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“Why would people still believe in socialism/communism?”Let first state that I am not speaking for everyone on this. This is why I call myself a socialist.To me, socialism is about equality, inclusion, and fairness. America, and every other capitalist state relies on the opposite. There must be inequality, exclusivity, and a good amount of unfairness. I know that sounds bitter but if you look at the capitalist structure, you will see the truth in this.Capitalism relies on the traditional hierarchical “top down” structure. There must be those at the top and those at the bottom. The people in between get an ever increasing amount of perks for maintaining the order and rising up the ladder (if they can, and more exactly if they are allowed).This creates class divisions, a necessary part of the system that goes beyond corporate and political rule and directly dictates social constructs.Not everyone can get to the middle tiers, let alone the top. “There must be losers in order for there to be winners”. Sports and entertainment play a part in facilitating this mentality. Public schools should be teaching children to think critically, but have increasingly been used since inception to enforce conformity. Even the earliest policies for public schools dictated that children should be taught to be good citizens. Think about that.For the record, I am flat out against ending public schools. We must make them better and make them inclusive. Charter schools, with their privatized ownership and lottery acceptance, create further divisions amongst us.The hierarchical structures are as old as civilization itself. Did we not always have kings, chiefs, religious leaders, war lords, etc? So why would I think we can change what seems to be human nature? Because I believe that we are better than that. I believe we have evolved intellectually and will continue to do so if we break the chains of slavery (capitalism and the traditional hierarchical structures) and work for the greater good.Technically I am an Anar-Socialist. This means I identify with the classical Anarchy teachings of socialism. This does not mean I want to destroy the government or think that chaos is the solution. This means I believe that we don’t need the government structures we have.Consider this creed: “From each according to their abilities. To each according to their need.”How would we implement a social and economic structure based on this creed? First we must stop thinking like slaves who are begging for table scraps (capitalism). What I mean by this is, whenever I talk about entitlement programs (e.g. welfare, unemployment, SSI, SNAP, HUD, Medicare) most Americans know someone who is using one or more programs and needs them. Interestingly enough, there always seems to be someone who knows someone who is gaming the system and “doesn’t deserve” the benefits.I call bullshit. Half the time the person is lying to score political points in an argument because politics in America is considered a competition. It’s not. It is about our lives.And there are people who game the system. What do you expect when we are taught from an early age to do whatever it takes to get ahead, “The ends justify the means.” “To the victor go the spoils.” “It is dog-eat-dog out there.” “You have to stay ahead of the Jones’s.”Think about that. Now I know that I can live a far better life by earning my money and making the right choices. But my circumstances are different from someone in a Mid-West trailer park or a kid growing up hard in a ghetto. I also know there are people with better circumstances than me. This is where equality and fairness take serious hits in a capitalist country.We cannot judge people who game a system until we understand what brought them to that. And there are no black and White answered here.Public schools rely on the property taxes of their communities. Usually, those communities either have minimal resources or they misappropriate those resources (voting to redirect money to other projects or pushing the majority of it into scholastic sports).However, imagine if our schools all had the same resources. Imagine if the focus was on teaching children to think correctly, critically, and with an open mind to the possibilities of creativity.Imagine if the workers controlled the means of production.Imagine if we worked where our talents could best be utilized. Imagine if those places of employment listened to all of the workers’ ideas. Imagine if those ideas were vetted, not on popularity of the person saying but instead on the feasibility of the idea.Imagine if the workers controlled the means of distribution.Instead of being paid a stagnant wage and not being able to afford the basics of intelligent life, which includes leisure pursuits, everything was free.There would be no need to steal.But we would have to stop thinking about who deserves what. We would have to start caring about each other.These ideals are achievable but we must stop the bigotry and ignorance, which starts at home. How many Christians are home schooling their kids? That has to stop because they are not teaching them math and science, they are teaching them to hate and be ignorant.We must teach children to overcome hate with acceptance of others. This is clearly not an overnight solution.This is why I call myself a socialist.For the record, I am against communism, which is a form of socialism that removes class distinctions. That may sound contrary to everything I wrote above, but there are many flaws in communism that mirror the flaws in capitalism. One in particular is how corruptible the people at the top become.Animal Farm is not just about communism. It is about any system where a group at the top can be corrupted.That is my take on this question.RMS

NO. Unless you think a majority of scientists including 60 Nobel laureates lack substance? Let’s start with the climate lectures of two leading Nobel laureates -Dr. Ivar Giaever brilliantly destroys the global warming (aka climate change) scientific consensus in his Laureate speech below. He saves us from the fear mongering of Al Gore and his like.Skeptics of global warming are increasing with more than 60 other Nobel Prize winners denying human caused climate change.Nobel Laureate Dr. Kary Mullis is correct in his assessment of the current state of climate science, describing it as a "Joke".As he correctly points out, there is no scientific evidence whatever that our CO2 is, or can ever "drive" climate change.There is also no published empirical scientific evidence that any CO2, whether natural or man-made, causes warming in the troposphere.His Nobel Prize was awarded in 1993.When you step back an consider the alarmist views they do seem alot like a ‘joke’ as Professor Mullis thinks.Changing sun and oceans no longer playing a role?Today alarmist scientists would have us believe that that big bright tempestuous star up there in the sky stopped playing a role since the late 19th century, and that the oceans, which cover a puny 70% of our planet’s surface (sarc), also stopped playing a role.Instead the alarmist scientists insist that today’s climate is being 90+% driven by human-emitted CO2 and the rest of the factors have been somehow disabled. If that sound preposterous, then it might have something to do with how you perceive the your planet and how different parts are interrelated.“Human CO2 only 0.01% of atmosphereThrough the burning of fossil fuels, humans are also responsible for having boosted atmospheric CO2 emissions from some 300 ppm to 400 parts per million, which translates into a difference of 0.01% of the atmosphere. So what do the alarmists conclude from this:0.01% of the world’s biomass and 0.o1% of the atmosphere are today almost solely responsible for climate changes.The sun, oceans, volcanoes and other poorly understood major varying factors are ignored. Does all that sound plausible?Yeah right, and the price of tea in China drives the global economy.”By P. Gosselin May 26, 2018http://notrickszone.com/2018/05/26/right-tiny-0-01-of-atmosphere-and-0-01-of-earths-biomass-drive-near-100-of-climate/NOBEL PRIZE MEDAL“Partial list of 150 + scientists who do NOT support the Catastrophic Anthropogenic Climate Change Scam:(includes ~60 Nobel Prize winners)Sceptical list provided by David Harrington of leading scientists. They all have many excellent published papers on the AGW subject.A.J. Tom van Loon, PhDAaron Klug, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Abdus Salam, Nobel Prize (Physics)Adolph Butenandt, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Al Pekarek, PhDAlan Moran, PhDAlbrecht Glatzle, PhDAlex Robson, PhDAlister McFarquhar, PhDAmo A. Penzias, Nobel Prize (Physics)Andrei Illarionov, PhDAnthony Jewish, Nobel Prize (Physics)Anthony R. Lupo, PhDAntonino Zichichi, President of the World Federation of Scientists.Arthur L. Schawlow, Nobel Prize (Physics)Arthur Rorsch, PhDAsmunn Moene, PhDBaruj Benacerraf, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Bert Sakmann, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Bjarne Andresen, PhDBoris Winterhalter, PhDBrian G Valentine, PhDBrian Pratt, PhDBryan Leyland, International Climate Science CoalitionCesar Milstein, Nobel Prize (Physiology)Charles H. Townes, Nobel Prize (Physics)Chris C. Borel, PhDChris Schoneveld, MSc (Structural Geology)Christian de Duve, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Christopher Essex, PhDCliff Ollier, PhDSusan Crockford PhDDaniel Nathans, Nobel Prize (Medicine)David Deming, PhD (Geophysics)David E. Wojick, PhDDavid Evans, PhD (EE)David Kear, PhDDavid R. Legates, PhDDick Thoenes, PhDDon Aitkin, PhDDon J. Easterbrook, PhDDonald A. Glaser, Nobel Prize (Physics)Donald Parkes, PhDDouglas Leahey, PhDDudley R. Herschbach, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Edwin G. Krebs, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Erwin Neher, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Frank Milne, PhDFred Goldberg, PhDFred Michel, PhDFreeman J. Dyson, PhDGarth W. Paltridge, PhDGary D. Sharp, PhDGeoff L. Austin, PhDGeorge E. Palade, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Gerald Debreu, Nobel Prize (Economy)Gerhard Herzberg, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Gerrit J. van der Lingen, PhDHans Albrecht Bethe, Nobel Prize (Physics)Hans H.J. Labohm, PhDHarold E. Varmus, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Harry M. Markowitz, Nobel Prize (Economics)Harry N.A. Priem, PhDHeinrich Rohrer, Nobel Prize (Physics)Hendrik Tennekes, PhDHenrik Svensmark, physicistHerbert A. Hauptman, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Horst Malberg, PhDHoward Hayden, PhDI. Prigogine, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Ian D. Clark, PhDIan Plimer, PhDIvar Giaever, Nobel Prize (Physics)James J. O’Brien, PhDJean Dausset, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Jean-Marie Lehn, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Jennifer Marohasy, PhDJerome Karle, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Joel M. Kauffman, PhDJohan Deisenhofer, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)John Charles Polanyi, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)John Maunder, PhDJohn Nicol, PhDJon Jenkins, PhDJoseph Murray, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Judith Curry, PhDJulius Axelrod, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Kai Siegbahn, Nobel Prize (Physics)Khabibullo Abdusamatov, astrophysicist at Pulkovo Observatory of the Russian Academy of SciencesKlaus Von Klitzing, Nobel Prize (Physics)Gerhard Kramm: PhD (meteorology)L. Graham Smith, PhDLee C. Gerhard, PhDLen Walker, PhDLeon Lederman, Nobel Prize (Physics)Linus Pauling, Nobel Prize (ChemistryLord Alexander Todd, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Lord George Porter, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Louis Neel, Nobel Prize (Physics)Lubos Motl, PhDMadhav Khandekar, PhDManfred Eigen, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Marcel Leroux, PhDMarshall W. Nirenberg, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Max Ferdinand Perutz, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Ned Nikolov PhDNils-Axel Morner, PhDOlavi Kärner, Ph.D.Owen Chamberlain, Nobel Prize (Physics)Pierre Lelong, ProfessorPierre-Gilles de Gennes, Nobel Prize (Physics)R. Timothy Patterson, PhDR. W. Gauldie, PhDR.G. Roper, PhDRaphael Wust, PhDReid A. Bryson, Ph.D. Page on Shave and Grooming Made Simple. D.Engr.Richard Laurence Millington Synge, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Richard Mackey, PhDRichard R. Ernst, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Richard S. Courtney, PhDRichard S. Lindzen, PhDRita Levi-Montalcini, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Roald Hoffman, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Robert H. Essenhigh, PhDRobert Huber, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Robert M. Carter, PhDRobert W. Wilson, Nobel Prize (Physics)Roger Guillemin, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Ross McKitrick, PhDRoy W. Spencer, PhDS. Fred Singer, PhDSallie Baliunas, astrophysicist HarvardSalomon Kroonenberg, PhDSherwood B. Idso, PhDSimon van der Meer, Nobel Prize (Physics)Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Sir James W. Black, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Sir John Kendrew, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Sir John R. Vane , Nobel Prize (Medicine)Sir John Warcup Cornforth, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Sir. Nevil F. Mott, Nobel Prize Winner (Physics)Sonja A. Boehmer-Christiansen, PhDStanley Cohen, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Stephan Wilksch, PhDStewart Franks, PhDSyun-Ichi Akasofu, PhDTadeus Reichstein, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Thomas Huckle Weller, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Thomas R. Cech, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Timothy F. Ball, PhDTom V. Segalstad, PhDTorsten N. Wiesel, Nobel Prize (Medicine)Vincent Gray, PhDWalter Starck, PhD (marine science; specialization in coral reefs and fisheries)Wibjorn Karlen, PhDWillem de Lange, PhDWilliam Evans, PhDWilliam Happer, physicist PrincetonWilliam J.R. Alexander, PhDWilliam Kininmonth Page on http://m.sc., Head of Australia’s National Climate Centre and a consultant to the World Meteorological organization’s Commission for ClimatologyWilliam Lindqvist, PhDWilliam N. Lipscomb, Nobel Prize Winner (Chemistry)Willie Soon, astrophysicist HarvardYuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize (Chemistry)Zbigniew Jaworowski, PhDKarl ZellerZichichi, PhD“Here is a partial list of science and other economic organizations who are on record with their doubts.