Please Read Carefully Applicant Authorization And Bb: Fill & Download for Free

❣ heavy heart exclamation emoji meaningAn exclamation mark themed after a red love heart; the heavy heart exclamation emoji can be used to show that you love or care about someone dearly.Click emoji to copyHow to use heavy heart exclamation emojiHistory of the ❣ emojiHeavy Heart Exclamation was approved as part of Unicode 1.1 in 1993.CodepointsU+2763Shortcodes--Also known asHeart Above DotHow ❣ is displayed onlineAppleGoogleTwitterOneFacebookRelated Emojis💋kiss mark emoji💘heart with arrow emoji❤red heart emoji💓beating heart emoji💔broken heart emoji💕two hearts emoji💖sparkling heart emoji💗growing heart emoji💙blue heart emoji💚green heart emojiHuge List of 1,559 Text and Chat AbbreviationsWhile it does seem incredible that there are thousands of text abbreviations, keep in mind that different chat abbreviations are used by different groups of people. For example, online gamers are likely to use text abbreviations not used by a financial blogger. Most people will only know a dozen or so general text abbreviations and a few more that are used by people with similar interests online.To keep our chat guide user-friendly for all ages, some inappropriate words have been edited to include an alternate meaning. These words are marked with * around the word which has been switched (e.g. *freak*). To navigate this lengthy guide, you can scroll through the following list or go directly to a specific letter using the following links:Numbers & CharactersA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZText Messaging & Chat Abbreviations: Numbers & Characters?I have a question?I don't understand what you mean?4UI have a question for you;SGentle warning, like "Hmm? What did you say?"^^Meaning "read line" or "read message" above<3Meaning "sideways heart" (love, friendship)<3Meaning "broken heart"<33Meaning "heart or love" (more 3s is a bigger heart)@TEOTDAt the end of the day.02My (or your) two cents worth1TG, 2TGMeaning number of items needed for win (online gaming)1UPMeaning extra life (online gaming)121One-to-one (private chat initiation)1337Leet, meaning 'elite'143I love you1432I love you too14AA41One for all, and all for one182I hate you19Zero hand (online gaming)10MTen man (online gaming)10XThanks10QThank you1CEOnce1DRI wonder1NAMOne in a million2Meaning "to" in SMS20Meaning "location"2BTo be2EZToo easy2G2BTToo good to be true2M2HToo much too handle2MIToo much information2MORTomorrow2MOROTomorrow2M2HToo much to handle2N8Tonight2NTETonight4Short for "for" in SMS411Meaning "information"404I don't know411Meaning 'information'420Lets get high420Meaning "Marijuana"459Means I love you (ILY is 459 using keypad numbers)4AOFor adults only4COLFor crying out loud4EAEForever and ever4EVAForever4NRForeigner4SALEFor sale^5High-five511Too much information (more than 411)555Sobbing, crying. (Mandarin Chinese txt msgs)55555Crying your eyes out (Mandarin Chinese txt msgs)55555Meaning Laughing (In Thai language the number 5 is pronounced 'ha'.)6YSexy7KSick81Meaning Hells Angels (H=8th letter of alphabet, A=1st letter of alphabet)831I love you (8 letters, 3 words, 1 meaning)86Over88Bye-bye (Mandarin Chinese txt msgs)88Hugs and kisses9Parent is watching*s*Meaning "smile"*w*Meaning "wink""A" Text Message & Chat