around rejection language that often leaves founders scratching their heads to interpret, but candor is usually better for both parties long-term. Truthfully, the reason for the “no” often has little to do with the founder or the details of the business, but lots to do with that VC’s personal interests, portfolio, or history.Below I’ve listed the most common “no’s” I’ve seen. I describe them through the lens of early-stage technology venture because that’s what I do. “Early stage” for this purpose means pre-seed, seed, and Series A. If you’re a founder and you’ve gotten one of these reasons, my aim is to expand on what motivations or thoughts may underlie each. And if you’ve heard one that I’ve missed, I’m curious to know.There’s one caveat to almost all of these reasons for passing, though: VCs will make exceptions to every one of them when we think the founders are absolutely incredible. This bar is extremely high and is based on our personal experience with them, their track record, or both.Market-related reasons“aerial photography of village during nighttime” by Geoff Greenwood on Unsplash“The opportunity’s not big enough”VCs want to invest in companies that can grow to become massive. We strive for 10x, 100x, even 1000x returns. You’re building something that might be a great, sustainable business, but we don’t see it being venture-scale. E.g., you make software for US-based entertainment lawyers who focus on celebrity endorsements, and you’re charging a SaaS subscription of $100/month. There might be a thousand of those lawyers in the US, and even if you got all of them to sign up and had zero marketing and 100% margins (which you won’t), you’re making $1.2M per year. That’s too small for venture capital.“You’re too early to market”The investor may like your idea but thinks it’ll take significant time for the market to come around and recognize its value. Funding the company now means that it’ll take a few checks to keep it alive until the world realizes it needs to pay for the product or wants to use it. Imagine fundraising for a mobile gaming startup in 2004 when the iPhone didn’t launch until 2007: even if the founders are visionary and know that mobile gaming will be big, how will they cover expenses for the 3+ years it’ll take for that to happen?“No (or weak) competitive differentiator”Someone else could come along and build this exact thing easily. Even if you’re the first to market, competition could cut down your position and your ability to command a high price whenever they choose to. We often say this about startups that don’t have a strong technical element to them. The less technical an idea is, the simpler it is to copy. Having a unique brand may feel like a competitive differentiator — and some of the most successful companies have built themselves up on brand — but a bad PR scandal or well-executed knockoffs can derail that fast.“Unfavorable macroeconomic or regulatory trends”It feels like the wrong time to start this business, whether because of shifts in technology, behavior, or regulation. For example, Apple announcing they were dropping the headphone jack was bad news for companies making non-Bluetooth headphones, whereas Apple switching to USB-C charging cables was great for companies who had already embraced that standard. A regulation that bans facial recognition scanning in retail stores would be tough on a company selling those systems to malls.“An existing, more established company could do it easily”Big companies with tons of product lines, employees, and resources can quickly release products that encompass a startup’s entire concept. Building something that falls in the realm of one of these companies’ roadmaps — think Amazon, Google, and Facebook — can instill fear in VCs. Sure, it makes you a potential acquisition target, but most investors want you to aim to create a large, sustainable, standalone business first. They’re more valuable. For example, if I meet a startup that creates animated avatars for augmented reality, I’m wondering whether Snap is going to roll out the same capability next week.“This is a crowded space”The VC thinks there are too many competitors already working on this problem. Break it down further, though, and it could suggest a few nuances. Maybe the investor is worried about your sales and marketing abilities to stand out from the crowd. Maybe they think you’re not the one to bet on in this group. In any case, competition is fierce and the thought of having to battle for visibility, users, ad space, and market share is making the investor wary. Instead of joining a competitive space, VCs would rather you start a new industry from scratch or heavily disrupt an existing one.Founder/team-related“two person handshaking in front of MacBook Pro” by rawpixel on Unsplash“Founder or team dynamics”This reason can be uncomfortable to explain to a founder, but it’s a frequent one for VCs. These negative dynamics can take many forms, but at their core, they