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It’s pretty real, but see for yourself:DINOSAURS MUST HAVE BEEN WITNESSED BY HUMANSAudio recordingsCarvings in stone or plasterCarvings in woodCoin imagesDocumentation by eye-witnessesDocumentation in writingDrawings, paintings, engravingsFlesh & Bones which didn’t fossilizeFootprints & Body partsFrescosJewelryMetal depictionsMurals & MosaicsMusical InstrumentsPetroglyphsPhotographsReplicasSlainTapistry & FlagsTextilesTiles & MosaicsVessels, Burial Stones, Figurines.Audio recordings, Carvings in stone or plaster, Carvings in wood, Coin images, Documentation by eye-witnesses, Documentation in writingDrawings, paintings, engravings, Flesh & Bones which didn’t fossilizeFootprints & Body parts, Frescos, Jewelry, Metal depictions, Murals & Mosaics, Musical Instruments, Petroglyphs, Photographs, Replicas, Slain, Tapistry & Flags, Textiles, Tiles, Vessels, Burial Stones, Figurines.According to Evolutionists today, it is a fact that dinosaurs evolved 235 million years ago and went extinct 65 million years ago (although in 1924, evolutionists claimed it was a fact that they went extinct 12 million years ago). According to Evolutionists today, it is a fact that humans didn’t evolve until 52 million years ago (although in 1924, evolutionists claimed it was a fact that they didn’t evolve until about 50,000 years ago.)So, the ‘facts’ today indicate that dinosaurs were gone 12 million years before humans showed up. That’s why National Geographic claims, “No human being has ever seen a live dinosaur.”Certainly early man didn’t dig out and try to fit the fossils together. Nobody was going to sponsor and meet the day to day needs of cave men interested in paleontology. They had no excavation tools, techniques, or any reason to chip fossils out of rock. No adhesives were available to protect brittle bones, and they had no sufficient knowledge of anatomy and physiology to put together an accurate rendition which they could draw.Therefore, there can’t exist any accurate depictions of dinosaurs preceding the birth of paleontology in 1822 when Mary Mantell in Sussex, England found a fossil tooth, leading initially to poor and inaccurate depictions of Iguanodons (“iguana tooth”).In 1841, Sir Richard Owen (1st Superintendent of the British Museum) introduced ‘dinosauria’ (from the Greek deinos ‘terrible’ + sauros ‘lizard’), more scientific and less mythological sounding than “dragons,” at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Plymouth, England. Owen opposed Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution on scientific grounds. The word dragon entered the English language long before dinosaur did. In the early 13th century it came from Old French dragon, which in turn comes from Latin: draconem (nominative draco) meaning "huge reptile", from Greek: δράκων, drakon (genitive drakontos, δράκοντος) “giant reptile”. The Greek and Latin term referred to any great reptile, not necessarily mythological. Dinosaurs & dragons are synonymous. Wikipedia reports, "Dragon-like creatures appear in virtually all cultures around the globe.” [Malone 2012, p. 96.]Now, according to Creationists, it is a fact that dinosaurs and humans were created by God during the same week, only 6,000 years ago and repopulated the new earth after exiting Noah’s Ark after the world-wide flood about 2345 BC.If true, then cultures around the world should have the same depictions over the ages, long before dinosaurs were discovered by science. In addition, dinosaur soft tissue, blood, hemoglobin, protein, vessels elastic enough to be stretched (google: dinosaur blood), skin color, and the smell of their unfossilized bones which could no way survive for millions of years, should have been able to survive until today. Most dinosaurs themselves did not survive because the offspring of the 184 (representing 92 different kinds) which didn’t drown in the flood, later died from the following ice age, the drying out of their swamps, and the lack of abundant amounts of the proper vegetation. Since they didn’t live as long, they never got as big (and threatening) so were slaughtered when they antagonized humans.As for their soft tissue remains, Evolutionist Dr. Mary Schweitzer exclaimed, “It was utterly shocking…not something that any one of us could ever predict…(because it) flies in the face of everything that we understand…” This recent origin would also make their bones young enough to be dated with Carbon 14 to less than 30,000 years (google C14 dating of dinosaur bones, coal & diamonds). This was no surprise for Creationists.Additionally, Creationists anticipated that there should be lots of living fossils like the coelacanth (70 million years old, still swimming off Madagascar, Wollemi Pine (150M yrs old, still growing in Australia), the Ginkgo tree (240M years old but still around), Graptolites (Ordovician, 300 million years old, still living in the South Pacific), the tuatara (Cretaceous, still living in New Zealand), the Lepidocaris crustacean (Devonian), the Metasequoia conifer tree (extinct for 20 million years), the Neopilina mollusk (extinct for 280 million years), the lingula brachiopod (Ordovician), the Trilobite (chief index fossil of the even more ancient Cambrian Period), Eukaryotes (1500 million years old), Prokaryotes (3500 million years old), blue-green algae (3.4 billion years old). And thousands of other ‘Living Fossils’. Indeed, some dinosaurs like Mokele-mbembe and Zeuglodon may still exist.According to Creationists, there should also be a sudden (Cambrian-type) ‘explosion’ of all types of fully formed life. But this would have happened over a period of three days (Day 4, 5 & 6) and been fossilized in one year following Noah’s flood. As the famous evolutionist, Dawkins admitted, “And we find many of them already in an advanced state of evolution, the very first time they appear. It is as though they were just planted there, without any evolutionary history. Needless to say, this appearance of sudden planting has delighted creationists.” [Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker (New York: W.W. Norton Co., 1987)]Additionally, the fossilized remains of a small psittacosauri (dinosaur) was found in the belly of a large Repenomamus robust (mammal) contrary to evolutionary expectations that mammals during the Age of the Dinosaurs were small and timid. A beaver-like mammal from Inner Mongolia, dated 100 million years before the dinosaurs died out was no tiny shrew.Thus far, five different types of grasses have been found in coprolites (dinosaur dung), but according to evolution, grass didn’t evolve until 55 million years ago, 10 million years after dinosaurs became extinct…supposedly.Consequently, dinosaurs and humans saw each other before and after Noah’s flood, just as humans today can see lions and grizzly bears in the wild. Of the 6,744 individuals (representing 1,398 kinds of creatures) on Noah’s ark, 184 juvenile dinosaurs (representing 92 different kinds) were saved from drowning to repopulate the earth. As for sea monsters, cryptozoologist Bernard Heuvelmans analyzed data on 587 occurrences and after eliminating hoaxes, errors, and vague descriptions came up with nine categories: long-necked, merhourse, many humped, many finned, super-otter, super-eel, marine saurian, father of all the turtles, and the yellow-belly which have survived to modern day as has the coelacanth.Therefore, there should exist many ancient, accurate depictions of dinosaurs predating paleontology. And many do exist:AUDIO RECORDINGSAfrica, Congo: On Herman Register’s expedition, they were able to record the roars of Mokele Mbembe at Lake Tele centered in the Likouala swamp region. BorgWarner Inc. evaluated the roars and they do not equate to any known creature. I obtained a copy from the curator of the ICR museum. Congolese biologist Marcellin Agnagna spotted it in the lake in 1983.CARVINGS IN STONE OR PLASTER~ Cambodia, Angkor Wat: The Khmer civilization depicted a Stegosaurus on one of the dramatic pillars within Mahendraparvata's temple grounds at Ta Prohm (1186 AD). The nearest stegosaur fossils come from faraway China. It is therefore very unlikely that the ancients carved a stegosaur likeness based on fossils.~ France, Chateau de Chambord: The emblem of King Francois 1 was not a lowly salamander with overlapping, polygonal, raised scales and a long neck, but more accurately resembles a Massospondylus. It is depicted over 800 times in the Chateau de Chambord alone!~ France, Chateau de Blois: A Plateosaurus (breathing fire as a dragon) as is depicted on the outside stone staircase.~ France, Chateau de Blois: A bust of King Francois 1 wears an Order of St. Michael pendant depicting a Hypsilophodon subdued by an angel.~ Georgia: On the outside above a slit window in the 14th C Gergeti Holy Trinity Church’s bell tower (also known as Tsminda Sameba) on Mount Gergeti, near Stephantsminda village, in the Mount Kazbegi area, close to the borders with North Ossetia and Ingushetia, are depicted two Prenocephale prenes butting heads.Inside the church is also an icon depicting St. George slaying a (snake-like) dragon. This is a very common motif in Georgia (and also in neighbouring Ossetia), where St. George has been revered since the fourth century.~ Germany, Rothenberg: Atop a fountain a Proteroschus is being slain.~ Mexico, Guatemalan border: the Mayans (250 -900 AD) carved the image of a Hypacrosaurus into the stone walkway by the temples of Palenque.CARVINGS IN WOOD~ Denmark, Blekinge: A carved prow dog-headed, long-necked sea serpent called "ketos" in Greek was recovered from a sunken Danish ship, the Gribshunden, that belonged (1495) to King Hans. Professor of maritime archaeology at Södertörn University Johan Rönnby told the BBC, "I think it's some kind of fantasy animal—a dragon with lion ears and crocodile-like mouth. There seems to be something in his mouth. There seems to be a person in its mouth and he's eating somebody." [Medieval ship's 'sea monster' figurehead raised from Baltic. BBC News. Posted on BBC - Homepage August 12, 2015, accessed August 17, 2015] Historian Bill Cooper lists 13 ancient authors spanning from before the 800s B.C. to the 600s A.D. who mentioned ketos right alongside other familiar sea creatures like fish, sharks, and whales. [Cooper, B. 2012. The Authenticity of the Book of Jonah. Amazon Digital Services, Inc., 22] Similar likenesses from about 800 A.D. adorn many artifacts, including a large stone at the church in Fowlis Wester, Scotland.~ England, Carlisle Cathedral: a carving into the bottom of the pipe-organ depicts two dinosaurs, the seat depicts one.~ England, Worcester: A medieval floor tile shows a dinosaur with a long tail and neck.~ England, Norwich: A juvenile T.rex is depicted at the south entrance to St. Andrew’s Hall.~ France, Chateau Azay-le-Rideau: An Albertosaurus, breathing fire, is carved into the drawer of a 1630 table.~ Germany, Landshut: Hans Leinberger (1525) depicted on a woodcut a Ctenospondylus being slain.~ USA: Crow Indian, Goes Ahead (1850-1919) scout for Custer, saw a huge dragon fly (Meganeura monyi with a wingspan of 2.5’) fall from the sky and gathered it up. Awestruck, he carefully carved its image into a tree. Details enabled an historian, William Boyes, intrigued by the granddaughter Alma Snell, to find the 18” carving in 1973.