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Just resign . You can do that any time . Recently an IAS officer submitted his resignation papers . However if you are a reasonably efficient hardworking engineer , after joining Indian Railway Engineering Services , you will never even think of leaving IES ( IES is what you call it - these are a group of most prestigious IRSE ( Civil) , IRSME ( Mechanical , both Special Class Apprentices and Engineering degree holders ) , IRSEE ( Electrical ) , IRSSE ( Signalling & Communications ) and IRSS ( procurement , materials management and logistics ) . Similar to IAS , IPS and Class I Central Services , these Services provide you with an opportunity to occupy top positions of the rank and pay of a Secretary to Government . That is the highest position a Civil Servant can hold in India .You might say You do not bother much about the rank . You might be dreaming about the kind of remuneration your friends who work abroad in USA or Middle East would boast of . As it appears now other nations in EU or Asia Pacific region or even Britain , do not offer too many jobs to immigrants with Engineering degrees as it used to be some years ago . Quora itself have a lot of information about jobs in other nations .What the immigrant engineers generally tell you is the remuneration package they are offered which is equivalent to CTC ( Cost To Company ) . It generally includes Basic Pay , HRA , Conveyance , Medical Reimbursements , Food Coupons , Leave Travel Allowance , Other Allowance , Bonus , Employee PF , Gratuity , Super Annuation , Insurance by Employer . The indigenous Companies too will offer similar Packages .Your career in Government Railways will start with a 2 year Training and probation which is equal to a prestigious MBA . You can add your cadre name after your name only when you clear your mandatory training examinations . Training starts with the Nationally and internationally reputed Management Institutes in India - the elite National Academy of Administration ( now LBSNAA ) for a few months , the Railway Staff College ( set up by Colonial Administration - exactly similar to UK’s ) . Railway Staff College training takes about 16 months ) . In all the prestigious Institutes , you have to pass all mandatory examination . If you fail to meet good scores you can lose your UPSC earned seniority in rank or might lose even the job itself . Well unlike the private sector , Government being a model employer , has not yet put a price for the really expensive and high quality training to make you an Engineer Manager and groom you to be in charge of a Railway Division with a territorial jurisdiction over a few districts and about 10,000 to 30,000 employees .Since you are either not convinced about the career prospects or you are fishing for an answer to a question without any useful purpose , let me guide you back to IES . Better to call it IEr.S because Indian Economic Service too has a claim to add IES behind their name . The same confusion exists between Indian Police Service and Indian Postal Service , Indian Foreign Service and Indian Forest Service ( IFS ) .If you are enamoured of CTC packages offered by Private Companies , you must check up what it would contain in a CTG ( Cost to Government ) package .As an IErS Officer , posted in a Division where you start your working post , you get your first promotion in the fourth year ( after you Training and Probation of 2 years and just 1 year in a Working post ) . You are now a big boy or lady - a Divisional Engineer . You get a spacious apartment or a bungalow allotted to you . In Delhi it can be in Chanakyapuri or Connaught Place or other elite areas . The market rents in those areas for a 2 or 3 BKH are more than Rs 2 to 3 Lakhs per month ( I go by rent in Malcha Marg or Shantiniketan which are close to Chanakyapuri or Apartments so close to Connaught Place ) . These are fantastic accommodation so well maintained . You get gardeners in bungalows , an office with dozens of staff to maintain and manage the gated colonies . You get a garage . Cost To Government at market prices in these areas will be Rs 30 Lakhs per annum . No private company will ever accommodate you in Chanakyapuri or Shantiniketan or Malcha Marg or close to CP area unless you are their Chairman or Senior Director or Managing Director .Now Your pay . You get a total pay of Rs 14 lakhs Per annum with 5 years in service . In another 3 -4 years next promotion is due and you get about Rs 20 lakhs pay per annum .Then the hard work . Since you will hardly spend a few hours every day at home and you will be doing continuous mandatory safety inspections to protect the track or chase the health and performance of locomotives coaches wagons , Signalling performance and communications etc you are given staff to assist you at home and on tour . Cost to Government is Rs 2.5 lakhs per annum .Since you are so busy , continuously on duty 24 x 7 , your wife will have to look after children and your dependants if any . In order NOT to make you think of leaving the Railways to escape from tension , Railways actually protects you from the guilt feeling of abdicating your responsibilities as a father to your children or the head of family . This is a practice followed ever since the railways were built in India . Since Colonial Government did not want you to get any overtime allowances which could be a drain on the exchequer , Colonial Government gave you some special assistance in the form free travel passes and an assistant at home . That is why you and your family as an IEr.S Officer , gets 6 sets of Free Rail travel Passes from anywhere to anywhere in India . Suppose if your father or mother is seriously ill and if you can not rush to their place , your wife at least can rush to that place , using the free pass . However Railway doesn’t want you to go on leave . Railways that way are a very professionally committed Department , they will rather entice you with a Return pass for your family and an assistant at home rather than giving you heavy overtime or leave of absence . 