signal that the team either isn’t meshing well today or won’t in the future. Examples include:A dominant founder who belittles and speaks over the others, who appear frustratedToo many co-founders (usually more than three), whose job titles and expertise appear to intrude on each others’; e.g., a COO, CEO, CSO, and CFO is far too many non-technical founding members at an early stage startupHaving both a CEO and a President, which suggests that there are two egos and neither wants to look “lesser” than the otherA married or dating founding team (not always a red flag, but many VCs consider it to be one)Multiple co-founders from academia who aren’t involved in the business day-to-dayA very seasoned founding team from big corporations or consultancies that doesn’t have any startup experienceAny other palpable tension, awkwardness, or discomfort between the founders that seems abnormal“Missing a key person”This is a chicken-and-egg problem: founders raise money to hire great people for their teams, but having great people on their teams is what enables them to fundraise, especially at the very early stages when they don’t have much product or traction. Sometimes we see a founding team that’s missing a skillset that’s so key to that business that we have to pass. E.g., you have an autonomous vehicle startup with a business model that requires you to integrate your system with car manufacturers, and your team is all technical and doesn’t have any business development ability. Not having a business-focused founder, especially one who’s worked with auto OEMs, is problematic.“Founders aren’t mission-driven”This is another way of saying that the founders just don’t seem that into the idea. They should care deeply about the problem they’re building the company to solve, and ideally have experienced it themselves. They may reference the draw of making money, which is never the right reason to found a company; not even an absurdly high salary will keep people fighting during the inevitable dark periods that startups have to face. Or they refer to doing something else in a few years and don’t see this company as long-term. E.g., the past few months VCs have been seeing a lot of “blockchain for X” pitches where the founders don’t seem to have a great reason for including blockchain, other than other people’s hype.“Lack of focus”The VC thinks you’re trying to do too many things at once. This could apply to several spots in the business, including product (you’re trying to build too many things), go-to-market (you’re trying to sell to an array of customers without understanding which one’s truly best), business model (e.g., you have freemium, paid with multiple pricing tiers, and enterprise sales, but you haven’t sold anything yet), team (multiple part-time people who should be full time, including founders who haven’t quit their day jobs yet) or operations (e.g., you have a time-consuming services studio in addition to the startup business).“Personality/behavioral red flags”This is another one that VCs may not tell you directly unless you press them on the reason why they passed. It’s uncomfortable. But there are cases when a founder comes in and displays sexist, racist, rude, or otherwise negative behavior that makes us write off backing that person. Things I’ve seen: men only engaging with male investors and not with female investors present in the same meeting (that includes speaking, hand-shaking, and eye contact); people who are obnoxious to office support staff or waiters; narcissistic people taking 45 minutes of an hour-long meeting rambling about their bios; and spouting off sexist or racist opinions. VCs are gauging whether you’re the right person to lead a team and provide those people with a safe workplace that’ll act as a second home. We don’t want to entrust that to you — at least not with our capital — if you’re an asshole.“Dishonesty”An investment means a relationship that spans years, even decades. Honest, open communication is critical. If VCs think that founders are lying to us, we’re out. There’s intellectual dishonesty, where founders aren’t honest with themselves or investors about how things are going; they will minimize problems and play up successes, making it difficult for investors to help them and shocking when the true status of the company becomes clear. Then there’s run-of-the-mill dishonesty where founders lie outright about facts. Examples I’ve seen include inflated metrics (“we’re growing 50% month over month” when they’re not), manufactured advisors (saying that high-profile Silicon Valley CEOs are advisors when they aren’t), and exaggeration of product readiness (claiming that a platform is fully automated artificial intelligence when it’s really just humans on the backend).