~ Wales, St. David’s Cathedral: A Brachytrachelopan is carved into the back of a misericord (seat).COINS~ England: During the reign of King Edward IV, he minted a coin called Gold Angels which depict a Carnotaurus sastrei.DOCUMENTATION EYE-WITNESS WORD OF MOUTHIn 1812, Seneca Chief Red Jacket disputed a detail of a treaty with NY Governor Daniel Tompkins who claimed to be right because white men recorded events on paper whereas Indians only argued from memory. Pointing to his head, Red Jacket responded, “You Yankees are born with a feather (quill) between your fingers; I have it written here!” And the Indian was proven correct when they checked the document. {Adrienne Mayor, Fossil Legends of the First Americans, Princeton Press, 2005, p. xxix}For example, in Nebraska, the 5’ long spiral, Devil’s Corkscrews at the Agate National Park near Harrison were first thought to be strange roots until, in the 2’ horizontal portion they found a fossil of a Palaeocaster beaver, 5” tall and 1’ long, extinct 30 millions years. But the Lakota Indians named these spirals Ca’pa el ti (beaver’s lodge) which they knew because their ancestors had told about watching the beaver go in and out of their homes.~ Akkadians were threatened by dinosaurs they called mušḫuššu, meaning "furious serpent".~ Albania: Kucedre was a flying dragon that “spits” fire.~ Australia, central: Tribes described Kulta as a creature with a small head at the end of a long, narrow neck, a massive, bulky body supported by four huge legs, and a long, pointed tail which trailed behind him. They became extinct when the swamps dried up and the plants died. This is similar to the accounts of Wanambi from northern Australia, who features in Aboriginal cave paintings, and Kooleen and Myndie from Victoria.~ Australia, Queensland: Extending from the Northern Territory’s Arnhem Land east through the Gulf of Carpentaria to Queensland’s Cape York district is the story of Burrunjor, apparently an Allosaurus, a smaller version of the well-known Tyrannosaurus. In 1950, cattlemen on the border between the Northern Territory and Queensland claimed losing stock to a strange beast which left mutilated, half-eaten corpses in its destructive wake. A part-Aboriginal tracker also claimed to have seen a bipedal reptile, 7–8 metres (25 feet) tall, moving through the scrub near Lagoon Creek on the Gulf Coast in 1961.~ Australia, Queensland: 1845, Aborigines feared the Bunyip, a hadrosaur. Aborigines from the Kuku Yalanji tribe described and painted a sea and lake monster that looked surprisingly like a plesiosaur. They etched an episode of numerous hunters gathering around a watery inlet and spearing a marine reptile like a plesiosaur, complete with long neck and powerful flippers. They must have killed and butchered it, for the pictograph also depicts its internal organs.~ Australia, Queensland: Dennis Fields, a former missionary in Far North Queensland was told by the Kuku Yalanji elders of Yarru (or Yarrba) who inhabited the rainforest waterholes; one Yarru devoured a young maiden. The tribe’s artists paint the story which included an elasmosaurus.~ Australia, Sydney: For centuries, the Dharuk people have spoken of the mighty Mirreeulla, whose home is the Hawkesbury River. Sightings of plesiosaur-like creatures in this river have continued to modern times, with some estimating the creature at up to 15 metres (50 feet) long. Rex Gilroy has received over 600 reports of a large, long-necked reptilian creature sighted in the Hawkesbury River and its surrounding waterways in Sydney's north. Tas Walker reports, ”After I had spoken at a meeting in Sydney, a man in his 40s told me that he and his friend were fishing in the middle of the river near its mouth. Just after midnight, they suddenly heard the sound of something breaking the water a little distance to the side of their boat. In the moonlight, they saw a reptilian head on a long neck come up out of the water. It opened its mouth and they heard it breathe out with a long, large breath, and then saw it go under the water again. The neck was about 20 cm or more across. It frightened them silly. They quickly started the motor and sped away.~ Australia, Sydney: A daylight sighting by two fishermen in March 2004 motoring in a small boat to Brisbane Water (the northern offshoot of Broken Bay) followed what they thought was a whale. Then a "...very large fearsome-looking snake-like head rose from the water" with the neck being estimated to be about 20 cm in diameter. The boat followed at a safe distance and the occupants observed the creature with its head above the water for about 15 minutes. Later, when one of the fishermen contacted evolutionary scientists, he was "cold-shouldered" and ridiculed.~ Canada: Indians so feared Okanagan and Naitaka that whenever they crossed a lake, they’d hurl in live pigs and chickens. The Innuit were threatened by dinosaurs they called Aziwugum and as Daktu~ Canada, British Columbia: Lake Okanagan’s Ogopogo has been described by First Nation witnesses and more recent ones as a 40–50 (even as high as 80) foot long green sea serpent and may be a Basilosaurus, a long, serpent-like whale.~ Canada, Vancouver: 1969, 23 legitimate sightings of Caddy were compiled by oceanographer Paul H. LeBlond and biologist John Siert and published in 1973. Mrs. E. Stout (from Klamath Falls, OR), her sister-in-law and their two young sons were strolling along the shore of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Caddy had a large head, a 6’ neck with a floppy mane. It moved its 3 humps gracefully and could sink and rise vertically.~ China: Chinese were threatened by dinosaurs they called Long: Ti Lung, Ying Lung, and Lei Chen-Tru which was hatched from an egg. (Lung refers to a class of fire-breathing dragons “with a scaly serpentine body with four legs, a long, sinuous tail, and a head resembling that of a gigantic lizard…The nostrils breath smoke or fire…” {Carol Rose, Giants, Monsters & Dragons, W.W. Norton & Co., 2011, pg.230}~ China: Dongfu, a descendant of Yangshu'an, who loved dragons[ and, because he could understand a dragon's will, he was able to tame them and raise them well. He served Emperor Shun, who gave him the family name Huanlong, meaning “Dragon-Raiser". In another story, Kongjia, the fourteenth emperor of the Xia dynasty, was given a male and a female dragon as a reward for his obedience to the god of heaven, but could not train them, so he hired a dragon-trainer named Liulei, who had learned how to train dragons from Huanlong.~ Denmark: Citizens were threatened by dinosaurs they called Grendel~ Egypt: Egyptians were threatened by dinosaurs they called P’ih mw and Apep. The Bible uses the word ‘dragon’ (tanniyn) 34 times to describe real creatures. In Ex 4:2-4, Moses flees from a “snake” (nachash). In Ex 7:10 Mose’s rod turns into a “dragon” (tanniyn) which eats up the snakes of Pharaoh’s magicians! (Moses wrote both reports and used different nouns for the different types of serpents).~ England, Cornwall: London’s Daily Mail, 29 April 1996, reported a strange sea creature off the coast. The first documented sighting was in 1876, when local fishermen reported seeing it. Sporadic claims of sightings have taken place since then. Sheila Bird was walking with her brother, an eminent scientist, along the cliffs of the Cornish coast at Germans Bay in 1985. Her brother suddenly asked ‘What’s that?’, and pointed to a giant sea creature which had a long neck and a small head. ‘As it came nearer’, Sheila said, ‘we could see a huge hump. At the end of the trunk there was a wide, flat area, and an enormous long tail which could have been as long as its body. It must have measured 40 feet in all.’ Other walkers watched the creature through binoculars until it submerged vertically ‘like a submarine’.~ England: The Fire-Drakes were flying dragons breathing fire.~ England, Sussex: John Trundle (8/1614) reported the Dragon of Saint Leonard’s Forest.~ England: 1484 by England’s first printer, William Caxton, of a singular creature: “About the marches [marshes] of Italy, within a meadow, was sometime a serpent of wonderful and right marvelous greatness, right hideous and fearful. For first he had a head greater than the head of a calf. Secondly, he had a neck greater than the length of an ass, and his body made after the likeness of a dog. And his tail was wonderfully great, thick and long, without comparison to any other.” [Caxton, W. M. 1484. Aesop. Folio 138. Cited in Cooper, W. 1995. After the Flood. Chichester, UK: New Wine Press.]~ Estonia: Their winged dragon was Tulihand~ Ethiopia: Draco had wings like a bat and attacked elephants. According Claudius Aelianus in his volumes On Animals, a species of dragon that hunted elephants and could grow to a length of 180 feet (55 m) with a lifespan rivaling that of the most enduring of animals inhabited the land.~ Europe: The winged dragons were Safat and the brightly colored Scitalis.~ France, Rouen: A fearsome dragon known as La Gargouille had been causing floods and sinking ships on the river Seine, so the people of the town of Rouen offered the dragon a human sacrifice once each year to appease its hunger. Around 600 AD, a priest named Romanus promised that, if the people would build a church, he would rid them of the dragon. That done, the severed head was mounted on the walls of the city as the first gargoyle.~ Gambia: June 1983, a carcass was found on Bungalow Beach by Owen Burham who had no camera, to support his description and measurements. Working on these, noted zoologist Dr Karl P.N. Shuker short-listed six possible identities. Only one, the Shepherd’s Beaked-whale (Tasmacetus shepherdi), was a creature known to be still living in today’s oceans. However, he considers it as the least likely of them and the most likely to be the thalattosuchian, a kind of sea-crocodile supposedly extinct for 110 million years!~ Germany: Germans were threatened by dinosaurs they called Worm. During World War I, after the German U-boat U28 storpedoed and sank the British steamer Iberian, there was an underwater explosion. The commander and some of his officers reported: “A little later pieces of wreckage, and among them a gigantic sea-animal, writhing and struggling wildly, were shot out of the water to a height of 60 to 100 feet …We did not have the time to take a photograph, for the animal sank out of sight after 10 or 15 seconds …It was about 60 feet long, was like a crocodile in shape and had four limbs with powerful webbed feet and a long tail tapering to a point.” [Bord, J. & C., Modern Mysteries of the World: Strange Events of the Twentieth Century, Grafton Books, London, 1989.]~ Greece: Creeks were threatened by dinosaurs they called Yietso, Drakon, Python, Ladon, Wyvern, and the Lernaean Hydra.. In Demascus: St. John of Damascus (c. 675–749) was ‘the father of scholasticism’ and an author of great intellect and accuracy as an historian. He wrote an essay exposing various fables and superstitions: “Some people claim that dragons can both take the human form and turn into serpents, sometimes small, sometimes huge, differing in body length and size. And sometimes … having turned into people, they start to associate with them, appear to steal women and consort with them.’ To refute such ideas, he went on: ‘So we would ask [those who tell such stories] — how many intelligent beings did God create? And if they do not know the answer, we will respond: two — I mean angels and humans … but if a dragon were to change its form … becoming at one moment a serpent, at another a man … it clearly follows that dragons are intelligent beings greatly exceeding men, which has never been true, and never will be… ‘I am not telling you, after all, that there are no dragons; dragons exist but they are serpents [reptiles] borne of other serpents. When just born and young, they are small; but when they grow up and mature, they become big and fat so that they exceed the other serpents in length and size. It is said they grow up more than thirty cubits [14 metres, 45 feet]; as for their thickness, they become as thick as a huge log.’’ [The Works of St. John Damascene, Martis Publishing House, Moscow, 1997] Heracles procures a golden apple from the tree in the Garden of the Hesperides, which is guarded by a Ladon. He also slew the Lernaean Hydra. In Pindar's Fourth Pythian Ode, Aeëtes of Colchis Jason slays the dragon and makes off with the Golden Fleece together with his co-conspirator, Aeëtes's daughter, Medea. The Attic red-figure kylix painting from c. 480–470 BC shows Athena observing as the Colchian disgorges the hero Jason with his golden fleece.~ Greenland: Missionary Hans Egede reports the animals head reached the top of the mast; the serpentine body as broad as the ship but 4 times as long. It had paddle like paws and a long, pointed snout.~ India, Assam Province: Apa Tani and Dala tribesmen describe the Buru as 12’ long, reptilian skin, 3 rows of short, blunt spines down its back, four legs with clawed feet, a long snout, and dark blue and white in color, living in the local swamp.~ India: The Rigveda named their dinosaur Vrtra. In the Ugaritic Baal Cycle, the sea-dragon Lōtanu is described as "the twisting serpent/ the powerful one. In 217 AD, Flavius Philostratus discussed dragons (δράκων, drákōn) in India in The Life of Apollonius of Tyana (II,17 and III,6–8). The Loeb Classical Library translation (by F.C. Conybeare) mentions (III,7) that "In most respects the tusks resemble the largest swine's, but they are slighter in build and twisted, and have a point as unabraded as sharks' teeth." Flavius Philostratus (3rd C A.D.): “The whole of India is girt with dragons of enormous size; for not only the marshes are full of them, but the mountains as well, and there is not a single ridge without one. Now the marsh kind are sluggish in their habits and are thirty cubits long, and they have no crest standing up on their heads.” [Flavius Philostratus (c170-c247 A.D.). 1912. The Life of Apollonius of Tyana, volume I, book III. F. C. Conybeare, trans. New York: Macmillan Co., 243-247]~ Indonesia, Sunda: Jurik was a flying dragon.~ Iraq: Mesopotamians were threatened by dinosaurs they called mushussu~ Iran (Persia): Thu’ban was a fire-breathing dragon.~ Iran, Babylon: Gilgamesh, hero of an ancient Babylonian epic, who killed a huge reptile-like creature named Khumbaba, in a cedar forest.~ Ireland, Lough Fadda: The name of their water dragon was Peiste who was spotted again in 1954.~ Israel: Hebrew knew their giant swamp dinosaur as Behemoth and as Leviathan.In the story of Bel and the Dragon, the prophet Daniel sees a dragon being worshipped by the Babylonians and kills it by feeding it "cakes of pitch, fat, and hair”~ Japan: The Japanese feared the Hokusai (1730)Their 3-clawed, sea dragon is named Tatsu. Kiyo flew and blasted fire from its mouth.~ Japan, Kyushu: Issie has been reported living in Lake Ikeda on the southern island of Kyushu~ Lithuania: Kaukas was a flying, fiery dragon.~ Mexico: Aztec were threatened by dinosaurs they called Kah-yah-tak-ne-t’ke-tah keh~ Malaysia: Their huge, jungle, winged dragon was Bujanga.~ New Zealand: Maoris, natives of New Zealand, confirmed their oral legend of a giant terrorizing bird. Scofield and colleagues published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology that skeletal remains of a Haast’s Eagle, collected from a swamp deposit in the 1870s, showed that it had a 3-m-long wingspan, weighed 18 kg, had 12-cm-long claws, and flew at 80 km per hour.~ North Africa: Their Amphivena lays eggs in the sands.~ Norway: In the Old Norse poem Grímnismál in the Poetic Edda, the dragon Níðhöggr is described. Thor, became famous for attracting the Jörmungandr using an ox-head as bait and then smashing it head with his hammer Mjölnir. In the Völsunga saga, Sigurd catches the dragon Fafnir by digging a pit between its cave and the spring where it drinks, hiding therein, and stabbing it in the underside. Norse were threatened by dinosaurs they called Jörmungandr, Níðhöggr, and Fafnir~ Pakistan, Peshawar: Locals tell of Apalala, a dragon living in the River Swat~ Papau New Guinea, West New Britain: Since the 1990s, a large ‘reptilian’ creature has been sighted by numerous witnesses including Tony Avil from as close as 50 meters away, on Ambungi and Alage Islands, most recently in 2005/2006. It has a long tail and a long neck and was 10–15 metres in length, with a fearful appearance like a ‘very large wallaby’ and having a head like a turtle’s head. It walked slowly on two legs and had smooth, shiny brown skin. The top of the head was estimated to be as high as a house and the underbelly of the creature was as high as an adult. The creature was eating vegetation. Robert and Tony followed the creature from a distance and watched it go into the water after it finished eating. It most closely matches an artists rendition of a Therizinosaurus, with the exception of the head which looked like a turtle rather than a horse. No skull fragments have been recovered.Nine people have seen the ‘reptile’ since the early 1990s. Two women from Ambungi Island observed the creature from a boat on the south (unpopulated) side of the island as it was standing on some rocks at the bottom of a cliff. The animal has also been sighted swimming between Ambungi Island and Alage Island with its head above the water.~Papua New Guinea, Gasmataa: 2005, Simon Patolkit, his wife Margaret, and Fabian from Awrin Island, from the beach on the south side of Dililo Island observed a reptile moving in the water. It had a long neck and a long tail and had a total length of about 20 metres and a width of about 2 metres. The head was described as being ‘like a dinosaur’ with an ‘oval-like face’. The top of its legs were visible above the water, with the water being used to support the weight of the animal’s body. The khaki green skin of the animal was described as being ‘like a crocodile’. Dermal frills (possibly indicating the animal is a male?) could be seen on the creature’s back, extending to the back of the head. Something was observed protruding from the back of the creature’s head. The creature’s neck was almost horizontal during the sighting. Details of the creature’s eye and mouth could not be determined, as the observers were about 30 to 40 metres from the animal. In less than 30 seconds, the reptile sunk into the water. It appears to be an apatosaurus.~ Poland: Polish were threatened by dinosaurs they called Smok. The lair of the Wawel Dragon (Smok Wawelski, also known as the Dragon of Wawel Hill) was in a cave at the foot of Wawel Hill on the bank of the Vistula River in Kraków, which was then the capital of Poland. It was defeated during the rule of Krakus, by his sons according to the earliest account; in a later work, the dragon-slaying is credited to a cobbler named Skuba. This picture is from Sebastian Munster’s Cosmographie Universalis, 1544. Bones hanging outside the Wawel Cathedral.~ Romania: Romanians were threatened by dinosaurs they called zmeu.~ Russia: Their dragon is Koshchei.~ Slavic: Slavs were threatened by dinosaurs they called "zmey", "zmiy" or “zmaj,” Simargl, and lamya (ламя, ламjа, lamja).~ Spain: Coca is a monstrous, fire-exuding dragon.~ Switzerland, Lucerne: Locals sighted Elbsts from 1584 - 1926~ Syria: Sumerians were threatened by dinosaurs they called ušumgal~ USA: Abenaki were threatened by dinosaurs they called Meskag-kwedemos~ USA: Achumawi were threatened by dinosaurs they called Mihu~ USA: Arapaho were threatened by dinosaurs they called Tieholtsodi~ USA, California: 10/31/1983, just before 2 PM, at Marin County’s Stinson Beach, many witnesses watched a gigantic sea serpent (four vertical humps) swimming about 45 mph. Three days later surfers spotted a similar monster near Costa Mesa off the Santa Ana River jetty, ten feet from Hutchinson’s board (a 29 yr. old surfer) who described it as “a long black eel.”~ USA, California: Cape San Martin has a monster named Bobo; Monterey has the Old Man; San Clemente has the San Clemente Monster first appearing in 1914 and again in 1919 off the Outer Santa Barbara Channel. It was dark and had a long, thick, columnar neck raised 10’ out of the water; a mane that looked like fine seaweed, and enormous (1’), protuberant eyes.~ USA: Cherokee were threatened by dinosaurs they called Uk’tena, Ro-qua-ho, Tlanuhwa and Uk tena Himnimtsooke~ USA: Cheyenne were threatened by dinosaurs they called Hiintebiit~ USA: Crow were threatened by dinosaurs they called Uktena and as Izpuzteque~ USA: Dakota Sioux were threatened by dinosaurs they called Bax’an and as Unktehi~ USA: Delaware recalled the ‘greatest monster that terrorized all other creatures’ resembling the king tyrant lizard.~ USA: Hopi were threatened by dinosaurs they called Aziwugum, Tistilal Sua’dogagay tse Nalyehe~ USA: Huron Indians told of Angont, a giant dragon living in their lakes. The book Fossil Legends of the First Americans relays information about anatomy, habitat, and hero tales related to “a water monster that ‘grew so huge’ (p. 29), a Pawnee giant raptor called Hu-huk (p. 189), a Yuki story of giant lizards that ‘were so huge that they shook the earth’ (p. 208).” The Dakota Sioux called the thunderbirds "wakinyan," and they could point out "collapsed river bluffs, very common along the Missouri River, as places where Thunder Birds had swooped down to attack Unktehi [a monstrous water reptile] and its relatives.” [Mayor, A. 2005. Fossil Legends of the First Americans. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 238].~ USA: Iroquois were threatened by dinosaurs they called Ro-qua-ho~ USA, Massachusetts: 8/1962, ten sports fishermen watched a monster for many minutes “spraying water from a huge barrel-like mouth.”~ USA, Massachusetts: 1639, 1st sea serpent reported in the New World undulates past Cape Ann.~ USA: Navajo were threatened by dinosaurs they called Bax’an and as Aziwugum~ USA, NC: 12/30/1947, just before noon, Grace Lines Santa Clara steamed over a sea serpent 118 miles off Cape Lookout. Three officers on the bridge watched a huge head rear up 30’ from the bow, 2’ across and 5’ in length. The 3’ wide cylindrical body, smooth skinned and dark brown, thrashed wildly in the ship’s churning wake.~ USA: Onondagas retained a story of the Great Mosquito monster, with talons as long as arrows and the monstrous beak was lined with sharp teeth.~ USA: Seneca Indians told of Doonongaes, a huge reptile sunning himself by deep pools. Gaasyendietha breathed fire.~ USA: Sioux were threatened by dinosaurs they called Bulukse’e. The Sioux Thunderbird of the Black Hills, if a Quetzalcoatlus (50’ wind span), flew when winds were strong enough for lift, just before the onset of a storm. Large birds often soar on thermal updrafts in front of approaching storms. The Sioux claimed they built nests and laid eggs which was confirmed in 2004 when X-ray showed a fossilized egg with a pterosaur inside.~ USA: Yaqui legend tells of a brave tribe member who decided to hunt down the terrible giant bird that sometimes flew off with people for its dinner.