Valves, Fittings, Couplings & Misc. Water Irrigation: Fill & Download for Free

At present, almost all trains in Indian Railways are equipped with air brake system only.In this system, two iron pipes are mounted below every coach of the train, and these two pipes are connected with strong rubber hose pipes between each of the two coaches.Now, when the locomotive is attached on this train, both of these pipes are coupled with two similar hose pipes coming out from the locomotive.Fig: connecting BP & FP of locomotive with coach.Out of these two pipes, one is called a brake pressure (BP Pipe) pipe, and it is charged by 5 kg/ sqcm of air pressure supplied by compressors of locomotive, to keep the brakes of the train in released condition.The second pipe is called a feed pipe (FP Pipe), in which a constant 6 kg/ sqcm air pressure is maintained by locomotive compressors.In normal condition, the air pressure in the feed pipe acts to fill the 6 kg/sqcm pressure in auxiliary reservoirs under the train coaches, which is later on used for braking application and quick releasing purpose.When for some reason the pressure of air of BP pipe decreases below 5 kg/ sqcm at a certain rate, then braking Distribution valves fitted under all the coaches come into action and the feed pipe air is sent to the brake cylinders of coaches, in the proportion of the reduction in brake pipe pressure, approximately 2.5 times (maximum 3.5 kg / sq. Cm). By which the pistons of these cylinders come out, and the brake blocks connected to these pistons cling to the wheels and control the speed of the train and a continuous application stops the rotation of wheel there by bringing the train to halt.Fig: brake blockWhen the pressure of the BP pipes is again maintained back to 5 kg/square cm, then with the help of the distribution valve, the feed pipe starts charging back the auxiliary reservoir , and the distribution valve releases the air pressure of brake cylinder through it's exit port and the brakes are released after the pistons are released with spring action.Fig: illustrative diagram of air brake systemGenerally BP pressure is controlled by the loco pilot for braking and releasing the brakes in the train from the brake valve provided in the locomotive. Apart from this, the guard can also apply brakes the by reducing BP Pressure from the brake handle given in the guard brake vehicle. At the same time, when an emergency arises, and if any passengers pulls the alarm chain, then also same BP Pressure exhausts directly, and brakes in train are applied.Photo curtsey: google image.

Yes, and it’s the same whether you use the car or not.I have numerous cars, many of them stored for long periods between uses. I check the stored ones before driving them, or on average about once every 3 months if they’re not driven. I top them up maybe once or twice a year. Most of the wheels & tyres tend to lose around 5–6 psi over 12 months - but these are cars that have been restored, with properly restored & re-painted rims, new valves, and new tyres fitted really carefully. There’s a couple that are worse than the rest - they lose around 6psi every 6 months or so, but that’s 2 out of 30 odd wheels & tyres.Compare that to the 2 cars we use every day. My car, with really good rims, that have never been bumped into a gutter or bent on severe pot holes, loses less than 1psi per month (I check the tyre pressures, oil & coolant on the 1st of every month).My wife’s car, with a few bumps & rim grinds, loses 2–3 psi per month from 3 tyres. The 4th, which has leaked since the tyre was new, and has had 2 new valves fitted in an effort to fix it, without success. It loses nearly 10psi per month. I’m now on a 2-week schedule putting 5–6 psi in it. Tyre places can’t seem to find the leak, and chalk it up to a more porous tyre.And if you want any proof that tyres do leak over time - check the spare tyres in a few cars (those that have spares) and see what the pressure is. I can bet you many people will have less than 20psi in their spare tyre, especially if it’s never been used.One thing I have found, is that at lower pressures, you don’t tend to lose much air over time. But at normal operating pressures of day 28–40psi, tyres do lose pressure over time - regardless of if they’re used or not.

Start up your car and let it idle for a few minutes. Shut it down. Let it sit for a couple of hours. Pop your hood. Then locate the hose that goes from your intake manifold to your brake booster. This hose will have a plastic fitting where the hose connects to the to the brake booster, carefully pry the plastic fitting out of the brake booster. You should here a “woosh” from the air rushing into the brake booster that should have been under a vacuum. If you don’t hear a “woosh” the booster is not holding a vacuum possibly due to a bad check valve. Also, while you have this fitting/hose disconnected try sucking on the fitting ( the end that goes into the booster. You should not be able to draw and air through the fitting. If you can the check valve/fitting has failed . Another problem could be that the diaphragm in the booster maybe leaking. After you start and idle your car let it run and apply soapy suds all the way around the perimeter of the booster where there is a crimp. If the bubbles get sucked in then the diaphragm is leaking. Also, put bubbles around the area where master cylinder bolts up to the brake booster. If you can squeeze under the dash apply bubbles to brake linage where it comes through the firewall. Again, if the bubbles are sucked in you have a bad diaphragm. Good luck!