“Skeptical Scientific Organizations:American Association of Petroleum Geologists (31,000+ Members)“The Climate Scientists' Register“We, the undersigned, having assessed the relevant scientific evidence, do not find convincing support for the hypothesis that human emissions of carbon dioxide are causing, or will in the foreseeable future cause, dangerous global warming."Click on country name in the following list to see endorsers from that nation: Algéria (1 endorser), Australia (8), Bulgaria (1), Canada (17), Denmark (1), Estonia (1), Finland(1), France (1), Germany (4), Greece (1), India (3), Italy (3), Luxembourg (1), Mexico (1), New Zealand (6), Norway (5), Poland (3), Russia (5), South Africa (1), Sweden(8), United Kingdom (6), United States of America (64).Complete Endorser List:Habibullo I. Abdussamatov, Dr. Sci., mathematician and astrophysicist, Head of the Russian-Ukrainian Astrometria project on the board of the Russian segment of the ISS, Head of Space Research Laboratory at the Pulkovo Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, RussiaSyun-Ichi Akasofu, PhD, Professor of Physics, Emeritus and Founding Director, International Arctic Research Center of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A.J.R. Alexander, Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Member, UN Scientific and Technical Committee on Natural Disasters, 1994-2000, Pretoria, South AfricaBjarne Andresen, Dr. Scient., physicist, published and presents on the impossibility of a "global temperature", Professor, Niels Bohr Institute (areas of specialization: fundamental physics and chemistry, in particular thermodynamics), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkTimothy F. Ball, PhD, environmental consultant and former climatology professor, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaRomuald Bartnik, PhD (Organic Chemistry), Professor Emeritus, Former chairman of the Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, climate work in cooperation with Department of Hydrology and Geological Museum, University of Lodz, Lodz, PolandColin Barton, http://B.Sc., PhD (Earth Science), Principal research scientist (retd), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaFranco Battaglia, PhD (Chemical Physics), Professor of Environmental Chemistry (climate specialties: environmental chemistry), University of Modena, ItalyDavid Bellamy, OBE, PhD, English botanist, author, broadcaster, environmental campaigner, Hon. Professor of Botany (Geography), University of Nottingham, Hon. Prof. Faculty of Engineering and Physical Systems, Central Queensland University, Hon. Prof. of Adult and Continuing Education, University of Durham, United Nations Environment Program Global 500 Award Winner, Dutch Order of The Golden Ark, Bishop Auckland County, Durham, United KingdomRichard Becherer, BS (Physics, Boston College), MS (Physics, University of Illinois), PhD (Optics, University of Rochester), former Member of the Technical Staff - MIT Lincoln Laboratory, former Adjunct Professor - University of Connecticut, Areas of Specialization: optical radiation physics, coauthor - standard reference book Optical Radiation Measurements: Radiometry, Millis, MA, U.S.A.Ernst-Georg Beck, Dipl. Biology (University of Freiburg), biologist (area of specialization: CO2 record in the last 150 years – see paper “Accurate estimation of CO2 background level from near ground measurements at non-mixed environments”), see http://www.biomind.de/realCO2/ for more from Mr. Beck, Biesheim, FranceEdwin Berry, PhD (Atmospheric Physics, Nevada), MA (Physics, Dartmouth), BS (Engineering, Caltech), President, Climate Physics LLC, Bigfork, MT, U.S.A.Sonja A. Boehmer-Christiansen, PhD, Reader Emeritus, Dept. of Geography, Hull University, Editor - Energy&Environment, Multi-Science (www.multi-science.co.uk), Hull, United KingdomM. I. Bhat, PhD, formerly Scientist at the Wadia institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehra, currently Professor & Head, Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Kashmir (areas of specialization: Geochemistry, Himalayan and global tectonics & tectonics and climate (Prof Bhat: “Arguing for deepening the climate frontiers by considering interaction between solar flares and core-mantle boundary processes. Clue possibly lies in exploring the tectonics of regions that underlies high and low pressure cells of the three global oscillations (SO, NAO, NPO)”), Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, IndiaAhmed Boucenna, PhD, Professor of Physics, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif, Algéria. Author of The Great Season Climatic Oscillation, I. RE. PHY. 1(2007) 53, The Great Season Climatic Oscillation and the Global Warming, Global Conference On Global Warming, July 6-10, 2008, Istanbul, Turkey and Pseudo Radiation Energy Amplifier (PREA) and the Mean Earth's Ground Temperature, arXiv:0811.0357 (November 2008)Antonio Brambati, PhD, Emeritus Professor (sedimentology), Department of Geological, Environmental and Marine Sciences (DiSGAM), University of Trieste (specialization: climate change as determined by Antarctic marine sediments), Trieste, ItalyStephen C. Brown, PhD (Environmental Science, State University of New York), District Agriculture Agent, Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Ground Penetrating Radar Glacier research, Palmer, Alaska, U.S.A.Mark Lawrence Campbell, PhD (chemical physics; gas-phase kinetic research involving greenhouse gases (nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide)), Professor, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.Robert M. Carter, PhD, Professor, Marine Geophysical Laboratory, James Cook University, Townsville, AustraliaArthur Chadwick, PhD (Molecular Biology), Research Professor, Department of Biology and Geology, Southwestern Adventist University, Climate Specialties: dendrochronology (determination of past climate states by tree ring analysis), palynology (same but using pollen as a climate proxy), paleobotany and botany; Keene, Texas, U.S.A.George V. Chilingar, PhD, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.Antonis Christofides, Dipl. Civil Engineering, MSc Computing Science, Climate Specialties: co-author of relevant papers: here and here, author of http://hk-climate.org/, Athens, GreecePetr Chylek, PhD, Laboratory Fellow, Remote Sensing Team Leader, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, U.S.A.Ian D. Clark, PhD, Professor (isotope hydrogeology and paleoclimatology), Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaPaul Copper, BSc, MSc, PhD, DIC, FRSC, Professor Emeritus, Department of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario, CanadaCornelia Codreanova, Diploma in Geography, Researcher (Areas of Specialization: formation of glacial lakes) at Liberec University, Czech Republic, Zwenkau, GermanyMichael Coffman, PhD (Ecosystems Analysis and Climate Influences), CEO of Sovereignty International, President of Environmental Perspectives, Inc., Bangor, Maine, U.S.A.Piers Corbyn, MSc (Physics (Imperial College London)), ARCS, FRAS, FRMetS, astrophysicist (Queen Mary College, London), consultant, founder WeatherAction long range forecasters, London, United KingdomRichard S. Courtney, PhD, energy and environmental consultant, IPCC expert reviewer, Falmouth, Cornwall, United KingdomJoseph D’Aleo, BS, MS (Meteorology, University of Wisconsin), Doctoral Studies (NYU), Executive Director - ICECAP (International Climate and Environmental Change Assessment Project), Fellow of the AMS, College Professor Climatology/Meteorology, First Director of Meteorology The Weather Channel, Hudson, New Hampshire, U.S.A.David Deming, PhD (Geophysics), Associate Professor, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A.James E Dent; http://B.Sc., FCIWEM, C.Met, FRMetS, C.Env., Independent Consultant, Member of WMO OPACHE Group on Flood Warning, Hadleigh, Suffolk, England, United KingdomChris R. de Freitas, PhD, climate Scientist, School of Environment, The University of Auckland, New ZealandWillem de Lange, MSc (Hons), DPhil (Computer and Earth Sciences), Senior Lecturer in Earth and Ocean Sciences, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New ZealandGeoff Duffy, DEng (Dr of Engineering), PhD (Chemical Engineering), BSc, ASTCDip., FRSNZ (first chemical engineer to be a Fellow of the Royal Society in NZ), FIChemE, wide experience in radiant heat transfer and drying, chemical equilibria, etc. Has reviewed, analysed, and written brief reports and papers on climate change, Auckland, New ZealandRobert W. Durrenberger, PhD, former Arizona State Climatologist and President of the American Association of State Climatologists, Professor Emeritus of Geography, Arizona State University; Sun City, Arizona, U.S.A.Don J. Easterbrook, PhD, Emeritus Professor of Geology, Western Washington, University, Bellingham, Washington, U.S.A.Willis Eschenbach, Independent Climate Researcher, Climate Specialties: Tropical tropospheric amplification, constructal theories of climate, See sample of scientific writings in Nature here, Occidental, CA, U.S.A.Christopher Essex, PhD, professor of applied mathematics, and Associate Chair, Department of Applied Mathematics, Former Director, Program in Theoretical Physics, University of Western Ontario, Former NSERC postdoc at the Canadian Climate Centre's Numerical Modelling Division (GCM), London, Ontario, CanadaPer Engene, MSc, Biologist, Bø i Telemark, Norway, Co-author - The Climate, Science and Politics (2009)Terrence F. Flower, PhD, Professor of Physics and Astronomy, St. Catherine University, studied and taught physics of climate (focus on Arctic and Antarctic), took students to study physics of climate change in the Antarctic and Costa Rica, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.Stewart Franks, BSci. (Hons, Environmental Science), PhD (Landsurface-atmosphere interactions), Associate Professor and Dean of Students, University of Newcastle, Climate Specialties: hydro-climatology, flood/drought risk, Newcastle, AustraliaLars Franzén, PhD (Physical Geography), Professor, Physical Geography at Earth Sciences Centre, University of Gothenburg, Areas of Specialization: Palaeoclimate from global peatland and Chinese loess studies - see related scientific paper by Franzén et al, Gothenburg, Vastra Gotaland, SwedenGordon Fulks, PhD (Physics, University of Chicago), cosmic radiation, solar wind, electromagnetic and geophysical phenomena, Corbett, Oregon, U.S.A.Robert. W. Gauldie, PhD, Research Professor (retired), Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, School of Ocean Earth Sciences and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Hawaii, U.S.A.Katya Georgieva, MSc (Physics of the Earth, Atmosphere, and Space, specialty Meteorology), PhD (Solar-Terrestrial Physics - PhD thesis on solar influences on global climate changes), Associate Professor, Head of group "Solar dynamics and global climate change" in the Solar-Terrestrial Influences Laboratory at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, head of project "Solar activity influences of weather and climate" of the scientific plan of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, member of the "Climate changes" council of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Regional coordinator of the Balkan, Black sea and Caspian sea countries and member of the European Steering Committee for the International Heliophysical Year 2007-2008, deputy editor-in-chief of the international scientific journal "Sun and Geosphere", BulgariaLee C. Gerhard, PhD, Senior Scientist Emeritus, University of Kansas, past director and state geologist, Kansas Geological Survey, U.S.A.Gerhard Gerlich, Dr.rer.nat. (Mathematical Physics: Magnetohydrodynamics) habil. (Real Measure Manifolds), Professor, Institut für Mathematische Physik, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, Co-author of “Falsification Of The Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within The Frame Of Physics”, Int.J.Mod.Phys.,2009Fred Goldberg, PhD, Adj Professor, Royal Institute of Technology (Mech, Eng.), Secretary General KTH International Climate Seminar 2006 and Climate analyst (NIPCC), Lidingö, SwedenStanley B. Goldenberg, Research Meteorologist, NOAA, AOML/Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida, U.S.A.Wayne Goodfellow, PhD (Earth Science), Ocean Evolution, Paleoenvironments, Adjunct Professor, Senior Research Scientist, University of Ottawa, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaThomas B. Gray, MS (Meteorology, California Institute of Technology and Florida State University), 23 years as Meteorologist with the U.S. Army and Air Force (retired) and 15 years experience with NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories. Assignments include