How To Understand Instructions For From 2210: Fill & Download for Free

I do not think TurboTax is a scam, but I believe you must have a certain amount of knowledge in order to use it properly and effectively. And it isn’t perfect.Let’s start with me. I used to do my taxes by myself, so I probably represent less than half of the taxpayers. For me, TurboTax is a very useful tool and certainly not a scam. I find that it eliminates some of the tedium of doing my income tax return each year. But I should explain that I find it very useful BECAUSE I could do my taxes myself. I understand all the forms and the rules and each year I download all the forms and instructions and relevant information from the IRS web site so I can understand what has changed. Furthermore, I can look in more detail at issues that I may not be that familiar with. Then I call up TurboTax and it helps me get the actual work done very quickly. I have all of my paperwork ready and sorted into categories that correspond to the things TurboTax will ask me about. (I purchased a box of file folders and printed out my own tab labels for the various categories, such as “W2 forms”, “1099 forms”, “Business expenses” (I run a small business), “Medical Expenses”, and so forth. I have these same categories on my computer under each year’s tax folder, and file electronic forms and such there.One of the most useful aspects of TurboTax is that it can read my previous year’s return (if I did it in TurboTax) and fill in a lot of details that further simplify the process. For example, it remembers all of my bank accounts and so forth so I don’t have to enter a lot of names and addresses and ID numbers of places that have paid me interest or whatever.In order to gain more customers, TurboTax has steadily modified its user interface to make it more convenient for someone who does not know how to do their taxes. For me, this often makes it harder to use because I want to “cut to the chase” so to speak, and sometimes I’m not sure what it wants me to actually enter. So I end up entering what I think it wants and then checking the underlying form to see if I got it right. But a person who is not well informed about how to do their taxes might not understand enough to know what to look for on the underlying form and, thus, might make a mistake and not know it. [Interestingly enough, however, I find that TurboTax makes fewer mistakes than some of the tax preparers who my friends and associates have used to do their taxes. Too many of those tax preparation organizations hire and train people to do other peoples’ taxes each year and you may end up with someone who knows only the rudiments of the process. For example, an elderly relative of mine once showed me his tax return, as prepared by one of these outfits, and I found several rather serious errors. Fortunately for him, he had never been audited because some of these errors had been made for many years.]What are some things I find irritating about TurboTax?Toward the end of the process, TurboTax does a series of error checks to make sure everything is filled in properly. I suspect that the people who wrote this software have very little contact with the people who wrote the rest of the TurboTax software because when it finds a problem, it gives very cryptic explanations of what went wrong. Usually, it will give me an error message and point to some obscure entry on an IRS form and indicate that I need to fill in a number or something. There’s no clue about where in the data entry dialog I entered the data that go on this form and I may not know exactly what the form is for. Not knowing the entire context, I may have no idea what value to fill in, so I need to do some reading and research to figure it out. I usually figure out that TurboTax had the information needed to fill in that form, so they just didn’t write the software correctly. However if I did not know much about how to do my taxes I might be totally mystified by this kind of error. They do have various “help” mechanisms, but what a bother.They don’t always fill in the forms correctly. For example, form 2210 is supposed to be used to report your income by quarter if you are self employed (such as my small business). You are supposed to enter information by quarter so that income earned in any quarter is taxed during that quarter. But TurboTax simply assumes all of your self employment income was earned in the fourth quarter. This is not always true, and one could get in trouble if audited because of this. Form 2210 is, indeed, an onerous form and it would take a lot of work to fill it in properly, but isn’t that why I buy TurboTax - to make it less onerous?They do not support two-sided printers properly. If I print out my tax return, I want each form to start on an odd numbered page, just as they would appear if I filled in the IRS forms manually. But the only option they offer is to just print them out as one continuous stream and although this saves a little paper, it makes it harder to file the separate forms in separate folders - sometimes a form starts on the back side of another form.From year to year they often change the dialog for entering data in ways that I find confusing. Sometimes, after I have finally figured out where to enter something, I find that it doesn’t work the same way the next year.They don’t offer a way to predict some of the numbers for the following year. TurboTax for the following year is usually only available by October or November, so even as late as September there is no way to do this, even though some of the following year’s tax rates and so forth have been well known for a long time. Why is this important? Because sometimes I want to make decisions about whether to pay something this year or next year or make other decisions based on what the impact will be on my next year’s taxes, and I need a way to calculate what would happen if I did or did not, for example, have an elective medical procedure or home repair done this year or next.All that said, I’m relatively happy with TurboTax, which is more than I can say for a lot of software applications.

Yes, we are living in the middle of the Quaternary Ice age between glaciations and evidence today shows there is expanding ice at Antarctica with 90% of the Earth’s ice. We are living in the Pliocene Epoch and Holocene inter glacial of warming.Looking back on past ice age climate is important but hazy the further back we go.Our Holocene Optimum warming inter glacial is now revised into the HOLOCENE CONUNDRUM because of unexpected decline in temperatures over the past 5000 years. Today shows the unexpected decline continues as world temperatures are 0.0 C and negative in the Northern H and Southern H.This is surely evidence that fears of catastrophic global warming from the rise of CO2 in the atmosphere are bunk and political not science based.Past ice ages do not show any correlation of temperatures with CO2The Rational Climate E-bookWhy an e-Book ?Climate science has reached a tipping point, where it has become a requirement to be rational again. One cannot stay idle, twiddling his thumbs when our most fundamental freedoms are going to be threatened by an unfounded climate urgency. Check this website regularly for updates and latest version available.Patrice Peyot2.4. Let’s get back to some Geology, Astronomy, etc.1) Past ClimatesGoing through past climates is like exploring a process represented in a log-scale. The further away you go the rougher the knowledge and the granularity of the information you can have access to. The first 2,000 years are full of information and data that can be cross-checked to verify your reconstructions.The next 12,000 years ago are still providing plentiful of evidences, that are honestly bewildering for any curious mind given that we observe massive changes, e.g. the green Sahara somewhere around -6.5 kyr, as it is still extraordinarily close to us, and then somewhere around -12,000 years we move back to a glaciation period, reminding us of the extreme advantage of benefiting from a warmer climate.Exploring the previous 2 Myr, just yesterday in geological terms, gives a perspective on this long alternate cycles of glaciation with ice sheets advancing and retreating on 40,000- and 