“Distributed team”Most VCs view a distributed founding team where people don’t work out of the same physical location as a negative. It can work, but typically only after the company started in one place and then expanded to multiple offices as it grew. Exceptions include crypto investments where a decentralized platform and business model lend themselves to a decentralized team, and very early companies who outsource their development teams to countries with cheaper workers.“Negative references”Someone the VC trusts had something bad to say about one or more of the founders or a key person on the team. VCs don’t stick to the list of references you provide; we’ll also look through LinkedIn and talk to people you’ve worked with but didn’t mention to us. There isn’t much you can do in this situation because the VC most likely won’t divulge the person who made the comment. Be thoughtful about the LinkedIn connections you have and delete or don’t accept those with people who you don’t truly know well.“CEO or founder isn’t compelling”The founder who will assume the most public-facing role should strike an investor as exceptional and special. There has to be something about them that is moving, a je ne sais quoi that compels people to listen and to care. This same presence will be what allows them to raise money, convince employees to work for them when they have lots of other options, sell customers, build partnerships, give great press interviews, and more. There is not one right way to come off as special; the extroverted salesperson CEO often comes to mind, but the introverted technical genius who breaks down complicated architecture into simple quips fills that role too. “I’m just not that into you” is perhaps the most difficult-to-articulate reason to pass on a startup, but one of the most common.Individual investor or firm-related“man standing beside monument under polar lights” by Sweet Ice Cream Photography on Unsplash“Not in our geographic area”Most VCs have geographies in which they do and don’t invest. Pay attention to the VC’s current portfolio: where are those companies located? Where are they relative to the investor’s offices? Most firms will put their preferred geographies on their websites or social media accounts. Don’t waste your time pitching your UK-based company to a US firm that only invests in the US and Canada.“It’s just not something I can get excited about”VCs are people with individual tastes and interests. Not every startup idea thrills every VC. And that’s okay — as a founder, your best investor match is with someone who really loves and understands what you’re trying to do. Sometimes VCs do take pitch meetings with companies that don’t interest us on paper, but we’re hoping the founder’s enthusiasm will be contagious. That can happen, but it’s more likely that a VC who’s already excited about a certain industry will get it, as opposed to converting one into a believer who isn’t.“Too capital-intensive for us”In non-VC jargon, this means that we think it’s going to take a ton of money to get this business to work. Different firms have different comfort thresholds with capital-intensive startups; bigger funds are often better suited for them. If you’re starting a virtual reality headset company — a complicated hardware play — don’t expect a $50M pre-seed fund to be a great match. Certain industries, like cybersecurity and hardware, tend to need more funding to reach product-market fit than others, like consumer mobile apps or SaaS platforms. They’ll need a VC who understands that it’ll take a few checks (and years) to get it off the ground.“Too early for us” / “too late”All VCs have a stage or range in which they invest. That stage considers how far along the product is, who and how many people are on the team, how much funding they’ve raised, what amount they’re seeking to raise and at what valuation, their industry, and more. If a firm mainly invests in Seed and Series A companies, one that’s just at the idea stage with nothing built and that’s seeking $50k in funding is too early. One that has 200 people and is seeking a $50M Series C round is too late. Not aligning within a VC’s investment stage(s) is one of the most common reasons for a pass. Some VCs make personal angel investments in companies that are too early for their firm but that they love and want to stay close to as they grow.“Too small a round” / “too big a round”Like with company stage, VCs have round sizes in which they prefer to participate. Many VCs are conscious of ownership and seek to buy a certain percentage of a company when they invest. For example, Accomplice looks to put in $1M-$2.5M first checks for between 10 and 20% of a company. If a founder is raising a $15M round, our investment won’t make up a significant enough piece of it to hit our desired ownership. But as with stage (too early or too late), VCs will sometimes make exceptions to their model to have a small ownership percentage of a company that they think has huge potential.