4 members in a family- you , spouse and 2 children means 4 passes , anywhere to anywhere in India in AC or First Class . CTG is Rs 1 lakh per annum minimum for Passes .You will have a PA to Assist you in Office. This is to enable you to deliver your responsibilities better and take on unforeseen emergency works . Operating and maintaining trains with lakhs of people sleeping peacefully in your trains trusting solely on your vigil and efficiency , is a hugely risky and formidable job . Private company does not give you such facilities unless you are very senior . A Chief Engineer might have 2 PAs or Personal Secretaries or OSDs . Well , who was James Bond’s Boss . It was the all important M . Who was his Personal Assistant ? Ms Money Penny . James Bond needs Ms Money Penny’s help to get an appointment with M . We did not see any other PA there . In Private Companies they want more profit , so they might give only one Assistant to even senior directors . For such facilities provided to you in Railways CTG will be about Rs 5 lakhs minimum per annum .A Government Vehicle with driver . Staff car or Hired Car . Rs 3 Lakhs per annum . You can use upto 500 kms for personal use . Beyond that you pay from your pocket at specified rates . Still Cost to Govt ( CTG ) Rs 3 Lakhs .You get House loan , Car Loan etc at easier instalments and attractive interest rates from Government . Cost of Subsidies are Cost to Government . Not worked out since it is an one time benefit . However the cost is there .Immense health benefits for you and your family , the best in the world . Some of the best speciality Hospitals are with Railways . The first open heart coronary artery surgery In India in 1975 was in a Railway Hospital . Also the Heart Transplant and the first Heart and Lungs Transplant , First Paediatric Surgery and First TMR ( Laser Heart Surgery ) were in Southern Railway Hospital Madras by Dr KM Cherian . People who clamour for closing down Railway Hospitals forget these great achievements . Mumbai , Kolkata and Delhi Railway Hospitals too are nationally highly regarded in India . IErS Officers and family get free treatment . Cost to Government might be Rs 1 lakh per annum .By now all in all , this IES job you look at so lightly is worth Rs 50Lakhs to 54 Lakhs per annum when you begin your career on a working post in a Metro city . Put in a language understood better by those who want to migrate to other countries , it is is worth USD 70,000 to 80,000 per annum . This level of offer is not available to all Immigrant engineer . Only very few with post graduate degrees and some experience . The starting remuneration for a beginner engineer in UK or Europe is not more than £ 30,000 or € 30,000 .Over and above all these are the large Retirement benefits .IES is a really coveted position if you can succeed in cracking the UPSC examination . It is not easy . Those dreaming about jobs abroad need to take a look at both CTC abroad and CTG in Indian Railways and compare .These are great jobs available in India . Ordinarily there is no need for seeking information on leaving great jobs in IES . One can simply resign and go at any time . For those who are in these highly sought after Covenanted Services but still unable to complete 3000 km double line Dedicated Freight Corridor even after 13 long years must definitely consider leaving these Services . Look at the way Australia completed Alice Springs -Darwin 1450 km heavy haul rail line completed in a very hostile and difficult terrain within just 30 months . If Railways are unable to meet such challenges , well , people must quit IES .One thing that I can foresee is that these IES jobs will be in great demand for many more decades to come because of the solid investments and gigantic projects initiated by the present Government since 2014 .

Not for a second. It can be the greatest job in the world, and for me with the exception of a couple of years it was (I’m now retired). There are several advantages. The most important for me was that I had a lot of control over my time. To be sure there are classes to be taught, meetings to attend and a few other obligations. But I’ve always pretty much been able to schedule my classes when i wanted and to teach what i wanted. To be sure there have been times when the needs of my department meant I had to teach a course I would rather not have taught and at a time I didn’t like, but mostly I (and my colleagues) worked things out so that everyone pretty much got what they wanted. I’ve always been in departments where everyone cooperated and went out of their way to help one another out, especially the more junior faculty. I realize that isn’t universal, but I’ve taught at 8 or so universities ranging from elite to decidedly third tier state universities, and they’ve all been fine in that regard.I’ve also had the freedom to teach what i wanted, and over the years I probably taught 30 or more different classes. There are certain basic introductory and service courses that have to be covered, and I’ve done my share of those. But I’ve also been able to develop new courses, ranging all over the place in terms of areas. I’m naturally curious, and so when I wanted to learn a new body of material I often taught a course in the area. I might say that it’s an incredible amount of work to teach a new course. I used to say that for a lecture course each new lecture is about like writing a term paper — reading, organizing, slimming, preparing handouts and visuals, etc. But it’s also fun if sometimes anxiety provoking when you’re only one lecture ahead of the students, and hoping you don’t get sick.Because my time tended to be flexible, I also have been able to do some consulting — mostly boring but well paid — various kinds of volunteer work, even local politics.Second, and relatedly I’ve had time to do the research and writing that I wanted to do. I loved teaching (mostly — there have been a few dud classes) but I have an intellectual life that goes beyond what happens in the classroom. I took my teaching very seriously and worked hard and I think constructively at it, but I did make sure that my teaching obligations left me free for research. That might mean scheduling all my classes on two days (typically Tuesday and Thursday). At state universities where teaching 3 courses each semester (or maybe 3 and 2 the other), meant that teaching days were busy and tiring, but then I had 3 days free for some teaching (maybe office hours or committee meetings), but mostly for thinking, planning research, meeting graduate students (a form of teaching after all) and writing. Usually I worked at home 1 or 2 of those days — fewer distractions. So all this required some attention to scheduling, but it gave me the time I needed to do what i also love —research and writing.Third, I’ve never really had a boss in the traditional sense, no one to watch over me, focus on my screwups (of which there have been more than a few), making me do stupid stuff to please the boss’s ego. To be sure department chairs and deans assign office and research space (or a committee does), make sure that someone teaches the necessary courses, etc. But it’s done in a spirit of cooperation. Normally in my experience the chair asks for desired teaching schedules and folks just work out among themselves who teaches what when. I have also been