100,000-year time scales called glacial periods, and interglacial periods. This quaternary glaciation is the last known of 4 others distant events namely: Huronian (-2470 to -2210 Myr), the Cryogenian (-720 Myr to -630 Myr), the so-called Andean-Saharan glaciation (-460 to -420 Myr), then the Late Paleozoic (-360 to -260 Myr).Figure 28. Global temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration over the past 570 million years. Purple line is CO2 concentration (ppm); blue line is change in temperature (∆°C). Horizontal scale is not in constant units. CO2 scale derived from ratios to levels at around 1911 (300 ppm) calculated by Berner and Kothavala (2001). Source Idso et al. (2019) adapted from Nahle (2007), referencing Ruddiman (2001), Scotese (2003), Pagani et al. (2005).The most important information conveyed by Figure 28 is that over geological times there is simply no relationship between CO2 concentration levels (violet curve), i.e. [CO2] and the temperature T (blue curve).From Peyot e-book at page 93. SeeThe Rational Climate e-BookThis book addresses all aspects of climate and paleo-climates, from atmospheric physics, to astronomical influences and geological and geochemical drivers. It covers the computer models claiming to simulate the climate and the policies that are projected from themhttps://patricepoyet.org/Is the Little Ice Age returning?Also across the West in Europe and North America the Polar Vortex has descended upon us from the Arctic and just now news report that the iconic river Thames in London is freezing over. This news is symbolic as the most frequent evidence of how cold the past Little Ice Age became has been paintings of skaters on the Thames.A famous painting of the Thames frozen over during the Little Ice AgeDeja Vu all over again.Huge part of River Thames freezes for 'first time in 60 years' in sub-zero cold snapAs a result of the bitter chill from the Baltic, a huge section of the Thames even froze over at Teddington, south west LondonThe Thames River in Teddington, south west London, frozen over (Image: Gianna Saccomani/ RNLI / Best Loans)COVERING UP THE INCONVENIENT CONSENSUS ON GLOBAL COOLINGThe world had been cooling since the 1940s and by the 1970s the consensus of climate scientists was that we were about to enter another “ice age” or at least to return to the cold of the “little ice age” (the period from about 1300 to 1870).Dire predictions appeared in the popular press; see here for a sampling of story headlines.“During the 1970s the media promoted global cooling alarmism with dire threats of a new ice age. Extreme weather events were hyped as signs of the coming apocalypse and man-made pollution was blamed as the cause. Environmental extremists called for everything from outlawing the internal combustion engine to communist style population controls.”Does that sound familiar?There were many scientific papers supporting future cooling also. People trying to justify the current human-caused global warming scam by claiming a supporting consensus of scientists want to get rid of that previous consensus which said global cooling was the existential danger.This previous cooling consensus, and attempts to erase it, are the subject of an article by Kenneth Richard writing in the NoTricksZone blog (link to article). The article is titled: “Massive Cover-up Exposed: 285 Papers From 1960s-’80s Reveal Robust Global Cooling Scientific ‘Consensus.’”At the end of the article, Richard gives links to and abstracts of many papers from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s which predict global cooling to come.The first part of Richard’s article concerns the coverup of the existence these papers:Beginning in 2003, software engineer William Connolley quietly removed the highly inconvenient references to the global cooling scare of the 1970s from Wikipedia, the world’s most influential and accessed informational source.It had to be done. Too many skeptics were (correctly) pointing out that the scientific “consensus” during the 1960s and 1970s was that the Earth had been cooling for decades, and that nascent theorizing regarding the potential for a CO2-induced global warming were still questionable and uncertain.Not only did Connolley — a co-founder (along with Michael Mann and Gavin Schmidt) of the RealClimate blog — successfully remove (or rewrite) the history of the 1970s global cooling scare from the Wikipedia record, he also erased (or rewrote) references to the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age so as to help create the impression that the paleoclimate is shaped like Mann’s hockey stick graph, with unprecedented and dangerous 20th/21st century warmth.A 2009 investigative report from UK’s Telegraph detailed the extent of dictatorial-like powers Connolley possessed at Wikipedia, allowing him to remove inconvenient scientific information that didn’t conform to his point of view.“All told, Connolley created or rewrote 5,428 unique Wikipedia articles.Richard also discusses an attempt to say that there really wasn’t a cooling consensus at all so we should now believe the “real” consensus of human-caused warming.Ironically, some scientists are again predicting a cooling phase because solar cycles (sunspot numbers) are weakening which leads to more cloud cover and cooling.Beware of claimed consensus in science:“Let’s be clear: The work of science has nothing whatever to do with consensus. Consensus is the business of politics. Science, on the contrary, requires only one investigator who happens to be right, which means that he or she has results that are verifiable by reference to the real world. In science consensus is irrelevant. What is relevant is reproducible results. The greatest scientists in history are great precisely because they broke with the consensus.” – Michael CrichtonSee these articles about the warming consensus:On consensus in science“Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you can never prove it. No matter how many times the results of experiments agree with some theory, you …https://wryheat.wordpress.com/2012/11/24/on-consensus-in-science/“Cooking” Consensus on Climate ChangeJohn Cook, proprietor of the grossly mis-named website, SkepticalScience, published a study in which Cook claims, “A new survey of over 12,000 peer-reviewed climate science papers by our citi…https://wryheat.wordpress.com/2013/05/18/cooking-consensus-on-climate-change/The 97 percent consensus for human caused climate change debunked againThat great climate scientist, Secretary of State John Kerry, has been pontificating on global warming and thereby demonstrating his ignorance of science. Kerry says that because 97% of climate scie…https://wryheat.wordpress.com/2015/03/21/the-97-percent-consensus-for-human-caused-climate-change-debunked-again/The past is getting cooler – government data manipulation designed to make the present look warmer in relation to the past.READ MORECouple 'forced to use oven to keep warm due to bungalow heating issues' amid -4C coldIn the capital and the South East, train services have been cancelled and roads left in treacherous conditions.The large section of frozen river is in the mouth of Teddington Lock on the non-tidal side, where the water flows slower than the rest of the adjoining Thames.Even by this morning the ice had thawed slightly and was much thinner than yesterday.The Thames has completely frozen over in the past, the last time being in January 1963 - the coldest winter for more than 200 years that brought blizzards, snow drifts and temperatures of -20C.The extreme freeze meant the UK experienced the coldest February night for 25 years (Image: AFP via Getty Images)Even some parts of the sea froze over and it is believed to be the coldest winter since 1740.Between 1300 and 1850 Britain was in the grip of the 'Little Ice Age' and from the early 17th century to the beginning of the 19th century the Thames regularly froze over.The ice covering the river was so thick it could support shops, pubs, fairground rides, blazing fires as well as tens of thousands of revellers - and even elephants could walk across it.Cornwall is experiencing 60mph winds along the coastlines (Image: Getty Images)Chalkwell beach after more snow fell overnight on February 11 (Image: Getty Images)The first 'frost fair' as they were known was recorded in 1608 when the river iced up for six weeks. The last fair took place over 200 years later in 1814.This week temperatures in the capital are expected to stay around 0C and -1C but could feel as low as -5C due to the wind chill.The Met Office said Wednesday evening was the coldest February night across the UK since February 23, 1955.The mercury plunged to -23C on Wednesday night in the village of Braemar, Aberdeenshire, making it the coldest temperature recorded in the UK since 1995.Huge part of River Thames freezes for 'first time in 60 years' in sub-zero UKArticles Extreme Weather GSMTHIS FEBRUARY (TO THE 20TH), THE U.S. BROKE 9,075 LOW TEMPERATURE RECORDS VS JUST THE 982 FOR WARMTHFEBRUARY 23, 2021 CAP ALLONThe Arctic invasion that recently swept the United States was truly historic, and the record books prove it.According to warm-mongers NOAA –who willfully ignore the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect– the month of February, 2021 has so far (to the 20th) seen 9,075 daily cold-minimum and cold-maximum temperature records fall across the United States vs just the 982 for warmth.Of these, 693 also qualified as new monthly record lows.And of these, a staggering 198 were also new all-time never-before-witnessed benchmarks–often in record books dating back 150+ years.NOAA said the “cold snap” peaked between Feb. 14-16, during which time approximately 30% of available U.S. sites set cold-maximum records, and about 20% set cold-minimum records:The severity of the polar cold was extreme, unexpected, and ill-prepared for–the western world has been instructed to brace for catastrophic warming for going on 4 decades now:Anyone that tells you extreme cold is part of AGW is a mindless parroting fool, and history has already proved them so — it’s their humility that needs to yield.Looking ahead, another mass of Arctic air looks to be building early-March:GFS 2m Temp Anomalies Mar. 2 [Tropical Tidbits].HomeExtreme WeatherMonster Arctic Front Engulfs Asia and Canada, as Europe’s Longest Bridge is Closed due to SnowExtreme Weather GSMMONSTER ARCTIC FRONT ENGULFS ASIA AND CANADA, AS EUROPE’S LONGEST BRIDGE IS CLOSED DUE TO SNOWFEBRUARY 24, 2021 CAP ALLONWhile parts of the United States and Europe enjoy a brief respite from the frostbite, the majority of Canada, transcontinental Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan continue to suffer from a descended Arctic.Siberia is suffering one its coldest winters on record, with temperatures in the vast Northern Asian region having regularly dipped below -50C (-58F) since mid-December, 2020.Much of Central and Western Asia has also been battling brutal and unusual freezes over the past few months, which in turn have lead to food and energy prices soaring to record highs.The latest GFS 2m Temperature Anomaly run (shown below) is for Feb. 25.And while the mainstream attempts to draw all eyes to central Europe’s brief –yet admittedly unseasonable– burst of warmth, looking at the northern hemisphere as a whole reveals that “blues” and “purples” remain the dominating colors, not “oranges” and “reds” as temperature departures across Canada and much of Asia are holding 20C below the winter average, and beyond:Strong “Meridional” jet stream flow in action: GFS 2m Temp Anomalies for Feb. 25 [tropicaltidbits.com].What is also revealed is the stark temperature divide between western and eastern Europe — a phenomenon fully expected and predicted during times of low solar activity as the jet streams lose their strength and “buckle” (click the below link for more).Our Ice Age historyThe last glaciation was only 120,000 years ago and while we have enjoyed a rebound and melting of the glaciers covering much of North America the latest Harvard research shows our Holocene Optimum inter glacial warming has ended.Ice Ages & Past ClimatesEarth’s climate has undergone many changes over the course of geologic history, but the past one million years or so have been among the most dynamic. During that time, the planet has experienced repeated cycles of glacial (cold) and interglacial (warm) periods lasting about 80,000 years on average.These were most likely driven by regular changes in Earth’s orbit and rotation known as the Milankovich Cycles that govern the seasonal timing and intensity of solar energy entering the atmosphere. Other factors that may have contributed to the formation and cessation of ice ages are the amount of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor) in Earth’s atmosphere, the extent of sea and land-based ice across the northern hemisphere, and shifts in patterns of wind and ocean currents.During ice ages, the most characteristic change to the planet has been the formation and spread large ice sheets and glaciers across much the Northern Hemisphere. The sheer weight of the ice at the height of the last ice age depressed Earth’s crust to such an extent that many areas are still slowly but noticeably rebounding to this day, 18,000 years after the retreat of the glaciers.The formation of the ice also removed so much water from the global ocean that sea levels during ice ages were notably lower than interglacial periods such as the present day—as much as 400 feet lower during some periods. The movement of the ice across the surface of the planet also scoured deep valleys, created extensive chains of hills known as moraines, and created extensive lakes, including the Great Lakes.Understanding the onset and termination of glacial and interglacial cycles is a key part of efforts to understand how Earth’s climate system works and how it responds to changes and disruptions. The steady rise of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere caused by human activity is a primary cause for concern because of its ability to potentially bring about additional, larger changes.Scientists are also looking for ways to match changes in Earth’s past environmental conditions with the timing and speed of changes to past climate in order to understand how sensitive the climate system is to disruption and what chain of events might contribute to forcing large-scale changes or, conversely, to helping moderate changes.https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/climate-ocean/ice-ages-past-climates/Terigi CicconeOctober 22Author "A Hitchhiker's Journey Through Climate Change"How long will it be until the next ice age?“The above chart is a remarkable history of global temperatures of the last 5 million years.The first thing we notice that the temperatures have been on a steady downward trend for the last 3.5 million years ago (MYA). Then starting about 2.5 MYA we see a pattern of glaciation coinciding with the the Milankovitch tilt cycles of 41K-years dominating until about 1.2 MYA. Then in the past 1-million years the 100K-year Milankovitch orbital cycle took control. But we clearly see the 41,000 year tilt cycle acting as a possible shock absorber to the tilt cycle, and at times they superimpose and we get the really big swings both up and downs. But most noticeable we see that in the last 2.5 million years global temperatures have been above the glaciation line only three times, or only about 2% of the time, including the current Holocene warming. So glaciation has been the normal state of the planet for almost the last 3 million years. The conclusion we are forced to draw is yes, glaciation is inevitable in the next few thousand year, absent some unforeseen event.”Temperatures are now in a long term decline for the past 5000 years causing a name change to the Holocene Conundrum because of the unexpected decline. If this continues we are in for either cooling like the Little Ice Age (history erased by Micael Mann for the US until the shenanigans exposed by McKintrick) or full glaciation.This graph shows the decline in temperatures from 6000 years ago in what is now called the HOLOCENE CONUNDRUMNo doubt increased winter snowfall at the poles is causing increased ice that even volcanic action under the ice cannot melt. WRITTEN BY KIRYE AND PIERRE GOSSELIN ONAPR 29, 2020. POSTED IN LATEST NEWSIce Surprise: Svalbard Well Over Average, Arctic Ice Steady, Antarctic Ice GrowingWe keep hearing how the ice at the poles