“I couldn’t convince my partnership”The individual investor you’ve been working with loves you and the idea, but either one of their influential partners or the partnership as a whole vetoed it. If you’ve been talking to an associate who can’t write a check without a senior partner’s approval, it’s probably the senior partner that they work most closely with who’s saying “no.” If you’ve been talking to a senior partner, it’s probably that person’s equal at the firm (like one general partner talking to another). Another possibility is that the VCs are knowingly using each other as scapegoats to avoid giving a real reason for passing and preserve standing with you (“it’s not me; it’s that other person”). One of the benefits of a partnership is absorbing the fall for each other in situations like these.“I’ve seen a similar company try this and fail”VCs have scar tissue from the companies we’ve backed that haven’t worked out. Even indirect knowledge of a startup’s failure can dissuade a VC from investing in a similar company. This pass reason is more about the VC’s personal baggage than the founder to whom they’re saying it.“Unreasonable expectations around the VC’s role”Some founders (wrongly) expect VCs to help the company where it’s weak, but far beyond what’s normal or useful for an investor. I’ve seen founders who have a company with a very minor tech component built to date ask tech VCs to join “so you can help us build the software.” That is not our job. If you want a tech VC to back you, the tech should exist or come from you in the future. We’ll help where we can, but you shouldn’t want us involved in the minutiae of the business because it’s not the best use of our time for either of us. Of course, good VCs help with a wide range of things across a company’s lifecycle: recruiting, product testing, conflict resolution, marketing launches, strategic vision, equity and compensation, etc. But we aren’t employees, and we aren’t your crutch for essential parts of the company that need to come from you.“Competitive with a portfolio company”If you’re a founder in a certain industry, it’s smart to pitch VCs who have already made investments in that industry as long as it’s broadly defined. If you get too specific with the similarities, though, you risk the VC telling you that your company is competitive with one of their existing investments. E.g., if I’m on the board of Niantic, which made Pokemon Go, I would pass if you pitched me a new company’s idea for “Pokemon Go but for kittens” (even though someone should make that). But a mobile gaming company in general may be a good fit.Fundraising-related“Until debt tear us apart printed red brick wall at daytime” by Alice Pasqual on Unsplash“Problematic cap table”VCs will ask to see your cap table, especially as they get more serious about the investment. Short for “capitalization table,” it’s a spreadsheet showing which people and firms have ownership in the company and its financing rounds. Problematic cap tables may have format issues (like being out of date, not reflecting recent funding rounds or equity grants, broken models, or mispriced option grants), ownership issues (like angels who got way too much of the company for a small amount of money, not having employees on a vesting schedule, advisors who think they have equity but aren’t on the cap table, or confusing agreements like warrants or verbal promises that don’t show up in the document), or both.“Bad presentation materials”This is another pass reason that is awkward for VCs to say, so just because you don’t hear it doesn’t mean it doesn’t apply to you. Ask someone you trust to be straightforward with you about your pitch deck. It doesn’t have to be a design marvel, but egregiously ugly decks are distracting and make VCs worry that you don’t prioritize aesthetics now and won’t in your product later. The same goes for spelling, grammar, and legibility: be precise and clear. Communication matters. If you make these kinds of mistakes in your pitch deck where you’re aiming to put your best foot forward, it suggests you’ll be even more negligent about the rest of your business.“Valuation issues”Usually this means that the VCs think your valuation is too high. A high valuation means that the VC will get a smaller ownership piece for the same amount of funding, plus you’ll have to raise your next round on an even higher valuation. That’s tough: you’ll have to hit lots of milestones and execute flawlessly, and that’s never guaranteed. Depending on how much higher your desired valuation is than what the VC thinks is reasonable, you may also risk appearing overconfident and out of touch with reality. Too low a valuation is also a negative signal: it suggests a lack of sophistication around fundraising, the market, and the value of what you’ve built.“Undesirable terms”There’s a long list of possible issues that could go wrong in negotiating a term sheet — it’s outside the scope of this article — so you should push a VC to give you specifics. Some of the most contentious areas include classes of stock, pro rata rights, liquidation preferences, founder vesting, the board makeup, employee stock options, drag along rights, information rights, and voting rights.