Chief, Analysis and Forecast Division, Global Weather Center, Omaha, Nebraska and Chief, Solar Forecast Center, Boulder Colorado, maintains active interest in paleoclimate and atmospheric physics, Yachats, Oregon, U.S.A.Vincent Gray, PhD, New Zealand Climate Coalition, expert reviewer for the IPCC, author of The Greenhouse Delusion: A Critique of Climate Change 2001, Wellington, New ZealandWilliam M. Gray, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Head of the Tropical Meteorology Project, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.Kenneth P. Green, Doctor of Environmental Science and Engineering (UCLA, 1994), Resident Scholar, Interim Director, Center for Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise Institute, Washington D.C., U.S.A.Charles B. Hammons, PhD (Applied Mathematics), climate-related specialties: applied mathematics, modeling & simulation, software & systems engineering, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Management, University of Dallas; Assistant Professor, North Texas State University (Dr. Hammons found many serious flaws during a detailed study of the software, associated control files plus related email traffic of the Climate Research Unit temperature and other records and “adjustments” carried out in support of IPCC conclusions), Coyle, OK, U.S.A.William Happer, PhD, Professor, Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, U.S.A.Howard Hayden, PhD, Emeritus Professor (Physics), University of Connecticut, The Energy Advocate, Pueblo West, Colorado, U.S.A.Warren T. Hinds, B.S. (Engineering), M.S. (Atmospheric Sciences), PhD (Physical Ecology, U. Washington, Seattle), Sr. Scientist at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; consultant for USA EPA research on Global Climate Change Program, Specialist for Defense Programs, Department of Energy, Climate Specialties: atmospheric physics and quantitative empirical analyses regarding climatological, meteorological, and ecological responses to environmental stresses, Gainesville, Georgia, U.S.A.Art Horn, Meteorologist (honors, Lyndon State College, Lyndonville, Vermont), operator, The Art of Weather, U.S.A.Douglas Hoyt, B.S. (Physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), M.S. (Astro-Geophysics, University of Colorado), co-author of the book The Role of the Sun in climate Change, previously senior scientist at Raytheon (MODIS instrument development), with earlier employment at NOAA, NCAR, World Radiation Center and the Sacramento Peak Observatory, Berkeley Springs, West Virginia, U.S.A.Warwick Hughes, MSc Hons (Geology), Founder of the "Errors in IPCC Climate Science" Blog - http://www.warwickhughes.com/blog/, Areas of Specialization: Jones et al temperature data, Canberra, AustraliaOle Humlum, PhD, Professor of Physical Geography, Department of Physical Geography, Institute of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayCraig D. Idso, PhD, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A.Sherwood B. Idso, PhD, President, Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A.Larry Irons, BS (Geology), MS (Geology), Sr. Geophysicist at FairfieldNodal (Areas of Specialization: Paleoclimate), Lakewood, Colorado, U.S.A.Terri Jackson, MSc (plasma physics), MPhil (energy economics), Director, Independent Climate Research Group, Northern Ireland and London (Founder of the energy/climate group at the Institute of Physics, London), United KingdomAlbert F. Jacobs, Geol.Drs., P. Geol., Calgary, Alberta, CanadaZbigniew Jaworowski, PhD, DSc, professor of natural sciences, Senior Science Adviser of Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection, researcher on ice core CO2 records, Warsaw, PolandBill Kappel, BS (Physical Science-Geology), BS (Meteorology), Storm Analysis, Climatology, Operation Forecasting, Vice President/Senior Meteorologist, Applied Weather Associates, LLC, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, U.S.A.Olavi Kärner, Ph.D., Extraordinary Research Associate; Dept. of Atmospheric Physics, Tartu Observatory, Toravere, EstoniaMadhav L. Khandekar, PhD, consultant meteorolgist, (former) Research Scientist, Environment Canada, Editor "Climate Research” (03-05), Editorial Board Member "Natural Hazards, IPCC Expert Reviewer 2007, Unionville, Ontario, CanadaLeonid F. Khilyuk, PhD, Science Secretary, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Professor of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.William Kininmonth MSc, MAdmin, former head of Australia’s National Climate Centre and a consultant to the World Meteorological organization’s Commission for Climatology, Kew, Victoria, AustraliaGerhard Kramm, Dr. rer. nat. (Theoretical Meteorology), Research Associate Professor, Geophysical Institute, Associate Faculty, College of Natural Science and Mathematics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, (climate specialties: Atmospheric energetics, physics of the atmospheric boundary layer, physical climatology - seeinteresting paper by Kramm et al), Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A.Leif Kullman, PhD (Physical geography, plant ecology, landscape ecology), Professor, Physical geography, Department of Ecology and Environmental science, Umeå University, Areas of Specialization: Paleoclimate (Holocene to the present), glaciology, vegetation history, impact of modern climate on the living landscape, Umeå, SwedenDouglas Leahey, PhD, meteorologist and air-quality consultant, President - Friends of Science, Calgary, Alberta, CanadaJay Lehr, BEng (Princeton), PhD (environmental science and ground water hydrology), Science Director, The Heartland Institute, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.Edward Liebsch, B.A. (Earth Science, St. Cloud State University); M.S. (Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University), former Associate Scientist, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; former Adjunct Professor of Meteorology, St. Cloud State University, Environmental Consultant/Air Quality Scientist (Areas of Specialization: micrometeorology, greenhouse gas emissions), Maple Grove, Minnesota, U.S.A.Richard S. Lindzen, PhD, Alfred P. Sloan professor of meteorology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.William Lindqvist, PhD (Applied Geology), Independent Geologic Consultant, Areas of Specialization: Climate Variation in the recent geologic past, Tiburon, California, U.S.A.Peter Link, BS, MS, PhD (Geology, Climatology), Geol/Paleoclimatology, retired, Active in Geol-paleoclimatology, Tulsa University and Industry, Evergreen, Colorado, U.S.A.Anthony R. Lupo, Ph.D., Professor of Atmospheric Science, Department of Soil, Environmental, and Atmospheric Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.Qing-Bin Lu, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy, cross-appointed to Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) New Investigator, University of Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaHorst Malberg, PhD, Professor (emeritus) for Meteorology and Climatology and former director of the Institute for Meteorology at the Free University of Berlin, GermanyBjörn Malmgren, PhD, Professor Emeritus in Marine Geology, Paleoclimate Science, Goteborg University, retired, Norrtälje, SwedenOliver Manuel, BS (Chem), MS (Geo-Chem), PhD (Nuclear Chem), Post-Doc (Space Physics), Fulbright Scholar (Astrophysics), NSF Post-Doc Fellow (UC-Berkeley), Associate - Climate & Solar Science Institute, Professor (now Emeritus)/Dept Chair, College of Arts & Sciences University of Missouri-Rolla, Fulbright Scholar (Tata Institute- Mumbai), previously Research Scientist (US Geological Survey-Denver) and NASA Principal Investigator for Apollo, Climate Specialties: Earth's heat source, sample of relevant papers: "Earth's heat source - the Sun", Energy and Environment 20 131-144 (2009); “The sun: a magnetic plasma diffuser that controls earth's climate”, paper presented at the V. International Conference on Non-accelerator New Physics, Dubna, Russia, 20 June 2005; "Super-fluidity in the solar interior: Implications for solar eruptions and climate", Journal of Fusion Energy 21, 193-198 (2002), Cape Girardeau, Missouri, U.S.A.David Manuta, Ph.D. (Inorganic/Physical Chemistry, SUNY Binghamton), FAIC, Climate Specialties: Gas Phase Infrared Studies, Thermodynamics of Small Molecule Formation (e.g., CO2, HF, and H2O), President, Manuta Chemical Consulting, Inc., Chairman of the Board, The American Institute of Chemists, Past Positions include Adjunct Professor of Physics, Ohio University-Chillicothe, Ohio, Assistant Professor of Chemistry and Physical Science at Shawnee State University, Ohio, Assistant Professor of Chemistry and Physical Science at Upper Iowa University and US Enrichment Corp. (nuclear), Waverly, Ohio, USAFrancis Massen, PhD, Physics Lab and meteoLCD, Lycée Classique de Diekirch, 32 av. de la gare L-9233, (see interesting scientific paper by Massen et al), Diekirch, LuxembourgIrina Melnikova, PhD (Physics & Mathematics), Head of the Laboratory for Physics of the Atmosphere INENCO RAN, specialization: radiative regime of the cloudy atmosphere - see interesting paper on this topic by Dr. Melnikova, St. Petersburg, RussiaPatrick J. Michaels, A.B., S.M., Ph.D. (ecological climatology, Senior Fellow in Environmental Studies, CATO Institute, Distinguished Senior Fellow in the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, a past president of the American Association of State Climatologists, past program chair for the Committee on Applied Climatology of the American Meteorological Society, past research professor of Environmental Sciences at University of Virginia, contributing author and reviewer of the UN IPCC, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.Fred Michel, PhD, Director, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Associate Professor of Earth Sciences, Carleton University (article by Dr. Michel: “Climatic hubris: The Ellesmere Island ice shelves have been disappearing since they were first mapped in 1906”, January 16, 2007, National Post), Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaFerenc Mark Miskolczi, PhD, atmospheric physicist, formerly of NASA's Langley Research Center, (in his 2010 paper, Dr. Miskolczi writes, "The data negate increase in CO2 in the atmosphere as a hypothetical cause for the apparently observed global warming. A hypothesis of significant positive feedback by water vapor effect on atmospheric infrared absorption is also negated by the observed measurements. Apparently major revision of the physics underlying the greenhouse effect is needed."), Hampton, Virginia, U.S.A.Asmunn Moene, PhD, MSc (Meteorology), former head of the Forecasting Centre, Meteorological Institute, Oslo, NorwayNils-Axel Mörner, PhD (Sea Level Changes and Climate), Emeritus Professor of Paleogeophysics & Geodynamics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenNasif Nahle, BSc (Biology), C-1L on Scientific Research, climatology and meteorology, physics, and paleobiology, Director of Scientific Research at Biology Cabinet (Areas of Specialization: Climatology and Meteorology (certification), San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, MexicoDavid Nowell, http://M.Sc., Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society, former chairman of the NATO Meteorological Group, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaJames J. O'Brien, PhD., Emeritus Professor, Meteorology and Oceanography, Florida State University, Florida, U.S.A.Peter Oliver, BSc (Geology), BSc (Hons, Geochemistry & Geophysics), MSc (Geochemistry), PhD (Geology), specialized in NZ quaternary glaciations, Geochemistry and Paleomagnetism, previously research scientist for the NZ Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Upper Hutt, New ZealandCliff Ollier, http://D.Sc., Professor Emeritus (School of Earth and Environment - see his Copenhagen Climate Challenge sea level article here), Research Fellow, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, W.A., AustraliaR. Timothy Patterson, PhD, Professor, Dept. of Earth Sciences (paleoclimatology), Carleton University, Chair - International Climate Science Coalition, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaAlfred H. Pekarek, PhD, Associate Professor of Geology, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Deptartment, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, U.S.A.Stanley Penkala, BS (Chemical Engineering, Univ. of PA), PhD (Chemical Engineering, Univ. of PA.), Asst. Prof. Air Engineering and Industrial Hygiene, University of Pittsburgh GSPH (1970-1973), Environmental Scientist, DeNardo & McFarland Weather Services (1973-1980), Air Science Consultants, Inc. (VP 1980-1995, President 1995-Present), Areas of Specialization: Air Dispersion Modeling, Anthropogenic Sources of Global CO2, Quality Assurance in Air Pollution Measurements, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.Ian Plimer, PhD, Professor of Mining Geology, The University of Adelaide; Emeritus Professor of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, AustraliaOleg M. Pokrovsky, BS, MS, PhD (mathematics and atmospheric physics - St. Petersburg State University, 1970), Dr. in Phys. and Math Sciences (1985), Professor in Geophysics (1995), principal scientist, Main Geophysical Observatory (RosHydroMet), St. Petersburg, Russia. Note: Dr. Pokrovsky carried out comprehensive analysis of many available long climate time series and cam e to conclusion that anthropogenic CO2 impact is not main contributor in climate change as declared by IPCC.Daniel Joseph Pounder, BS (Meteorology, University of Oklahoma), MS (Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign); Meteorological/Oceanographic Data Analyst for the National Data Buoy Center, formerly Meteorologist, WILL AM/FM/TV, Urbana, U.S.A.Brian Pratt, PhD, Professor of Geology (Sedimentology), University of Saskatchewan (see Professor Pratt's article for a summary of his views), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, CanadaTom Quirk, MSc (Melbourne), D Phil (physics), MA (Oxford), SMP (Harvard), Member of the Scientific Advisory Panel of the Australian climate Science Coalition, Member Board Institute of Public Affairs, Melbourne, Areas of Specialization: Methane, Decadal Oscillations, Isotopes, Victoria, AustraliaVijay Kumar Raina, Ex. Deputy Director General, Geological Survey of India, author of 2010 MoEF Discussion Paper, “Himalayan Glaciers - State-of-Art Review of Glacial Studies, Glacial Retreat and Climate Change”, the first comprehensive study on the region. Mr. Raina’s field activities covered extensive research on the geology and the glaciers of the Himalayas, Andaman Islands that included research on the volcanoes in the Bay of Bengal. He led two Indian Scientific Expeditions to Antarctica that earned him the National Mineral Award and the Antarctica Award. He has authored over 100 scientific papers and three books: ‘Glacier Atlas of India’ dealing with various aspects of glacier studies under taken in the Himalayas; ‘Glaciers, the rivers of ice’ and ‘Images Antarctica, Reminiscences’, Chandigarh, IndiaDenis Rancourt, http://B.Sc., http://M.Sc., Ph.D. (Physics), Former physics professor, University of Ottawa (then funded by NSERC in both physics and environmental science), Climate Specialties: global carbon cycle and environmental nanoparticles science, statistical physics, as well as the politics, sociology and psychology of the climate debate, current research includes radiative effects and phenomena (albedo, greenhouse effect), Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaOleg Raspopov, Doctor of Science and Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Professor - Geophysics, Senior Scientist, St. Petersburg Filial (Branch) of N.V.Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowaves Propagetion of RAS (climate specialty: climate in the past, particularly the influence of solar variability), Editor-in-Chief of journal "Geomagnetism and Aeronomy" (published by Russian Academy of Sciences), St. Petersburg, RussiaS. Jeevananda Reddy, http://M.Sc. (Geophysics), Post Graduate Diploma (Applied Statistics, Andhra University), PhD (Agricultural Meteorology, Australian University, Canberra), Formerly Chief Technical Advisor -- United Nations World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & Expert-Food and Agriculture Organization (UN), Convenor - Forum for a Sustainable Environment, author of 500 scientific articles and several books - here is one: "Climate Change - Myths & Realities", Hyderabad, IndiaGeorge A. Reilly, PhD (Geology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), areas of specialization: Geological aspects of paleoclimatology, Retired, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaRobert G. Roper, PhD, DSc (University of Adelaide, South Australia), Emeritus Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.Nicola Scafetta, PhD (Physics, 2001, University of North Texas), Laurea (Dottore in Physics, 1997, Universita’ di Pisa, Italy), Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor Experiment (ACRIM), Climate Specialties: solar and astronomical causes of climate change, see intresting paper by Scafetta on this), Research Scientist - Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, U.S.A.Rob Scagel, MSc (forest microclimate specialist), Principal Consultant - Pacific Phytometric Consultants, Surrey, British Columbia, CanadaTom V. Segalstad, PhD (Geology/Geochemistry), secondary Web page here, Head of the Geological Museum, Natural History Museum and Associate Professor of Resource and Environmental Geology, University of Oslo, NorwayGary Sharp, PhD, Center for Climate/Ocean Resources Study, Salinas, California, U.S.A.Thomas P. Sheahen, PhD (Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology), specialist in renewable energy, research and publication (applied optics) in modeling and measurement of absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric CO2, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (2005-2008); Argonne National Laboratory (1988-1992); Bell Telephone labs (1966-73), National Bureau of Standards (1975-83), Oakland, Maryland, U.S.A.S. Fred Singer, PhD, Professor Emeritus (Environmental Sciences), University of Virginia, former director, U.S. Weather Satellite Service, Science and Environmental Policy Project, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A.Jan-Erik Solheim, MSc (Astrophysics), Professor, Institute of Physics, University of Tromso, Norway (1971-2002), Professor (emeritus), Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Norway (1965-1970, 2002- present), climate specialties: sun and periodic climate variations, scientific paper by Professor Solheim "Solen varsler et kaldere tiår", Baerum, NorwayRoy W. Spencer, PhD, climatologist, Principal Research Scientist, Earth System Science Center, The University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.A.H. Leighton Steward, Master of Science (Geology), Areas of Specialization: paleoclimates and empirical evidence that indicates CO2 is not a significant driver of climate change, Chairman, PlantsNeedCO2.org and CO2IsGreen.org, Chairman of the Institute for the Study of Earth and Man (geology, archeology & anthropology) at SMU in Dallas, Texas, Boerne, TX, U.S.A.Peter Stilbs, TeknD, Professor of Physical Chemistry, Research Leader, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), member of American Chemical Society and life member of American Physical Society, Chair of "Global Warming - Scientific Controversies in Climate Variability", International seminar meeting at KTH, 2006, Stockholm, SwedenEdward (Ted) R. Swart, http://D.Sc. (physical chemistry, University of Pretoria), http://B.Sc. (chem eng.) and Ph.D. (math/computer science, University of Witwatersrand). Dean of the Faculty of Science, Professor and Head of the Department of Computer Science, University of Rhodesia and past President of the Rhodesia Scientific Association. Set up the first radiocarbon dating laboratory in Africa with funds from the Gulbenkian Foundation. Professor in the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo and Chair of Computing and Information Science and Acting Dean at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Now retired in Kelowna, British Columbia, CanadaRoger Tanner, PhD (Analytical Chemistry, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana), 40-yr career in atmospheric chemistry and air quality measurement science at Tennessee Valley Authority, Desert Research Institute, Reno, and Brookhaven National Lab, Climate Specialties: atmospheric chemistry and air quality measurement science, Florence, Alabama, U.S.A.George H. Taylor, B.A. (Mathematics, U.C. Santa Barbara), M.S. (Meteorology, University of Utah), Certified Consulting Meteorologist, Applied Climate Services, LLC, Former State Climatologist (Oregon), President, American Association of State Climatologists (1998-2000), Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A.Frank Tipler, PhD, Professor of Mathematical Physics, astrophysics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.Edward M. Tomlinson, MS (Meteorology), Ph.D. (Meteorology, University of Utah), President, Applied Weather Associates, LLC (leader in extreme rainfall storm analyses), 21 years US Air Force in meteorology (Air Weather Service), Monument, Colorado, U.S.A.Ralf D. Tscheuschner, Dr.rer.nat. (Theoretical physics: Quantum Theory), Freelance Lecturer and Researcher in Physics and Applied Informatics, Hamburg, Germany. Co-author of “Falsification of The Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within The Frame Of Physics, Int.J.Mod.Phys. 2009Göran Tullberg, Civilingenjör i Kemi (equivalent to Masters of Chemical Engineering), Co-author - The Climate, Science and Politics (2009) (see here for a review), formerly instructor of Organic Chemistry (specialization in “Climate chemistry”), Environmental Control and Environmental Protection Engineering at University in Växjö; Falsterbo, SwedenBrian Gregory Valentine, PhD, Adjunct professor of engineering (aero and fluid dynamics specialization) at the University of Maryland, Technical manager at US Department of Energy, for large-scale modeling of atmospheric pollution, Technical referee for the US Department of Energy's Office of Science programs in climate and atmospheric modeling conducted at American Universities and National Labs, Washington, DC, U.S.A.Gerrit J. van der Lingen, PhD (Utrecht University), geologist and paleoclimatologist, climate change consultant, Geoscience Research and Investigations, Christchurch, New ZealandA.J. (Tom) van Loon, PhD, Professor of Geology (Quaternary Geologyspecialism: Glacial Geology), Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland; former President of the European Association of Science EditorsMichael G. Vershovsky, Ph.D. in meteorology (macrometeorology, long-term forecasts, climatology), Senior Researcher, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, works with, as he writes, “Atmospheric Centers of Action (cyclons and anticyclones, such as Icelandic depression, the South Pacific subtropical anticyclone, etc.). Changes in key parameters of these centers strongly indicate that the global temperature is influenced by these natural factors (not exclusively but nevertheless)”, St. Petersburg, RussiaGösta Walin, Professor, i oceanografi, Earth Science Center, Göteborg University, Göteborg, SwedenHelen Warn, PhD (Meteorology, specialized in atmospheric fluid dynamics at McGill University), Vancouver, BC, CanadaAnthony Watts, ItWorks/IntelliWeather, Founder, surfacestations.org, Watts Up With That, Chico, California, U.S.A.Charles L. Wax, PhD (physical geography: climatology, LSU), State Climatologist – Mississippi, past President of the American Association of State Climatologists, Professor, Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, U.S.A.Forese-Carlo Wezel, PhD, Emeritus Professor of Stratigraphy (global and Mediterranean geology, mass biotic extinctions and paleoclimatology), University of Urbino, Urbino, ItalyBoris Winterhalter, PhD, senior marine researcher (retired), Geological Survey of Finland, former professor in marine geology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDavid E. Wojick, PhD, PE, energy and environmental consultant, Technical Advisory Board member - Climate Science Coalition of America, Star Tannery, Virginia, U.S.A.Dr. Bob Zybach, PhD (Oregon State University (OSU), Environmental Sciences Program, EPA-sponsored peer-reviewed research on carbon sequestration in coniferous forests -- mostly in relation to climate history and quality of climate predictive models), MAIS (OSU, Forest Ecology, Cultural Anthropology, Historical Archaeology), BS (OSU College of Forestry), President, NW Maps Co., Program Manager, Oregon Websites and Watersheds Project, Inc., Cottage Grove, Oregon, U.S.A.American Association of State Climatologists” http://www.climatescienceinterna...American Geological InstituteAmerican Institute of Professional GeologistsGeological Sciences of the Polish Academy of SciencesJapan Society of Energy and Resources (1791 Members)Russian Academy of Scienceshttp://www.populartechnology.net...THE SCIENCE IS FAR FROM SETTLED -What historians will definitely wonder about in futurecenturies is how deeply flawed logic, obscured by shrewdand unrelenting propaganda, actually enabled a coalition ofpowerful special interests to convince nearly everyone inthe world that carbon dioxide from human industry was adangerous, planet-destroying toxin.It wlll be remembered as the greatest mass delusion in thehistory of the world - that carbon dioxide, the life of plants,was considered for a time to be a deadly poison.(Ed Ring,)No science consensus that global warming caused by humans .And according to a study of 1,868 scientists working in climate-related fields, conducted just this year by the PBL Netherlands Environment Assessment Agency, three in ten respondents said that less than half of global warming since 1951 could be attributed to human activity, or that they did not know. Given the politics of modern academia and the scientific community, it’s not unlikely that most scientists involved in climate-related studies believe in anthropogenic global warming, and likely believe, too, that it presents a problem. However, there is no consensus approaching 97 percent. A vigorous, vocal minority exists. The science is far from settled. –Ian Tuttle is a William F. Buckley Jr. Fellow in Political Journalism at the National Review Institute.Read more at: http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425232/climate-change-no-its-not-97-percent-consensus-ian-tuttle