is supposedly disappearing rapidly, yet a look at the latest data shows this is not the case.Polar ice has remained steady for the last decades.Antarctic rebounding, trending upwardsAntarctic ice has in fact trended upwards since satellite measurement began 40 years ago.Data: JMAA brand new article here describes how “Antarctica is not rapidly melting.”Svalbard sea ice well above averageDie kalte Sonne site writes that something unexpected has happened in the Atlantic Ocean around Svalbard: The extent of sea ice there is far greater than the long-term average, as the following graph from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute shows:What’s going on in the North Atlantic? How does all this ice fit with the earlier warnings that the sea ice is getting less and less?German meteorologist Klaus Paetzold shows on his website many more interesting observations of ice and snow in the northern hemisphere.Canadian winters lasting longer?Though climate alarmists often claim Canada is warming twice as fast as the globe, the real, untampered data show that 5 of 9 stations in Canada – for which the JMA has near-complete data – have had no warming trend in the month of March since 1986.Source: JMAAdditionally, only one station shows a warming trend since 1998. Spring seems to be taking more time to arrive in Canada.Summarizing: nothing dramatic is really happening at the Earth’s poles.Read more at No Tricks Zone

+JMJ+Are you a Protestant or a Catholic? If you are a Protestant, you are referring to the Third Commandment, which I cover at the end (about half way down)From The Catechism of the Catholic Church:THE FOURTH COMMANDMENTHonour your father and your mother, that your days may be long in the land which the Lord your God gives you.4 He was obedient to them.5 The Lord Jesus himself recalled the force of this "commandment of God."6 The Apostle teaches: "Children, obey your parents in the Lord, for this is right. 'Honour your father and mother,' (This is the first commandment with a promise.) 'that it may be well with you and that you may live long on the earth."'72197 The fourth commandment opens the second table of the Decalogue. It shows us the order of charity. God has willed that, after him, we should honour our parents to whom we owe life and who have handed on to us the knowledge of God. We are obliged to honour and respect all those whom God, for our good, has vested with his authority.2198 This commandment is expressed in positive terms of duties to be fulfilled. It introduces the subsequent commandments which are concerned with particular respect for life, marriage, earthly goods, and speech. It constitutes one of the foundations of the social doctrine of the Church.2199 The fourth commandment is addressed expressly to children in their relationship to their father and mother, because this relationship is the most universal. It likewise concerns the ties of kinship between members of the extended family. It requires honour, affection, and gratitude toward elders and ancestors. Finally, it extends to the duties of pupils to teachers, employees to employers, subordinates to leaders, citizens to their country, and to those who administer or govern it.This commandment includes and presupposes the duties of parents, instructors, teachers, leaders, magistrates, those who govern, all who exercise authority over others or over a community of persons.2200 Observing the fourth commandment brings its reward: "Honour your father and your mother, that your days may be long in the land which the LORD your God gives you."8Respecting this commandment provides, along with spiritual fruits, temporal fruits of peace and prosperity. Conversely, failure to observe it brings great harm to communities and to individuals.I. THE FAMILY IN GOD'S PLANThe nature of the family2201 The conjugal community is established upon the consent of the spouses. Marriage and the family are ordered to the good of the spouses and to the procreation and education of children. The love of the spouses and the begetting of children create among members of the same family personal relationships and primordial responsibilities.2202 A man and a woman united in marriage, together with their children, form a family. This institution is prior to any recognition by public authority, which has an obligation to recognise it. It should be considered the normal reference point by which the different forms of family relationship are to be evaluated.2203 In creating man and woman, God instituted the human family and endowed it with its fundamental constitution. Its members are persons equal in dignity. For the common good of its members and of society, the family necessarily has manifold responsibilities, rights, and duties.* The Christian family2204 "The Christian family constitutes a specific revelation and realisation of ecclesial communion, and for this reason it can and should be called a domestic church."9 It is a community of faith, hope, and charity; it assumes singular importance in the Church, as is evident in the New Testament.102205 The Christian family is a communion of persons, a sign and image of the communion of the Father and the Son in the Holy Spirit. In the procreation and education of children it reflects the Father's work of creation. It is called to partake of the prayer and sacrifice of Christ. Daily prayer and the reading of the Word of God strengthen it in charity. The Christian family has an evangelizing and missionary task.2206 The relationships within the family bring an affinity of feelings, affections and interests, arising above all from the members' respect for one another. The family is a privileged community called to achieve a "sharing of thought and common deliberation by the spouses as well as their eager cooperation as parents in the children's upbringing."11II. THE FAMILY AND SOCIETY2207 The family is the original cell of social life. It is the natural society in which husband and wife are called to give themselves in love and in the gift of life. Authority, stability, and a life of relationships within the family constitute the foundations for freedom, security, and fraternity within society. The family is the community in which, from childhood, one can learn moral values, begin to honor God, and make good use of freedom. Family life is an initiation into life in society.2208 The family should live in such a way that its members learn to care and take responsibility for the young, the old, the sick, the handicapped, and the poor. There are many families who are at times incapable of providing this help. It devolves then on other persons, other families, and, in a subsidiary way, society to provide for their needs: "Religion that is pure and undefiled before God and the Father is this: to visit orphans and widows in their affliction and to keep oneself unstained from the world."122209 The family must be helped and defended by appropriate social measures. Where families cannot fulfil their responsibilities, other social bodies have the duty of helping them and of supporting the institution of the family. Following the principle of subsidiarity, larger communities should take care not to usurp the family's prerogatives or interfere in its life.2210 The importance of the family for the life and well-being of society 13 entails a particular responsibility for society to support and strengthen marriage and the family. Civil authority should consider it a grave duty "to acknowledge the true nature of marriage and the family, to protect and foster them, to safeguard public morality, and promote domestic prosperity."142211 The political community has a duty to honour the family, to assist it, and to ensure especially:- the freedom to establish a family, have children, and bring them up in keeping with the family's own moral and religious convictions;- the protection of the stability of the marriage bond and the institution of the family;- the freedom to profess one's faith, to hand it on, and raise one's children in it, with the necessary means and institutions;- the right to private property, to free enterprise, to obtain work and housing, and the right to emigrate;- in keeping with the country's institutions, the right to medical care, assistance for the aged, and