“Co-investor dynamics”The VC doesn’t like the investors you already have, those you want in the current round, or both. Strategic investors, those associated with corporations, can be especially problematic because they have more complicated incentives beyond just making a return on their investment. They might invest to get a view into a product that they want to build themselves, or to get more information about your company to see if they want to buy it later. They often move slowly, ask for unusual terms stemming from their unique interests, and can create conflicts of interest with their competitors (like if your robotics company takes money from Panasonic, and then Samsung won’t partner with you because they’re worried you’re too close to their competitor). Taking funding from a strategic investors can also signal that you didn’t have interest from “regular” institutional investors. But “regular” VCs can be the problem, too: you never know which individual VCs have feuds with others, or which firms dislike working together. VC firms and individual investors can have long, dramatic histories that founders won’t be aware of. Although co-investor dynamics are largely out of your hands as a founder, you can sometimes get the inside scoop by asking other founders who the VCs you’re meeting with have backed before.“Fundraising tactics”The way that founders run their fundraising process reflects a lot about them. There’s a fine line between invoking psychological and sales tactics that keep VCs interested and being unethical. Saying you have multiple term sheets in hand will inflame VCs’ competitive natures, but don’t say it if you don’t. Trying to force scarcity or create a rush to get an offer when there isn’t one is usually obvious and can backfire.“You need to find a lead”Some firms do not lead investment rounds or only do in rare cases. If they tell you they want you to find a lead, that lead will not only put in the largest check in that round, but they’ll set the terms that the rest of the syndicate will follow. However, some VCs who don’t have enough conviction around your company will ask you to find a lead as a pretext because they want to hang back and see if you can convince a quality firm or person to join. That removes some of the risk that they’re struggling with.“Unpersonalized cold pitch”Sending a cold pitch over email is a bad way to get investors’ attention. I only know of one founder out of hundreds we’ve backed at Accomplice that came in through a cold email (nice work, Mikael from Unsplash). You want the VC to invest in you, so you should invest the time in personalizing your email to them. Taking the extra few minutes to get a warm intro from someone the VC knows well, ideally a founder they’ve backed, is well worth it. If you must do a cold pitch over email, at least make it rise above the crowd. Cold email pitches should:be personalized, explaining why this firm and these partners are a good fit for you and your idea; don’t just copy and paste the same thing to every VCbe very brief, with just a high-level idea, who you are, and maybe a link to a slide deck for more infohave a reasonable ask for a first meeting (like “do you have 15 minutes for a call?” not “we would like to pitch your entire partnership this Friday”)Product or tech-related“closeup photo of brown, yellow, and black Asus motherboard” by Fancycrave on Unsplash“Not enough tech”This “no” is specific to technology investors. What defines “technology” is super broad these days — almost every business has a website or an app — but most tech VC firms have a baseline amount that they need to see. What isn’t technology? Life sciences, medical devices and biotechnologies, simple e-commerce, capital-intensive businesses, pure gaming companies (because success is too dependent on how individual titles perform), editorial content/media, consumer packaged goods, or heavily offline businesses. E.g., “we sell this physical widget online” is not enough if the widget itself doesn’t involve any tech.“Not enough product”Some VCs, usually pre-seed or micro VCs, will back startups that are nothing more than an idea. Others require a finished product that’s been researched, tested, and launched.“Feature, not a product”The VC may like the idea, but it doesn’t feel significant enough to be a standalone business. This “no” is related to market size: the VC doesn’t think the concept can hook a lot of people, or inspire them to pay or use it frequently. One way to counter this assumption, if you believe it isn’t correct, is that the feature may be the focus today but it’s the first step in a larger product plan.