a chair and a dean, and I tread very softly on the command pedal. Usually a request does the job: “We really need someone to teach X next term. Would you be willing to do that?” Sometimes I might add an incentive: reassignment from a course the professor didn’t really love teaching, assignment of really good teaching assistant, something more extraneous like a piece of research equipment or an extra bonus in the person’s copying line. etc. It all works out.Most of the people I know have or have had really bad bosses from time to time. I never did and tried very hard not to be one. In my world a request goes a lot father than a command.Fourth, I was always around bright and interesting people. Students can be needy and irresponsible, but they also are often interesting and curious. Students at elite colleges are more obviously interesting, but even at state universities I’ve always found plenty whom I enjoyed getting to know. Over the years I won some teaching awards and generally loved challenging growing minds (and changing the minds of older students), but sometimes, especially in large lecture classes there’s not a lot of overt appreciation. Often you find out when students think “you need a brain transplant” as one student said on a course evaluation, but the accolades are a bit more pastel Or in a few cases in my experience lacking), Not every class was a great experience for me and presumably not for the students. But on the whole it’s just fun to be around college students for all their immaturity and cell phones that go off in class.Colleagues usually have interesting things to say about their own research and ideas, but mostly professors, in my experience, just talk about ideas — politics, economics, science, and do so in ways that are comprehensible to someone like me who was reasonably sophisticated but not particularly knowledgeable. Over the years I learned a tremendous amount just by listening to colleagues. On several occasions I and other have organized faculty seminars on a particular topic, often bringing together people from vastly different departments, Sure we also talked about sports, boring academic politics, movies and all that kind of stuff but sometimes you can learn a lot just by hearing someone talk about their favorite topics. You wouldn’t know it from the length of some of my replies, but I am often a good listener, and I enjoy hearing people, even pompous people, talk about stuff they care about.Are there downsides? Of course. The pay is typically not great and especially in my early teaching days with a young family and a stay-at-home wife money was very tight. Toward the end of my career I taught at a research university and made a decent salary but probably a third of what I could have made in the business world (yeah, with all those constraints on my time and bad bosses). Travel to conferences was sometimes partially reimbursed by a department or research grant but often essentially eliminated the family vacation budget. Books, heavy duty computers, usually were a personal expense, and as I now struggle to find a home for several thousand books I’ll no longer read, I remind myself that books not only cost money but take up a lot of space. But I suppose the biggest cost is time. Getting a permanent teaching position (“Getting tenure”) takes time, energy and luck. During the first 6 or 8 years of my career I suppose I never worked less than 80–90 hours a week. However, young lawyers and business people trying to “make partner” also work long hours, as do doctors and other other professionals. I mostly loved what I was doing, but it’s still hard work and it still takes away from family time. Practically, that meant that after whatever I had done during the day and dinner (with a stiff drink), I was at my desk at home from 7 or a little later after the children were ready for bed until midnight or 1 and usually a big part of each weekend day. As I have said, I mostly loved what I was doing (unless it was grading papers or exams), but I also didn’t spend as much time with my children as I should have. They’ve turned out super fine and I don’t think they missed my presence as much as I missed theirs. In my defense, I was working at home and was never one of those “do not disturb” kinds of dads, and I certainly made time for the recitals (ouch) and other significant events.I had a great academic career, with some anxieties over various job possibilities and the like. I’ve been very lucky, but today things are more difficult and I probably would not have fared nearly as well. And I’m well aware that some departments and universities are basically dysfunctional and there are a lot which do not provide the kinds of rewarding experiences I have had. Academics can be cruel and competitive; department members can harbor grudges and act on them. But I think that most people have reasonably good experiences in the academy.

Every ‘first world country, bar one and most other countries.AsiaCountries and regions that provide public healthcare in Asia include Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bahrain, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Macau (see below), Malaysia, Mongolia, Oman, Singapore, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan (R.O.C.), (see below), Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.BhutanThe Royal Government of Bhutan maintains a policy of free and universal access to primary health care. As hospital facilities in the country are limited, patients with diseases that cannot be treated in Bhutan, such as cancer, are normally referred to hospitals in India for treatment. Such referral treatment is also carried out at the cost of the Royal Government.GeorgiaIn 2013, Georgia adopted a universal health care system.Hong Kong[edit]Hong Kong has early health education, professional health services, and well-developed health care and medication system. The life expectancy is 84 for females and 78 for males, which is the second highest in the world, and 2.94 infant mortality rate, the fourth lowest in the world.IndiaIndia's healthcare system is dominated by the private sector, although there are various public healthcare systems like Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana in Maharashtra that provides free healthcare to those below the poverty line.Currently, the majority of Indian citizens do not have health insurance, and must pay out of pocket for treatment. There are government hospitals that provide treatment at taxpayer expense. Some essential drugs are offered free of charge in these hospitals.An outpatient card at AIIMS costs a one-time fee of 10 rupees (around 20 cents U.S.) and thereafter outpatient medical advice is free. In-hospital