family benefits;- the protection of security and health, especially with respect to dangers like drugs, pornography, alcoholism, etc.;- the freedom to form associations with other families and so to have representation before civil authority.152212 The fourth commandment illuminates other relationships in society. In our brothers and sisters we see the children of our parents; in our cousins, the descendants of our ancestors; in our fellow citizens, the children of our country; in the baptised, the children of our mother the Church; in every human person, a son or daughter of the One who wants to be called "our Father." In this way our relationships with our neighbours are recognised as personal in character. The neighbour is not a "unit" in the human collective; he is "someone" who by his known origins deserves particular attention and respect.2213 Human communities are made up of persons. Governing them well is not limited to guaranteeing rights and fulfilling duties such as honouring contracts. Right relations between employers and employees, between those who govern and citizens, presuppose a natural good will in keeping with the dignity of human persons concerned for justice and fraternity.III. THE DUTIES OF FAMILY MEMBERSThe duties of children2214 The divine fatherhood is the source of human fatherhood;16 this is the foundation of the honour owed to parents. The respect of children, whether minors or adults, for their father and mother 17 is nourished by the natural affection born of the bond uniting them. It is required by God's commandment.182215 Respect for parents (filial piety) derives from gratitude toward those who, by the gift of life, their love and their work, have brought their children into the world and enabled them to grow in stature, wisdom, and grace. "With all your heart honour your father, and do not forget the birth pangs of your mother. Remember that through your parents you were born; what can you give back to them that equals their gift to you?"192216 Filial respect is shown by true docility and obedience. "My son, keep your father's commandment, and forsake not your mother's teaching. . . . When you walk, they will lead you; when you lie down, they will watch over you; and when you awake, they will talk with you."20 "A wise son hears his father's instruction, but a scoffer does not listen to rebuke."212217 As long as a child lives at home with his parents, the child should obey his parents in all that they ask of him when it is for his good or that of the family. "Children, obey your parents in everything, for this pleases the Lord."22 Children should also obey the reasonable directions of their teachers and all to whom their parents have entrusted them. But if a child is convinced in conscience that it would be morally wrong to obey a particular order, he must not do so.As they grow up, children should continue to respect their parents. They should anticipate their wishes, willingly seek their advice, and accept their just admonitions. Obedience toward parents ceases with the emancipation of the children; not so respect, which is always owed to them. This respect has its roots in the fear of God, one of the gifts of the Holy Spirit.2218 The fourth commandment reminds grown children of their responsibilities toward their parents. As much as they can, they must give them material and moral support in old age and in times of illness, loneliness, or distress. Jesus recalls this duty of gratitude.23 For the Lord honoured the father above the children, and he confirmed the right of the mother over her sons. Whoever honours his father atones for sins, and whoever glorifies his mother is like one who lays up treasure. Whoever honours his father will be gladdened by his own children, and when he prays he will be heard. Whoever glorifies his father will have long life, and whoever obeys the Lord will refresh his mother.24 O son, help your father in his old age, and do not grieve him as long as he lives; even if he is lacking in understanding, show forbearance; in all your strength do not despise him. . . . Whoever forsakes his father is like a blasphemer, and whoever angers his mother is cursed by the Lord.252219 Filial respect promotes harmony in all of family life; it also concerns relationships between brothers and sisters. Respect toward parents fills the home with light and warmth. "Grandchildren are the crown of the aged."26 "With all humility and meekness, with patience, [support] one another in charity."272220 For Christians a special gratitude is due to those from whom they have received the gift of faith, the grace of Baptism, and life in the Church. These may include parents, grandparents, other members of the family, pastors, catechists, and other teachers or friends. "I am reminded of your sincere faith, a faith that dwelt first in your grandmother Lois and your mother Eunice and now, I am sure, dwells in you."28The duties of parents2221 The fecundity of conjugal love cannot be reduced solely to the procreation of children, but must extend to their moral education and their spiritual formation. "The role of parents in education is of such importance that it is almost impossible to provide an adequate substitute."29 The right and the duty of parents to educate their children are primordial and inalienable.302222 Parents must regard their children as children of God and respect them as human persons. Showing themselves obedient to the will of the Father in heaven, they educate their children to fulfil God's law.2223 Parents have the first responsibility for the education of their children. They bear witness to this responsibility first by creating a home where tenderness, forgiveness, respect, fidelity, and disinterested service are the rule. The home is well suited for education in the virtues. This requires an apprenticeship in self-denial, sound judgement, and self-mastery - the preconditions of all true freedom. Parents should teach their children to subordinate the "material and instinctual dimensions to interior and spiritual ones."31 Parents have a grave responsibility to give good example to their children. By knowing how to acknowledge their own failings to their children, parents will be better able to guide and correct them:He who loves his son will not spare the rod. . . . He who disciplines his son will profit by him.32 Fathers, do not provoke your children to anger, but bring them up in the discipline and instruction of the Lord.332224 The home is the natural environment for initiating a human being into solidarity and communal responsibilities. Parents should teach children to avoid the compromising and degrading influences which threaten human societies.2225 Through the grace of the sacrament of marriage, parents receive the responsibility and privilege of evangelising their children. Parents should initiate their children at an early age into the mysteries of the faith of which they are the "first heralds" for their children. They should associate them from their tenderest years with the life of the Church.34 A wholesome family life can foster interior dispositions that are a genuine preparation for a living faith and remain a support for it throughout one's life.2226 Education in the faith by the parents should begin in the child's earliest years. This already happens when family members help one another to grow in faith by the witness of a Christian life in keeping with the Gospel. Family catechises precedes, accompanies, and enriches other forms of instruction in the faith. Parents have the mission of teaching their children to pray and to discover their vocation as children of God.35 The parish is the Eucharistic community and the heart of the liturgical life of Christian families; it is a privileged place for the catechises of children and parents.2227 Children in turn contribute to the growth in holiness of their parents.36 Each and everyone should be generous and tireless in forgiving one another for offences, quarrels, injustices, and neglect. Mutual affection suggests this. The charity of Christ demands it.372228 Parents' respect and affection are expressed by the care and attention they devote to bringing up their young children and providing for their physical and spiritual needs. As the