AbbreviationsA3Anytime, anywhere, anyplaceAAAlcoholics AnonymousAAAs aboveAAAsk aboutAAFAs a matter of factAAFAs a friendAAKAsleep at keyboardAAKAlive and kickingAAMOFAs a matter of factAAMOIAs a matter of interestAAPAlways a pleasureAARAt any rateAASAlive and smilingAASHTAAs always, Sheldon has the answer (Bike mechanic Sheldon Brown)AATKAlways at the keyboardAAYFAs always, your friendABBRMeaning abbreviationABCAlready been chewedABDAlready been doneABTAboutABT2Meaning 'About to'ABTAMeaning Good-bye (signoff)ABUAll bugged upACAcceptable contentACCAnyone can comeACDALT / CONTROL / DELETEACDNTAccident (e-mail, Government)ACEMeaning marijuana cigaretteACKAcknowledgeACPTAccept (e-mail, Government)ACQSTNAcquisition (e-mail, Government)ADADAnother day, another dollarADBBAll done, bye-byeADDAddressADDYAddressADIHAnother day in hellADIPAnother day in paradiseADMINAdministratorADMINRAdministrator (Government)ADNAny day nowADRAddressAEArea effect (online gaming)AEAPAs early as possibleAFApril FoolsAFAs *Freak*AFAggression factor (online gaming)AFCAway from computerAFAIAAAs far as I am awareAFAICAs far as I am concernedAFAIKAs far as I knowAFAIUIAs far as I understand itAFAPAs far as possibleAFFAAngels Forever, Forever AngelsAFJApril Fool's jokeAFKAway from keyboardAFZAcronym Free ZoneAFPOEA fresh pair of eyesAGIMeaning "agility" (online gaming)AHAt homeAIAMUAnd I am a money's uncleAIGHTAlrightAIRAs I rememberAISBAs it should beAISBAs I said beforeAISIAs I see itAITRAdult in the roomAKAAlso known asALCONAll concernedALOLActually laughing out loudAMAAsk me anything (Reddit)AMAPAs much as possibleAMBWAll my best wishesAMLAll my loveAMOFAs a matter of factA/NAuthor's noteAOAnarchy Online (online gaming)AOCAvailable on cellAOEArea of effect (online game)AOMAge of majorityAOMAge of Mythology (online gaming)AOTAAll of the aboveAOYPAngel on your pillowAPACAll praise and creditAPPApplicationAPPAppreciateAQAPAs quick (or quiet) as possibleARCArchive (compressed files)AREAcronym rich environmentARGArgumentASIGAnd so it goesASAPAs soon as possibleA/S/LAge/sex/locationASLAge/sex/locationASLAAge/sex/location/availabilityATAt your terminalATBAll the bestATEOTDAt the end of the dayATMAt the momentATSITSAll the stars in the skyATSLAlong the same line (or lines)AWCAfter awhile crocodileAWESOAwesomeAWOLAway without leavingAWOLAbsent without leaveAYDYAre you done yet?AYBABTUAll your base are belong to us (online gaming)AYECAt your earliest convenienceAYORAt your own riskAYSOSAre you stupid or something?AYSAre you serious?AYTAre you there?AYTMTBAnd you're telling me this becauseAYVAre you vertical?AYWAs you wereAYWAs you want / As you wishAZNAsian"B" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsBBackBBeB&BannedB2BBusiness-to-businessB2CBusiness-to-consumerB2WBack to workB8Bait (person teased or joked with, or under-aged person/teen)B9Boss is watchingB/FBoyfriendB/GBackground (personal information request)B4BeforeB4NBye for nowBAGBusting a gutBABad *a*BAEBefore anyone elseBAEMeaning Babe or babyBAFOBest and final offerBAKBack at keyboardBAMBelow average mentalityBAMFBad *a* mother *f*BAOBe aware ofBASBig 'butt' smileBASICMeaning anything mainstreamBASORBreathing a sigh of reliefBAUBusiness as usualBAYBack at yaBBBe backBBBig brotherBBBebi / Baby (Spanish SMS)BBCBig bad challengeBBIABBe back in a bitBBIAFBe back in a fewBBIAMBe back in