~ Wales: Citizens were threatened by dinosaurs they called Knucker~ The eyes of many animals reflect light due to the tapetum lucid behind their retinas giving them night vision. The eye color then varies due to the zinc and riboflavin in the eyes of each species. The chilling sight of dragon eyes had to be seen and experienced to be passed down through generations as they have been. So too, with fire, similar to the Bombardier Beetle using the enzymes catalase and peroxidase to set off the mixture of hydrogen peroxide combined with hydroquinone.A reptile which accurately shoots venom from its mouth would include the spitting cobras. Electric eels which can generate 600 volts, has no known predator!DOCUMENTATION IN WRITING~ China: Dragon bones were used for special medicines.~ China: In the traditional Chinese script, the character for ‘dragon’ pictographically represents the creature - the right part of the character being the spines and tail of a dragon.~ China: Italian explorer, Marco Polo (1200s) saw long reptiles called Lindworms that could run as fast as a horse. He reported that the emperor raised “dragons” to pull his chariot in parades and had appointed a Royal Dragon Feeder to take care of his herd.~ China: Marco Polo reported, “…Province of Karazan…Here are seen huge serpents, ten paces in length, and ten spans in the girt of the body. At the fore-part, near the head, they have two short legs, having three claws like those of a tiger, with eyes larger than a fourpenny loaf, and very glaring. The jaws are wise enough to swallow a man, the teeth are large and sharp, and their whole appearance is so formidable, that neither man, nor any kind of animal, can approach them without terror.” {Polo, Marco (1961), The Travels of Marco Polo the Venetian, translated by W. Mardin in 1818, and re-editied by Thomas Wright in 1854, p.268}~ China: This nation is renowned for its dragon stories, and dragons are prominent on Chinese pottery, embroidery, and carvings.~ China: 2/5/00 began the Chinese year 4698, the Year of the Dragon. Others include: rat, ox, tiger, hare, (dragon), snake, horse, sheep, monkey, fowl, dog, and pig. All at the time were common animals. Note that dragons are not serpents.~ Congo & Zaire, Likouala Swamp: Natives reported Mokele Mbembe, a sauropod, to missionaries. MokeleMbembe’s legs are described as short, with three visible claws on the hind foot, and the footprints are rounded and about 30 centimetres (one foot) in diameter. The body has been compared to that of an elephant or hippopotamus. It is said to feed on malombo, a tropical climbing plant with a milky sap and apple-like fruits. Professor Mackal believes it to be a surviving Atlantosaurus. Biologist Marcellin Agnagna, a trained scientist, gave a detailed report of seeing Mokele-Mbembe on 1 May 1983 in the shallow water of remote Lake Tele. Sixteen feet of it was visible above the waterline.https://youtu.be/LjSdKaDv7P4 (Mokele mbembe)https://youtu.be/FJ8xKF8JDG8 (History channel)David Wetzel of Concord, NH 11/’00 expedition.Pygmies described dermal spikes running down neck, back & tail - a physical feature of seropod dinosaurs unknown to paleontologists until 1991.Tricerotops killed elephants.~ England: Two huge dinosaurs were seen fighting in 1449 in England on banks of the river Stour.~ England, London: In the British Museum is The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles which records many encounters with dragons (dinosaurs). 1405, “Close to the town of Bures, near Sudbury, there has lately appeared, to the great hurt of the countryside, a dragon, vast i body, with a crested head, teeth like a saw, and a tail extending to an enormous length. Having slaughtered the shepherd of a flock, it devoured many sheep.”~ England: 8/6/1848, HMS Daedalus near the Cape of Good Hope when Captain Peter M’Quhae, alerted by Lt. Sartoris and Lt. Drummond, watched a 90’ creature, 15” in diameter, for over 20 minutes, south of St. Helena Island. “It was an enormous serpent, with head and shoulders kept about four feet constantly above the surface of the sea…It passed rapidly, but, so close under our lee quarter that, had it been a man of my acquaintance, I should easily have recognized his features with the naked eye…at a pace of from 12 to 15 miles per hours… The head, that of a snake…was never once below the surface of the water; its color, a dark brown, with yellowish white about the throat. It had no fins, but something like the mane of a horse, or rather a bunch of seaweed, washed about its neck…(it) was not a seal, sea elephant, whale, or large shark, but was, in fact, a sea serpent.”~ England: 12/7/1905, two respected naturalists, fellows of the London Zoological Society, cruising aboard the Earl of Crawford’s yacht, Valhalla, off Parahiba, Brazil, noticed a 6’ frill 100 yds away. A huge, dark brownhead and neck rose 8’ out of the water. Head and eyes resembled a turtle. Neck was whitish underneath.~ England: Historian Bill Cooper described many ancient news accounts of dinosaur encounters from England and Europe, which to this day contain place names that reference the dragons that were once there, like “Knucker’s Hole,” “Dragon-hoard,” and “Wormelow Tump.” Towns, hillsides, and ponds across Europe still have old dragon names—such as Drachenfels Castle and the town of Worms in Germany, Grindelwald in Switzerland, Dragon-hoard (near Garsington), plus the Peak District’s Grindleford in England, and many others.~ Greece: Aristotle reported that flying serpents were commonly seen in Ethiopia.~ Greece: Herodotus (Gk historian, 450 BC), “There is a place in Arabia...to which I went, on hearing of some winged serpents; and when I arrive there, I saw bones and spines of serpents, in such quantities as it would be impossible to describe. The form of the serpent is like that of a water-snake; but he has wings without feathers, and as like as possible to the wings of a bat.” He also wrote that gatherers of frankincense, to keep from being bitten by strange “flying serpents”, built fires whose odorous smoke drove off the creatures. {britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/263507/Herodotus 5/18/09.}~ India: When Alexander the Great (c. 330 BC) and his soldiers marched into India, they found that the Indians worshipped huge hissing reptiles that they kept in caves.~ Iran, Babylon: 2 BC, the story of Bel and the Dragon reports that Daniel refused to worship a live dragon kept in a royal temple and got permission to kill it proving it was not a god.~ Ireland: A tenth-century Irishman (900 AD) wrote of his encounter with what appears to have been a Stegosaurus, a large animal with thick legs and strong claws and ‘iron’ nails on its tail.~ Israel: Josephus, Jewish historian (37-100 AD), ranked among the five greatest Hellenic historians, recounts Moses leading an army against the Ethiopians and encountering land and flying dragons: “…for when the ground was difficult to be passed over, because of the multitude of serpents…an unusual fierceness of sight, some of which ascend out of the ground unseen, and also fly in the air, and so come upon them at unawares, and do them a mischief…Moses made baskets like unto arks, of sedge, and filled them with ibises, and carried them along with them; which animal is the greatest enemy to serpents imaginable, for they fly from them when they come near them; and as they fly they are caught and devoured by them.” {Josephus: The Complete Works, The Antiquities of the Jews, Book II, “From the Date of Isaac to the Exodus out of Egypt,” Translated by William Whiston, Thomas Nelson Publ., 1998, p.81, Chpt 10, v. 245}~ Italy, Rome: Pliny the Elder (Roman historian) mentions, “It is India that produces the largest (elephant) as well as the dragon, who is perpetually at war with the elephant, and is itself of so enormous a size as to envelop the elephants with its folds, and encircle them in its coils. The contest is equally fatal to both…” {Plinius Secundus, The Natural History of Pliny, Translated by John Bostock M.D., F.R.S, and H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A. Vol. II, Book VIII, Chapter II.}~ Italy, Rome: Pliny the Elder mentions, “It (the dragon) lies, therefore, coiled up and concealed in the rivers, in wait for the elephants, when they come to drink; upon which it darts out, fastens itself around the trunk, and then fixes its teeth behind the ear, that being the only place which the elephant cannot protect with the trunk.” {Plinius Secundus, The Natural History of Pliny, Translated by John Bostock M.D., F.R.S, and H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A. Vol. II, Book VIII, Chapter I3.}~ Italy, Rome: Pliny the Elder mentions, “The Egyptians also invoke their ibis against the incursions of serpents…” {Plinius Secundus, The Natural History of Pliny, Translated by John Bostock M.D., F.R.S, and H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A. Book X, The Natural History of Birds, 40:28, p.933}~ Norway: 1746, a fishing boat sliced into a strange monster floating on the surface. As it sank, Captain Lorenz Von Ferry and crew described it as “serpent-like, grey, and having a large mouth. It had black eyes a white mane, and was 70 feet long.” In court, he and three of his crew swore, under oath, this they had seen.~ Spain: Christopher Columbus spotted a sea monster while floating becalmed in the Sargasso Sea.~ USA: 1924, Samuel Hubbard and Charles Gilmore, respected scientist working with the US National Museum on Doheny Expedition (sponsor) found in Havaisupai Canyon petroglyphs of ibex (wild goats), an elephant, and a dinosaur with several dinosaur and elephant footprints near by showing that dinosaurs and large mammals lived at the same time with each other and humans. Lots of photos and documentation.~ USA, Colorado: The Sioux led Othniel Marsh (whom they named Wicasa Pahi Hohu “man that picks up bones”) to the remains of their Thunder Beast which in gratitude Marsh named “thunder reptile” (brontosaurus, renamed Apatosaurus later). Each successive vertebra in its 3,500 lbs tail is 6% smaller than its predecessor, similar to a bull whip which breaks the sound barrier. Computer simulations showed that the tip could reach “supersonic velocities” and create a sonic boom like thunder. To name the animal, an Indian had to have watched and heard a Thunder Beast snap his tail. {John Boble Wilford, Did Dinosaurs Break the Sound Barrier?, New York Times, Dec. 2, 1997}~ USA, Massachusetts: 5/12/1964, a frolicking 60’ “sea snake” with an alligator shaped head and a lobster type tail was watched for 30 minutes by Alf Wilhelmsen, brother Jens and Bjarne Houghan from their 80’ fishing vessel, Blue Sea, off Nantucket Island. They quickly reported the sighting to the US Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in New Bedford. Three days later, the crew of the Friendship spotted it 10 miles further SE. Captain Albert Pike gave the exact same physical description. Crewman Thomas Keeping reported, “we circled the monster twice to get a good look at it. We had it in sight for twenty minutes.” Crewman John Samagi said, “it was traveling at five knots, and it never sounded once in twenty minutes. Its tail was vertical, not horizontal like a whale.”~ USA Massachusetts: 1957, a six man crew of the scalloper Noreen, saw a monster pop to the surface from 240’. “He had a large body and a small alligator-like head…The body was shaped somewhat like a seal…He would glide out of the water with the lower part of his body remaining submerged. The portion of his body which was visible measured about 40 feet in length…He stayed on the surface no longer than forty seconds at a time. You could hear the heavy weight of his upper body when he dove below, creating a large splash and a subsequent wake. He surfaced four times in twenty minutes, during which time we were trying to stay clear of him.”