treatment costs depend on the financial condition of the patient and the facilities utilized, but are usually much less than the private sector. For instance, a patient is waived treatment costs if their income is below the poverty line. However, getting treatment at high quality government hospitals is very tough due to the high number of people needing healthcare and the lack of sufficient facilities.Primary health care is provided by city and district hospitals and rural primary health centres (PHCs). These hospitals provide treatment free of cost, but only if they are functional. Primary care is focused on immunization, prevention of malnutrition, pregnancy, child birth, postnatal care, and treatment of common illnesses.IsraelIsrael has a system of universal healthcare as set out by the 1995 National Health Insurance Law. The state is responsible for providing health services to all residents of the country, who can register with one of the four national health service funds. To be eligible, a citizen must pay a health insurance tax. Coverage includes medical diagnosis and treatment, preventive medicine, hospitalization (general, maternity, psychiatric and chronic), surgery and transplants, preventive dental care for children, first aid and transportation to a hospital or clinic, medical services at the workplace, treatment for drug abuse and alcoholism, medical equipment and appliances, obstetrics and fertility treatment, medication, treatment of chronic diseases and paramedical services such as physiotherapy and occupational therapy.JapanAll residents of Japan are required by the law to have health insurance coverage. People without insurance from employers can participate in a national health insurance programme, administered by local governments. Patients are free to select physicians or facilities of their choice and cannot be denied coverage. Hospitals, by law, must be run as non-profit and be managed by physicians.MacauMacau offers universally accessible single-payer system funded by taxes. Health care is provided by the Bureau for Health.MaldivesAasandha is the national healthcare insurance scheme of the Maldives. It provide taxpayer-funded medical assistance to all Maldivian Citizens. National Social Protection Agency Of Maldives was formed under the National Social Health Insurance Act on 27 August 2008 is mandated to administer the National Social Health Insurance Scheme and by an executive order under the same act mandated to conduct social protection programs identified by the government of Maldives. NSPA is also the responsible agency to regulate and conduct Social Protection programs under the Social Protection Act.People's Republic of ChinaSince the founding of the People's Republic of China, the goal of health care programs has been to provide care to every member of the population and to make maximum use of limited health-care personnel, equipment, and financial resources.In January 21, 2009, the Chinese government announced it would provide 850 billion yuan (US$127.5 billion) between 2009 and 2011 to improve the existing health care system.The plan was passed by the Chinese Cabinet in January 2009. The long-awaited medical reform plan promised to spend 850 billion yuan by 2011 to provide universal medical service and that measures would be taken to provide basic medical security to all Chinese.Singapore[Singapore has a universal health care system where government ensures affordability, largely through compulsory savings and price controls, while the private sector provides most care. Overall spending on health care amounts to only 3% of annual GDP. Of that, 66% comes from private sources.Singapore currently has the second lowest infant mortality rate in the world and among the highest life expectancies from birth, according to the World Health Organization.Singapore has "one of the most successful healthcare systems in the world, in terms of both efficiency in financing and the results achieved in community health outcomes," according to an analysis by global consulting firm Watson Wyatt.Sri LankaSri Lanka provides free universal healthcare to their citizens.TaiwanThe current health care system in Taiwan, known as National Health Insurance (NHI), was instituted in 1995. NHI is a single-payer compulsory social insurance plan that centralizes the disbursement of health care dollars. The system promises equal access to health care for all citizens, and the population coverage had reached 99% by the end of 2004. NHI is mainly financed through premiums based on the payroll tax, and is supplemented with out-of-pocket payments and direct government funding. In the initial stage, fee-for-service predominated for both public and private providers.NHI delivers universal coverage offered by a government-run insurer. The working population pays premiums split with their employers, others pay a flat rate with government help and the poor or veterans are fully subsidized.Under this model, citizens have free range to choose hospitals and physicians without using a gatekeeper and do not have to worry about waiting lists. NHI offers a comprehensive benefit package that covers preventive medical services, prescription drugs, dentalservices, Chinese medicine, home nurse visits and many more. Since NHI, the previously uninsured have increased their usage of medical services. Most preventive services are free such as annual checkups and maternal and child care. Regular office visits have co-payments as low as US $5 per visit. Co-payments are fixed and unvaried by the person's income.ThailandThailand introduced universal coverage reforms in 2001, becoming one of only a handful of lower-middle income countries to do so at the time. Means-tested health care for low income households was replaced by a new and more comprehensive insurance scheme, originally known as the 30 baht project, in line with the small co-payment charged for treatment. People joining the scheme receive a gold card that they use to access services in their health district, and, if necessary, get referrals for specialist treatment elsewhere. The bulk of finance comes from public revenues, with funding allocated to Contracting Units for Primary Care annually on a population basis. According to the WHO, 65% of Thailand's health care expenditure in 2004 came from the government, 35% was from private sources.Although the reforms have received a good deal of critical comment, they have proved popular with poorer Thais, especially in rural areas, and survived the change of government after the 2006 military coup. The then Public Health Minister, Mongkol Na Songkhla, abolished the 30 baht co-payment and made the UC scheme free. It is not yet clear whether the