children grow up, the same respect and devotion lead parents to educate them in the right use of their reason and freedom.2229 As those first responsible for the education of their children, parents have the right to choose a school for them which corresponds to their own convictions. This right is fundamental. As far as possible parents have the duty of choosing schools that will best help them in their task as Christian educators.38 Public authorities have the duty of guaranteeing this parental right and of ensuring the concrete conditions for its exercise.2230 When they become adults, children have the right and duty to choose their profession and state of life. They should assume their new responsibilities within a trusting relationship with their parents, willingly asking and receiving their advice and counsel. Parents should be careful not to exert pressure on their children either in the choice of a profession or in that of a spouse. This necessary restraint does not prevent them - quite the contrary from giving their children judicious advice, particularly when they are planning to start a family.2231 Some forgo marriage in order to care for their parents or brothers and sisters, to give themselves more completely to a profession, or to serve other honourable ends. They can contribute greatly to the good of the human family.IV. THE FAMILY AND THE KINGDOM2232 Family ties are important but not absolute. Just as the child grows to maturity and human and spiritual autonomy, so his unique vocation which comes from God asserts itself more clearly and forcefully. Parents should respect this call and encourage their children to follow it. They must be convinced that the first vocation of the Christian is to follow Jesus: "He who loves father or mother more than me is not worthy of me; and he who loves son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me."392233 Becoming a disciple of Jesus means accepting the invitation to belong to God's family, to live in conformity with His way of life: "For whoever does the will of my Father in heaven is my brother, and sister, and mother."40 Parents should welcome and respect with joy and thanksgiving the Lord's call to one of their children to follow him in virginity for the sake of the Kingdom in the consecrated life or in priestly ministry.V. THE AUTHORITIES IN CIVIL SOCIETY2234 God's fourth commandment also enjoins us to honour all who for our good have received authority in society from God. It clarifies the duties of those who exercise authority as well as those who benefit from it.Duties of civil authorities2235 Those who exercise authority should do so as a service. "Whoever would be great among you must be your servant."41 The exercise of authority is measured morally in terms of its divine origin, its reasonable nature and its specific object. No one can command or establish what is contrary to the dignity of persons and the natural law.2236 The exercise of authority is meant to give outward expression to a just hierarchy of values in order to facilitate the exercise of freedom and responsibility by all. Those in authority should practice distributive justice wisely, taking account of the needs and contribution of each, with a view to harmony and peace. They should take care that the regulations and measures they adopt are not a source of temptation by setting personal interest against that of the community.422237 Political authorities are obliged to respect the fundamental rights of the human person. They will dispense justice humanely by respecting the rights of everyone, especially of families and the disadvantaged.The political rights attached to citizenship can and should be granted according to the requirements of the common good. They cannot be suspended by public authorities without legitimate and proportionate reasons. Political rights are meant to be exercised for the common good of the nation and the human community.The duties of citizens2238 Those subject to authority should regard those in authority as representatives of God, who has made them stewards of his gifts:43 "Be subject for the Lord's sake to every human institution. . . . Live as free men, yet without using your freedom as a pretext for evil; but live as servants of God."44 Their loyal collaboration includes the right, and at times the duty, to voice their just criticisms of that which seems harmful to the dignity of persons and to the good of the community.2239 It is the duty of citizens to contribute along with the civil authorities to the good of society in a spirit of truth, justice, solidarity, and freedom. The love and service of one's country follow from the duty of gratitude and belong to the order of charity. Submission to legitimate authorities and service of the common good require citizens to fulfill their roles in the life of the political community.2240 Submission to authority and co-responsibility for the common good make it morally obligatory to pay taxes, to exercise the right to vote, and to defend one's country:Pay to all of them their dues, taxes to whom taxes are due, revenue to whom revenue is due, respect to whom respect is due, honour to whom honour is due.45[Christians] reside in their own nations, but as resident aliens. They participate in all things as citizens and endure all things as foreigners. . . . They obey the established laws and their way of life surpasses the laws. . . . So noble is the position to which God has assigned them that they are not allowed to desert it.46The Apostle exhorts us to offer prayers and thanksgiving for kings and all who exercise authority, "that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life, godly and respectful in every way."472241 The more prosperous nations are obliged, to the extent they are able, to welcome the foreigner in search of the security and the means of livelihood which he cannot find in his country of origin. Public authorities should see to it that the natural right is respected that places a guest under the protection of those who receive him.Political authorities, for the sake of the common good for which they are responsible, may make the exercise of the right to immigrate subject to various juridical conditions, especially with regard to the immigrants' duties toward their country of adoption. Immigrants are obliged to respect with gratitude the material and spiritual heritage of the country that receives them, to obey its laws and to assist in carrying civic burdens.2242 The citizen is obliged in conscience not to follow the directives of civil authorities when they are contrary to the demands of the moral order, to the fundamental rights of persons or the teachings of the Gospel. Refusing obedience to civil authorities, when their demands are contrary to those of an upright conscience, finds its justification in the distinction between serving God and serving the political community. "Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's."48 "We must obey God rather than men":49 When citizens are under the oppression of a public authority which oversteps its competence, they should still not refuse to give or to do what is objectively demanded of them by the common good; but it is legitimate for them to defend their own rights and those of their fellow citizens against the abuse of this authority within the limits of the natural law and the Law of the Gospel.502243 Armed resistance to oppression by political authority is not legitimate, unless all the following conditions are met: 1) there is certain, grave, and prolonged violation of fundamental rights; 2) all other means of redress have been exhausted; 3) such resistance will not provoke worse disorders; 4) there is well-founded hope of success; and 5) it is impossible reasonably to foresee any better solution.The political community and the Church2244 Every institution is inspired, at least implicitly, by a vision of man and his destiny, from which it derives the point of reference for its judgement, its hierarchy of values, its line of conduct. Most societies have formed their institutions in the recognition of a certain preeminence of man over things. Only the divinely revealed religion has clearly recognised man's origin and destiny in God, the Creator and Redeemer. The