Which one…………….Writings by Justice Thomasgrouped by type, in alphabetical order by first party name[Opinions| Concurrences | Dissents | Concur in part, dissent in part ]M&G POLYMERS USA, ET AL. v. TACKETT, HOBERT F., ET AL. , , 01/26/15Opinions*NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pr v. , 531 U.S. 206, 01/09/0114 PENN PLAZA LLC, ET AL. v. PYETT, STEVEN, ET AL. , , 04/01/09AETNA HEALTH INC., ETC. v. DAVILA, JUAN , 542 U.S. 200 (2004), 06/21/04ALASKA v. NATIVE VILLAGE OF VENETIETRIBAL GOVERNMENT , 522 U.S. 520 (1998), 02/25/98ALASKA, Petitioner, v. NATIVE VILLAGE OF VENETIE TRIBAL GOVERNMENT et al. , 522 U.S. 520, 02/25/98ALI, ABDUS-SHAHID M. S. v. FED. BUREAU OF PRISONS, ET AL. , 552 U.S. 214 (2008), 01/22/08ANDERSON, DIRECTOR, CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES, et al. v. EDWARDS, guardian ad litem for EDWARDS, et al. , 514 U.S. 143 (1995), 03/22/95ASHCROFT, ATTY. GEN. v. ACLU, ET AL. , 535 U.S. 564 (2002), 05/13/02ASTRUE, COMM'R, SOCIAL SEC. v. RATLIFF, CATHERINE G. , , 06/14/10ATLANTIC SOUNDING CO., INC. v. TOWNSEND, EDGAR L. , , 06/25/09AZ DEPT. OF REVENUE v. BLAZE CONSTR. CO. , 526 U.S. 32 (1999), 03/02/99BAKER BOTTS, L.L.P., ET AL. v. ASARCO, L.L.C. , , 06/15/15BANK OF AMERICA, N.A. v. CAULKETT, DAVID B. , , 06/01/15BARAL, DAVID H. v. UNITED STATES , 528 U.S. 431 (2000), 02/22/00BARNHART, COMMR, SOC SEC v. SIGMON COAL CO., ET AL. , 534 U.S. 438 (2002), 02/19/02BD. OF ED., POTTAWATOMIE CTY v. EARLS, LINDSAY, ET AL. , 536 U.S. 822 (2002), 06/27/02BEARD, SEC., PA DOC, ET AL. v. BANKS, GEORGE E. , 542 U.S. 406 (2004), 06/24/04BECK, ROBERT A. v. PRUPIS, ROBERT M., ET AL. , 529 U.S. 494 (2000), 00/00/00BEN CHAVEZ, PETITIONER v. OLIVERIO MARTINEZ , 538 U.S. 1, 05/27/03BLOATE, TAYLOR J. v. UNITED STATES , , 03/08/10BOARD OF EDUCATION OF INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 92 OF POTTAWATOMIE COUNTY v. EARLS ET AL. , 536 U.S. 822, 06/27/02BOGAN v. SCOTT-HARRIS , 523 U.S. 44 (1998), 03/03/98BOWLES, KEITH v. RUSSELL, WARDEN , 551 U.S. 205 (2007), 06/14/07BRIDGE, JOHN, ET AL. v. PHOENIX BOND & INDEMNITY, ET AL. , 553 U.S. 639 (2008), 06/09/08C. Elvin FELTNER, Jr., Petitioner, v. COLUMBIA PICTURES TELEVISION, INC. , 523 U.S. 340, 03/31/98CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS et al. v. MORALES , 514 U.S. 499 (1995), 04/25/95CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, et al., Petitioners, v. Jose Ramon MORALES. , 514 U.S. 499, 04/25/95CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF LABOR STANDARDS ENFORCEMENT et al. v. DILLINGHAM CONSTRUCTION, N. A., INC., et al. , 519 U.S. 316 (1997), 02/18/97CALIFORNIA DIVISION OF LABOR STANDARDS ENFORCEMENT, et al., Petitioners, v. DILLINGHAM CONSTRUCTION, N.A., INC., and Manuel J. Arceo, dba Sound Systems Medi , 519 U.S. 316, 02/18/97CARCIERI, GOV. OF RI, ET AL. v. KEMPTHORNE, SEC. OF INTERIOR , , 02/24/09CAREY, WARDEN v. MUSLADIN, MATHEW , 549 U.S. 70 (2006), 12/11/06CARLSBAD TECHNOLOGY, INC. v. HIF BIO, INC., ET AL. , , 05/04/09CARTER, FLOYD J. v. UNITED STATES , 530 U.S. 255 (2000), 06/12/00CASS COUNTY v. LEECH LAKE BAND OFCHIPPEWA INDIANS , 524 U.S. 103 (1998), 06/08/98Charles T. ROBINSON, Sr., Petitioner, v. SHELL OIL COMPANY. , 519 U.S. 337, 02/18/97CHAVEZ, BEN v. MARTINEZ, OLIVERIO , 538 U.S. 760 (2003), 05/27/03CHRISTENSEN, EDWARD, ET AL. v. HARRIS CTY., TX, ET AL. , 529 U.S. 576 (2000), 05/01/00CLINGMAN, SEC., OK ELECTION BD. v. BEAVER, ANDREA L., ET AL. , 544 U.S. 581 (2005), 05/23/05CONNECTICUT NATIONAL BANK, Petitioner, v. Thomas M. GERMAIN, Trustee for the Estate of O'Sullivan's Fuel Oil Co., Inc. , 503 U.S. 249, 03/09/92CONNICK, HARRY F., ET AL. v. THOMPSON, JOHN , , 03/29/11CONSOLIDATED RAIL CORPORATION v. GOTTSHALL , 512 U.S. 532 (1994), 06/24/94CONSOLIDATED RAIL CORPORATION, Petitioner v. James E. GOTTSHALL. CONSOLIDATED RAIL CORPORATION, Petitioner v. Alan CARLISLE. , 512 U.S. 532, 06/24/94COOPER INDUSTRIES, INC. v. AVIALL SERVICES, INC. , 543 U.S. 157 (2004), 12/13/04CUELLAR, HUMBERTO F. R. v. UNITED STATES , 553 U.S. 550 (2008), 06/02/08CULLEN, ACTING WARDEN v. PINHOLSTER, SCOTT L. , , 04/04/11CUNNINGHAM, TERESA v. HAMILTON COUNTY , 527 U.S. 198 (1999), 06/14/99D. Grant PEACOCK, Petitioner, v. Jack L. THOMAS. , 516 U.S. 349, 02/21/96Dale FARRAR and Pat Smith, Co-Administrators of Estate of Joseph D. Farrar, Dece v. William P. HOBBY, Jr. , 506 U.S. 103, 12/14/92Daniel BOGAN and Marilyn Roderick, Petitioners, v. Janet SCOTT-HARRIS. , 523 U.S. 44, 03/03/98DELAWARE v. NEW YORK , 507 U.S. 490 (1993), 03/30/93DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION, ET AL. v. PUBLIC CITIZEN, ET AL. , 541 U.S. 752 (2004), 06/07/04DESERT PALACE, INC. v. COSTA, CATHARINA F. , 539 U.S. 90 (2003), 06/09/03DIR. OF REVENUE OF MO v. CoBANK ACB , 531 U.S. 316 (2001), 02/20/01DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA et al. v. GREATER , 506 U.S. 125 (1992), 12/14/92Donald Neal RAKE, et al., Petitioners v. William J. WADE, Trustee. , 508 U.S. 464, 06/07/93DOOLEY v. KOREAN AIR LINES CO. , 524 U.S. 116 (1998), 06/08/98eBAY INC., ET AL. v. MERcEXCHANGE, L.L.C. , 547 U.S. 388 (2006), 05/15/06EGELHOFF, DONNA R. v. EGELHOFF, SAMANTHA, ET AL. , 532 U.S. 141 (2001), 03/21/01Ellis B. WRIGHT, Jr., Warden and Mary Sue Terry, Attorney General of Virginia, P v. Frank Robert WEST, Jr. , 505 U.S. 277, 06/19/92Eloise ANDERSON, Director, California Department of Social Services, et al., Pet v. Verna EDWARDS, etc., et al. , 514 U.S. 143, 03/22/95ENTERGY LOUISIANA, INC. v. LOUISIANA PUBLIC SERV. COMM. , 539 U.S. 39 (2003), 06/02/03EXXON CO., U. S. A., et al. v. SOFEC, INC., et al. , 517 U.S. 830 (1996), 06/10/96EXXON CO., U. S. A., et al. v. SOFEC, INC., et al.Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Nint , 517 U.S. 830, 06/10/96F. Dale ROBERTSON, Chief, United States Forest Service, et al., Petitioners, v. SEATTLE AUDUBON SOCIETY et al. , 503 U.S. 429, 03/25/92FARRAR et al., COADMINISTRATORS OF ESTATE OF FARRAR, DECEASED v. HOBBY , 506 U.S. 103 (1992), 12/14/92FED. MARITIME COMM'N v. SC STATE PORTS AUTHORITY , 535 U.S. 743 (2002), 05/28/02FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION and United States, Petitioners, v. BEACH COMMUNICATIONS, INC., et al. , 508 U.S. 307, 06/01/93FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION et al. v. BEACH COMMUNICATIONS, INC., et al. , 508 U.S. 307 (1993), 06/01/93FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION v. MEYER , 510 U.S. 471 (1994), 02/23/94FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION v. SOUTH CAROLINA STATE PORTS AUTHORITY et al. , 535 U.S. 743, 05/28/02FELTNER v. COLUMBIA PICTURES TELEVISION, INC. , 523 U.S. 340 (1998), 03/31/98FL DEPT. OF REVENUE v. PICCADILLY CAFETERIAS, INC. , , 06/16/08FLORIDA v. WHITE, TYVESSEL TYVORUS , 526 U.S. 559 (1999), 05/17/99Frank X. HOPKINS, Warden, Petitioner, v. Randolph K. REEVES. , 524 U.S. 88, 06/08/98FREIGHTLINER CORP. et al. v. MYRICK et al. , 514 U.S. 280 (1995), 04/18/95FREIGHTLINER CORPORATION, et al., Petitioners v. Ben MYRICK, et ux., et al. , 514 U.S. 280, 04/18/95GEORGE SMITH, WARDEN, PETITIONER v. LEE ROBBINS , 528 U.S. 259, 01/19/00GITLITZ, D., ET UX., ET AL. v. CIR , 531 U.S. 206 (2001), 01/09/01GODINEZ, WARDEN v. MORAN , 509 U.S. 389 (1993), 06/24/93GOOD NEWS CLUB, ET AL. v. MILFORD CENTRAL SCHOOL , 533 U.S. 98 (2001), 06/11/01GRAHAM COUNTY WATER DISTRICT v. U. S., ex rel. WILSON , 545 U.S. 409 (2005), 06/20/05GRANITE ROCK COMPANY v. INT'L BHD. OF TEAMSTERS, ET AL. , , 06/24/10GROSS, JACK v. FBL FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC. , , 06/18/09HARDT, BRIDGET v. RELIANCE STANDARD LIFE INS. , , 05/24/10HARPER et al. v. VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF TAXATION , 509 U.S. 86 (1993), 06/18/93HARRIS TRUST & SAVINGS BANK v. SALOMON BROS., INC., ET AL. , 530 U.S. 238 (2000), 06/12/00Henry HARPER, et al., Petitioners, v. VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF TAXATION. , 509 U.S. 86, 06/18/93HOLYWELL CORPORATION, et al., Petitioners, v. Fred Stanton SMITH, etc., et al. UNITED STATES, Petitioner, v. Fred Stanton SMIT , 503 U.S. 47, 02/25/92HOPKINS v. REEVES , 524 U.S. 88 (1998), 06/08/98HOUSEHOLD CREDIT SERVICES v. PFENNIG, SHARON R. , 541 U.S. 232 (2004), 04/21/04HUGHES AIRCRAFT CO., ET AL. v. JACOBSON, STANLEY, ET AL. , 525 U.S. 432 (1999), 01/25/99HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES, ex rel. William J. SCHUMER. , 520 U.S. 939, 06/16/97HUNT, GOV. OF NC, ET AL. v. CROMARTIE, MARTIN, ET AL. , 526 U.S. 541 (1999), 05/17/99J.E.M. AG SUPPLY, ET AL. v. PIONEER HI-BRED INTL. , 534 U.S. 124 (2001), 12/10/01JANUS CAPITAL GROUP, ET AL. v. FIRST DERIVATIVE TRADERS , , 06/13/11JEANNE WOODFORD, WARDEN, PETITIONER v. ROBERT FREDERICK GARCEAU. , 538 U.S. 202, 03/25/03JIMENEZ, CARLOS v. QUARTERMAN, DIR., TX DOC , , 01/13/09JONES v. UNITED STATES (97-9361)SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES , 527 U.S. 373, 00/00/00JONES, LOUIS v. UNITED STATES , 527 U.S. 373 (1999), 06/21/99Joseph Roger O'DELL, III, Petitioner, v. J.D. NETHERLAND, Warden, et al. , 521 U.S. 151, 06/19/97KANSAS v. HENDRICKS , 521 U.S. 346 (1997), 06/23/97KANSAS v. MARSH, MICHAEL L. , 548 U.S. 163 (2006), 06/26/06KANSAS, Petitioner, v. Leroy HENDRICKS.Leroy HENDRICKS, Petitioner,v.KANSAS. , 521 U.S. 346, 06/23/97KNOWLES, WARDEN v. MIRZAYANCE, ALEXANDRE , , 03/24/09LAWRENCE, GARY v. FLORIDA , 549 U.S. 327 (2007), 02/20/07LECHMERE, INC., Petitioner v. NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD. , 502 U.S. 527, 01/27/92Leonard NOBELMAN, et ux., Petitioners, v. AMERICAN SAVINGS BANK et al. , 508 U.S. 324, 06/01/93Leroy L. YOUNG, et al., Petitioners, v. Ernest Eugene HARPER. , 520 U.S. 143, 03/18/97LOCKHEED CORP. et al. v. SPINKCertiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. , 517 U.S. 882, 06/10/96LOCKHEED CORP. et al. v. SPINK , 517 U.S. 882 (1996), 06/10/96MAGWOOD, BILLY J. v. CULLIVER, WARDEN, ET AL. , , 06/24/10MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD., et al. v. EPSTEIN , 516 U.S. 367 (1996), 02/27/96MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD., et al., Petitioners, v. Lawrence EPSTEIN et al. , 516 U.S. 367, 02/27/96McFADDEN, STEPHEN D. v. UNITED STATES , , 06/18/15McNEILL, CLIFTON T. v. UNITED STATES , , 06/06/11MELENDEZ v. UNITED STATES , 518 U.S. 120 (1996), 06/17/96MELENDEZ v. UNITED STATESCertiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circ , 518 U.S. 120, 06/17/96MITCHELL, GUY, ET AL. v. HELMS, MARY L., ET AL. , 530 U.S. 793 (2000), 06/28/00MONTANILE, ROBERT v. BD. OF TRUSTEES NEIHBP , , 01/20/16MOYLAN, ATT'Y GEN. OF GUAM v. CAMACHO, GOV. OF GUAM , 549 U.S. 483 (2007), 03/27/07MUSACCHIO, MICHAEL v. UNITED STATES , , 01/25/16NAT'L CABLE & TELECOMM. ASSN. v. BRAND X INTERNET SERVICES , 545 U.S. 967 (2005), 06/27/05NATIONAL CREDIT UNION ADMIN. v. FIRST NAT.BANK & TRUST CO. , 522 U.S. 479 (1998), 02/25/98NATIONAL CREDIT UNION ADMINISTRATION, Petitioner, v. FIRST NATIONAL BANK & TRUST CO. et al. AT&T FAMILY FEDERAL CREDIT UNION, et al., , 522 U.S. 479, 02/25/98NATIONAL PARK HOSPITALITY ASSOCIATION, PETITIONER v. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ET AL. , 538 U.S. 1, 05/27/03NATIONAL PRIVATE TRUCK COUNCIL, INC., et al. v. OKLAHOMA TAX COMMISSION et al. , 515 U.S. 582 (1995), 06/19/95NATIONAL PRIVATE TRUCK COUNCIL, INC., et al., Petitioners v. OKLAHOMA TAX COMMISSION et al. , 515 U.S. 582, 06/19/95NATIONAL RAILROAD PASSENGER CORPORATION v. MORGAN. , 536 U.S. 101, 06/10/02NATL. PARK HOSP. ASSN. v. DEPT. OF THE INTERIOR, ET AL. , 538 U.S. 803 (2003), 05/27/03NATL. RR PASSENGER CORP. v. MORGAN, ABNER , 536 U.S. 101 (2002), 06/10/02NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE v. LOEWENSTEIN , 513 U.S. 123 (1994), 12/12/94NEBRASKA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, Petitioner v. John LOEWENSTEIN. , 513 U.S. 123, 12/12/94NOBELMAN et ux. v. AMERICAN SAVINGS BANK , 508 U.S. 324 (1993), 06/01/93NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILWAY CO. v. HILES , 516 U.S. 400 (1996), 02/27/96NORFOLK AND WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY, Petitioner, v. William J. HILES. , 516 U.S. 400, 02/27/96NORTHEASTERN FLORIDA CHAPTER OF THE ASSOCIATED GENERAL CONTRACTORS OF AMERICA v. CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, , 508 U.S. 656 (1993), 06/14/93NORTHEASTERN FLORIDA CHAPTER OF the ASSOCIATED GENERAL CONTRACTORS OF AMERICA, P v. CITY OF JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA, et al. , 508 U.S. 656, 06/14/93Northern Ins. Co. of New York v. CHATHAM COUNTY, GA , 547 U.S. 189 (2006), 04/25/06NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 534 U.S. 124, 12/10/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 530 U.S. 793, 06/28/00NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 532 U.S. 223, 04/18/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 532 U.S. 483, 05/14/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 532 U.S. 141, 03/21/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 533 U.S. 98, 06/11/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 530 U.S. 255, 06/12/00NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 532 U.S. 843, 06/04/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 534 U.S. 506, 02/26/02NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 533 U.S. 656, 06/28/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 530 U.S. 238, 06/12/00NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 527 U.S. 198, 06/14/99NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 531 U.S. 316, 02/20/01O'DELL v. NETHERLAND, WARDEN, et al. , 521 U.S. 151 (1997), 06/19/97OLYMPIC AIRWAYS v. HUSAIN, RUBINA, ETC., ET AL. , 540 U.S. 644 (2004), 02/24/04OREGON WASTE SYSTEMS, INC. v. DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF THE , 511 U.S. 93 (1994), 04/04/94OREGON WASTE SYSTEMS, INC., et al., Petitioners v. DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF The STATE OF OREGON et al. COLUMBIA RESOU , 511 U.S. 93, 04/04/94ORFF, FRANCIS A., ET AL. v. UNITED STATES, ET AL. , 545 U.S. 596 (2005), 06/23/05PASQUANTINO, DAVID B., ET AL. v. UNITED STATES , 544 U.S. 349 (2005), 04/26/05PEACOCK v. THOMAS , 516 U.S. 349 (1996), 02/21/96Pennsylvania Bd. of Probation and Parole v. Scott , 524 U.S. 357 (1998), 06/22/98PENNSYLVANIA BOARD OF PROBATION AND PAROLE, Petitioner, v. Keith M. SCOTT. , 524 U.S. 357, 06/22/98PERMANENT MISSION ETC., ET AL. v. NEW YORK, NY , 551 U.S. 193 (2007), 06/14/07Philomena DOOLEY, personal representative of the estate of Cecelio Chuapoco, et v. KOREAN AIR LINES CO., LTD. , 524 U.S. 116, 06/08/98PIERCE COUNTY, WA v. GUILLEN, IGNACIO, ET AL. , 537 U.S. 129 (2003), 01/14/03PLILER, WARDEN v. FORD, RICHARD H. , 542 U.S. 225 (2004), 06/21/04PLIVA, INC., ET