scheme will be modified further under the coalition government that came to power in January 2008.In 2016, Thailand became the first country in Asia to eliminate HIV transmission from mother to child, owing to its robust public healthcare system.EuropeAlmost all European countries have healthcare available for all citizens. Most European countries have systems of competing private health insurance companies, along with government regulation and subsidies for citizens who cannot afford health insurance premiums.Countries with universal healthcare include Austria, Belarus, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.AustriaHealthcare in Austria is universal for residents of Austria as well as those from other EU countries.Austria has a two-tier payment system in which many individuals receive basic publicly funded care; they also have the option to purchase supplementary private health insurance.BelgiumHealthcare in Belgium is composed of three parts. Firstly there is a primarily publicly funded healthcare and social security service run by the federal government, which organises and regulates healthcare; independent private/public practitioners, university/semi-private hospitals and care institutions. There are a few (commercially run for-profit) private hospitals.Secondly is the insurance coverage provided for patients. Finally, industry coverage covers the production and distribution of healthcare products for research and development. The primary aspect of this research is done in universities and hospitals.CroatiaCroatia has a universal health care system that provides medical services and is coordinated by the Ministry of Health. The population is covered by a basic health insurance plan provided by statute and by optional insurance. It is administered by the Croatian Health Insurance Fund. In 2012, annual compulsory healthcare related expenditures reached 21.0 billion kunas (c. 2.8 billion euro). There are hundreds of healthcare institutions in Croatia, including 79 hospitals and clinics with 25,285 beds, caring for more than 760 thousand patients per year, 5,792 private practice offices and 79 emergency medical service units.Czech RepublicCzech Republic has a universal public health system paid largely from taxation. Private health care systems do co-exist freely alongside public ones, sometimes offering better quality or faster service. Almost all medical services are covered by health insurance and insurance companies, though certain services such as prescription drugs or vision and dental care are only covered partially.DenmarkDenmark has a universal public health system paid largely from taxation with local municipalities delivering health care services in the same way as other Scandinavian countries. Primary care is provided by a general practitioner service run by private doctors contracting with the local municipalities with payment on a mixed per capita and fee for service basis. Most hospitals are run by the municipalities (only 1% of hospital beds are in the private sector).FinlandIn Finland, public medical services at clinics and hospitals are run by the municipalities (local government) and are funded 76% by taxation, 20% by patients through access charges, and 4% by others. Private provision is mainly in the primary care sector. There are a few private hospitals.The main hospitals are either municipally owned (funded from local taxes) or run by the medical teaching universities (funded jointly by the municipalities and the national government). According to a survey published by the European Commission in 2000, Finland's is in the top 4 of EU countries in terms of satisfaction with their hospital care system: 88% of Finnish respondents were satisfied compared with the EU average of 41.3%.Finnish health care expenditures are below the European average. The private medical sector accounts for about 14 percent of total health care spending. Only 8% of doctors choose to work in private practice, and some of these also choose to do some work in the public sector.FranceFrance has a system of health care largely financed by government through a system of national health insurance. Nonetheless, not all medical care is paid for by the state, with only 70% of initial GP care covered and anywhere between 35% and 100% of prescription medication covered. It is consistently ranked as one of the best in the world.GermanyGermany has the world's oldest national social health insurance system, with origins dating back to Otto von Bismarck's Sickness Insurance Law of 1883.The system is decentralized with private practice physicians providing ambulatory care, and independent, mostly non-profit hospitals providing the majority of inpatient care. Employers pay for half of their employees' health insurance contributions, while self-employed workers pay the entire contribution themselves.Approximately 90% of the population is covered by a statutory health insurance plan, which provides a standardized level of coverage through any one of approximately 100 public sickness funds.The rest are covered by private health insurance. Private health insurance is only accessible to self-employed workers, and to high-income employees. The contributions for publicly insurance is determined according to the income, while the contributions for private health insurance are determined according to age and health condition.Historically, the level of provider reimbursement for specific services is determined through negotiations between regional physician's associations and sickness funds. Since 1976 the government has convened an annual commission, composed of representatives of business, labor, physicians, hospitals, and insurance and pharmaceutical industries.GreeceThe Greek healthcare system provides high quality medical services to insured citizens and is coordinated by the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity. Public health services are provided by the National Healthcare Service, or ESY (Greek: Εθνικό Σύστημα Υγείας, ΕΣΥ). In 2010 there were 35,000 hospital beds and 131 hospitals in the country.The Greek healthcare system has received high rankings by the World Health Organization, ranked 14th in the overall assessment and 11th in quality of service in a 2000 report by the WHO.Guernsey / JerseyThe medical care system in the Channel Islands is very similar to that of the UK in that many of the doctors and nurses have been trained from the UK health perspective. There is universal health care for residents of the islands.IcelandIceland has a universal public health system paid largely from taxation with local municipalities delivering health care services in the same way as other Scandinavian countries. Iceland's entire