~ USA, Massachusetts: Over 1,000 saw “Nellie” off the North Shore including Gloucester, Lynn, Swampscott, Salem, and Nahant from 1815-1820, ’23, ’26, ’33, ’49, ’75, ’77, ’86. The brig Daphne, fired her deck guns at Nellie on 9/20/1848. The Linnean Society published many of the accounts. Amos Story of Cape Ann said it “moved much swifter than a whale” Soloman Allen reported, “His head formed something like the head of a rattlesnake, but nearly as large as the head of a horse.” Thomas Perkins (founder of the Perkins Institute of the Blind in Boston) reported, “The object moved with rapid motion…not that of a common snake…but evidently the vertical movement of the caterpillar…I had a fine glass and was within one-third to half a mile to it. The head was flat in the water and the animal was, as far as I could distinguish, of a chocolate color. I was struck with an appearance in the front part of the head, like a single horn, about nine inches to a foot in length, and of the form of a marling-spike…it passed the place where I stood…not more than fifteen minutes.” An old fisherman from Swampscott reported, “I saw the entire body. It would rise in the water with an undulating motion, then all would sink except he head. I have constantly engaged in fishing sine my youth, but never saw anything like this before.” May, 1975, skipper John Randazza of the Debbie Rose (Gloucester) and crew spotted Nellie 15 miles off the coast at Middle Bank, off and on for two weeks. Its head was like a horse’s head with a white ring around it. It was apparently going after very numerous shoals of herrings.~ USA, Vermont: First of over 300 reported sightings was by Samuel De Champlain; for centuries Champ has been spotted in Vermont’s largest lake ~ 14 sightings in 1985. In the 1500s, Indians offered sacrifices to the huge green-skinned sea dragon who would overturn their canoes and eat the paddlers. In 1981, Champ (like Nessie) was declared an endangered species. Scuba diver Fred Shanafelt, searching for a sunken cabin cruiser in Saint Albans Bay, reported, “I surfaced about ten feet out from shore. That’s when I saw this thing that couldn’t have ben anything but a sea serpent! It was 40-50 feet long, with the head and mane of a horse, and its color was a mushroom gray, and its neck was sticking out of the water about eight feet. As it moved closer to shore, Morry (Morris Lucia) and I rushed to the beach.” Morry added, “I wouldn’t go back in that water for a million dollars! I watched it for about two minutes…”DRAWINGS, PAINTINGS & ENGRAVINGS1260 AD~ Belgium, Ghent: In the Book of Hours, authored (1515 AD) by Simon Bening, a blue/yellow Varanosaurus acutirostris is painted and a Proterosuchus is being slain.~ England: 1270 illustration of Verona of St. George slaying the dragon.~ England: Battle of the Red & White dragons, from Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain.~ Ethiopia, Lalibela: 18th C Ethiopian Coptic Bible shows a T.rex being slain.~ France: The Belles Heures authored (1406 AD) by Paul Herman and Jean de Limbourg in Paris depicts a Protorosaurus speneri being slain.~ Germany: An engraving in the German translation of Titus Livius’s Roman History depicts a fire-breathing Titanophoneus potens being slain.~ Germany, Frankfurt: In The Little Garden of Paradise in the Stadel Museum a small Revueltosaurus callenderi is depicted in the bottom right corner of the painting.~ Japan: The Japanese feared the Hokusai (1730)~ Netherlands: The 1440 “Book of Hours, Use of Sarum” commemorates a Coelophysis bauri being slain by St. George (who died in 303 AD).FLESH & BONES WHICH DIDN’T FOSSILIZE~ Canada, Newfoundland: In 1987, while working with scientists from Memorial University on Bylot Island, just east of the northern tip of Baffin Island, a young Inuit picked up a fresh, unfossilized, bone fragment. It was identified within days as part of the lower jaw of a duckbill dinosaur and proclaimed to the world as such.~ Canada: A ‘frozen forest’ was found on Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian Arctic, less than 1,200 kilometres from the North Pole. Geologists claim that these forest remains are about 45 million years old. Nevertheless, the wood and leaf debris are astonishingly well preserved. The plant material is not petrified. The logs are still wood which can be sawn and burnt. The leaf debris and cones include some specimens recognizable as dawn redwood. This temperate forest, preserved in the Arctic, seems to have been particularly lush, with 50-metre trees with trunk diameters of two metres, crowded only about six metres apart.~ France: 1856, blasting a railway tunnel, brought forth a huge bat-like creature, shaking its wings and making a hoarse cry. It was shiny black with a long neck and rows of sharp teeth in its long beak-like mouth. After it was killed, the wing span was measured at more than 10’.~ Scotland, Orkney Is of Stonsay: 9/26/1808, farmer John Peace found the carcass of Halsydrus pontoppidani (“sea water-snake”), named by Patrick Neill, secretary of the Wernerian Natural History Society in Edinburgh. A naturalist, Everard Home, claimed it was a basking shark, although the reported length was much too long. Only sharks and their closest relatives have a cartilaginous skeleton.~ USA: A thin slice of T. rex bone glowed amber beneath the lens of my microscope ... . The lab filled with murmurs of amazement, for I had focused on something inside the vessels that none of us had ever noticed before: tiny round objects, translucent red with a dark center ... . Red blood cells? The shape and location suggested them, but blood cells are mostly water and couldn’t possibly have stayed preserved in the 65-million-year-old tyrannosaur ... . The bone sample that had us so excited came from a beautiful, nearly complete specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex unearthed in 1990 ... . When the team brought the dinosaur into the lab, we noticed that some parts deep inside the long bone of the leg had not completely fossilized ... . So far, we think that all of this evidence supports the notion that our slices of T. rex could contain preserved heme and hemoglobin fragments.”~ USA, Alaska: In north-western Alaska in 1961 a petroleum geologist discovered a large, half-meter-thick bone bed. As the bones were fresh, not mineralized, he assumed that these were recent bison bones. Bones would not have survived for millions of years old without being mineralized. Yet, scientists recognize duckbill dinosaur bones in this deposit as well as the bones of horned dinosaurs, and large and small carnivorous dinosaurs. Presently William A. Clemens and other scientists from the University of California at Berkeley and the University of Alaska are quarrying the bone bed. One thing is certain: they were not preserved by cold. Everyone recognizes that the climate in these regions was much warmer during the time when the dinosaurs lived. Why then did these bones not decay long ago?FOOTPRINTS & BODY PARTS~ Australia, Victoria: The Geelong Advertiser reported in July 1845 about the finding of unfossilized bone forming part of the knee joint of some gigantic animal. An Aborigine regarded as particularly intelligent identified it immediately as a ‘bunyip’ bone, and a lithograph drawing of the creature was produced. Other Aboriginal people who ‘had no opportunity of communicating with each other,’ all instantly recognized the bone and the picture as being of a ‘bunyip,’ a common word in some Aboriginal languages for a frightening monster. They gave detailed, consistent accounts of where a few people they knew had been killed by one of these. The creature was said to be amphibious, laid eggs, and from the descriptions, appeared to combine ‘the characteristics of a bird and an alligator’—i.e. a bipedal reptile. (Note that no crocodiles or alligators are found in Australia except in its far north—Geelong is deep in the south). One of the Aboriginals, named Mumbowran, showed ‘several deep wounds on his breast made by the claws of the animal.~ USA, Texas: 1971, near Glen Rose’s Dinosaur State Park, human footprints were found crossing dinosaur footprints. The Taylor Trail is a series of elongated, metatarsal, dinosaur tracks with smaller, superimposed human-like footprints over tridactyl dinosaur prints. The Dallas Crime Lab Forensic Dept. declared the five tracks in the Clark trail to be human, one partially obliterated by a dinosaur track. Claims of fraud were silenced when heavy earth-moving equipment removed the undisturbed bank of the Paluxy River and the footprints continued on the same Cretaceous, limestone, rock strata. The Caldwell cast is much more distinct than Mary Leaky’s Laetoli print.~ USA, Texas: fossil human finger with finger nail outline was identified by experts using X-ray~ USA, Utah: In 1968, William Meister found fossilized human moccasin/sandal footprint in UT which had stepped on ‘500M yr. old’ trilobites.FRESCOS~ Italy, Venice: In the Church of San Giovanni Decollato, a 14th C fresco depicts the slaying of an Ornitholestes.JEWELRY~ China, Hongshan: a nephrite carving depicts a Graciliceratops. A 4,000 year old turquoise carving depicts a Protoceratops and another of a Centrosaurus. A 4,000 yrs old nephrite pendant depicts a Stegoceras.METAL DEPICTIONS~ Egypt, Cairo: Long-necked dinosaurs are depicted on a slate palette from Heirakonpolis , preserved at the Cairo Museum.~ England, Cumbria: At Carlisle Cathedral, on 15th C (1410-1496) Bishop Richard Bell’s brass tomb is a Shunosaurus (perhaps an Apatosaurus) locking necks with a Vuleanodon (perhaps an Euoplocephalus).~ France, Paris: There is a cylinder seal at the Louvre museum made of jasper and was found at Uruk in Mesopotamia (Iraq) depicting the necks of two intertwine dinosaurs which archaeologist Professor Anton Moortgat described as ‘snake-dragons.’~ Mali: Bronze work by the Dogon in 1800s depict a man riding a Gryposaurus and another riding an Ouranosaurus.MURALS & MOSAICS~ England, Gloucestershire: Sea monsters depicted in a fourth century mosaic at Lydney~ Iraq, Babylon: At the Ishtar Gate, built by Nebuchadnezzar II, leading into the new city, dragons are depicted. One of the original tile murals is in the Vorderasiatisches Museum in Berling.~ Japan:~ Mexico, Bonampak: The Mayans (650-850 AD) painted a Deinonychus on a colorful muralMUSICAL INSTRUMENTS~ India, Manipur: Indians feared the Pakhangba (carved into a flute)PETROGLYPHS~ Canada, Ontario: At the Lake Superior Provincial Park, is depicted a stegosaurus.~ France: In the Bernifal caves, “The Confrontation” depicts a dinosaur fighting a mammoth bleeding from where his trunk had been torn off. There are other confirmed depictions of mammoths in the cave. The dinosaur (Theropoda) is shown with small, front limbs, vertical eye slots, large upper jaw, nostril opening in front of its snout, etc.~ USA, Arizona: At the Wupatki National Monument, the Anasazi depicted a dragon blowing fire.~ USA, Arizona: At the Havasupai Canyon (a branch of the Grand Canyon) a depiction of a Edmontosaurus, along with an elephant, a woolly rhinoceros and an ibex have been known about since the 1924 Doheny Expedition. Dinosaur tracks were discovered nearby along with fossilized elephant footprints.~ USA, Utah: At Green River’s Black Dragon Canyon, is depicted a pterosaur.~ USA, Utah: At White Rock Canyon in the Natural Bridges National Monument (near Blanding), Anasazi (150 BC - 1,200 AD) is depicted an Apatosaurus and a Pterosaur. Both images are on the natural, sandstone Kachina Bridge.