AL. v. MENSING, GLADYS , , 06/23/11POLLARD, SHARON B. v. E. I. DuPONT de NEMOURS , 532 U.S. 843 (2001), 06/04/01PROFESSIONAL REAL ESTATE INVESTORS, INC., et al., Petitioners v. COLUMBIA PICTURES INDUSTRIES, INC., et al. , 508 U.S. 49, 05/03/93QUANTA COMPUTER, INC., ET AL. v. LG ELECTRONICS, INC. , 553 U.S. 617 (2008), 06/09/08RAKE et al. v. WADE, TRUSTEE , 508 U.S. 464 (1993), 06/07/93RAYTHEON CO. v. HERNANDEZ, JOEL , 540 U.S. 44 (2003), 12/02/03REED ELSEVIER, INC., ET AL. v. MUCHNICK, IRVIN, ET AL. , , 03/02/10REED, CLYDE, ET AL. v. GILBERT, AZ, ET AL. , , 06/18/15Reversed.SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 526 U.S. 541, 00/00/00Robert E. RUBIN, Secretary of the Treasury, Petitioner v. COORS BREWING COMPANY, Respondent. , 514 U.S. 476, 04/19/95ROBERTSON, CHIEF, UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE, et al. v. SEATTLE AUDUBON SOCIETY , 503 U.S. 429 (1992), 03/25/92ROBINSON v. SHELL OIL CO. , 519 U.S. 337 (1997), 02/18/97ROUSEY, RICHARD G., ET UX. v. JACOWAY, JILL R. , 544 U.S. 320 (2005), 04/04/05RUBIN, SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY v. COORS BREWING CO. , 514 U.S. 476 (1995), 04/19/95Salvador GODINEZ, Warden, Petitioner v. Richard Allan MORAN. , 509 U.S. 389, 04/21/93SCHINDLER ELEVATOR CORP. v. UNITED STATES, EX REL. KIRK , , 05/16/11SCHRIRO, DIR., AZ DOC v. LANDRIGAN, JEFFREY T. , 550 U.S. 465 (2007), 05/14/07SCHWAB, WILLIAM G. v. REILLY, NADEJDA , , 06/17/10SHANNON v. UNITED STATES , 512 U.S. 573 (1994), 06/24/94Sharlene WILSON, Petitioner v. ARKANSAS. , 514 U.S. 927, 05/22/95SHAW, ROBERT, ET AL. v. MURPHY, KEVIN , 532 U.S. 223 (2001), 04/18/01Shirley M. MOLZOF, Personal Representative of the Estate of Robert E. Molzof, Pe v. UNITED STATES. , 502 U.S. 301, 01/14/92SIMS, JUATASSA v. APFEL, COMM'R, SOCIAL SEC. , 530 U.S. 103 (2000), 06/05/00SMTIH, WARDEN v. ROBBINS, LEE , 528 U.S. 259 (2000), 01/19/00SOSSAMON, HARVEY L. v. TEXAS, ET AL. , , 04/20/11SOUTH DAKOTA v. BOURLAND, individually and as chairman of the CHEYENNE RIVER SIOUX TRIBE, et al. , 508 U.S. 679 (1993), 06/14/93SOUTH DAKOTA, Petitioner, v. Gregg BOURLAND, etc., et al. , 508 U.S. 679, 06/14/93SPRINT/UNITED MANAGEMENT CO. v. MENDELSOHN, ELLEN , 552 U.S. 379 (2008), 02/26/08STAPLES v. UNITED STATES , 511 U.S. 600 (1994), 05/23/94State of DELAWARE, Plaintiff, v. State of NEW YORK. , 507 U.S. 490, 03/30/93STEWART, WILLARD v. DUTRA CONST. CO. , 543 U.S. 481 (2005), 02/22/05SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 526 U.S. 275, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 526 U.S. 541, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 525 U.S. 432, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 524 U.S. 103, 00/00/00SWIERKIEWICZ, AKOS v. SOREMA N.A. , 534 U.S. 506 (2002), 02/26/02SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as i v. , 529 U.S. 576, 00/00/00SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as i v. , 529 U.S. 494, 00/00/00SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as i v. , 526 U.S. 32, 00/00/00SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as i v. , 528 U.S. 431, 00/00/00TALK AMERICA, INC. v. MICHIGAN BELL TELEPHONE CO. , , 06/09/11TAYLOR v. FREELAND & KRONZ et al. , 503 U.S. 638 (1992), 04/21/92TAYLOR v. FREELAND & KRONZ et al. , 503 U.S. 638, 04/21/92Terry Lee SHANNON, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES. , 512 U.S. 573, 06/24/94TEXACO, INC. v. DAGHER, FOUAD N., ET AL. , 547 U.S. 1 (2006), 02/28/06The DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA and Sharon Pratt Kelly, Mayor, Petitioners, v. The GREATER WASHINGTON BOARD OF TRADE. , 506 U.S. 125, 12/14/92THINGS REMEMBERED, INC. v. PETRARCA , 516 U.S. 124 (1995), 12/05/95THINGS REMEMBERED, INC., Petitioner, v. Anthony A. PETRARCA. , 516 U.S. 124, 12/05/95TYLER, MELVIN v. CAIN, WARDEN , 533 U.S. 656 (2001), 06/28/01U. S., EX REL. EISENSTEIN v. NEW YORK, NY, ET AL. , , 06/08/09UNITED STATES v. SALERNO et al. , 505 U.S. 317 (1992), 06/19/92UNITED STATES v. LaBONTE et al. , 520 U.S. 751 (1997), 05/27/97UNITED STATES v. ATLANTIC RESEARCH CORP. , 551 U.S. 128 (2007), 06/11/07UNITED STATES v. SCHEFFER , 523 U.S. 303 (1998), 03/31/98UNITED STATES v. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP.Certiorari to the United States Court of Ap , 517 U.S. 843, 06/10/96UNITED STATES v. GALLETTI , 541 U.S. 114 (2004), 03/23/04UNITED STATES v. OAKLAND CANNABIS, ET AL. , 532 U.S. 483 (2001), 05/14/01UNITED STATES v. RODRIGUEZ-MORENO, JACINTO , 526 U.S. 275 (1999), 03/30/99UNITED STATES v. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP. , 517 U.S. 843 (1996), 06/10/96UNITED STATES v. BAJAKAJIAN , 524 U.S. 321 (1998), 06/22/98UNITED STATES v. PATANE, SAMUEL F. , 542 U.S. 630 (2004), 06/28/04UNITED STATES v. WILSON , 503 U.S. 329 (1992), 03/24/92UNITED STATES v. ALVAREZ SANCHEZ , 511 U.S. 350 (1994), 05/02/94UNITED STATES v. MEZZANATTO , 513 U.S. 196 (1995), 01/18/95UNITED STATES DEPT. OF DEFENSE v. FEDERAL LABOR RELATIONS , 510 U.S. 487 (1994), 02/23/94UNITED STATES, ET AL. v. BEAN, THOMAS L. , 537 U.S. 71 (2002), 12/10/02UNITED STATES, Petitioner v. Richard WILSON. , 503 U.S. 329, 03/24/92UNITED STATES, Petitioner v. Gary MEZZANATTO. , 513 U.S. 196, 01/18/95UNITED STATES, Petitioner, v. Hosep Krikor BAJAKAJIAN. , 524 U.S. 321, 06/22/98UNITED STATES, Petitioner, v. George LaBONTE, Alfred Lawrence Hunnewell, and Stephen Dyer. , 520 U.S. 751, 05/27/97UNITED STATES, Petitioner, v. Anthony SALERNO et al. , 505 U.S. 317, 06/19/92UNITED STUDENT AID FUNDS, INC. v. ESPINOSA, FRANCISCO J. , , 03/23/10UNITHERM FOOD SYS., INC. v. SWIFT-ECKRICH, INC., ET AL. , 546 U.S. 394 (2006), 01/23/06WADDINGTON, SUPT., WA v. SARAUSAD, CESAR , , 01/21/09WAGNON, SECRETARY, KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE v. PRAIRIE BAND POTAWATOMI NATION , 546 U.S. 95 (2005), 12/06/05WARNER JENKINSON CO., INC. v. HILTON DAVIS CHEMICAL CO. , 520 U.S. 17 (1997), 03/03/97WARNER-JENKINSON COMPANY, INC., Petitioner v. HILTON DAVIS CHEMICAL CO. , 520 U.S. 17, 03/03/97WASHINGTON v. RECUENCO, ARTURO R. , 548 U.S. 212 (2006), 06/26/06WASHINGTON STATE GRANGE v. WA REPUBLICAN PARTY, ET AL. , 552 U.S. 442 (2008), 03/18/08WEYERHAEUSER CO. v. ROSS-SIMMONS HARDWOOD LUMBER CO. , 549 U.S. 312 (2007), 02/20/07WILSON v. ARKANSAS , 514 U.S. 927 (1995), 05/22/95WOODFORD, WARDEN v. GARCEAU, ROBERT F. , 538 U.S. 202 (2003), 03/25/03WRIGHT, WARDEN, et al. v. WEST , 505 U.S. 277 (1992), 06/19/92YOUNG et al. v. HARPER , 520 U.S. 143 (1997), 03/18/97Concurrences44 LIQUORMART, INC., et al. v. RHODE ISLAND et al. , 517 U.S. 484 (1996), 05/13/96A.L. LOCKHART, Director, Arkansas Department of Correction, Petitioner v. Bobby Ray FRETWELL. , 506 U.S. 364, 01/25/93ADARAND CONSTRUCTORS, INC. v. PENA, SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION, et al. , 515 U.S. 200 (1995), 06/12/95ADARAND CONSTRUCTORS, INC., Petitioner v. Federico PENA, Secretary of Transportation, et al. , 515 U.S. 200, 06/12/95ALBERTSONS, INC. v. KIRKINGBURG, HALLIE , 527 U.S. 555 (1999), 06/22/99AM. TRUCKING ASSNS., ET AL. v. MI PUB. SERV. COMM'N, ET AL. , 06/20/05APPRENDI, CHARLES C. v. NEW JERSEY , 530 U.S. 466 (2000), 06/26/00ASHCROFT, ATTY. GEN., ET AL. v. FREE SPEECH COALITION , 535 U.S. 234 (2002), 04/16/02AT&T MOBILITY LLC v. CONCEPCION, VINCENT, ET UX. , , 04/27/11BANK OF AMERICA NAT. TRUST AND SAV. ASSN. v.203 NORTH LASALLE STREET PARTNERSHIP v. , 526 U.S. 434 (1999), 05/03/99BARTLETT, GARY, ET AL. v. STRICKLAND, DWIGHT, ET AL. , , 03/09/09BAZE, RALPH, ET AL. v. REES, COMM'R, KY DOC, ET AL. , 553 U.S. 35 (2008), 04/16/08BEARD, SEC., PA DOC v. BANKS, RONALD , 548 U.S. 521 (2006), 06/28/06BEDROC LTD., LLC, ET AL. v. UNITED STATES, ET AL. , 541 U.S. 176 (2004), 03/31/04BENNIS v. MICHIGAN , 517 U.S. 1163 (1996), 03/04/96BERGHUIS, WARDEN v. SMITH, DIAPOLIS , , 03/30/10BROWNER, EPA ADMINR. v. AM. TRUCKING ASSNS., ET AL. , , 02/27/01BUCKLEY, SEC. OF ST. OF CO v. AM. CONST. LAW FNDN., ET AL. , 525 U.S. 182 (1999), 01/12/99BUSH, GOVERNOR OF TEXAS, et al. v. VERA et al. , 517 U.S. 952 (1996), 06/13/96CAMPBELL-EWALD COMPANY v. GOMEZ, JOSE , , 01/20/16CAPITOL SQUARE REVIEW AND ADVISORY BOARD et al. v. PINETTE et al. , 515 U.S. 753 (1995), 06/29/95CAPITOL SQUARE REVIEW AND ADVISORY BOARD, et al., Petitioners v. Vincent J. PINETTE, Donnie A. Carr and Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. , 515 U.S. 753, 06/29/95CARACHURI-ROSENDO, JOSE A. v. HOLDER, ATT'Y GEN. , , 06/14/10CHRISTOPHER, FORMER SECRETARY OF STATE, ET AL. v. HARBURY. , 536 U.S. 403, 06/20/02CHRISTOPHER, WARREN, ET AL. v. HARBURY, JENNIFER K. , 536 U.S. 403 (2002), 06/20/02COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE v. SOLIMAN , 506 U.S. 168 (1993), 01/12/93CONCRETE PIPE & PRODUCTS OF CALIFORNIA, INC. v. CONSTRUCTION LABORERS PENSION TRUST FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA , 508 U.S. 602 (1993), 06/14/93CONCRETE PIPE AND PRODUCTS OF CALIFORNIA, INC., Petitioner v. CONSTRUCTION LABORERS PENSION TRUST FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. , 508 U.S. 602, 06/14/93COOK, REBECCA M. v. GRALIKE, DON , 531 U.S. 510 (2001), 02/28/01COOPER INDUSTRIES, INC. v. LEATHERMAN TOOL GROUP, INC. , 532 U.S. 424 (2001), 05/14/01CUTTER, JON B., ET AL. v. WILKINSON, DIR., OH DOC, ET AL. , 544 U.S. 709 (2005), 05/31/05DEPT. OF REVENUE OF KY, ET AL. v. DAVIS, GEORGE W., ET UX. , 553 U.S. 328 (2008), 05/19/08Dorsie Lee JOHNSON, Jr., Petitioner, v. TEXAS. , 509 U.S. 350, 06/24/93DURYEA, PA, ET AL. v. GUARNIERI, CHARLES J. , , 06/20/11EASTERN ENTERPRISES v. APFEL , 524 U.S. 498 (1998), 06/25/98EASTERN ENTERPRISES, Petitioner, v. Kenneth S. APFEL, Commissioner of Social Security, et al. , 524 U.S. 498, 06/25/98EDELMAN v. LYNCHBURG COLLEGE. , 535 U.S. 106, 03/19/02EDELMAN, LEONARD v. LYNCHBURG COLLEGE , 535 U.S. 106 (2002), 03/19/02ELK GROVE UNIFIED SCH. DIST. v. NEWDOW, MICHAEL A., ET AL. , 542 U.S. 1 (2004), 06/14/04ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE, ET AL. v. DUKE ENERGY CORPORATION , 549 U.S. 561 (2007), 04/02/07FARMER v. BRENNAN, WARDEN, et al. , 511 U.S. 825 (1994), 06/06/94FCC, ET AL. v. FOX TELEVISION STATIONS, ET AL. , , 04/28/09FOGERTY v. FANTASY, INC. , 510 U.S. 517 (1994), 03/01/94Gary GRAHAM, Petitioner, v. James A. COLLINS, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional , 506 U.S. 461, 01/25/93George W. BUSH, Governor of Texas, et al., Appellants, v. AL VERA et al. William LAWSON, et al., Appellants, v. AL VERA et al. UNITED STAT , 517 U.S. 952, 06/13/96GEORGIA v. ASHCROFT, ATT'Y GEN., ET AL. , 539 U.S. 461 (2003), 06/26/03GEORGIA v. McCOLLUM et al. , 505 U.S. 42 (1992), 06/18/92GEORGIA, Petitioner v. Thomas McCOLLUM, William Joseph McCollum and Ella Hampton McCollum. , 505 U.S. 42, 06/18/92GONZALES, ATT'Y GEN. v. CARHART, LEROY, ET AL. , 550 U.S. 124 (2007), 04/18/07GRABLE & SONS METAL PRODUCTS v. DARUE ENGINEERING , 545 U.S. 308 (2005), 06/13/05GRAHAM v. COLLINS, DIRECTOR, TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, INSTITUTIONAL DIVISION , 506 U.S. 461 (1993), 01/25/93GRATZ, JENNIFER, ET AL. v. BOLLINGER, LEE, ET AL. , 539 U.S. 244 (2003), 06/23/03GREATER NEW ORLEANS BROADC. v. UNITED STATES, ET AL. , 527 U.S. 173 (1999), 06/14/99HARBISON, EDWARD J. v. BELL, WARDEN , , 04/01/09HECK v. HUMPHREY et al. , 512 U.S. 477 (1994), 06/24/94HOLDER, individually and in his official capacity as COUNTY COMMISSIONER FOR BLE v. HALL et al. , 512 U.S. 874 (1994), 06/30/94HORNE, MARVIN D., ET AL. v. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE , , 06/22/15HOWSAM, KAREN, ETC. v. DEAN WITTER REYNOLDS , 537 U.S. 79 (2002), 12/10/02IRIZARRY, RICHARD v. UNITED STATES , 553 U.S. 708 (2008), 06/12/08Janet RENO, Attorney General, Appellant, v. BOSSIER PARISH SCHOOL BOARD et al.George PRICE, et al., Appellants,v.TISBOSSIER , 520 U.S. 471, 05/12/97Jay PRINTZ, Sheriff/Coroner, Ravalli County, Montana, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES. Richard MACK, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES. , 521 U.S. 898, 06/27/97JEROME B. GRUBART, INC. v. GREAT LAKES DREDGE & DOCK CO. et al. , 513 U.S. 527 (1995), 02/22/95JEROME B. GRUBART, INC., Petitioner, v. GREAT LAKES DREDGE & DOCK COMPANY et al. CITY OF CHICAGO, Petitioner, v. GREAT L , 513 U.S. 527, 02/22/95JOHANNS, SEC. OF AGRIC., ET AL. v. LIVESTOCK MARKETING, ET AL. , 544 U.S. 550 (2005), 05/23/05JOHNSON v. TEXAS , 509 U.S. 350 (1993), 06/24/93JOHNSON, CORNELL v. UNITED STATES , 529 U.S. 694 (2000), 05/15/00JONES, DEWEY J. v. UNITED STATES , 529 U.S. 848 (2000), 05/22/00JONES, JERRY N., ET AL. v. HARRIS ASSOCIATES L.P. , , 03/30/10Joseph McINTYRE, Executor of Estate of Margaret McIntyre, Deceased, Petitioner, v. OHIO ELECTIONS COMMISSION. , 514 U.S. 334, 04/19/95Joseph ONCALE, Petitioner, v. SUNDOWNER OFFSHORE SERVICES, INCORPORATED, et al. , 523 U.S. 75, 03/04/98KANSAS v. COLORADO , , 12/07/04Kenneth LYNCE, Petitioner, v. Hamilton MATHIS, Superintendent, Tomoka Correctional Institution, et al. , 519 U.S. 433, 02/19/97KOONS BUICK PONTIAC GMC v. NIGH, BRADLEY , 543 U.S. 50 (2004), 11/30/04KOWALSKI, JUDGE, ETC., ET AL. v. TESMER, JOHN C., ET AL. , 543 U.S. 125 (2004), 12/13/04LaRUE, JAMES v. DeWOLFF, BOBERG & ASSOC., INC. , 552 U.S. 248 (2008), 02/20/08Lee M. TILL, et ux., Petitioners v. SCS CREDIT CORPORATION , 541 U.S. 465, 05/17/04LEVIN, RICHARD A. v. COMMERCE ENERGY, INC., ET AL. , , 06/01/10LEWIS, DIRECTOR, ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, et al. v. CASEY et al.Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circu , 518 U.S. 343, 06/24/96LEWIS, DIRECTOR, ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, et al. v. CASEY et al. , 516 U.S. 804 (1996), 06/24/96LILLY, BENJAMIN L. v. VIRGINIA , 527 U.S. 116 (1999), 06/10/99LOCKHART, DIRECTOR, ARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTION v. FRETWELL , 506 U.S. 364 (1993), 01/25/93LORILLARD TOBACCO CO., ET AL v. REILLY, ATTY. GEN. OF MA , , 06/28/01LOVING v. UNITED STATES , 517 U.S. 748 (1996), 06/03/96LOVING v. UNITED STATESCertiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forc , 517 U.S. 748, 00/00/00LYNCE v. MATHIS, SUPERINTENDENT, TOMOKA CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTION, et al. , 519 U.S. 433 (1997), 02/19/97MARYLAND v. SHATZER, MICHAEL B. , , 02/24/10McDANIEL, WARDEN, ET AL. v. BROWN, TROY , , 01/11/10McDONALD, OTIS, ET AL. v. CHICAGO, IL , , 06/28/10McINTYRE, executor of ESTATE OF McINTYRE, DECEASED v. OHIO ELECTIONS COMMISSION , 514 U.S. 334 (1995), 04/19/95MEADWESTVACO CORP. v. IL DEPT. OF REVENUE, ET AL. , 553 U.S. 16 (2008), 04/15/08MELENDEZ-DIAZ, LUIS E. v. MASSACHUSETTS , , 06/25/09MICHIGAN v. BRYANT, RICHARD P. , , 02/28/11MICHIGAN, ET AL. v. EPA, ET AL. , , 06/29/15MICROSOFT CORP. v. I4I LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, ET AL. , , 06/09/11MILAVETZ, GALLOP & MILAVETZ v. UNITED STATES , , 03/08/10MISSOURI et al. v. JENKINS et al. , 515 U.S. 70 (1995), 06/12/95MISSOURI, et al., Petitioners v. Kalima JENKINS, et al. , 515 U.S. 70, 06/12/95MITCHELL, WARDEN v. STUMPF, JOHN D. , 545 U.S. 175 (2005), 06/13/05MOHAWK INDUSTRIES, INC. v. CARPENTER, NORMAN , , 12/08/09MORSE, DEBORAH, ET AL. v. FREDERICK, JOSEPH , 551 U.S. 393 (2007), 06/25/07NASA, ET AL. v. NELSON, ROBERT M., ET AL. , , 01/19/11NORDLINGER v. HAHN, IN HIS CAPACITY AS TAX ASSESSOR FOR LOS ANGELES COUNTY, et al. , 505 U.S. 1 (1992), 06/18/92NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 534 U.S. 1, 11/13/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 530 U.S. 466, 06/26/00NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 533 U.S. 405, 06/25/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 531 U.S. 250, 01/17/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 532 U.S. 424, 05/14/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 531 U.S. 457, 02/27/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 532 U.S. 822, 06/04/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 533 U.S. 525, 06/28/01OHIO v. CLARK, DARIUS , , 06/18/15ONCALE v. SUNDOWNER OFFSHORE SERVICES, INC. , 523 U.S. 75 (1998), 03/04/98ORTIZ, MICHELLE v. JORDAN, PAULA, ET AL. , , 01/24/11OVERTON, DIR., MI DOC v. BAZZETTA, MICHELLE, ET AL. , 539 U.S. 126 (2003), 06/16/03PARENTS INVOLVED IN COMM. SCHS. v. SEATTLE SCH. DIST. NO. 1 , 551 U.S. 701 (2007), 06/28/07PERDUE, GOV. OF GA, ET AL. v. KENNY A., ET AL. , , 04/21/10PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH v. WALSH , 538 U.S. 644 (2003), 05/19/03PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND MANUFACTURERS OF AMERICA v. WALSH, ACTING COMMISSIONER, MAINE DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES, ET AL. , 538 U.S. 1, 05/19/03POSTAL SERVICE v. GREGORY, MARIA A. , 534 U.S. 1 (2001), 11/13/01PRINTZ, SHERIFF/CORONER, RAVALLI COUNTY, MONTANA v. UNITED STATES , 521 U.S. 898 (1997), 06/27/97Randall D. WHITE, Petitioner v. ILLINOIS. , 502 U.S. 346, 01/15/92RANDALL, NEIL, ET AL. v. SORRELL, WILLIAM H., ET AL. , 548 U.S. 230 (2006), 06/26/06RAYMOND B. YATES, M.D., ETC. v. HENTON, WILLIAM T. , 541 U.S. 1 (2004), 03/02/04RENO, ATTORNEY GENERAL v. BOSSIER PARISH SCH. BD. , , 01/24/00RENO, ATTORNEY GENERAL v. BOSSIER PARISH SCHOOL BOARD et al. , 520 U.S. 471 (1997), 05/12/97REPUBLIC NAT'L BANK OF MIAMI v. UNITED STATES , 506 U.S. 80 (1992), 12/14/92REPUBLIC NATIONAL BANK OF MIAMI, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES. , 506 U.S. 80, 12/14/92RICHMOND v. LEWIS, DIRECTOR, ARIZONA , 506 U.S. 56 (1992), 12/01/92Ronald W. ROSENBERGER, et al., Petitioners v. RECTOR AND VISITORS OF the UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA et al. , 515 U.S. 819, 06/29/95ROSENBERGER et al. v. RECTOR AND VISITORS OF UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA et al. , 515 U.S. 819 (1995), 06/29/95SABRI, BASIM O. v. UNITED STATES , 541 U.S. 600 (2004), 05/17/04SAFECO INS. CO., ET AL. v. BURR, CHARLES, ET AL. , 551 U.S. 47 (2007), 06/04/07SAMANTAR, MOHAMED A. v. YOUSUF, BASHE A., ET AL. , , 06/01/10SELING, SUPT., SPECIAL CC v. YOUNG, ANDRE BRIGHAM , 531 U.S. 250 (2001), 01/17/01SHEPARD, REGINALD v. UNITED STATES , 544 U.S. 13 (2005), 03/07/05SMITH, ET AL. v. DOE, ET AL. , 538 U.S. 84 (2003), 03/05/03SOUTH CENTRAL BELL TELEPHONE CO. v. ALABAMA , 526 U.S. 160 (1999), 03/23/99Stephanie NORDLINGER, Petitioner v. Kenneth HAHN, in his capacity as Tax Assessor for Los Angeles County, et al. , 505 U.S. 1, 06/18/92SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 527 U.S. 173, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 527 U.S. 116, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 526 U.S. 434, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 526 U.S. 160, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 525 U.S. 234, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 525 U.S. 182, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 527 U.S. 555, 00/00/00SYKES, MARCUS v. UNITED STATES , , 06/09/11SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as i v. , 529 U.S. 803, 00/00/00SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as i v. , 528 U.S. 320, 00/00/00SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as i v. , 529 U.S. 644, 00/00/00SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as i v. , 529 U.S. 598, 00/00/00SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as i v. , 529 U.S. 848, 00/00/00THOMPSON, SEC. OF H&HS v. WESTERN STATES MEDICAL CENT. , 535 U. S. 357 (2002), 04/29/02THOMPSON, SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, et al. v. WESTERN STATES MEDICAL CENTER ET AL. , 535 U.S. 357, 04/29/02TILL, LEE M., ET UX. v. SCS CREDIT CORP. , 541 U.S. 465 (2004), 05/17/04Tina B. BENNIS, Petitioner, v. MICHIGAN. , 516 U.S. 442, 03/04/96TN SECD'Y SCH. ATHL. ASSN. v. BRENTWOOD ACADEMY , 551 U.S. 291 (2007), 06/21/07TROXEL, JENIFER, ET VIR v. GRANVILLE, TOMMIE , 530 U.S. 57 (2000), 06/05/00TWO PESOS, INC. v. TACO CABANA, INC. , 505 U.S. 763 (1992), 06/26/92TWO PESOS, INC., Petitioner v. TACO CABANA, INC. , 505 U.S. 763, 06/26/92UNITED DOMINION INDUSTRIES v. UNITED STATES , 532 U.S. 822 (2001), 06/04/01UNITED HAULERS ASSN., INC. v. ONEIDA-HERKIMER SOLID WASTE , 550 U.S. 330 (2007), 04/30/07UNITED STATES v. O'BRIEN, MARTIN, ET AL. , , 05/24/10UNITED STATES v. RUIZ, ANGELA , 536 U.S. 622 (2002), 06/24/02UNITED STATES v. LARA, BILLY JO , 541 U.S. 193 (2004), 04/19/04UNITED STATES v. LOPEZ , 514 U.S. 549 (1995), 04/26/95UNITED STATES v. R. L. C. , 503 U.S. 291 (1992), 03/24/92UNITED STATES v. HUBBELL, WEBSTER L. , 530 U.S. 27 (2000), 06/05/00UNITED STATES v. RESSAM, AHMED , 553 U.S. 272 (2008), 05/19/08UNITED STATES v. RUIZ. , 536 U.S. 622, 06/24/02UNITED STATES v. MORRISON, ANTONIO J., ET AL. , , 05/15/00UNITED STATES v. FORDICE, GOVERNOR OF MISSISSIPPI, et al. , 505 U.S. 717 (1992), 06/26/92UNITED STATES, ET AL. v. PLAYBOY ENTERTAINMENT GROUP , 529 U.S. 803 (2000), 05/22/00UNITED STATES, ET AL. v. UNITED FOODS, INC. , 533 U.S. 405 (2001), 06/25/01UNITED STATES, Petitioner v. Alfonso LOPEZ, Jr. , 514 U.S. 549, 04/26/95UNITED STATES, Petitioner v. R.L.C. , 503 U.S. 291, 03/24/92UNITED STATES, Petitioner, v. Kirk FORDICE, Governor of Mississippi, et al. Jake AYERS, et al., Petitioners, v , 505 U.S. 717, 06/26/92VAN ORDEN, THOMAS v. PERRY, GOV. OF TX, ET AL. , 545 U.S. 677 (2005), 06/27/05WEST COVINA v. PERKINS , 525 U.S. 234 (1999), 01/13/99WILKIE v. ROBBINS , 551 U.S. 537 (2007), 06/25/07WILKINS v. GADDY , , 02/22/10WILLIAMSON, DELBERT, ET AL. v. MAZDA MOTOR OF AMERICA, ET AL. , , 02/23/11Willie Lee RICHMOND, Petitioner, v. Samuel A. LEWIS, Director, Arizona Department of Corrections, et al. , 506 U.S. 40, 12/01/92WYETH v. LEVINE, DIANA , , 03/04/09ZELMAN, SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION OF OHIO, ET AL. v. SIMMONS-HARRIS ET AL. , 536 U.S. 639, 06/27/02ZELMAN, SUPT. OF PUB. INSTR. v. SIMMONS-HARRIS, DORIS, ET AL , 536 U.S. 639 (2002), 06/27/02DissentsOLMSTEAD, COMMR., GA HUMAN vs. L. C., ETC. ET AL., 527 U.S. 581 (1999), 06/22/99(97-1396)Reversed and remanded.SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 525 U.S. 266, 00/00/00ALLIED BRUCE TERMINIX COS., INC., et al. v. DOBSON et al. , 513 U.S. 265 (1995), 01/18/95ALLIED-BRUCE TERMINIX COMPANIES, INC., and Terminix International Company, Petit v. G. Michael DOBSON et al. , 513 U.S. 265, 01/18/95ALTRIA GROUP, INC., ET AL. v. GOOD, STEPHANIE, ET AL. , , 12/15/08ANDERSON, ELOISE, ET AL. v. ROE, BRENDA, ET AL. , 526 U.S. 489 (1999), 05/17/99Antonio MASTROBUONO and Diana G. Mastrobuono, Petitioners, v. SHEARSON LEHMAN HUTTON, INC., et al. , 514 U.S. 52, 03/06/95ARCHER, A. ELLIOTT, ET UX. v. WARNER, ARLENE L. , 538 U.S. 314 (2003), 03/31/03Arthur L. GUSTAFSON, et al., Petitioners v. ALLOYD COMPANY, INCORPORATED fka Alloyd Holdings, Incorporated, et al. , 513 U.S. 561, 02/28/95BARNHART, COMM'R, SSA v. PEABODY COAL CO., ET AL. , 537 U.S. 149 (2003), 01/15/03Beth Ann FARAGHER, Petitioner, v. CITY OF BOCA RATON. , 524 U.S. 775, 06/26/98BOEING CO., ET AL. v. UNITED STATES , 537 U.S. 437 (2003), 03/04/03Bolley JOHNSON, Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, et al., Appella v. Miguel De GRANDY, et al. Miguel De GRANDY, et al., Appellants, v. Bolley JOHNSON , 512 U.S. 997, 06/30/94BRENTWOOD ACADEMY v. TN SECONDARY SCH., ET AL. , 531 U.S. 288 (2001), 02/20/01BRUMFIELD, KEVAN v. CAIN, WARDEN , , 06/18/15BUCKEYE CHECK CASHING, INC. v. CARDEGNA, JOHN, ET AL. , 546 U.S. 440 (2006), 02/21/06BURLINGTON INDUSTRIES, INC. v. ELLERTH , 524 U.S. 742 (1998), 06/26/98BURLINGTON INDUSTRIES, INC., Petitioner, v. Kimberly B. ELLERTH. , 524 U.S. 742, 06/26/98CAMPS NEWFOUND/OWATONNA, INC. v. TOWN OF HARRISON et al. , 520 U.S. 564 (1997), 05/19/97CAMPS NEWFOUND/OWATONNA, INC., Petitioner, v. TOWN OF HARRISON, MAINE, et al. , 520 U.S. 564, 05/19/97CARON v. UNITED STATES , 524 U.S. 308 (1998), 06/22/98CBOCS WEST, INC. v. HUMPHRIES, HEDRICK G. , 553 U.S. 442 (2008), 05/27/08CEDAR RAPIDS COM. SCH. DIST. v. GARRET F., A MINOR, ETC. , 526 U.S. 66 (1999), 03/03/99CENTRAL VIRGINIA COMM. COLLEGE v. KATZ, BERNARD , 546 U.S. 356 (2006), 01/23/06CHICAGO v. MORALES , 527 U.S. 41 (1999), 06/10/99CITY OF EDMONDS v. OXFORD HOUSE, INC., et al. , 514 U.S. 725 (1995), 05/15/95CITY OF EDMONDS, Petitioner v. OXFORD HOUSE, INC., et al. , 514 U.S. 725, 05/15/95COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE v. LUNDY , 516 U.S. 235 (1996), 01/17/96COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Petitioner, v. Robert F. LUNDY. , 516 U.S. 235, 01/17/96CONE, GARY B. v. BELL, WARDEN , , 04/28/09CRAWFORD, INT. FIELD OFFICE DIR. v. MARTINEZ, SERGIO S. , 543 U.S. 371 (2005), 01/12/05CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON LTD. v. BILLING, GLEN, ET AL. , 551 U.S. 264 (2007), 06/18/07CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC. v. AL DEPT. OF REVENUE, ET AL. , , 02/22/11Dan GLICKMAN, Secretary of Agriculture, Petitioner, v. WILEMAN BROTHERS & ELLIOTT, INC., et al. , 521 U.S. 457, 06/25/97David DAWSON, Petitioner, v. DELAWARE. , 503 U.S. 159, 03/09/92David RIGGINS, Petitioner v. NEVADA. , 504 U.S. 127, 05/18/92DECK, CARMAN v. MISSOURI , 544 U.S. 622 (2005), 05/23/05DIRECTV, INC. v. IMBURGIA, AMY, ET AL. , , 12/14/15DOCTOR'S ASSOCIATES, INC., et al. v. CASAROTTO et ux.Certiorari to the Supreme Court of Montana. , 517 U.S. 681, 05/20/96DOCTOR'S ASSOCIATES, INC., et al. v. CASAROTTO et ux. , 517 U.S. 681 (1996), 05/20/96DOE #1, JOHN, ET AL. v. REED, WA SEC. OF STATE, ET AL. , , 06/24/10DOGGETT v. UNITED STATES , 505 U.S. 647 (1992), 00/00/00DOLAN, BARBARA v. USPS, ET AL. , 546 U.S. 481 (2006), 02/22/06Dolores M. OUBRE, Petitioner, v. ENTERGY OPERATIONS, INC. , 522 U.S. 422, 01/26/98Donald L. HELLING, et al., Petitioners, v. William McKINNEY. , 509 U.S. 25, 06/18/93EEOC v. WAFFLE HOUSE, INC. , 534 U.S. 279 (2002), 01/15/02ELONIS, ANTHONY D. v. UNITED STATES , , 06/01/15ERICKSON v. PARDUS , 551 U.S. 89 (2007), 06/04/07EVANS v. UNITED STATES , 504 U.S. 255 (1992), 05/26/92FARAGHER v. CITY OF BOCA RATON , 524 U.S. 775 (1998), 06/26/98FEC v. CO REPUBLICAN FED. CAMPAIGN , 533 U.S. 431 (2001), 06/25/01FEC v. BEAUMONT, CHRISTINE, ET AL. , 539 U.S. 146 (2003), 06/16/03FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP. v. HOLOWECKI, PAUL, ET AL. , 552 U.S. 389 (2008), 02/27/08FISCHER, JEFFREY A. v. UNITED STATES , 529 U.S. 667 (2000), 05/15/00Fortis MORSE, Kenneth Curtis Bartholomew and Kimberly J. Enderson, Appellants, v. REPUBLICAN PARTY OF VIRGINIA et al. , 517 U.S. 186, 03/27/96FOUCHA v. LOUISIANA , 504 U.S. 71 (1992), 05/18/92Frank B. McFARLAND, Petitioner v. Wayne SCOTT, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Divis , 512 U.S. 849, 06/30/94FRIEDMAN v. HIGHLAND PARK , , 12/07/15GALL, BRIAN M. v. UNITED STATES , 552 U.S. 38 (2007), 12/10/07GARLOTTE v. FORDICE, GOVERNOR OF MISSISSIPPI , 515 U.S. 39 (1995), 05/30/95GEN. DYNAMICS LAND SYS. v. CLINE, DENNIS, ET AL. , 540 U.S. 581 (2004), 02/24/04GEORGIA v. RANDOLPH, SCOTT F. , 547 U.S. 103 (2006), 03/22/06Gerald R. CARON, Petitioner, v. UNITED STATES. , 524 U.S. 308, 06/22/98GLICKMAN, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE v. WILEMAN BROTHERS & ELLIOTT, INC., et al. , 521 U.S. 457 (1997), 06/25/97GLOBAL CROSSING, INC. v. METROPHONES, INC. , 550 U.S. 45 (2007), 04/17/07GOMEZ-PEREZ, MYRNA v. POTTER, POSTMASTER GEN. , 553 U.S. 474 (2008), 05/27/08GONZALES, ATT'Y GEN., ET AL. v. OREGON, ET AL. , 546 U.S. 243 (2006), 01/17/06GONZALES, ATT\'Y GEN., ET AL. v. RAICH, ANGEL M., ET AL. , 545 U.S. 1 (2005), 06/06/05GONZALEZ, HOMERO v. UNITED STATES , 553 U.S. 242 (2008), 05/12/08GRAHAM, TERRANCE J. v. FLORIDA , , 05/17/10GRANHOLM, GOV. OF MI, ET AL. v. HEALD, ELEANOR, ET AL. , 544 U.S. 460 (2005), 05/16/05GREEN TREE FINANCIAL CORP. v. BAZZLE, LYNN W., ET AL. , 539 U.S. 444 (2003), 06/23/03GROH, JEFF v. RAMIREZ, JOSEPH R., ET AL. , 540 U.S. 