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Annihilation of Nalanda & Other Universities in the Eastern India:A Catastrophe that decimated the knowledge of 2000 year old Indian pastI am overwhelmed by surprise that no one mentions the utter destruction of the string of world famous universities like NALANDA , ODANTHAPURI , VIKRAMASILA …and the ensuing rape, pillage and extermination of Monks & Scholars along with the book-burning caused when Bakhtiyar Khilji [Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji , a Islamo-Turkic General of Qutubuddin Aibak,advanced deeper into the Indo-Gangetic plain in 1200 CE.Before delving into the events of invasion and destruction, some of the phenomenal facts of NALANDA and Other universities that bear the testimony for the legacy of ancient Indian educationEstablished in 5th Century CE by Kumaragupta of Gupta Empire.A Total residential university campus that sprawled several acres and it housed a staggering 2000 teachers.The curriculum included Logic, Astronomy, Grammar, Mathematics, Philosophy, Medicine …in addition to the Hindu and Buddhist Religious Studies.No less than 10,000 students from countries like China, Sri Lanka, Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Persia, Turkey ..traveled to India to join this world famous institution.Students had to go through various tests to gain admission , similar to the Entrance Tests..One of the Libraries of Nalanda was a 9 storeyed structure and was a cache to tens of thousands of manuscripts on literature, philosophy,medicine,logic,astronomy..This is just about Nalanda, a popular name amongst us . In addition to this, there were other renowned universities like Odhanthapuri,Vikramasila, Pushpagiri…Odhantapuri housed almost 12000 students according to Tibetan Buddhist sourcesVikramasila grew to compete with the legacy of Nalanda with its more than 1000 monk-scholarsThese formed like a Pearl String of Education System that attracted students and scholars across the Globe and these were all destroyed in the ensuing campaign by the very same Bakthiyar Khilji in matter of months.To give an idea of the amount of manuscripts present , it took more than three months to burn all the books of the university.Why is it the darkest chapter ?It literally brought an end to the Indian Scientific thought in the fields of Astronomy, Anatomy, Alchemy, Logic, Mathematics..barring some strains that found its way to other parts.Over 9 Millions of manuscripts, scrolls, records, documents.. regarding various subjects were completely destroyed and their knowledge permanently lost.Genocide of the thousands of Scholars and Monks resulted in the extirpation of the knowledge from the human memory.A progressive thought in the fields of Science, Religion, Art , Philosophy almost ceased resulting in a static and degraded society.Many scholars and Historians suggest that it was the beginning of a spiral down of the Indian society where Stagnant Traditions and Debauched Rituals usurped Critical and Liberal DoctrinesThe Ancient Hindu-Buddhist Tradition of Learning and Knowledge was totally wiped off our memory. Such a monumental loss of faculty, information, knowledge is unparalleled in the Human History .This is a Death Knell to the Ancient Indian Civilization.The staggering level of knowledge lost in form of people and books meant for the Indian Civilization a push into a Dark Age, from which it never recovered.But unfortunately, not many of us know the true significance of these events. Very few recognize how a one man’s hatred and greed changed the face of the Indian Civilization forever.Undoubtedly this is the Darkest Event in the History of India and no other event comes even marginally close when one considers the aftermath.Loss of Political Power or Territory or Wealth or Gold .. are never permanent but this loss of knowledge is irrepairable and eternal..This is virtually an Apocalypse Event that wiped the soul of IndiaFor Further ReadingHistory and Revival of Nalanda UniversityThe last lesson at NalandaAncient Universities of India apart from Takshashila and NalandaFacts and Information about Nalanda University: Indias first University[Edit- As I see, there are two answers that specifically mention about Destruction of Nalanda , yet the other Universities that were as famous as Nalanda received little attention]

It depends on the passport. In the EU, criminals prefer to steal IDs, because they can use the cards for various frauds in several countries. The problem with stolen passports (for the bad guys) is that technology developed really fast and it is very easy to find the false passports at airports, ports, etc. Nowadays, if the real owner of the stolen passport calls the police, it is just impossible to use that passport internationally. Modification of stolen passports is also a very difficult task, I think a good quality tamper is more expensive than purchasing legal passport in some African countries. With the new tax info exchange agreements and the obligatory Know Your Client process, stolen passports are not enough for opening bank accounts. In the case of technically not so developed countries, where a fast check can not identify the fraud docs, there can be a market for stolen passports. About exact prices, two years ago I read a story in Turkey, they stole 2 Hungarian passports and sold those for USD 3000 each. The funny thing is that half of the country would run there to sell the travel document because a new one costs around 100 (for the temporary pp to leave Turkey) and +100euros for the new passport. So, I think the international market of stolen passports is not that profitable anymore. However, not stolen but fraud passports are still a huge business. There are factories in Turkey (or somewhere around) for the not so Syrian refugees, where they forge all kind of Syrian docs. There are thousands of old style, easy to falsify or withdrawn passports around, which can be sold very fast. The typical story is when a poor country changes its passport to a new one. Somehow, there is always a missing briefcase full of virgin/unfilled passports from a remote consulate. Because of the recent new system, most of the citizens still use the old type passports, so it is easy to hide for a couple of years with these false documents, without the modern security paintings and signs.