a minuteBBIASBe back in a secBBLBe back laterBBNBye, bye nowBBQBarbeque, "Ownage", shooting score/frag (online gaming)BBSBe back soonBBTBe back tomorrowBCBecauseB/CBecauseBCBe coolBCNUBe seeing youBCOSBecauseBCOBig crush onBCOYBig crush on youBDBig dealBDAYBirthdayB-DAYBirthdayBDNBig darn numberBEGBig evil grinBELFMeaning "Blood Elf" (online gaming)BFBoyfriendBFBrain fartBFAWBest friend at workBF2Battlefield 2 (online gaming)BFBest friendBFFBest friends foreverBFFLBest friends for lifeBFFLNMWBest friends for life, no matter whatBFDBig freaking dealBFGBig freaking grinBFFNBest friend for nowBFNBye for nowBGBig grinBGWMBe gentle with meBHL8Be home lateBIBBoss is backBIBOBeer in, beer outBICButt in chairBIFBefore I forgetBIHBurn in hellBILBrother in lawBIOMeaning "I'm going to the bathroom" (or) "Bathroom break"BIONBelieve it or notBIOYABlow it out your *a*BIOYNBlow it out your noseBISBest in slot (online gaming)BISFLATMBoy, I sure feel like a turquoise monkey! (unverified)BITMTBut in the meantimeBLBelly laughBLNTBetter luck next timeBlokeMeaning Man (Discord)BMBite meBMEBased on my experienceBM&YBetween me and youBOBBack off *buddy*BNBad newsBOEMeaning "bind on equip" (online gaming)BOHICABend over here it comes againBOLBest of luckBOM*b* of mineBOLOBe on the look outBOOMSBored out of my skullBOPMeaning "bind on pickup" (online gaming)BOSMKLBending over smacking my knee laughingBOTBack on topicBOTBe on thatBMSBroke my scale, used when rating someoneBOYFBoyfriendBPLMBig person little mindBRBBe right backBRBest regardsBRBBBe right back *b*BRNCBe right back, nature callsBRDBoredBRHBe right hereBRTBe right thereBSFBut seriously folksBSODBlue screen of deathBSTSBetter safe than sorryBTBite thisBTBetween technologiesBTABut then againBTDTBeen there, done thatBTWBy the wayBTYCLMeaning 'Bootycall'BUBUSlang term for the most beautiful of womenBURNUsed to reference an insultBuffMeaning "changed and is now stronger" (online gaming)BWLBursting with laughterBYOBBring your own beerBYOCBring your own computerBYODBring your own deviceBYOHBat you on (the) headBYOPBring your own paint (paintball)BYTMBetter you than me"C" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsC&GChuckle & grinC4NCiao for nowCADControl + Alt + DeleteCADShort for Canada/CanadianCakedayMeaning Birthday (Reddit)CAMCamera (SMS)CBCoffee breakCBChat breakCBCrazy *b*CD9Code 9, Meaning "parents are around"CFSCare for secret?CFYCalling for youCHKCheckCIAOGood-bye (Italian word)CICOCoffee in, coffee outCIDCrying in disgraceCIDConsider it doneCLABCrying like a babyCLDCouldCLKClickCMCall meCMAPCover my *a* partner (online gaming)CMBCall me backCMGRMeaning "Community manager"CMIIWCorrect me if I'm wrongCMONCome onCNPContinued (in) next postCOBClose of businessCOHCity of Heroes (online gaming)COSBecauseC/PCross postCPChat post (or continue in IM)CR8CreateCrayMeaning crazyCRE8CreateCRA CRASlang term meaning "crazy"CRAFTCan't remember a *freaking* thingCRBCome right backCRBTCrying really big tearsCRITMeaning "critical hit" (online gaming)CRZCrazyCRSCan't remember *stuff*CSGChuckle, snicker, grinCSLCan't stop laughingCSSCounter-Strike Source (online gaming)CTCan't talkCTCCare to chat?CTHUCracking the *heck* upCTNCan't talk nowCTOCheck this outCUSee you tooCUSee youCU2See youCUASee you aroundCULSee you laterCULASee you later alligatorCUL8RSee