Church invites political authorities to measure their judgements and decisions against this inspired truth about God and man:Societies not recognising this vision or rejecting it in the name of their independence from God are brought to seek their criteria and goal in themselves or to borrow them from some ideology. Since they do not admit that one can defend an objective criterion of good and evil, they arrogate to themselves an explicit or implicit totalitarian power over man and his destiny, as history shows.512245 The Church, because of her commission and competence, is not to be confused in any way with the political community. She is both the sign and the safeguard of the transcendent character of the human person. "The Church respects and encourages the political freedom and responsibility of the citizen."522246 It is a part of the Church's mission "to pass moral judgements even in matters related to politics, whenever the fundamental rights of man or the salvation of souls requires it. The means, the only means, she may use are those which are in accord with the Gospel and the welfare of all men according to the diversity of times and circumstances."53IN BRIEF2247 "Honour your father and your mother" (Deut 5:16; Mk 7:10).2248 According to the fourth commandment, God has willed that, after him, we should honour our parents and those whom he has vested with authority for our good.2249 The conjugal community is established upon the covenant and consent of the spouses. Marriage and family are ordered to the good of the spouses, to the procreation and the education of children.2250 "The well-being of the individual person and of both human and Christian society is closely bound up with the healthy state of conjugal and family life" (GS 47 § 1).2251 Children owe their parents respect, gratitude, just obedience, and assistance. Filial respect fosters harmony in all of family life.2252 Parents have the first responsibility for the education of their children in the faith, prayer, and all the virtues. They have the duty to provide as far as possible for the physical and spiritual needs of their children.2253 Parents should respect and encourage their children's vocations. They should remember and teach that the first calling of the Christian is to follow Jesus.2254 Public authority is obliged to respect the fundamental rights of the human person and the conditions for the exercise of his freedom.2255 It is the duty of citizens to work with civil authority for building up society in a spirit of truth, justice, solidarity, and freedom.2256 Citizens are obliged in conscience not to follow the directives of civil authorities when they are contrary to the demands of the moral order. "We must obey God rather than men" (Acts 5:29).2257 Every society's judgements and conduct reflect a vision of man and his destiny. Without the light the Gospel sheds on God and man, societies easily become totalitarian.4 Ex 20:12; Deut 5:16.5 Lk 2:51.6 Mk 7:8-13.7 Eph 6:1-3; cf. Deut 5:16.8 Ex 20:12; Deut 5:16.9 FC 21; cf. LG 11.10 Cf. Eph 5:21b: 4; Col 3:18-21; 1 Pet 3:1-7.11 GS 52 § 1.12 Jas 1:27.13 Cf. GS 47 § 1.14 GS 52 § 2.15 Cf. FC 46.16 Cf. Eph 314.17 Cf. Prov 1:8; Tob 4:3-4.18 Cf. Ex 20:12.19 Sir 7:27-28.20 Prov 6:20-22.21 Prov 13:1.22 Col 3:20; Cf. Eph 6:1.23 Cf. Mk 7:10-12.24 Sir 3:2-6.25 Sir 3:12-13, 16.26 Prov 17:6.27 Eph 4:2.28 2 Tim 1:5.29 GE 3.30 Cf. FC 36.31 CA 36 § 2.32 Sir 30:1-2.33 Eph 6:4.34 LG 11 § 2.35 Cf. LG 11.36 Cf. GS 48 § 4.37 Cf. Mt 18:21-22; Lk 17:4.38 Cf. GE 6.39 Mt 10:37; cf. 16:25.40 Mt 12:49.41 Mt 20:26.42 Cf. CA 25.43 Cf. Rom 13:1-2.44 1 Pet 2:13,16.45 Rom 13:7.46 Ad Diognetum 5,5 and 10; 6,10:PG 2,1173 and 1176.47 1 Tim 2:2.48 Mt 22:21.49 Acts 5:29.50 GS 74 § 5.51 Cf. CA 45; 46.52 GS 76 § 3.53 GS 76 § 5.If you are a Protestant, then you are referring to the Third Commandment:THE THIRD COMMANDMENTRemember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor, and do all your work; but the seventh day is a sabbath to the Lord your God; in it you shall not do any work. 90 The sabbath was made for man, not man for the sabbath; so the Son of Man is lord even of the sabbath.91* I. THE SABBATH DAY2168 The third commandment of the Decalogue recalls the holiness of the sabbath: "The seventh day is a sabbath of solemn rest, holy to the LORD."922169 In speaking of the sabbath Scripture recalls creation: "For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day; therefore the Lord blessed the sabbath day and hallowed it.932170 Scripture also reveals in the Lord's day a memorial of Israel's liberation from bondage in Egypt: "You shall remember that you were a servant in the land of Egypt, and the LORD your God brought you out thence with mighty hand and outstretched arm; therefore the LORD your God commanded you to keep the sabbath day."942171 God entrusted the sabbath to Israel to keep as a sign of the irrevocable covenant.95 The sabbath is for the Lord, holy and set apart for the praise of God, his work of creation, and his saving actions on behalf of Israel.2172 God's action is the model for human action. If God "rested and was refreshed" on the seventh day, man too ought to "rest" and should let others, especially the poor, "be refreshed."96 The sabbath brings everyday work to a halt and provides a respite. It is a day of protest against the servitude of work and the worship of money.972173 The Gospel reports many incidents when Jesus was accused of violating the sabbath law. But Jesus never fails to respect the holiness of this day.98 He gives this law its authentic and authoritative interpretation: "The sabbath was made for man, not man for the sabbath."99 With compassion, Christ declares the sabbath for doing good rather than harm, for saving life rather than killing.100 The sabbath is the day of the Lord of mercies and a day to honour God.101 "The Son of Man is lord even of the sabbath."102II. THE LORD'S DAYThis is the day which the LORD has made; let us rejoice and be glad in it.103The day of the Resurrection: the new creation2174 Jesus rose from the dead "on the first day of the week."104Because it is the "first day," the day of Christ's Resurrection recalls the first creation. Because it is the "eighth day" following the sabbath,105 it symbolises the new creation ushered in by Christ's Resurrection. For Christians it has become the first of all days, the first of all feasts, the Lord's Day (he kuriake hemera, dies dominica) Sunday:We all gather on the day of the sun, for it is the first day [after the Jewish sabbath, but also the first day] when God, separating matter from darkness, made the world; and on this same day Jesus Christ our Savior rose from the dead.106Sunday - fulfilment of the sabbath2175 Sunday is expressly distinguished from the sabbath which it follows chronologically every week; for Christians its ceremonial observance replaces that of the sabbath. In Christ's Passover, Sunday fulfils the spiritual truth of the Jewish sabbath and announces man's eternal rest in God. For worship under the Law prepared for the mystery of Christ, and what was done there prefigured some aspects of Christ:107 Those who lived according to the old order of things have come to a new hope, no longer keeping the sabbath, but the Lord's Day, in which our life is blessed by him and by his death.1082176 The celebration of Sunday observes the moral commandment inscribed by nature in the human heart to render to God an outward, visible, public, and regular worship "as a sign of his universal beneficence to all."109 Sunday worship fulfils the moral command of the Old Covenant, taking up its rhythm and spirit in the weekly celebration of the Creator and Redeemer of his people.The Sunday Eucharist2177 The Sunday celebration of the Lord's Day and his Eucharist is at the heart of the Church's life. "Sunday is the day on which the paschal mystery is celebrated in light of the apostolic tradition and is to be observed as the foremost holy day of obligation in the universal Church."110 "Also to be observed are the day of the Nativity of Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Epiphany, the Ascension of Christ, the feast of the Body and Blood of Christi, the feast of Mary the Mother of God, her Immaculate Conception, her Assumption, the feast of Saint