“Product dysfunction”Not having any product built is bad if you’re fundraising at a point where an investor expects to see it. But having bad product to show is also, well…bad. If you have a tech demo, make sure it works. Prepare for demoing on different devices and in different settings, from coffee shops to conference rooms. If you’re claiming the product does X, make sure it really does X. It’s better to under-promise and over-deliver than to hype up an investor on everything your product can do and have it flake out. Exaggerating your product capabilities can come off as disingenuous or naive.“Licensing or IP issues”Many founders, especially those who are highly technical or academic, seem to think that securing patents is important to VCs. Actually, VCs don’t care much about patent portfolios; they’re expensive, time-consuming, and can distract you from all the other things you need to do to build the business. Instead, intellectual property issues in fundraising usually have more to do with a startup’s questionable use of existing IP. A few examples:The founders spun the technology out of a university but haven’t negotiated rights to use it yet or got a bad dealThe founders used a development studio to build an app and now owe the studio a high percentage in royalties foreverThe founders came from a previous company that has patents protecting a certain thing, and whatever the new startup is building looks dangerously similar to the previous company’s tech; there may be an infringement lawsuit aheadBusiness model or progress-related“laptop computer on glass-top table” by Carlos Muza on Unsplash“Not enough traction”VCs have a bar for the amount of traction that they’re comfortable with. Depending on the type of company, that could mean users, downloads, paying customers, revenue, partnerships, etc.“Dislike the business model”Something about the business model is a red flag. Maybe the VC thinks you’re targeting the wrong customer, or that you don’t understand which customer is the most valuable. Maybe your pricing seems off. Maybe that VC doesn’t have confidence or enthusiasm about that type of business model. Some investors just don’t like e-commerce; others love it and do only that. Maybe the model requires working with many different stakeholders and seems confusing and time-consuming. Ideally the VC tells you exactly what put her off about your model. If not, it’s okay to ask.“Dislike the go-to-market”Usually this pass reason means that the VC thinks your go-to-market (GTM) plan is non-existent, not well thought-out (e.g., “we’ll do a launch, and then users will just…find us”), or they don’t think tactics mentioned will work. I’ve seen really high-tech products with ill-fitting, old-school GTMs, like trade shows and direct mailings for a big data company. Or simply saying “we’ll do Facebook ads” for a consumer product doesn’t cut it because they’re competitive and expensive; plus you should have an organic strategy for users to find you without paying for them.“Supply chain concerns”Many VCs have horror stories about hardware startups: they tend to be a lot more expensive and take much more time to get to market than anyone expects. Many of these issues relate back to problems with the supply chain. If you’re pitching a hardware business, you or an expert on your team should know exactly how and where you’ll manufacture every component and what it’ll cost.“Not a scalable model”Venture-backed companies should be scalable, meaning that they can multiply revenue with minimal incremental cost as they grow. Studio or high-touch service models that need more people to do their work aren’t scalable. Software scales; people do not. Many models start out with heavy reliance on people or slow processes, but they should move to scalability as they evolve.“Unclear value proposition”In the investor’s opinion, you’re solving a problem that the world doesn’t have. The solution that the company provides should be essential, not nice-to-have; it’s a painkiller, not a vitamin. Maybe the value proposition is strong, but it’s not coming across because of complicated or confusing messaging.“Weak metrics/unit economics”One or more aspects of your unit economics were concerning. Maybe you calculated something wrong (like you report your burn rate as much lower than it really is, or you’re claiming 50% month-over-month user growth but your user numbers don’t support that), you’re presenting something that seems low (e.g., the ratio of your customer acquisition cost to your customer lifetime value is one or below, or your margins only 15% in a software business), or the investor is calculating something additional using the metrics you provided and doesn’t like the result (like using acquisition cost and lifetime to determine that payback period is extremely lengthy). Weak metrics hurt your viability; false metrics hurt your credibility.I’ve talked about the stated reasons VCs give for passing: those that have to do with the market, founders, individual VC or firm, fundraising process, product or technology, and business model or go-to-market. But sometimes actions (or inactions) speak louder than words. If a VC goes silent on you at any point in the fundraising process, they’re