you laterCUMIDSee you in my dreamsCURLOSee you around like a donutCWDComment when doneCWOTComplete waste of timeCWYLChat with you laterCXMeaning "Correction"CYASee youCYAL8RSee you laterCYECheck your e-mailCYEPClose your eyes partner (online gaming)CYOSee you online"D" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsD2Dedos / fingers (Spanish SMS)D46?Down for sex?DAMeaning "The"DAEDoes anyone else?DAFUQ(What) the *Freak*?DAMDon't annoy meDAoCDark Age of Camelot (online gaming)DBAUDoing business as usualDBEYRDon't believe everything you readDCDisconnectDDDear (or Darling) daughterDDDue diligenceDDGDrop dead gorgeousDEEZ NUTZA phrase used in online chat to annoy or frustrate those involved in the conversation.DEGTDear (or Darling) daughterDERPMeaning stupid or sillyDFDon't even go thereDFLDead *freaking* last (online gaming)DGADon't go anywhereDGAFDon't give a *freak*DGTDon't go thereDGTGDon't go there, girlfriendDGYFDang, girl you fineDHDear (or Darling) husbandDHUDinosaur hugs (used to show support)DIIKDarned if I knowDIKUDo I know you?DILLIGAFDo I look like I give a *freak*?DILLIGASDo I look like I give a sugar?DISDid I say?DITYIDDid I tell you I'm distressed?DIYDo it yourselfDKDCDon't know, don't careDKPDragon kill points (online gaming)D/LDownloadDLDownloadDLDown lowDLDead linkDLBBBDon't let (the) bed bugs biteDLTBBBDon't let the bed bugs biteDMDoesn't matterDMDirect message (Twitter slang)DMDo meDMDungeon Master (online gaming)DMNODude Man No OffenseDMYDon't mess yourselfDNDownDNCDo not compute (meaning I do not understand)DNRDinner (SMS)DNTDon'td00dDudeDOEDaughter of EveDORBSMeaning "Adorable"DOTDamage over time (online gaming)DownvoteVoting negatively on a thread using Reddit’s voting system (Reddit)DPSDamage per second (online gaming)DQMOTDon't quote me on thisDRDidn't readDSDear (or Darling) sonDTRDefine the relationshipDTRTDo the right thingDTSDon't think soDTTDDon't touch that dialDUPEDuplicateDURDo you remember?DV8DeviateDWDear (or Darling) wifeDWFDivorced white femaleDWMDivorced white maleDXNRYDictionaryDYNWUTBDo you know what you are talking about?DYFIDid you find it?DYFMDude, you fascinate meDYJHIWDon't you just hate it when...?DYORDo your own research (common stock market chat slang)"E" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsEEcstasyEEnemy (online gaming)E1EveryoneE123Easy as one, two, threeE2EGEar to ear grinEAKEating at keyboardEBKACError between keyboard and chairEDErase displayEF4TEffortEGEvil grinEIEat itEIPEditing in progressELI5Explain like I'm 5EME-mail (Twitter slang)EMAE-mail address (Twitter slang)EMBARMeaning "Embarassing"EMFBIExcuse me for butting inEMFBIExcuse me for jumping inEMSGE-mail messageENUFEnoughEODEnd of dayEODEnd of discussionEOLEnd of lectureEOLEnd of lifeEOMEnd of messageEOSEnd of showEOTEnd of transmissionEQEverQuest (online gaming)ERPMeaning "Erotic Role-Play" (online gaming)ERS2Eres tz / are you (Spanish SMS)ESErase screenESADEat *S* and die!ETAEstimated time (of) arrivalETAEdited to addEVAEverEVOEvolutionEWGEvil wicked grin (in fun, teasing)EWIEmailing while intoxicatedEXTRAMeaning over the topEYCExcitable, yet calmEZEasyEZYEasy"F" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsFMeaning femaleF2FFace to faceF2PFree to play (online gaming)F4FFollow for follow (Instagram)FAAKFalling asleep at keyboardFABFabulousFacepalmUsed