Joseph, the feast of the Apostles Saints Peter and Paul, and the feast of All Saints."1112178 This practice of the Christian assembly dates from the beginnings of the apostolic age.112 The Letter to the Hebrews reminds the faithful "not to neglect to meet together, as is the habit of some, but to encourage one another."113 Tradition preserves the memory of an ever-timely exhortation: Come to Church early, approach the Lord, and confess your sins, repent in prayer. . . . Be present at the sacred and divine liturgy, conclude its prayer and do not leave before the dismissal. . . . We have often said: "This day is given to you for prayer and rest. This is the day that the Lord has made, let us rejoice and be glad in it."1142179 "A parish is a definite community of the Christian faithful established on a stable basis within a particular church; the pastoral care of the parish is entrusted to a pastor as its own shepherd under the authority of the diocesan bishop."115 It is the place where all the faithful can be gathered together for the Sunday celebration of the Eucharist. The parish initiates the Christian people into the ordinary expression of the liturgical life: it gathers them together in this celebration; it teaches Christ's saving doctrine; it practices the charity of the Lord in good works and brotherly love:You cannot pray at home as at church, where there is a great multitude, where exclamations are cried out to God as from one great heart, and where there is something more: the union of minds, the accord of souls, the bond of charity, the prayers of the priests.116The Sunday obligation2180 The precept of the Church specifies the law of the Lord more precisely: "On Sundays and other holy days of obligation the faithful are bound to participate in the Mass."117 "The precept of participating in the Mass is satisfied by assistance at a Mass which is celebrated anywhere in a Catholic rite either on the holy day or on the evening of the preceding day."1182181 The Sunday Eucharist is the foundation and confirmation of all Christian practice. For this reason the faithful are obliged to participate in the Eucharist on days of obligation, unless excused for a serious reason (for example, illness, the care of infants) or dispensed by their own pastor.119 Those who deliberately fail in this obligation commit a grave sin.2182 Participation in the communal celebration of the Sunday Eucharist is a testimony of belonging and of being faithful to Christ and to his Church. The faithful give witness by this to their communion in faith and charity. Together they testify to God's holiness and their hope of salvation. They strengthen one another under the guidance of the Holy Spirit.2183 "If because of lack of a sacred minister or for other grave cause participation in the celebration of the Eucharist is impossible, it is specially recommended that the faithful take part in the Liturgy of the Word if it is celebrated in the parish church or in another sacred place according to the prescriptions of the diocesan bishop, or engage in prayer for an appropriate amount of time personally or in a family or, as occasion offers, in groups of families."120A day of grace and rest from work2184 Just as God "rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had done,"121 human life has a rhythm of work and rest. The institution of the Lord's Day helps everyone enjoy adequate rest and leisure to cultivate their familial, cultural, social, and religious lives.1222185 On Sundays and other holy days of obligation, the faithful are to refrain from engaging in work or activities that hinder the worship owed to God, the joy proper to the Lord's Day, the performance of the works of mercy, and the appropriate relaxation of mind and body.123 Family needs or important social service can legitimately excuse from the obligation of Sunday rest. The faithful should see to it that legitimate excuses do not lead to habits prejudicial to religion, family life, and health. The charity of truth seeks holy leisure- the necessity of charity accepts just work.1242186 Those Christians who have leisure should be mindful of their brethren who have the same needs and the same rights, yet cannot rest from work because of poverty and misery. Sunday is traditionally consecrated by Christian piety to good works and humble service of the sick, the infirm, and the elderly. Christians will also sanctify Sunday by devoting time and care to their families and relatives, often difficult to do on other days of the week. Sunday is a time for reflection, silence, cultivation of the mind, and meditation which furthers the growth of the Christian interior life.2187 Sanctifying Sundays and holy days requires a common effort. Every Christian should avoid making unnecessary demands on others that would hinder them from observing the Lord's Day. Traditional activities (sport, restaurants, etc.), and social necessities (public services, etc.), require some people to work on Sundays, but everyone should still take care to set aside sufficient time for leisure. With temperance and charity the faithful will see to it that they avoid the excesses and violence sometimes associated with popular leisure activities. In spite of economic constraints, public authorities should ensure citizens a time intended for rest and divine worship. Employers have a similar obligation toward their employees.2188 In respecting religious liberty and the common good of all, Christians should seek recognition of Sundays and the Church's holy days as legal holidays. They have to give everyone a public example of prayer, respect, and joy and defend their traditions as a precious contribution to the spiritual life of society. If a country's legislation or other reasons require work on Sunday, the day should nevertheless be lived as the day of our deliverance which lets us share in this "festal gathering," this "assembly of the firstborn who are enrolled in heaven."125IN BRIEF2189 "Observe the sabbath day, to keep it holy" (Deut 5:12). "The seventh day is a sabbath of solemn rest, holy to the Lord" (Ex 31:15).2190 The sabbath, which represented the completion of the first creation, has been replaced by Sunday which recalls the new creation inaugurated by the Resurrection of Christ.2191 The Church celebrates the day of Christ's Resurrection on the "eighth day," Sunday, which is rightly called the Lord's Day (cf. SC 106).2192 "Sunday . . . is to be observed as the foremost holy day of obligation in the universal Church" (CIC, can. 1246 § 1). "On Sundays and other holy days of obligation the faithful are bound to participate in the Mass" (CIC, can. 1247)2193 "On Sundays and other holy days of obligation the faithful are bound . . . to abstain from those labours and business concerns which impede the worship to be rendered to God, the joy which is proper to the Lord's Day, or the proper relaxation of mind and body" (CIC, can. 1247).2194 The institution of Sunday helps all "to be allowed sufficient rest and leisure to cultivate their familial, cultural, social, and religious lives" (GS 67 § 3).2195 Every Christian should avoid making unnecessary demands on others that would hinder them from observing the Lord's Day.90 Ex 20:8-10; cf. Deut 5:12-15.91 Mk 2:27-28.92 Ex 31:15.93 Ex 20:11.94 Deut 5:15.95 Cf. Ex 31:16.96 Ex 31:17; cf. 23:12.97 Cf. Neh 13:15-22; 2 Chr 36:21.98 Cf. Mk 1:21; Jn 9:16.99 Mk 2:27.100 Cf. Mk 3:4.101 Cf. Mt 12:5; Jn 7:23.102 Mk 2:28.103 Ps 118:24.104 Cf. Mt 28:1; Mk 16:2; Lk 24:1; Jn 20:1.105 Cf. Mk 16:1; Mt 28:1.106 St. Justin, I Apol. 67:PG 6,429 and 432.107 Cf. 1 Cor 10:11.108 St. Ignatius of Antioch, Ad Magn. 9,1:SCh 10,88.109 St. Thomas Aquinas, STh II-II,122,4.110 CIC, can. 1246 § 1.111 CIC, can. 1246 § 2: "The conference of bishops can abolish certain holy days of obligation or transfer them to a Sunday with prior approval of the Apostolic See."112 Cf. Acts 2:42-46; 1 Cor 11:17.113 Heb 10:25.114 Sermo de die dominica 2 et 6:PG 86/1,416C and 421C.115 CIC, can. 515 § 1.116 St. John Chrysostom, De incomprehensibili 3,6:PG 48,725.117 CIC, can. 1247.118 CIC, can. 1248 § 1.119 Cf. CIC, can. 1245.120 CIC, can. 1248 § 2.121 Gen 2:2.122 Cf. GS 67 § 3.123 Cf. CIC, can. 120.124 St. Augustine, De civ. Dei 19,19:PL 41,647.125 Heb 12:22-23.