551 (2004), 02/24/04GUSTAFSON et al. v. ALLOYD CO., INC., fka ALLOYD HOLDINGS, INC., et al. , 513 U.S. 561 (1995), 02/28/95HALBERT, ANTONIO D. v. MICHIGAN , 545 U.S. 605 (2005), 06/23/05HAMDAN, SALIM A. v. RUMSFELD, SEC. OF DEFENSE , 548 U.S. 557 (2006), 06/29/06HAMDI, YASER E. ET AL. v. RUMSFELD, SEC. OF DEFENSE , 542 U.S. 507 (2004), 06/28/04HARRIS v. UNITED STATES. , 536 U.S. 545, 06/24/02HARRIS, WILLIAM J. v. UNITED STATES , 536 U.S. 545 (2002), 06/24/02Harvey F. GARLOTTE, Petitioner, v. Kirk FORDICE, Governor of Mississippi. , 515 U.S. 39, 05/30/95HAYWOOD, KEITH v. DROWN, CURTIS, ET AL. , , 05/26/09HELLING et al. v. McKINNEY , 509 U.S. 25 (1993), 06/18/93HENDERSON v. UNITED STATESCertiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circ , 517 U.S. 654, 05/20/96HENDERSON v. UNITED STATES , 517 U.S. 654 (1996), 05/20/96HOLLOWAY, FRANCOIS v. UNITED STATES , 526 U.S. 1 (1999), 03/02/99HOPE v. PELZER ET AL. , 536 U.S. 730, 06/27/02HOPE, LARRY v. PELZER, MARK, ET AL. , 536 U.S. 730 (2002), 06/27/02HUNT, GOV. OF NC, ET AL. v. CROMARTIE, MARTIN, ET AL. , , 04/18/01INDIANAPOLIS, IN, ET AL. v. EDMOND, JAMES, ET AL. , 531 U.S. 32 (2000), 11/28/00JACKSON, RODERICK v. BIRMINGHAM BD. OF EDUCATION , 544 U.S. 167 (2005), 03/29/05James ROWLAND, Former Director, California Department of Corrections, et al., Pe v. CALIFORNIA MEN'S COLONY, UNIT II MEN'S ADVISORY COUNCIL. , 506 U.S. 194, 01/12/93JAMES, ALPHONSO v. UNITED STATES , 550 U.S. 192 (2007), 04/18/07JEREMIAH W. (JAY) NIXON, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF MISSOURI, et al. , PETITIONERS v. SHRINK MISSOURI GOVERNMENT PAC et al. , 528 U.S. 377, 01/24/00John H. EVANS, Jr., Petitioner v. UNITED STATES. , 504 U.S. 255, 05/26/92JOHN HANCOCK MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. v. HARRIS TRUST & SAVINGS BANK, as , 510 U.S. 86 (1993), 12/13/93JOHNSON v. De GRANDY , 512 U.S. 997 (1994), 06/30/94JOHNSON, GARRISON S. v. CALIFORNIA, ET AL. , 543 U.S. 499 (2005), 02/23/05JONES, GARY K. v. FLOWERS, LINDA K., ET AL. , 547 U.S. 220 (2006), 04/26/06JOYNER v. BARNES , , 06/29/15Keith J. HUDSON, Petitioner, v. Jack McMILLIAN et al. , 503 U.S. 1, 02/25/92KELLY, WILLIAM A. v. SOUTH CAROLINA , 534 U.S. 246 (2002), 01/09/02KELO, SUSETTE, ET AL. v. NEW LONDON, CT, ET AL. , 545 U.S. 469 (2005), 06/23/05KIMBROUGH, DERRICK v. UNITED STATES , 552 U.S. 85 (2007), 12/10/07Kitrich POWELL, Petitioner, v. NEVADA. , 511 U.S. 79, 03/30/94LANUS v. UNITED STATES , , 06/27/13LAWRENCE, JOHN G., ET AL. v. TEXAS , 539 U.S. 558 (2003), 06/26/03LOCKE, GOV. OF WA, ET AL. v. DAVEY, JOSHUA , 540 U.S. 712 (2004), 02/25/04LOPEZ v. MONTEREY COUNTY , 525 U.S. 266 (1999), 01/20/99LOPEZ, JOSE A. v. GONZALES, ATT'Y GEN. , 549 U.S. 47 (2006), 12/05/06M. L. B. v. S. L. J., individually and as next friend of the minor children, S. L. J. and M. , 519 U.S. 102 (1996), 12/16/96M. L. B., Petitioner, v. S. L. J., Individually and as Next Friend of the Minor Children, S. L. J. and M. , 519 U.S. 102, 12/16/96MASTROBUONO et al. v. SHEARSON LEHMAN HUTTON, INC., et al. , 514 U.S. 52 (1995), 03/06/95MATA, NOEL R. v. HOLDER, ATT'Y GEN. , , 06/15/15McFARLAND v. SCOTT, DIRECTOR, TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, INSTITUTIONAL DIVISION , 512 U.S. 849 (1994), 06/30/94MEdIMMUNE, INC. v. GENENTECH, INC., ET AL. , 549 U.S. 118 (2007), 01/09/07MELLOULI, MOONES v. HOLDER, ATT'Y GEN. , , 06/01/15MILLER-EL, THOMAS J. v. COCKRELL, DIR. TX DCJ , 537 U.S. 322 (2003), 02/25/03MILLER-EL, THOMAS J. v. DRETKE, DIR., TX DCJ , 544 U.S. 660 (2005), 06/13/05MINNESOTA, ET AL. v. MILLE LACS BAND, ETC., ET AL , 526 U.S. 172 (1999), 03/24/99MITCHELL, AMANDA v. UNITED STATES , 526 U.S. 314 (1999), 04/05/99MORSE et al. v. REPUBLICAN PARTY OF VIRGINIA et al. , 517 U.S. 186 (1996), 03/27/96MUSICK, PEELER & GARRETT et al. v. EMPLOYERS INSURANCE OF WAUSAU et al. , 508 U.S. 286 (1993), 06/01/93MUSICK, PEELER & GARRETT, et al., Petitioners, v. EMPLOYERS INSURANCE OF WAUSAU et al. , 508 U.S. 286, 06/01/93NASA, ET AL. v. FED. LABOR REL. AUTH., ET AL , 527 U.S. 229 (1999), 06/17/99NEGUSIE, DANIEL G. v. MUKASEY, ATT'Y GEN. , , 03/03/09NEW HAMPSHIRE RIGHT TO LIFE v. DEPARTMENT , , 11/16/15NIXON, MO ATTY. GEN., ET AL. v. SHRINK MO GOVT. PAC, ET AL. , 528 U.S. 377 (2000), 01/24/00NORTHWEST AIRLINES, INC., et al. v. COUNTY OF KENT, MICHIGAN, et al. , 510 U.S. 355 (1994), 01/24/94NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 533 U.S. 431, 06/25/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 531 U.S. 288, 02/20/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 532 U.S. 36, 03/20/01NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 531 U.S. 32, 11/28/00NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 534 U.S. 246, 01/09/02NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 530 U.S. 914, 06/28/00NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 532 U.S. 223, 04/18/01O'NEAL v. McANINCH, WARDEN , 513 U.S. 432 (1995), 02/21/95OUBRE v. ENTERGY OPERATIONS, INC. , 522 U.S. 422 (1998), 01/26/98PA STATE POLICE v. SUDERS, NANCY D. , 542 U.S. 129 (2004), 06/14/04PANETTI, SCOTT L. v. QUATERMAN, DIR., TX DCJ , 551 U.S. 930 (2007), 06/28/07PEPPER, JASON v. UNITED STATES , , 03/02/11PHILIP MORRIS USA v. WILLIAMS, MAYOLA , 549 U.S. 346 (2007), 02/20/07PLUMLEY v. AUSTIN , , 01/20/15POWELL v. NEVADA , 511 U.S. 79 (1994), 03/30/94PRESLEY v. GEORGIA , , 01/19/10PRESTON, ARNOLD M. v. FERRER, ALEX E. , 552 U.S. 346 (2008), 02/20/08PUD NO. 1 OF JEFFERSON COUNTY et al. v. WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY et al. , 511 U.S. 700 (1994), 05/31/94RIGGINS v. NEVADA , 504 U.S. 127 (1992), 05/18/92Robert O'NEAL, Petitioner, v. Fred McANINCH, Warden. , 513 U.S. 432, 02/21/95ROELL, JOSEPH C., ET AL. v. WITHROW, JON MICHAEL , 538 U.S. 580 (2003), 04/29/03ROTHGERY, WALTER A. v. GILLESPIE COUNTY, TX , 554 U.S. 191 (2008), 06/23/08ROWLAND, FORMER DIRECTOR, CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, et al. v. CALIFORNIA MEN'S COLONY, UNIT II MEN'S , 506 U.S. 194 (1993), 01/12/93RUSH PRUDENTIAL HMO, INC. v. MORAN, DEBRA, ET AL. , 536 U.S. 355 (2002), 06/20/02SCARBOROUGH, RANDALL C. v. PRINCIPI, SEC VETERANS AFFAIRS , 541 U.S. 401 (2004), 05/03/04SCHWARZENEGGER, GOV. OF CA v. ENTERTAINMENT MERCHANTS, ET AL. , , 06/27/11SECURITY SERVICES, INC. v. KMART CORP. , 511 U.S. 222 (1994), 05/16/94SHAFER, WESLEY A. v. SOUTH CAROLINA , 532 U.S. 36 (2001), 03/20/01SHALALA, SEC. OF H&HS, ET AL v. IL COUNCIL, LONG TERM CARE , 529 U.S. 1 (2000), 02/29/00SKINNER, HENRY W. v. SWITZER, LYNN , , 03/07/11SMALL, GARY S. v. UNITED STATES , 544 U.S. 385 (2005), 04/26/05SNYDER, ALLEN v. LOUISIANA , 552 U.S. 472 (2008), 03/19/08STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTO. v. CAMPBELL, CURTIS, ET UX. , 538 U.S. 408 (2003), 04/07/03State of WYOMING, Plaintiff v. State of OKLAHOMA. , 502 U.S. 437, 01/22/92STENBERG, NE ATTY. GEN. v. CARHART, LEROY , 530 U.S. 914 (2000), 06/28/00STEWART v. MARTINEZ-VILLAREAL , 523 U.S. 637 (1998), 05/18/98SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 526 U.S. 473, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 526 U.S. 172, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 527 U.S. 229, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES v. , 526 U.S. 314, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES119 S.Ct. 2176138 F.3d 893, affirmed in part, v. , 527 U.S. 581, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES119 S.Ct. 966 143 L.Ed.2d 1 v. , 526 U.S. 1, 00/00/00SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATESCEDAR RAPIDS COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT, PETITI v. GARRET F., a minor by his mother and next friend, CHARLENE F. , 526 U.S. 66, 03/03/99SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATESCITY OF CHICAGO, PETITIONER v. JESUS MORALES et al. , 527 U.S. 41, 06/10/99SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as i v. , 529 U.S. 667, 00/00/00SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as i v. , 529 U.S. 1, 00/00/00TAHOE-SIERRA PRESERVATION v. TAHOE REGIONAL PLANNING , 535 U. S. 302 (2002), 04/23/02TENNARD, ROBERT J. v. DRETKE, DIR., TX DCJ , 542 U.S. 274 (2004), 06/24/04TENNESSEE v. LANE, GEORGE, ET AL. , 541 U.S. 509 (2004), 05/17/04Terry FOUCHA, Petitioner v. LOUISIANA. , 504 U.S. 71, 05/18/92Terry STEWART, Director, Arizona Department of Correction, et al., Petitioners, v. Ramon MARTINEZ-VILLAREAL. , 523 U.S. 637, 05/18/98THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY, dba THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL v. SHALALA, SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES , 512 U.S. 504 (1994), 06/24/94THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY, dba Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Petitione v. Donna E. SHALALA, Secretary of Health and Human Services. , 512 U.S. 504, 06/24/94THOMPSON v. KEOHANE, WARDEN, et al. , 516 U.S. 99 (1996)., 11/29/95TN STUDENT ASSISTANCE CORP. v. HOOD, PAMELA L. , 541 U.S. 440 (2004), 05/17/04TORY, ULYSSES, ET AL. v. COCHRAN, JOHNNIE L. , 544 U.S. 734 (2005), 05/31/05TURNER, MICHAEL D. v. PRICE, REBECCA, ET AL. , , 06/20/11U. S. TERM LIMITS, INC., et al. v. THORNTON et al. , 514 U.S. 779 (1995), 05/22/95U.S. TERM LIMITS, INC., et al., Petitioners, v. Ray THORNTON et al. Winston BRYANT, Attorney General of Arkansas, Petitioner, v. , 514 U.S. 779, 05/22/95UNITED STATES v. CRAFT, SANDRA L. , 535 U.S. 274 (2002), 04/17/02UNITED STATES v. BOOKER, FREDDIE J. , 543 U.S. 220 (2005), 01/12/05UNITED STATES v. WHITE MOUNTAIN APACHE TRIBE , 537 U.S. 465 (2003), 03/04/03UNITED STATES v. COMSTOCK, GRAYDON E., ET AL. , , 05/17/10UNITED STATES v. CRAFT. , 535 U.S. 274, 04/17/02UNITED STATES By and Through INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, Petitioner, v. Bruce J. McDERMOTT, et al. , 507 U.S. 448, 03/24/93UNITED STATES, Petitioner 04-104 v. Freddie J. BOOKERUNITED STATES, PETITIONER 04-105v.Ducan FANFANSUPREME COURT OF , 543 U.S. 220, 00/00/00VARITY CORP. v. HOWE et al. , 516 U.S. 489 (1996), 03/19/96VARITY CORPORATION, Petitioner, v. Charles HOWE et al. , 516 U.S. 489, 03/19/96VIRGINIA v. BLACK, BARRY E., ET AL. , 538 U.S. 343 (2003), 04/07/03WHITMAN v. UNITED STATES , , 11/10/14Concur in part, dissent in partANZA, JOSEPH, ET AL. v. IDEAL STEEL SUPPLY CORP. , 547 U.S. 451 (2006), 06/05/06AT&T CORP. v. IOWA UTILITIES BD. , , 01/25/99AT&T CORP. et al. v. IOWA UTILITIES BOARD et al.Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for , 525 U.S. 366, 01/25/99BANKS, DELMA, JR. v. DRETKE, DIR., TX DCJ , 540 U.S. 668 (2004), 02/24/04BATES, DENNIS, ET AL. v. DOW AGROSCIENCES LLC , 544 U.S. 431 (2005), 04/27/05CAMPBELL v. LOUISIANA , 523 U.S. 392 (1998), 04/21/98CHENEY, VICE PRESIDENT OF U.S. v. USDC DC , 542 U.S. 367 (2004), 06/24/04CITIZENS UNITED v. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION , , 01/21/10COLORADO REPUBLICAN FEDERAL CAMPAIGN COMMITTEE et al. v. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION , 518 U.S. 604 (1996), 06/26/96CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC. v. EASTERWOOD , 507 U.S. 658 (1993), 04/21/93CSX TRANSPORTATION, INC., Petitioner, v. Lizzie Beatrice EASTERWOOD. Lizzie Beatrice EASTERWOOD, Petitioner, v. CSX TRANS , 507 U.S. 658, 04/21/93CUOMO, ATT'Y GEN. OF NY v. CLEARING HOUSE ASSOC., ET AL. , , 06/29/09DAVIS, ADRIAN M. v. WASHINGTON , 547 U.S. 813 (2006), 06/19/06DENVER AREA EDUCATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS CONSORTIUM, INC., et al. v. FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION et al. , 518 U.S. 727 (1996), 06/28/96GRUTTER, BARBARA v. BOLLINGER, LEE, ET AL. , 539 U.S. 306 (2003), 06/23/03HILLSIDE DAIRY, ET AL. v. LYONS, SEC., FOOD AND AGRIC. , 539 U.S. 59 (2003), 06/09/03HOLDER, individually and in his official capacity as COUNTY COMMISSIONER FOR BLE v. HALL et al. , 512 U.S. 874 (1994), 06/30/94KIMEL, J. DANIEL, ET AL. v. FL BOARD OF REGENTS, ET AL. , , 01/11/00McCONNELL, SENATOR, ET AL. v. FEC, ET AL. , 540 U.S. 93 (2003), 12/10/03MEACHAM, CLIFFORD B., ET AL. v. KNOLLS ATOMIC POWER LAB., ET AL. , , 06/19/08NATL. CABLE TV ASSN., INC. v. GULF POWER CO., ET AL. , 534 U.S. 327 (2002), 01/16/02NEW YORK et al. v. FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION ET AL. , 535 U.S. 1, 03/04/02NEW YORK, ET AL. v. FERC, ET AL. , 535 U.S. 1 (2002), 03/04/02NORTHWEST AUSTIN MUN. UTIL. v. MUKASEY, ATT'Y GEN., ET AL. , , 06/22/09NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the pre v. , 532 U.S. 557, 05/21/01PENRY, JOHNNY PAUL v. JOHNSON, DIR. TX DCJ , 532 U.S. 782 (2001), 06/04/01SAFFORD UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT v. REDDING, APRIL , , 06/25/09SPECTOR, DOUGLAS, ET AL. v. NORWEGIAN CRUISE LINE LTD. , 545 U.S. 119 (2005), 06/06/05State of NEBRASKA, Plaintiff, v. States of WYOMING AND COLORADO. , 515 U.S. 1, 05/30/95SyllabusNOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as i v. , 528 U.S. 62, 00/00/00Terry CAMPBELL, Petitioner, v. LOUISIANA. , 523 U.S. 392, 04/21/98UNITED STATES v. ALASKA , 474 U.S. 1044 (1986), 06/19/97UNITED STATES v. O'HAGAN , U.S. 642 (1997), 06/25/97UNITED STATES v. HATTER, JUDGE, ET AL. , 532 U.S. 557 (2001), 05/21/01UNITED STATES v. REORGANIZED CF&I FABRICATORS OF UTAH, INC., et al. , 518 U.S. 213 (1996), 06/20/96UNITED STATES v. JAMES DANIEL GOOD REAL PROPERTY et al. , 510 U.S. 43 (1993), 12/13/93UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff, v. STATE OF ALASKA. , 521 U.S. 1, 06/19/97UNITED STATES, PETITIONER v. JAMES DANIEL GOOD REAL PROPERTY ET AL. , 510 U.S. 43, 10/06/93UNITED STATES, Petitioner, v. James Herman O'HAGAN. , 521 U.S. 642, 06/25/97UNITED STATES, Petitioner, v. REORGANIZED CF & I FABRICATORS OF UTAH, INC., et al. , 518 U.S. 213, 06/20/96UTAH ET AL. v. EVANS, SECRETARY OF COMMERCE, ET AL. , 536 U.S. 452, 06/20/02UTAH, ET AL. v. EVANS, SEC. OF COMMERCE , 536 U.S. 452 (2002), 06/20/02