~ USA, WY: 283 pictures (including a thunderbird and long necked dinosaur) on 92 rock panels at Legend Rock in Thermopolis, WY.PHOTOGRAPHS~ Australia: 12/12/1964, Robert Le Serrec w. Henk de Jong photographed and filmed in color a sea serpent in shallow water in Stonehaven Bay, Queensland from his row boat. It resembled a huge tadpole, 80’ long, and had a 5’ wound gouged open on its back. Its broad head resembled a snake’s. It had two whitish eyes on top of the head, and regularly spaced bands of brown along the amazing length of the black body. They dove underwater with their camera and from 20’ could see it was a pale green. Its jaw was 4’ wide; eyes 2”. It then undulated horizontally out to sea.~ Egypt, Ataka: 1/1950, a hulking carcass with walrus-like tusks was cast up from the Gulf of Suez and could not be identified by experts.~ England, Cornish: 2/1975, in Falmouth Bay, the 18’ dark brown Morgawr (Cornish for “sea giant”), last seen in 1876 and twice in the 20th C, was photographed by Mary F. looking like an elephant waving his trunk (long neck, small snake-like head). It had multiple humps. Since 1976, others including bankers, an art historian, fishermen, and members of the BBC film crew have testified to seeing Morgawr. In 7/10/1985, in the evening, Eric Bird, Australian scientist, relaxing with his sister, Sheila, was startled to see a 20’, mottled gray creature with a long neck, small head and huge hump. From their elevated vantage point, they could see its long, muscular tail.~ Japan: 4/10/77 a decaying 32’ long, 4,000 lbs. creature with four giant flippers was brought from 1000’ deep up onto the deck, snagged in the nets of the Japanese 2460 ton fishing boat, Zuiyuo Maru, off Christchurch, NZ. “It was dead and decomposing, and its stench was overpowering. Also, a fatty liquid oozed from the creature, splattering the deck, and we feared it would spoil our cargo of fish.” - Michihiko Yano. Photographs, sketches, measurements and flesh tissue samples were examined by high ranking marine scientists. Professor Yoshinori Imaizumi, Director of Research at Japan’s National Science Museum determined it was a reptile, “not a fish,whale or any other mammal.” He concluded that it had to be a plesiosaur and remarked, “It seems that these are not extinct after all.” The find was honored with a commemorative postage stamp as the scientific discovery of the year. The plesiosaur was used as the official emblem for the 1977 National Exhibition which celebrated its 100th year of scientific discoveries.~ Scotland, Loch Ness: 3,000 sightings (and several fakes) have been reported of the Loch Ness Monster from this 3rd largest body of fresh water in Europe. Saint Columbia in 565 AD reported the first sighting. 7:30 PM, 8/1963, calm & quiet evening, farmer Hugh Ayton and 4 helpers spotted something black, about 40’ long with humps 4’ out of the water, and a neck 6’ out of the water. They raced to a dingy with a small outboard motor and got within 50 yds before it dove. Its head was bigger and flatter than a horse’s and three low humps. “The one feature of it that I’ll always remember,” said Ayton, “was the eye - an oval-shaped eye near the top if its head. I’ll always remember that eye looking at us.” In 1987, 24 boats laid down a sonar curtain across Loch Ness for 3 days. Three sonar contacts were registered, one baffled even the skeptical engineers who had supplied the sonar. It showed something large moving slowly more than 600 feet down. Darrell Lowrance, president of a Tulsa, OK electronics company, remarked, “There’s something here that we don’t understand, and there’s something here that’s larger than a fish, maybe some species that hasn’t been detected before. I don’t know.”~ USA, Maryland: Chesapeake Bay, on 5/21/1982, Chessie showed up again after several sightings in the 19th C and quite regularly in the mid-1960s, and was videotaped for 3 minutes by Robert Frew. He, his wife, Karen, and their guests at their home on Kent Island, spotted Chess, 35’ long and a foot in diameter, in clear, shallow water about 200 yds away. He watched with binoculars then grabbed his video camera.~ USA, Vermont: 7/1977, Sandra Mansi photographed Champ in Lake Champlain.~ USA:REPLICASSLAIN~ Canada, Nova Scotia: 9/18/02 a huge, long-(6’3”)-necked creature washed up in Parkers Cove. Its eyes, only a foot apart, were as big as a fist. Fishermen have reported similar creatures in the Bay of Fundy.~ Congo: 1959, a Mokele Mbembe was killed. Its flesh proved poisonous.~ England: Great Britain and several other cultures retain the story of St. George, who slew a dragon that lived in a cave.~ England: Tristan (or Tristram), King Arthur, and Sir Lancelot all slew dragons.~ France, Nerluc: The city of was renamed to commemorate the killing of a triceratops.~ Italy, Bologna: In the 1500s, a European scientific book, Historia Animalium, listed several living animals that we would call dinosaurs. A well-known naturalist of the time, Ulysses Aldrovandus, recorded an encounter between a peasant named Baptista and a dragon whose description fits that of the small dinosaur Tanystropheus. The encounter was on May 13, 1572, near Bologna in Italy, and the peasant killed the dragon.~ Italy, Rome: The Roman historian Cassius Dio recounted how a Roman army once killed a dragon. The original fragment from Book 11 of his Roman History, now lost, was repeated by John of Damascus (AD ~676–749), in his book On Dragons and Ghosts: “One day, when Regulus, a Roman consul, was fighting against Carthage, a dragon suddenly crept up and settled behind the wall of the Roman army. The Romans killed it by order of Regulus, skinned it and sent the hide to the Roman senate. When the dragon’s hide, as Dio says, was measured by order of the senate, it happened to be, amazingly, one hundred and twenty feet long, and the thickness was fitting to the length.”~ Latvia, Silene: AD 300, St. George slew a dragon~ Norway: Siegfried of the ancient Teutons (possibly the same person as Sigurd of Old Norse) slew a monster named Fafnir~ Sumeria: A legend dating to 2000 BC or earlier tells of a hero named Gilgamesh, who, when he went to fell cedars in a remote forest, encountered a huge vicious dragon that he slew, cutting off its head as a trophy.~ Sweden, Gothenburg: The Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf describes three encounters Beowulf, king of the Geats (Gothenburg, Sweden, today), had with three creatures. The last one, encountered in Sweden, was a fiery flying serpent that lived underground and came out only at certain times. The injuries from this battle led to Beowulf’s death.~ [USA, California: In 1925 near Santa Cruz, a ‘sea dragon’ was washed ashore. It had a bill without teeth. Its large head is on a 20’ long neck. Its tail was only 3’ long. Examination of the skull identified it as a rare beaked whale.]TAPISTRY & FLAGS~ Belgium, Brussels: 1550 embarking & disembarking the Ark at Wawel Royal Castle, Cracow, Poland.~ England: Uther Pendragon was famously said have had two gold dragons crowned with red standing back-to-back on his royal coat of arms.~ China: The dragon appears as the national symbol and the badge of the royal family, and the dragon adorned the Chinese flag until the founding of the Republic of China, in 1911.~ England: Before the Norman Conquest in 1066, the dragon was chief among the royal ensigns in war, having been instituted by Uther Pendragon, father of King Arthur. Other kings who used the dragon ensign were Richard I, in 1191, when on crusade, and Henry III, in 1245, when he went to war against the Welsh.~ France, Chateau de Blois: In the Francois 1 wing, a huge tapestry near its bottom right corner depicts a juvenile Maiasaura peeblesorum.~Turkey, Constantinople: Under the later eastern Roman emperors, the purple-dragon ensign became the ceremonial standard, called the drakonteion.~ Wales: Their national flag depicts a dragon. The early Britons provide the first European accounts of reptilian monsters, one of which killed and devoured King Morvidus of Wales, c. 336 BC. Another monarch, King Peredur, however, managed to slay his monster at a place called Llyn Llion, in Wales.TEXTILES~ Peru, Lima: The Chimu (900 - 1470 AD) depicted a Brachylophosaurus on textile, preserved in the Rafael Larco Herrera Museum.~ Spain, Barcelona: On the Palau de La Generalitat’s chapel’s 1600 AD altar cloth, a Nothosaurus is being slain.TILE & MOSAICS~ England, Carlisle Cathedral: a dinosaur is depicted on the floor tile.~ Italy, Rome: Two Tanystropheus interlocking necksVESSELS, BURIAL STONES & FIGURINES~ China: During the Hans Dynasty (206 BC - AD 220) dragon/dinosaur figurines were made. (see photo)~ Mexico, Acambaro: In 1945 Dr. Waldemar Julsrud, near El Toro Mt. paid a farmer 1 peso (about 12 cents) for every unbroken piece of pottery dug up. Eventually, over 33,000 artifacts from the PreClassical Chupicuaro Culture (800 BC - 200 AD) were collected. Many were faces, musical instruments, idols, etc., but hundreds of them depicted dinosaurs (Triceratops, Stegosaurus, Iguanodon, Brachiosaurus, Tyrannosaurus rex, etc), some as long as 5’. Charles Hapgood dug through the concrete living room floor of a house known to be built in the 1930 (before the first figurine was found) and found more proving to skeptical archaeologists and paleontologists that the others were not fakes, either.~ Peru, Lima: The Wari (500 - 900 AD) depicted a Protoceratops on a clay vessel preserved in the Rafael Larco Herrera Museum. The Chancay (1000 - 1450 AD) made a clay figure to depict a Mussaurus. The Chancay (1450 AD) did likewise with a Pteranodon.~ Peru, Ica: One-third of over 11,000 andesite Inca burial stones, up to 40 cm (AD 500-1500) depict specific dinosaurs (Stegosaurus, Triceratops, pterosaurs, etc.). In 1570s the Indian historian and storyteller of the Incas, Juan de Santa Cruz Llamgui, said that the Conquistadors had taken stones back to Spain. A Spanish priest traveling in the area of Ica in 1525 asked about the unusual stones with strange animals carved on them. Javier Cabrera Darquea collected most of these unusual stones.~ Peru, The Moche Indians (100-800 AD) made Dragon Vases. The piece of pottery, displayed in the Museum of the Nation in Lima, Peru (Museo de la Nación), comes from the Moche culture, which flourished between A.D. 400 and 1100CONCLUSIONCarl Sagan, “The pervasiveness of dragon myths in the folk legends of many cultures is probably no accident…It is a worldwide phenomenon.” {Carl Sagan, The Dragons of Eden, Ballantine Books, paperback 1977, p. 149}Dr. Richard Dawkins admitted that if humans lived on the earth at the same time as dinosaurs, “Our whole modern theory of evolution would be utterly destroyed…blow the theory of evolution out of the water."Louis Jacobs, former President of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in reference to man & dinosaur coexistence stated, “Such an association would dispel an Earth with vast antiquity. The entire history of creation, including the day of rest, could be accommodated in the seven biblical days of the Genesis myth. Evolution would be vanquished.” {Louis Jacobs, “Quest for the African Dinosaurs,” John Hopkins, 2000 p.261.}Samuel Hubbard, the honorary curator of archaeology of the Oakland Museum who found the petroglyphs in Havasupai Canyon concluded, “The fact that some prehistoric man made a pictograph of a dinosaur on the walls of this canyon upsets completely all of our theories regarding the antiquity of man. Facts are stubborn and immutable things. If theories do not square with the facts, then the theories must change, the facts remain.” {Dennis Swift, Secrets of the Ica Stones and Nazca Lines, Swift, p. 11}William N. Eschmeyer, Curator Emeritus of the Dept. of Ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences, stated,“The discovery of a living fossil Coelacanth fish in 1938 was roughly comparable to finding a dinosaur walking around in your backyard. I guess anything is possible.” {Dennis Swift, Secrets of the Ica Stones and Nazca Lines, p.81}