population has equal access to health care services.IrelandThe public health care system of the Republic of Ireland is governed by the Health Act 2004, which established a new body to be responsible for providing health and personal social services to everyone living in Ireland – the Health Service Executive. The new national health service came into being officially on January 1, 2005; however, the new structures are currently in the process of being established as the reform program continues. In addition to the public-sector, there is a large private health care market.In Ireland, 37% of the population have a means tested medical card that gives the holder access to tax-funded GP care and requires €2.50 for each prescription drug. For all other residents, the average price for an appointment with a family doctor is €50.Isle of ManThe Isle of Man provides universal public health coverage to its residents.ItalyItaly has a public health care service for all the residents called "Servizio Sanitario Nazionale" or SSN (National Health Service). It is similar to the UK National Health Service. It is publicly run and funded mostly from taxation. Some services require variable co-pays, while other services (like emergency medicine and a general doctor) are free. Like the UK, there is a small parallel private health care system, especially in the field of dentistry and optometry.LuxembourgLuxembourg provides universal health care coverage to all residents (Luxembourgers and foreigners) by the National Health Insurance (CNS - Caisse nationale de santé (French) or National Gesondheetskeess (Luxembourgish)). It is funded by mandatory contributions of employers and the workforce, and by government subsidies for insuring jobseekers, the poor, and for financing medical infrastructure. The nation also has mandatory public long-term care insurance.NetherlandsThe Netherlands has a dual-level system. All primary and curative care (family doctors, hospitals, and clinics) is financed from private compulsory insurance. Long term care for the elderly, the dying, the long term mentally ill etc. is covered by social insurance funded from taxation. According to the WHO, the health care system in the Netherlands was 62% government funded and 38% privately funded as of 2004.Insurance companies must offer a core universal insurance package for universal primary, curative care, including the cost of all prescription medicines. They must do this at a fixed price for all. People pay the same premium whether young or old, healthy or sick. It is illegal in The Netherlands for insurers to refuse an application for health insurance, to impose special conditions (e.g., exclusions, deductibles, co-pays etc., or refuse to fund treatments that a doctor has determined are medically necessary). The system is 50% financed from payroll taxes paid by employers to a fund controlled by the Health regulator. The government contributes an additional 5% to the regulator's fund. The remaining 45% is collected as premiums paid by the insured directly to the insurance company. Some employers negotiate bulk deals with health insurers and some even pay the employees' premiums as an employment benefit. The regulator has sight of the claims made by policyholders and therefore can redistribute the funds its holds on the basis of relative claims made by policy holders. Thus insurers with high payouts receive more from the regulator than those with low payouts. Insurance companies have no incentive to deter high cost individuals from taking insurance and are compensated if they have to pay out more than might be expected. Insurance companies compete with each other on price for the 45% direct premium part of the funding and try to negotiate deals with hospitals to keep costs low and quality high. The competition regulator is charged with checking for abuse of dominant market positions and the creation of cartels that act against the consumer interests. An insurance regulator ensures that all basic policies have identical coverage rules so that no person is medically disadvantaged by his or her choice of insurer.NorwayNorway has a universal public health system paid largely from taxation in the same way as other Scandinavian countries. The Norwegian health care system is government-funded and heavily decentralized. The health care system in Norway is financed primarily through taxes levied by county councils and municipalities. Dental care is included for children until 18 years old, and is covered for adults for some ailments.Norway regularly comes top or close to the top of worldwide healthcare rankings.Portugal[Portugal's National Healthcare Service, known nationally as Serviço Nacional de Saúde (SNS), is a universal and free healthcare service provided nationwide since 1979 and available to both Portuguese and foreign residents. In 2014, Portugal SNS ranked 13th best healthcare service in Europe.The National Medical Emergency Institute (INEM) is the main emergency medical service and can be activated by calling 112.RomaniaAccording to Article 34 of the Constitution of Romania, the state is obliged "to guarantee the protection of healthcare". Romania has a fully universal healthcare system, which covers medical check-ups, any surgical interventions, and any postoperative medical care, as well as free or subsidized medicine for a range of diseases. The state is also obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. Dental care is not funded by the state, although there are public dental clinics in some hospitals, which treat patients free of charge.However, due to inadequate funding and corruption, it is estimated that a third of medical expenses are, in some cases, supported by the patient.Furthermore, Romania spends, per capita, less than any other EU state on medical care.Russia and Soviet UnionIn the Soviet Union, the preferred term was "socialist medicine"; the Russian language has no term to distinguish between "socialist" and "socialized" (other than "public", Rus: obshchestvenniy/общественный, sometimes "collectivized" or "nationalized", Rus: obobshchestvlenniy/обобществленный).Russia in Soviet times (between 1917 and 1991) had a totally socialist model of health care with a centralised, integrated, hierarchically organised with the government providing free health care to all citizens. Initially successful at combating infectious diseases, the effectiveness of the socialized model declined with underinvestment. Despite a doubling in the number of hospital beds and doctors per capita between 1950 and 1980, the quality of care began to decline by the early 1980s and medical care and health outcomes were below western standards.The new mixed economy Russia has switched to a