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PDF Editor FAQ
Oxygen is a gas at room temperature, but sulphur is a solid that melts at 113°C. In terms of chemical bonding and intermolecular forces, why is this?
Oxygen-oxygen double bonds are far more stable than two oxygen-oxygen single bonds. This allows oxygen to form stable diatomic molecules.Sulfur-sulfur double bonds are far less stable than two sulfur-sulfur single bonds. That means sulfur tends to form medium to large ring structures.That's the reason. It's generally justified by noting that [math]\pi[/math] bonds are much less stable for heavier elements.
What is the difference between chemical bond and intermolecular force in terms of holding atoms together?
G.N. Lewis and W.Kossel, worked independently, used the knowledge of electronic configuration to chemical bond or why atoms join to form molecules. In 1916, they put forward the electronic theory of chemical bonding. It states that in chemical bond formation atoms interact by losing, gaining or sharing of electrons so as to achieve a stable noble gas configuration. So we say that atoms form bonds or react to acquire two electrons, 'duplet' configuration or eight electrons 'octet' structure. H, Li, Be atoms tend to acquire a duplet and all other atoms tend to attain the 'octet' configuration. The lower the potential energy of a system, the more stable it is. When the potential energy is lowered by 40 kJ/mol or more, we may say that atoms are held together by a chemical bond.In addition to strong bonding forces, relatively weak forces also exist in between the molecules, which are called intermolecular forces. The bonding and intermolecular forces of hydrochloric acid are discussed below:It requires about 17 kJ energy to break intermolecular forces between one mole of liquid of hydrogen chloride molecules to convert it into gas. Whereas, about 430 kJ energy is required to break the chemical bond between hydrogen & chlorine atoms in one mole of hydrogen chloride. .
What is the most powerful microscope in the world? What things can you be able to see with this microscope?
Following microscopes provide atomic resolution capability, wherein you can image single atoms and/or chemical bonds.Field Ion Microscope (FIM)Field ion micrograph of the end of a sharp tantalum needle. Each spot = 1 tantalum atom.[E. Müller, Science, 1965]Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) (and some of its variants)10 nm gold nanoparticle on a graphene film. Gold atoms are visible.[Z. Lee et al., Nano Letters, 2009]Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)Four iron atoms on magnesium oxide surface.[T. Choi et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 2017]Non-contact Atomic Force Microscope (nc-AFM)Assembly of 8-hydroxyquinoline molecules on copper substrate. Both intramolecular (carbon-carbon bonds) and intermolecular (weak hydrogen bonds) bonds are resolved via this technique.[J. Zhang et al. Science, 2013]In the end, here is something fancy :)Enjoy!
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