Nice question? Absolutely yes! it has happened to me personally many times and if the so-called expert says precognitive dreaming is impossible or does not happen they are simply wrong, wrong wrong wrong!https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/03/04/the-pExamples of precognitionFor many years, Kathleen Lorna Middleton lived at 69 Carlton Terrace, in the North London suburb of Edmonton. The house, which faced one of the main roads leading out of the city, had a small plaque to the left of the front door: “Miss Lorna Middleton, Teacher of Pianoforte and Ballet.” Middleton was born in Brockton, Massachusetts, in 1914.She was a talented dancer as a child and had friends who went to Hollywood, but, during the Depression, Middleton’s parents, who were English, lost everything and moved back to London. Middleton, who had small hands, buck teeth, and a pronounced New England accent, opened a school for dance and music in the front room of No. 69 and called her students the Merrie Carltons.Middleton played the piano, swivelling on her stool, while six girls at a time practised port de bras using the bookcases for balance. The next class waited on the stairs. The house was crowded with dark furniture and programs from Middleton’s childhood performances with the dates erased. “There was always something—not exactly exotic, but she was totally different,” Christine Williams, who started taking classes with Middleton when she was four, told me recently. “Whatever she did, she posed. She never just stood.”On a winter’s day, when she was seven years old, Middleton watched her mother, Annie, frying eggs on the stove. “After about two minutes, and without warning the egg lifted itself up. It rose up and up until it almost touched the ceiling,” Middleton wrote, in a self-published memoir. Middleton giggled, but her mother was concerned. She consulted a fortune-teller, who told her that an egg that flew out of the pan often symbolized a death. A few weeks later, one of Annie’s best friends, who had recently married, died and was buried in her wedding dress.“I cannot say what I really felt or indeed what I feel now,” Middleton wrote. She experienced premonitions, in one form or another, throughout her life. A headache would precede an earthquake. Names and numbers would appear to her. “I am drawn to these events by what appears to be a blaze of light,” she wrote.“An electric light bulb.” Middleton never worked as a psychic or seemed unduly bothered by her sensations. Williams took lessons with Middleton into adulthood, and the piano teacher would bring out sketches of recent visions and occasionally complain about all the information reaching her. “She would say sometimes, ‘I just turn it off. I am too busy. I am too busy,’ ” Williams recalled. “And she would wave her hand.”At around 4 a.m. on October 21, 1966, when Middleton was fifty-two, she had a powerful feeling of foreboding. “I awoke choking and gasping and with the sense of the walls caving in,” she wrote soon afterwards. She told Alexander Bacciarelli, her lodger, about the ominous feeling when he came home from a night shift. At 8 a.m., Middleton accepted a cup of tea from Bacciarelli, although she didn’t usually drink tea in the morning.THE ABERFAN DISASTERA little more than an hour later, a group of labourers, who were working on an enormous heap of coal waste in South Wales, also paused to make a cup of tea. The pile stood on a steep hillside and had shifted because of weeks of heavy rain. As the water boiled over a small fire, the waste began to move. Tall black waves crawled up the slope before a hundred and fifty thousand tons of slurry rushed into the valley below, overwhelming Pantglas Junior School, in the village of Aberfan. Children and staff heard what sounded like a jet plane, and then they were buried. (Sadly alive )A hundred and forty-four people—including a hundred and sixteen children—were killed in Aberfan. Eighteen houses were destroyed. In places, the slurry lay thirty feet deep. Within hours, the village, an isolated place off the road to Merthyr Tydfil, was clogged with press trucks, ambulances, and earthmoving machinery. Miners, volunteers, and sightseers descended on Aberfan. Phone lines were jammed with offers of help. When a call went out for rubber gloves, six thousand pairs were sent. The Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, arrived at nightfall, as children’s bodies were being laid out for identification by their parents. The Duke of Edinburgh came the next morning. “There was a greyness everywhere,” the Merthyr Express reported. “Faces from the tiredness and anguish, houses and roads from the oozing slurry of the tips.”Watch “The Backstory”: Sam Knight on how a psychiatrist set out to collect the premonitions of the British public.John Barker was among those who reached Aberfan that day. Large and somewhat brusque, Barker was a forty-two-year-old psychiatrist with a keen interest in esoteric mental conditions. “A lot of his thinking was a bit futuristic,” Harry Sheehan, a former nurse at Shelton Hospital, near Shrewsbury, where Barker worked, told me.At the time, Barker was researching a book about what he called psychic death—what happens when people come to believe that they are about to die. In the early reports from Aberfan, he had heard that a boy had escaped from the school unharmed but had died of fright. When Barker arrived at the scene, victims were still being dug out. “The experience sickened me,” he wrote. The devastation reminded him of the Blitz, in London, where he had grown up. “Parents who had lost their children were standing in the street, looking stunned and hopeless and many were still weeping.”In the hours that he spent in Aberfan, Barker was struck by “several strange and pathetic incidents” connected with the coal slip. Bereaved families spoke of dreams and portents. On the eve of the disaster, an eight-year-old boy named Paul Davies had drawn massed figures digging in the hillside under the words “the end.” Davies died in the school. Barker heard the story of Eryl Mai Jones, a ten-year-old girl, “not given to imagination,” who had told her mother two weeks before the collapse that she was not afraid to die. Then, according to an account written by Glannant Jones, a local minister, signed by Eryl Mai’s parents and later published by Barker:The day before the disaster she said to her mother, “Mummy, let me tell you about my dream last night.” Her mother answered gently, “Darling, I’ve no time. Tell me again later.” The child replied, “No Mummy, you must listen. I dreamt I went to school and there was no school there. Something black had come down all over it!”Barker was a member of Britain’s Society for Psychical Research, which was founded in 1882 to investigate the paranormal. In a paper for the S.P.R.’s journal, he wrote that, even if people had experienced a plausible prophecy of what happened in Aberfan, there had been no way to report a warning, let alone for it to be believed: “Firstly because their premonitions would probably have been insufficiently clear, and secondly because no means existed for them to communicate them to the proper authorities.”Given the singular nature of the disaster, Barker decided to collect premonitions of Aberfan from across the country. He asked Peter Fairley, the science correspondent of London’s Evening Standard, to publicize the experiment. Fairley was a tubby, jovial man, who got his big break in April, 1961, when he predicted, on the basis of little more than a warning to ships in the Pacific and a feeling that something was up, that the U.S.S.R. was about to launch its first manned spaceflight. Fairley’s story ran on the front page of the newspaper, Yuri Gagarin flew into space two days later, and Fairley’s pay was almost doubled.On October 28th, a week after the disaster, Fairley carried Barker’s appeal in his “World of Science” column. “Did anyone have a genuine premonition before the coal tip fell on Aberfan? That is what a senior British psychiatrist would like to know,” Fairley wrote. The Evening Standard had a circulation of almost six hundred thousand; Middleton would read it in bed in the afternoon. She mailed an account of her premonition on November 1st.Barker belonged to a generation of psychiatrists which was transforming Britain’s mental hospitals. An only child, he had studied at Cambridge before qualifying as a doctor, in 1948. At medical school, he was nicknamed Small Print Barker, for his mastery of the course materials. “He knew what he was doing,” Sheehan told me. Unlike Shelton Hospital’s superintendent, a former colonial administrator who suffered from bouts of ill health and often stayed in his office, Barker was energetic and physically imposing. He made things happen. “If he had started on something,” Sheehan said, “nobody would say, ‘No, you are not doing that.’ ”In the hospital, Barker was best known for his work on aversion therapy, a technique that involved the use of electric shocks and nausea-inducing drugs to treat addictions and other behaviours.He had a slot machine installed outside his office which gave a seventy-volt shock when the lever was pulled, and he sought attention for his successes. In 1966, the Daily Mirror reported that Barker had cured a man of an extramarital affair. But his hard work disguised certain frailty.In his late thirties, Barker, who occasionally suffered what he called “emotional stress almost to the point of ‘crack up,’ ” had left his previous job, as the superintendent of a mental hospital in Dorset. He had the heavy frame and the bulging eyes of an older man. “When I first saw him, I thought he had gone to seed,” David Enoch, a fellow-psychiatrist at Shelton, recalled. “People said, ‘Why did he come to Shelton?,’ ” Enoch told me. “For shelter, really.”The hospital was a large red brick asylum, built in 1843 and obscured from the road by a screen of tall pine trees. In the mid-sixties, Shelton was “a remote bin,” Enoch said, with around seven hundred and fifty patients, overseen by a clique of older doctors and senior nursing staff, many of whose families had worked there for generations.The hospital had its own church, cricket pitch, farm, and kitchen garden. The roof of the hay barn leaked, and the grounds were infested with feral cats. “The old chaps told me, ‘You can do anything, David. But don’t ruffle us,’ ” Enoch said. “The mindset was, people came in through the walls and never went out again.”Enoch had worked at Runwell Hospital, a pioneering mental-health facility in Essex, before going to Shelton, in 1962. Barker arrived the following year. Together, he and Enoch modernized treatments at the hospital, phasing out “straight” electroconvulsive therapy, in which ECT was administered without drugs. They opened windows, provided cupboards for patients’ possessions, and argued to remove all but a few locks from the ward doors.