mixed model of health care with private financing and provision running alongside state financing and provision. The OECD reported that unfortunately, none of this has worked out as planned and the reforms have in many respects made the system worse.The population's health has deteriorated on virtually every measure. The resulting system is overly complex and very inefficient. It has little in common with the model envisaged by the reformers. Although there are more than 300 private insurers and numerous public ones in the market, real competition for patients is rare leaving most patients with little or no effective choice of insurer, and in many places, no choice of health care provider either. The insurance companies have failed to develop as active, informed purchasers of health care services. Most are passive intermediaries, making money by simply channelling funds from regional OMS funds to healthcare providers.Article 41 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation confirms a citizen's right to state healthcare and medical assistance free of charge. This is achieved through state compulsory medical insurance (OMS), which is free to Russian citizens, funded by obligatory medical insurance payments made by companies and government subsidies.Introduction in 1993 reform of new free market providers in addition to the state-run institutions intended to promote both efficiency and patient choice. A purchaser-provider split help facilitate the restructuring of care, as resources would migrate to where there was greatest demand, reduce the excess capacity in the hospital sector and stimulate the development of primary care. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced a new large-scale health care reform in 2011 and pledged to allocate more than 300 billion rubles ($10 billion) in the next few years to improve health care in the country. He also said that obligatory medical insurance tax paid by companies will increase from current 3.1% to 5.1% starting from 2011.Serbia[edit]Main article: Healthcare in SerbiaThe Constitution of the Republic of Serbia states that it is a right of every citizen to seek medical assistance free of charge.[137]This is achieved by mutual contribution to the Compulsory Social Healthcare Fund of RZZO (Republički Zavod za Zdravstveno Osiguranje or National Health Insurance Institution). The amount of contribution depends on the amount of money the person is making. During the 1990s, Serbia's healthcare system has been of a poor quality due to severe underfunding. In the recent years, however, that has changed and the Serbian government has invested heavily in new medical infrastructure, completely remodeling existing hospitals and building two new hospitals in Novi Sad and Kragujevac.SpainSpain provides a public universal health care system for all citizens and, under certain conditions, also non-citizens. Healthcare is free except for co-payments in some products and services; it is mostly paid from the Social Security budget. Adult dental care is not covered but for basic extractions or problems that could result in serious stomatological conditions.Irrespective of the nationality and insurance situation of the patient, the public system always treats medical emergencies until achieving the best possible outcome. If not covered by the Spanish Social Security (i.e., a visiting foreigner), the provider later negotiates payment with the patient or the patient's insurer. If actually unable to pay, it is covered by the Social Security on humanitarian grounds unless the patient purposely traveled to Spain to get free healthcare. Obvious unexpected emergencies like accidental injuries or sudden illness are customarily covered, but those that could be reasonably expected (e.g., arising from a chronic condition or from avoidable risk-taking) are studied on a case-per-case basis.Private health insurance is available for those who prefer it, and recommended for visitors not covered by the Spanish Social Security or a foreign public or private insurer with overseas coverage.SwedenSweden has a universal public health system paid largely from taxation in the same way as other Scandinavian countries. Sweden's entire population has equal access to health care services. The Swedish public health system is funded through taxes levied by the county councils, but partly run by private companies. Government-paid dental care for those under 21 years old is included in the system. Dental care above a fixed amount is also subsidised.Sweden also has a smaller private health care sector, mainly in larger cities or as centers for preventive health care financed by employers.Sweden regularly comes in top in worldwide healthcare rankings.SwitzerlandHealthcare in Switzerland is universally available and is regulated by the Federal Health Insurance Act of 1994. Basic health insurance is mandatory for all persons residing in Switzerland (within three months of taking up residence or being born in the country). Supplemental insurance plans are optional. Insurers are required to offer insurance to everyone, regardless of age or medical condition. They are not allowed to make a profit off this basic insurance, but can on supplemental plans.United KingdomEach of the countries of the United Kingdom has a National Health Service that provides public healthcare to all UK permanent residents that was originally designed to be free at the point of need and paid for from general taxation; but changes included introducing charging for prescription medicines and dentistry (those below 16 and those on certain benefits may still get free treatment). However, since health is now a devolved matter, considerable differences are developing between the systems in each of the countries as for example Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales abolished prescription charges.Private healthcare companies are free to operate alongside the public system.EnglandThe National Health Service (NHS), created by the National Health Service Act 1946, has provided the majority of healthcare in England since its launch on 5 July 1948.The NHS Constitution for England documents, at high level, the objectives of the NHS, the legal rights and responsibilities of the various parties (patients, staff, NHS trust boards), and the guiding principles that govern the service.The NHS constitution makes it clear that it provides a comprehensive service, available to all irrespective of age, gender, disability, race, sexual orientation, religion, or belief; that access to NHS services is based on clinical need and not an individual's ability to pay; and that care is never refused on unreasonable grounds. Patient choice in terms of doctor, care, treatments, and