Tunica Branch: Fill & Download for Free

‘Pes’ means ‘foot’ and ‘Anser’ means Goose. The branches of facial nerve resemble like Goose foot and hence termed so.Image source www2.aofoundation.orgYou can continue reading further if you are a medical student or someone who is interested in Human anatomy.Pes Anserinus also refers to the insertion of three conjoined tendons of Gracilis, Sartorius and Semitendinosus on anteromedial surface of tibia. The bursa under it is hence termed as ‘Anserine bursa’.Not to dishearten crow, there is ‘Crow feet’ which refers to the branches of vagus nerve innervating stomach.The names of structures in anatomy have meaning which we fail to understand, especially in our first year Medicine. Understanding the terms will prove beneficial in retaining the terms in memory. Here are some examples.Rectus: It means a straight muscle.Eg: Straight muscles of eye- the four rectiStraight muscle of neck- Rectus capitisSimilarly Rectus abdominis and Rectus femoris.2. Magna: means Great (large, big)A Big foramen- Foramen MagnumA large adductor- Adductor Magnus.3. Teres: Long and cylindrical (round) structureEg: Teres major & Teres minor musclesPronator teres: A long and round muscle helping in pronationLigamentum Teres-hipRound ligament of uteres -Ligamentum teres uteri4.Brevis: ShortEg:Flexor digitorum brevis, Adductor brevis5. Deltoid: Resembling the shape of delta (triangle)Eg Deltoid muscle and deltoid ligament.6. Serrata: One having serrationsEg: Serratus anterior/ posterior musclesOra serrata in eye7. Tunica: A membranous sheet covering a body partEg: Tunica intima, media and adventitiaTunica vaginalis, Tunica albuginea8. Obturator: A structure that covers an opening.Eg: Obturator muscles covering Obturator foramen9. Latissimus Dorsi: A broad/ wide (latissimus) muscle present on the back (dorsi)And there are many more !!

is composed of 4 TUNICS-1) tunica mucosa 2) tunica submucosa 3) muscularis externa 4) tunica adventitia. Tunica mucosa is composed of 3 LAYERS-a) STRATIFIED squamous nonkeratinized epithelium, b) lamina propria (loose irregular connective tissue). It additionally contains esophageal cardiac glands (simple tubular branched glands) c) muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle tissue). Tunica submucosa – is loose irregular connective tissue. It additionally contains esophageal proper glands (compound tubulo-alveolar glands). Muscularis externa -a) in upper one third is composed of striated skeletal muscle tissue, b) in lower one third is composed of smooth muscle tissue, c) in middleone third contains both types. Muscle tissue forms 2 layers: a) inner is circular, b) outer – is longitudinal. Tunica adve(more)

It is partially correct to consider endothelial cells as those that “line the interior surfaces of vessels” and it’s an oversimplification bordering on distortion to say endothelial cells “line the entire cardiovascular system.” So what’s the real deal?First, let’s start small and work our way up. The smallest blood vessels are the capillaries — the vast majority of blood vessels are in fact capillaries — which are composed of single cells adjacent to each other forming a microscopic tube. Those single cells are endothelial cells and together they are called endothelium. Endothelial cells don’t line capillaries, they *are* capillaries. Look at this illustration of a capillary to see how single endothelial cells can wrap and align to form a tube:To add a rarely discussed detail, there is a separate network of vessels in the lymphatic system with the smallest of being lymphatic capillaries (LC) which are just like the blood carrying vascular capillaries (VC). They share many functional and molecular characteristics. Generally, LCs are more permissive to transport of fluids in and out of tissues. LCs are more “plastic” than VCs, meaning that you can give chemical and microenvironment signals to LCs which will cause them to turn them into functioning VCs. The reverse is not true.There’s more at the higher level of branching in the vascular system (e.g., venules & arterioles, veins & arteries) — endothelial cells comprise the innermost layer of cells of large blood vessels. The following illustration shows how the layers are composed of many cell types including endothelial cells (tunica intima), and smooth muscle and fibroblasts (tunica media). The outer layer contains more fibroblasts plus non-cellular things such as elastin and collagen fibers and other extracellular matrix components (tunica externa). (Note: other cell types are involved, but let’s not over-complicate this.)All of the above is known as vascular endothelium (except in the lymphatic system). What’s in the heart is functionally and structurally different.The idea that the heat is lined by endothelium is a misleading oversimplification because people assume it’s all vascular endothelium. It’s not. It’s distinct. Technically, the heart is lined by endocardium which consists of a layer of endocardial endothelial cells (EE) and other cell types immediately below, such as Purkinje cells that conduct the heart’s electrical impulses. It’s the microscopically thin layer shown in the illustration below in blue.Some evidence shows endocardial endothelium (EE) cells to be derived from general endothelial precursor cells that give rise to vascular endothelium. But other evidence shows EE to be derived from common cardiomyocyte precursors — that’s “HEART MUSCLE” in the words of non-specialists. EE are ultrastructually different from vascular endothelium — they have different cytoskeletons, different cell-cell junctions, different size and shape. EE are physiologically different than vascular endothelium. EE are not very permeable to fluids which is something that occurs only in disease states for them. EE have electrophysiological characteristics that vascular endothelium simply does not have at all. Vascular endothelial cells have a very important biomolecule transport function but that’s not the role of EE endocardium.One important thing in common to ALL endothelium — vascular, lymphatic, cardiac — is the characteristic of having a “lubricious” surface meaning that liquid can flow past without much friction, turbulence, and shear stress.It’s best to restrict the definition of endothelial cells to being the innermost layer of large vessels and forming the walls of capillaries. It’s best to completely leave out the part about the lining of the heart and restrict that to endocardium.