not that interested. It’s poor form and you deserve a reason, but overflowing inboxes, portfolio company emergencies, and unwieldy and unpredictable schedules are the norm in our jobs. VCs will lose interest. Speed kills in venture, so as a founder you should work to create and maintain momentum.In the spirit of transparency, the two most common reasons why I pass are first, not feeling strongly about the founders, and second, a lack of personal interest in or conviction about in the space. I’ve seen how hard it is to build a successful venture-scale company. It’s riddled with adversity. Pivots and crises are the norm. If I don’t have a real connection with the founders in a space that they are mission-driven to care about immensely, it’s a pass. Success takes a rare combination of exceptional people, timing, and technology. It’s a long, drawn-out battle, and VCs will crawl over broken glass for the founders we’ve chosen to back.Having conviction in either of these two components (or ideally both) will overcome almost any other reason for passing. VCs make exceptions for people and ideas that we think are truly exceptional.

I went to the self-help center at the courthouse. Also the family center where they help, or try to help, victims of deniable domestic violence. They gave me a list of attorneys who only take $150 per hour.But be aware. Attorneys have no fiduciary duties and are working to profit the courts only.What Women Need to Know - And WhatAmericaNeeds to Do to Avoid Poverty & HungerWomen can't always anticipate the corruption levels in our legal system. Our judicial branch is independent and self-regulating. If the law were upheld couples would settle out of court. Judges keep business going by giving unentitled parties a waver from the law.Justices declared that attorneys are the unregulated, free guardians of justice and that they won't hold them responsible for anything. The judicial review committee is made primarily of attorneys. They, in turn, hold judges accountable for nothing too. What remains is for the Appeals courts to create "errors in the law" by which basic civil rights can't be appealed at that level. The Supreme Court comes up with "previous rulings" - all illegal and unconstitutional and with court rules. This creates a judicial branch completely sheltered from the need to address the American Constitution, the State Constitution and the State Statutes. Federal justices are appointed for life and not supervised either.Women need to consider the issue of their civil rights before getting married. Judges encourage men to enter short term marriages and leave without a financial care for the woman or children. Men often assault their wives right after filing for divorce. The wife's attorney will deny the domestic assault - despite proper documentation by the police and medical records. They prevent the wife from getting civil protection and seal the case a year later by preventing the wife from entering the courtroom and being heard. Meanwhile the wife's attorney attempts to get the assailant back into the marital home and the wife may still be recovering from multiple fractures - unable to leave or carry anything with her.TheColoradoconstitutions provides for damages and medical expenses to victims of domestic violence. Judges have no financial interest here, as crime will be prevented. The statues governing division of marital estates at divorce are also not observed, to prevent the parties from settling out of court. The unentitled party always gets an exemption from the law in return for starting litigation.Extravagant and malicious means are created to increase divorce litigation costs and proceedings. Contempt of Court is one niche for judges to assess attorney fees against a lower earning spouse. The evidentiary parts of hearings are not recorded. Bail money from lower earning spouses helps keep the system going. A state funded guardian ad litem is appointed in each case, and a second payment for the same services is typically ordered, possibly on behalf of the judge.The press won't tell you this - but most domestic murderers have likely sealed several domestic assault cases before the murder. The judges seal these cases for repeat business and in the hope of obtaining juicy, long, profitable murder trials.A woman can't tell whether the guy she is dating has had several DNA samples deleted by judges just before declaring him innocent of rape. They can't tell how many women they have assaulted, as they have a right to deny each assault after sealing. They could be a felon, as judges are free to change birth certificates for those who bring important business into the country. Importing cocaine or heroine, is important business as it generates multiple arrests of other individuals, hearings, lost bail, etc.If I knew on time I would not marry my husband, who is now allowed to deny the domestic assault against me too. I would immediately fight defamation by getting the police