place of treatment is an important aspect of the NHS's ambition, and in some cases patients can elect for treatment in other European countries at the NHS's expense. Waiting times are low, with most people able to see their primary care doctor on the same day or the following day.Only 36.1% of hospital admissions are from a waiting list, with the remainder being either emergencies admitted immediately or else pre-booked admissions or the like (e.g., child birth).One of the main goals of care management is to ensure that patients do not experience a delay of more than 18 weeks from initial hospital referral to final treatment, inclusive of time for all associated investigative tests and consultations. At present, two-thirds of patients are treated in under 12 weeks.Though centrally funded, the NHS is not managed by a large central bureaucracy. Responsibility is divided among geographical areas through Strategic Health Authorities. Management is distributed even more locally through NHS primary care trusts, NHS hospital trusts—and increasingly to NHS foundation trusts that providing even more decentralized services within the NHS framework, with more decisions left to local people, patients, and staff. The central government office—the Department of Health—is not involved in day-to-day decision making in either the Strategic Health Authorities or the individual local trusts (primarily health, hospital, or ambulance) or the national specialist trusts such as NHS Blood and Transplant. It does lay down general guidelines they must follow. Local trusts are accountable to their local populations, whilst government ministers are accountable to Parliament for the service overall.The NHS provides, among other things, primary care, in-patient care, long-term healthcare, psychiatric care and treatments, ophthalmology, and dentistry. All treatment is free with the exception of certain charges for prescriptions, dentistry and ophthalmology (which themselves are free to children, certain students in full-time education, the elderly, the unemployed and those on low incomes). Around 89 pc of NHS prescriptions are obtained free of charge, mostly for children, pensioners, and pregnant women. Others pay a flat rate of £8.80, and others may cap their annual charges by purchasing an NHS Prescription Prepayment Certificate. Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance. Private insurance accounts for only 4 percent of health expenditure and covers little more than a tenth of the population.Private insurers in the UK only cover acute care from specialists. They do not cover generalist consultations, pre-existing conditions, medical emergencies, organ transplants, chronic conditions such as diabetes, or conditions such as pregnancy or HIV. Most NHS general practitioners are private doctors who contract to provide NHS services, but most hospitals are publicly owned and run through NHS Trusts. A few NHS medical services (such as "surgicentres") are sub-contracted to private providers as are some non-medical services (such as catering). Some capital projects such as new hospitals have been funded through the Private Finance Initiative, enabling investment without (in the short term) increasing the public sector borrowing requirement, because long-term contractually obligated PFI spending commitments are not counted as government liabilities.Northern Ireland[Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland is the designation of the national public health service in Northern Ireland.ScotlandNHS Scotland, created by the National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1947, was also launched on 5 July 1948, although it has always been a separate organization. Since devolution, NHS Scotland has followed the policies and priorities of the Scottish Government, including the phasing out of all prescription charges by 2011.WalesNHS Wales was originally formed as part of the same NHS structure created by the National Health Service Act 1946 but powers over the NHS in Wales came under the Secretary of State for Wales in 1969, in turn being transferred under devolution to what is now the Welsh Government.OceaniaAustralia and New Zealand have universal health care.AustraliaIn Australia, Medibank—as it was then known—was introduced, by the Whitlam Labor government on July 1, 1975, through the Health Insurance Act 1973. The Australian Senate rejected the changes multiple times and they were passed only after a joint sitting after the 1974 double dissolution election. However, Medibank was supported by the subsequent Fraser Coalition (Australia) government and became a key feature of Australia's public policy landscape. The exact structure of Medibank/Medicare, in terms of the size of the rebate to doctors and hospitals and the way it has administered, has varied over the years. The original Medibank program proposed a 1.35% levy (with low income exemptions) but these bills were rejected by the Senate, and so Medibank was funded from general taxation. In 1976, the Fraser Government introduced a 2.5% levy and split Medibank in two: a universal scheme called Medibank Public and a government-owned private health insurance company, Medibank Private.During the 1980s, Medibank Public was renamed Medicare by the Hawke Labor government, which also changed the funding model, to an income tax surcharge, known as the Medicare Levy, which was set at 1.5%, with exemptions for low income earners.The Howard Coalition government introduced an additional levy of 1.0%, known as the Medicare Levy Surcharge, for those on high annual incomes ($70,000) who do not have adequate levels of private hospital coverage.This was part of an effort by the Coalition to encourage take-up of private health insurance. According to WHO, government funding covered 67.5% of Australia's health care expenditures in 2004; private sources covered the remaining 32.5% of expenditures. As of 2019, the Medicare levy is 2% of taxable income, with a Medicare levy surcharge, for those on high income who do not have appropriate private patient hospital cover (1% for singles on $90,000 pa and families on $180,000 pa, rising to 1.5% for higher incomes).New ZealandAsiaCountries and regions that provide public healthcare in Asia include Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bahrain, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, (see below), Jordan, Kazakhstan, Macau (see below), Malaysia, Mongolia, Oman, Singapore, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan (R.O.C.), (see below), Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.You can look the rest up yourself, there is, of course one glaring omission from a country that once was a world leader.