to represent the gesture of "smacking your forehead with your palm" to express embarrassment or frustrationFAFFunny as *freak*FAMFFamily, but not limited to actual family members. Could mean friends.FAQFrequently asked questionsFAY*Freak* all youFBFacebookFBBMeaning "Facebook buddy"FBCFacebook chatFBFFlashback FridayFBFMeaning "Facebook friend"FBFFat boy food (e.g. pizza, burgers, fries)FBFRFaceBook friendFBMFine by meFBOFacebook official (An official update from Facebook)FBOWFor better or worseFCFingers crossedFCFull card (online gaming)FC'INGOFor crying out loudFCOLFor crying out loudFeelsbadmanA social meme that means to feel negative.FeelsbatmanA social meme taking "feelsbadman" to the extreme. This references the DC super hero Batmanbecause he witnessed the murder of his parents.FeelsgoodmanA social meme that means to feel positive.FEITCTAJ*Freak* 'em if they can't take a jokeFFFollow Friday (Twitter slang)FFAFree for all (online gaming)FFSFor *freak'*sakesFICCLFrankly I couldn't care a lessFIF*Freak* I'm funnyFIIK*Freaked* if I knowFIIOOHForget it, I'm out of hereFILFather in lawFIMHForever in my heartFinnaMeans "Going to"FinstaA second Instagram account where someone can post things that they're too afraid to post on their main account.FISHFirst in, still hereFITBFill in the blankFML*Freak* My LifeFOMCFalling off my chairFOMOFear of missing out (definition)FOAD*Freak* off and dieFOAFFriend of a friendFOMCLFalling off my chair laughingFRTFor real thoughFTBOMHFrom the bottom of my heartFTFYFixed that for youFTLFor the lossFTWFor the winFU*Freak* youFUBARFouled up beyond all recognitionFUBBFouled up beyond beliefFUDFace up deal (online gaming)FUTABFeet up, take a breakFWForwardFWBFriend with benefitsFWIWFor what it's worthFWMFine with meFWPFirst world problemsFYEFire, something that is coolFYEOFor your eyes onlyFYAFor your amusementFYIFor your information"G" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsGGrinGGiggleG+Google+G/FGirlfriendG2CUGood to see youG2GGot to goG2GICYAL8ERGot to go I'll see you laterG2RGot to runG2TUGot to tell u (you)G4CGoing for coffeeG9GeniusGAGo aheadGACGet a clueGAFCGet a *freaking* clueGALGet a lifeGANKMeaning a player ambush or unfair player kill (online gaming)GASGot a second?GASGreetings and salutationsGBGoodbyeGBTWGet back to workGBUGod bless youGDGoodGDRGrinning, ducking, and runningGD/RGrinning, ducking, and runningGFIGo for itGFGirl friendGFNGone for nowGGGotta GoGGGood Game (online gaming)GGBrother (Mandarin Chinese txt msgs)GGAGood game, all (online gaming)GGE1Good game, everyone (online gaming)GGU2Good game, you tooGGMSOTGotta get me some of thatGGOHGotta Get Outa HereGGPGot to go peeGHGood hand (online gaming)GIARGive it a restGICGift in crib (online gaming)GIGOGarbage in, garbage outGIRLGuy in real lifeGJGood jobGLGood luckGL2UGood luck to you (online gaming)GLAGood luck all (online gaming)GL/HFGood luck, have fun (online gaming)GLEGood luck everyone (online gaming)GLE1Good luck everyone (online gaming)GLNGGood luck next game (online gaming)GMBAGiggling my butt offGMTAGreat minds think alikeGMVGot my voteGNGood nightGNAGood night allGNE1Good night everyoneGNIGHTGood nightGNITEGood nightGNSDGood night, sweet dreamsGOATGreatest of all Time(s)GOIGet over itGOLGiggling out loudGOMBGet off my backGPOYGratuitous picture of