report from the Records department and scanning it. I would create chain letters that go around the globe and post the police reports everywhere in JPG form. I would ask people to keep sending chain letters out for 12 months and then stop. I would ask them to immediately recognize my husband's right to deny the domestic assault after 12 months. Its all that can be done. No more.It has become a culture inAmericafor women to raise children in deplorable situations - emotionally and financially through loneliness and hunger. It is expensive for us to keep all of this hunger going. We can save billions weekly by disassembling the judicial branch, reinstate everyone's civil rights and avoid hunger and poor women endangering their children through contact with dangerous men.DORA regulated Magistrates will replace the current system. They will be required to uphold the constitution first and foremost, and statutes second to keep their licenses and avoid penalties. Pro-se parties who wish, will get automatic electronic updates on their Register of Action and can file pleadings electronically with the clerk. No judges, no justices, no attorney of record and no appointments. Separation of authorities; lots of new government jobs at reasonable rates.Judicial corruption hurts more than just families. Unsuspecting business people are dragged into expensive litigation, unable to assert their civil rights at any point. This includes farmers hurt by Monsanto GMO feed and pesticides, people hurt by fracking, and anyone who depends on contracts or leases. Families lose their homes to law suits involving barking dogs if a judge moves next door. The criminal system prosecutes the innocent for profit and releases criminals for repeat and escalating business.One of the Rules of Civil Procedure created by unsupervised judges states that should any two attorneys wish, no documentation is admissible in court and the case will progress according to the wishes of the two attorneys. See R.C.P 15(4). The judges and attorneys are getting increasingly greedy and simple legislation becomes impossible. If one tries to proceed pro-se, judges avoid recording hearings and issue fraudulent arrest warrants.The state as a whole suffers. InColoradothere was a 6 year effort to license HOA managers. This due to kickbacks from vendors and attorneys. HOA managers neglected basic maintenance and invested HOA funds in extravagant and unnecessary maintenance for kickbacks. They purposely alienated the membership and created reasons for litigation to enjoy kickbacks from attorneys. NowColoradohas licensed Community Association Managers. However, their licensing provisions allow for undisclosed fees, such as kickbacks from vendors and attorneys. CAMs are in a position to rig elections to the board and litigate over anything. More often, real estate enterprises purchase condos and violate Association Covenants to purposely instigate such litigation.The country is fast approaching times when it may only be possible for the mafia to conduct business or perhaps The Party. Judges are in a position to replace sheriffs and deputies by issuing fraudulent arrest warrants and fraudulent convictions. Court's clerks are regulated by chief judges and are expected to sign all fraudulent documentation into orders that the police itself must enforce. Army take-over becomes the only means for change. WillAmericaprogress likeGermanyin the 20s or likeRussiaandChina? What will happen to the democratic world?BritainandAustraliaseem to be subject to similar forces.The Keystone pipeline is another enterprise hinging on the collaboration of federal justices. A similar scheme inIsraeldivided national assets among 20 families, now billionaires. The scheme begins with private leases on national assets. The leases turn into ownership through penmanship. Federal justices are unsupervised.All of this is preventable. All that's needed is for congress to disassemble the independent judicial branch at the constitution level. Instead, they must insert provisions stating a Magistrate's commitment to the constitutions, and state punishments for bias, bribe, sale of justice, etc. We also must insert provisions stating a Medical Professional's commitment to a patient's health and the punishments endured should they market products for personal profit to the detriment of the patient's health. The medical profession is also self-regulating. Medicare funds are mostly squandered on Medicare fraud, compromising the health of unsuspecting individuals. The money saved can be used on free education.Please write congress today asking them to disassemble the independent, self-regulating judicial branch. Whatever causes are close to your heat - start with the judicial branch, and correction of all other aspects of legislative and executive branches becomes likely, or at least achievable. Power will always be misused - but we history won't change short of a change. Become a harbinger of change today.