please read all rules as below. apply nowVisa Information For Foreigners• The Electronic Visa (e-Visa) Application System was launched on 17 April 2013 by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey. This system allows visitors travelling to Turkey to easily obtain their e-Visas online (Electronic Visa Application System), in approximately three minutes.It is possible to obtain e-Visa 7/24 at everywhere with internet connection. The applicants can obtain their visa after they fill in the necessary information concerning their identity, passport and travel dates and pay visa fee online.• Please note that e-visa is only valid when the purpose of travel is tourism or commerce. For other purposes, such as work and study, visas are given by Turkish Embassies or Consulates.• The term "official passports" covers diplomatic, service, special and official passports.You are kindly advised to have a travel document/passport valid for at least 6 months as from the date of your arrival in Turkey.The Ministry of Foreign Affairs continues efforts to strengthen the e-Visa system and to better enable foreign nationals to easily obtain their visas.In this context,- In addition to English, French, and Spanish; Dutch, Norwegian, Polish, German, Arabic and Chinese language options will be added to the e-Visa system.- In addition to Visa and Master Card, payment is accepted from other commonly used credit cards and debit cards.- Tour operators may apply for group e-Visas and make lump sum payments for them.- Necessary arrangements will be made to allow foreign visitors to obtain e-Visas from authorized airline companies offices, including those companies’ offices in airports.- Fees for e-Visas obtained via the e-Visa website (Electronic Visa Application System) are lower than the fees for visas obtained upon arrival to Turkish airports. Information regarding visa fees can be found on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.(http://www.mfa.gov.tr/data/KONSOLOSLUK/vize-harc-miktarlari-en.pdf).Visa regime for truck drivers of a country may differ from the overall visa regime effective for citizens of that particular country. For further information, please contact the nearest Turkish mission.Regardless of the visa regime applied towards the citizens of a country, the travel document holders of that country need to obtain visa from Turkish missions beforehand.Foreigners who will shoot a documentary film conduct a research or an archeological excavation should get a special permission from the Turkish authorities in advance.If you have a valid visa, you do not need a residence permit up to 90 days. On the other hand, foreigners who shall reside, work or study in Turkey, should register themselves at the nearest local police department upon their arrival in Turkey, regardless of the validity of their visa.Information on Work Visa: To work in Turkey, you must apply to the nearest Turkish mission to obtain work permit and visa. Your passport, visa application form and a letter from your employer are the necessary documents for your application. Other documents should be submitted to the Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security (MLSS) by your employer within ten working days after your application.You may find the list of those documents in the MLSS’s website (http://www.csgb.gov.tr). Applications are finalized by the MLSS within thirty days at the latest. Right after your arrival in Turkey (before starting to work), you should be registered at the local police department within one month to obtain the necessary residence permit.As of 1 January 2015, in accordance with the article 7.1b of “the Law on Foreigners and International Protection” no. 6458, foreigners wishing to enter Turkey should carry a travel document (passport) with an expiration date at least 60 days beyond the “duration of stay” of their visa, e-Visa, visa exemption, or residence permit.The citizens of the countries which are stated at the below link are exempted form this Article;Example A: In order to enter Turkey having a visa with 90 days “duration of stay”, foreigners should hold a travel document valid at least for an additional 60 days which totals to 150 days (90 days + 60 days) of validity at the time of entrance.Example B: In order to enter Turkey having a visa with 30 days “duration of stay”, foreigners should hold a travel document valid at least for an additional 60 days which totals to 90 days (30 days + 60 days) of validity at the time of entrance."The following categories are exempted from this provision:- Citizens of countries who are allowed to enter Turkey with their national ID’s in accordance with “European Agreement on Regulations governing the Movement of Persons between Member States of the Council of Europe”,