“He and I were kindred spirits,” Enoch said. “As a result of the two of us there, heaps of things happened.” In 1965, they co-wrote a paper for The Lancet which showed that many hospitals were misusing their powers under the country’s mental-health legislation; they were summoned to the Ministry of Health to discuss their findings. Enoch never asked much about Barker’s past. “He was very able,” he said. “I didn’t want to know.”The two men shared a fascination with what Enoch called “psychiatric orchids”—the most unusual mental illnesses. Barker wrote his doctoral thesis about Munchausen syndrome, whose sufferers feign disease or harm themselves out of a compulsive need to be seen as ill or injured. Enoch invited Barker to contribute a chapter on Munchausen’s to his own larger study of rare conditions, “Some Uncommon Psychiatric Syndromes,” which was published in 1967.The book is now considered a minor classic. Its case studies of erotomania, Othello syndrome, and Couvade syndrome (in which a man seems to experience pregnancy at the same time as his partner) have a fable-like, poetic quality. Enoch, who is ninety-three, is currently at work on the book’s fifth edition. During five years together at Shelton, Enoch and Barker were friends and rivals. They talked late over coffee and swapped ideas. “We were innovators,” Enoch told me. But Barker never once spoke of his interest in the occult. “There may be a reason for that,” Enoch said. “I don’t think he wanted to be in trouble again.”Barker’s father, Frederick, an accountant whom he described as “a precise, matter-of-fact man,” had supernatural experiences while serving on the front lines during the First World War. As a young man, Barker went ghost hunting at Borley Rectory, a notoriously haunted vicarage in Essex. At St. George’s Hospital, in London, where he went to medical school, he stayed up late one night in the library with a friend, attempting to make contact with John Hunter, a distinguished surgeon, who collapsed and died at the hospital in 1793. “We experienced no physical manifestations as such, although we nearly scared ourselves to death,” Barker wrote in the school magazine.Barker met his wife, Jane, at St. George’s, where she was training to be a nurse. One evening, in the winter of 1947, they found an empty sitting room, near the women’s cloakroom, and turned the lights off. Half an hour later, the door suddenly flew open, “as if it had been blown by a powerful but non-existent wind,” Barker wrote. As the young couple ran out, they heard a crash behind them. But, when Barker returned to investigate, “all was just as we had left it, and perfectly quiet.”In the summer of 1965, two years after he arrived at Shelton, Barker read a letter in the British Medical Journal about the death of a forty-three-year-old woman in Labrador, in Canada.The patient, Mrs A.B., the wife of a fur trapper and the mother of five children, had been admitted to a hospital in the small town of North West River to undergo minor surgery to help her with incontinence. The operation, a repair of her vaginal wall, was completed within an hour. Shortly after she regained consciousness, however, Mrs A.B. complained of pain on her left side and went into shock. Her blood pressure collapsed, and she quickly died.A postmortem revealed that she had suffered an adrenal haemorrhage—a rare failure of the adrenal glands—but had no underlying illness.Afterwards, doctors at the hospital learned that, as a child, Mrs A.B. had been told by a fortune-teller that she would die at the age of forty-three. Her birthday had been the previous week, and she had confided to her sister and to a nurse at the hospital that she was sure she would not survive. “These fears were not known to us at the time of the operation,” the doctors wrote. “We would be grateful to hear from any reader who has had experience of a patient dying under similar circumstances.”Barker was intrigued. He believed that he had treated at least two men during his career whose extreme agitation had either killed them or hastened their demise. Medicine seemed only partly able to explain what had happened.In 1942, Walter Cannon, the head of physiology at Harvard Medical School, had used the phrase “voodoo death” to describe a potential biological mechanism by which someone could be frightened to death—an overload of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal glands. Cannon confined his research to “primitive people” and “black magic,” but Barker believed that the phenomenon could exist in Western societies, too.He contacted the doctors in Canada and exchanged letters about the case in the BMJ, in which he proposed foreknowledge and extrasensory perception as valid subjects for modern psychiatry. Where Cannon had been tentative, Barker’s letters were confident and confrontational. “What is now unfamiliar tends to be inadmissible and is therefore just not accepted,” he wrote. “Thus for generations, the earth was traditionally regarded as flat.”It was Barker’s letters about the Labrador case that brought him to the attention of Fairley, at the Evening Standard. “It was unusual for a well-qualified doctor to be dabbling in such matters,” Fairley wrote in a memoir. One question that interested Barker was how fortune-tellers conveyed worrying predictions to their clients. Fairley offered to hold a dinner for Barker and a collection of astrologers, clairvoyants, and card readers if he could write it up for the newspaper.The group met in a suite at the Charing Cross Hotel, in London, where Fairley laid on filet de bœuf, pineapple surprise, and plenty of wine. Barker interviewed the fortune-tellers about whether they had forecasted their clients’ deaths and if they could foresee a greater role for E.S.P. in medicine. Fairley interjected with questions about solving murders and whether clairvoyance was useful for gambling tips. “What about horse racing?” he asked.In his writing, Barker described his involvement in the paranormal as something almost outside his control. He wrote of “a conscious rationalism” in conflict with his own feelings and experience.Though Barker was an experienced doctor who published in medical journals, he did not observe conventional boundaries or seek to protect himself, when dealing with the occult. During his research for “Scared to Death,” the book that grew out of the Labrador case, which he was working on when he visited Aberfan, Barker consulted a dozen psychics to see if they would predict the date and the cause of his death.Only one complied, and she got it wrong. But several fortune-tellers impressed him. Four observed that Barker was divided between his “hobby” and his work. One recounted his breakdown and illness before going to Shelton. Another remarked that Barker himself might have a supernatural gift, something that he did not disagree with. “Much as I dislike it,” he wrote,“I have to admit that I appear to be subject to premonition, usually non-specific, vague forebodings, but none the less worrying and always followed by some sort of accident or disaster.” A palm reader in London told Barker that he was marked by the psychic cross.Barker received seventy-six replies to his Aberfan appeal. Two nights before the disaster, a sixty-three-year-old man from Bacup, in Lancashire, had dreamed that he was trying to buy a book. He faced a large machine with buttons, which he thought might be a computer.White letters spelt “aberfan” on the screen, a word he had not heard before. In Plymouth, the evening before the coal slide, a woman had a vision at a Spiritualist meeting. She told six witnesses that she saw a schoolhouse, a Welsh miner, and “an avalanche of coal hurtling down a mountainside” toward a boy with long bangs. Within minutes of the disaster, a thirty-year-old film technician from Middlesex jumped up from her chair complaining of an earthy, decaying smell, which she recognized as that of death.Barker was particularly drawn to a group of seven correspondents, including Kathleen Middleton, whose premonitions were accompanied by physical as well as mental symptoms. In the manner of Enoch’s uncommon syndromes, Barker posited the existence of a “pre-disaster syndrome” experienced by a small subset of the population. These “human seismographs” have bodily sensations ahead of important or emotional events, not unlike twins who say that they feel each other’s pain even when they are hundreds of miles apart.In the weeks after the Aberfan disaster, Barker replied to sixty “percipients,” as he called them, and travelled to meet several. The material he gathered convinced him that precognition was not unusual—he speculated that it might be as common as left-handedness—and he wondered how to broaden the experiment. At the time, Fairley was a regular science commentator on the BBC and on ITV, Britain’s first commercial TV channel. On December 2, 1966, Fairley, Barker, and a number of the Aberfan seers were invited to appear on “The Frost Programme,” a live ITV interview show with David Frost, the twenty-seven-year-old star of late-night television.“Sorry, sorry. Pretend I’m not here.”Fairley had not met Barker’s correspondents until the night of the broadcast. When they gathered in the green room, he was taken aback. “ ‘Weirdos’ would be too strong a description, but they were certainly ‘different,’ ” he wrote. During the first half of the show, Frost interviewed John Betjeman, the poet laureate. Barker’s group was supposed to appear after the commercial break. But the call never came.On a monitor, the group watched Frost in conversation with the production team. Fairley learned later that Frost had peeked through the green room door and decided against going in. After the break, he continued talking to Betjeman.MORE FROM THIS ISSUEMarch 4, 2019A Reporter at LargeThe Jail Health-Care CrisisBy Steve CollBarker was furious. He had told Enoch that he was going to be on the program, but not why. “He was very, very, very cross,” Enoch said. But Fairley understood Frost’s reluctance. According to his memoir—Fairley died in 1998—he advised Barker to think about logging premonitions before events occurred and to measure their success that way.In the weeks that followed, Fairley and Barker persuaded Charles Wintour, the editor of the Evening Standard, to open a premonitions bureau. For a year, readers would be invited to send in their dreams and forebodings, which would be compared with actual events. Fairley had a date stamp made. The experiment began on January 4, 1967. Fairley devised an eleven-point scoring system for the predictions: five points for unusualness, five points for accuracy, and one point for timing.The day of the launch was Wednesday. Shortly before 9 a.m., Donald Campbell, a forty-six-year-old serial speed-record holder, died while attempting to break his own world water-speed record, on Coniston Water, in the Lake District. On the second run, travelling at around three hundred miles per hour, Campbell’s bright-blue jet-powered boat somersaulted and killed him.Campbell had been a superstitious man who was afraid of the colour green and played solitaire to pass the time. The day before he died, he had turned over an ace of spades, followed by the queen. He had told reporters that Mary Queen of Scots had drawn the same cards before her execution, in 1587. “I know that one of my family is going to get the chop,” Campbell had said. “I pray to God it is not me.”Premonitions are impossible, and they come true all the time. The second law of thermodynamics says it can’t happen, but you think of your mother and then she calls. In 1773, Samuel Johnson visited the Hebrides and found that second sight was nothing unusual among the islanders.They saw their friends fall from horses when they were far away from home and watched future bridal parties and funeral processions making their way across the fields. “It is an involuntary affection,” Johnson wrote. “Those who profess to feel it, do not boast of it as a privilege, nor are considered by others as advantageously distinguished.”