yourselfGR8GreatGRATZCongratulationsGRLGirlGRWGGet right with GodGR&DGrinning, running and duckingGSGood shotGSGood split (online gaming)GTGood tryGTFOGet the *freak* outGTFOHGet the *freak* outta hereGTGGot to goGTMGiggling to myselfGTRMGoing to read mailGTSYGreat (or good) to see youGUCCIGoodGUDGoodGWHTLCGlad we had this little chat"H" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsHHugH8HateH8TTUHate to be youHAG1Have a good oneHAKHug and kissHALPHelp (Discord)HAUHow about you?H&KHugs & kissesH2CUSHope to see you soonHAGNHave a good nightHAGOHave a good oneHANDHave a nice dayHAWTHave a wonderful day (out-dated, see next in list)HAWTMeaning "sexy" or "attractive"HBHurry backHBHug backHBDHappy birthdayH-BDAYHappy BirthdayHBUHow about you?HFHave funHFACHoly flipping animal crackersH-FDAYHappy Father's DayHHISHead hanging in shameHIFWHow I felt when... (Used with photo or gif)HLHalf Life (online gaming)HLAHola / hello (Spanish SMS)H-MDAYHappy Mother's DayHMUHit me upHNL(w)Hole 'nother levelHOASHold on a secondHPHit points / Health points (online gaming)HRUHow are you?HTHHope this helpsHUBHead up buttHUYAHead up your *butt*HVHaveHVHHeroic Violet Hold (online gaming)HWHomeworkHYFRHell yeah, *Freaking* right!"I" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsI2I too (me too)IA8I already ateIAAAI am an accountantIAADI am a doctorIAALI am a lawyerIACIn any caseIAEIn any eventIANACI am not a crookIANALI am not a lawyerIAOI am out (of here)IBI'm backIBI'm backICI seeICAMI couldn't agree moreICBWIt could be worseICEDII can't even discuss itICFILWUI could fall in love with youICYMIIn case you missed it (Twitter slang)IDBII don't believe itIDCI don't careIDGAFI don't give a *freak*IDKI don't knowIDTSI don't think soIDUNNOI don't knowIFYPI feel your painIGInstagramIG2RI got to runIGHTI got high tonightIGNI (I've) got nothingIGPI got to (go) peeIHNII have no ideaIIRCIf I remember correctlyIIIOIntel inside, idiot outsideIKI knowIKRI know, right?ILBL8I'll be lateILUI love youILUMI love you manILYSMI love you so muchILYI love youIMInstant messageIMAOIn my arrogant opinionIMHOIn my humble opinionImL(in Arial font) Means I love you (a way of using the American sign language in text)IMNSHOIn my not so humble opinionIMOIn my opinionIMSI am sorryIMSBI am so boredIMTMI am the manIMUI miss u (you)INALI'm not a lawyerINCMeaning "incoming" (online gaming)InspooInspirationINVMeaning "Invite"IOMHIn over my headIOWIn other wordsIRLIn real lifeIRMCI rest my caseISLYI still love youISOIn search ofITAMIt's The Accounting, Man (financial blogs)ITTIn This ThreadITYKI thought you knewIUSSIf you say soIWALUI will always love youIWAWOI want a way outIWIAMIdiot wrapped in a moronIWSNI want sex nowIYKWIMIf you know what I meanIYOIn your opinionIYQMeaning "I like you"IYSSIf you say so"J" Text Message / Chat Abbreviationsj00Youj00rYourJACJust a secondJAMJust a minuteJASJust a secondJC (J/C)Just checkingJDIJust do itJELLYMeaning "jealous"JFFJust for funJFGIJust *freaking* Google itJICJust in caseJJ (J/J)Just jokingJJAJust joking aroundJK (J/K)Just kiddingJLMKJust let me knowJMOJust my opinionJPJust playingJPJackpot (online gaming, bingo games)JT (J/T)Just teasingJTLYKJust to let you knowJVJoint ventureJWJust wondering"K" Text Messages / Chat AbbreviationsKOkayKKKnock, knockKKOkay, Okay!K8TKatiek/bKeyboardKBKeyboardKBKick butt (online gaming)KDFUMeans Cracking (K) the (D as in Da) *freak* upKEWLCoolKEYAI will key you laterKEYMEKey me when you get inKFYKiss for youKIAKnow it allKIRKeep it realKISSKeep it simple, stupidKITKeep in touchKMAKiss my *a*KMKKiss my keisterKMSKilling myselfKMTKiss my tushieKOCKiss on cheekKOLKey opinion leaderKoreabooSomeone obsessed with Korean cultureKOSKid over shoulderKOSKill on sight (online gaming)KOWKnock on woodKOTCKiss on the cheekKOTDKicks of the day (Instagram)KOTLKiss on the lipsKNIMKnow what I mean?KNOWMeaning "knowledge"KPCKeeping parents cluelessKSKill then steal (online gaming)KSCKind (of) sort (of) chuckleKTKatieKUTGWKeep up the good workKYSKill yourself"L" Text Message & Chat AbbreviationsL2GLike to go?L2G(would) Love to goL2KLike to comeL2PLearn to playl33tLeet, meaning 'elite'L4LLike for like (Instagram)L8RLaterL8RG8RLater, gatorLABLife's a *b*LBAYLaughing back at youLBSLaughing, but seriousLBVSLaughing, but very seriousLDLater, dudeLDLong distanceLDOLike, duh obviouslyLEMENOLet me knowLERKLeaving easy reach of keyboardLFDLeft for dayLFGLooking for group (online gaming)LFGLooking for guard (online gaming)LFMLooking for more (online gaming)LGHLets get highLH6Lets have sexLHSXLets have sexLHMLord help meLHOLaughing head offLILinkedInLICLike I careLIKMeaning liquorLIMTLaugh in my tummyLITMeaning really good or something fun and excitingLITExtremely intoxicatedLLGBLove, later, God blessLLSLaughing like *silly*LMAOLaughing my *a* offLMBOLaughing my butt offLMFAOLaughing my freaking *a* offLMIRLLets meet in real lifeLMKLet me knowLMMFAOLaughing my mother freaking a** offLMNKLeave my name outLMSLike my status (Facebook)LNTMeaning lost in translationLOAList of acronymsLOLLaughing out loudLOLLaugh out loudLOLLots of loveLOLHLaughing out loud hystericallyLOLOLots of loveLOLWTFLaughing out loud (saying) "What the *freak*?"LOTILaughing on the insideLOTRLord of The Rings (online gaming)LQTMLaughing quietly to myselfLSHMBHLaugh so hard my belly hurtsLSVLanguage, sex and violenceLTDLiving the dreamLTLWDLSLet's twist like we did last summerLTNSLong time no seeLTODLaptop of deathLTSLaughing to selfLULTLove you long timeLULZMeaning joke, or for laughsLVMLeft voice mailLWOSLaughing without smilingLYLove yaLYLASLove you like a sisLYLCLove you like crazyLYSMLove you so much"M" Text Messages & Chat AbbreviationsM$MicrosoftM8MateMBMamma's boyMBSMom behind shoulderMCMerry ChristmasMDIACMy Dad is a copMEGOMy eyes glaze overMEHMeaning a "shrug" or shrugging shouldersMEHMeaning a "so-so" or "just okay"MEHHMeaning a "sigh" or sighingMEZMeaning "mesmerize" (online gaming)MFIMad for itMFWMy face when... (Used with photo or gif)MGBMay God blessMGMTManagementMHOTYMy hat (is) off to youMIRLMe in real lifeMIRLMeet in real lifeMISS.(number)Meaning "child and her age". Miss.3 would be a 3-year old daughterMKAYMeaning "Mmm, okay"MLMMeaning give the middle fingerMMSister (Mandarin Chinese txt msg)MMKMeaning okay? (as a question)MNCMother nature callsMNSGMensaje (message in Spanish)MODModeratorMODModification (online gaming)MORFMale or female?MOMBOYMamma's boyMOOMy own opinionMOOSMember of the opposite sexMOSMother over shoulderMOSSMember of same sexMPMana points (online gaming)MR.(number)Meaning "child and his age". Mr.3 would be a 3-year old sonMRTModified ReTweet (Twitter slang)MRWMy reaction when... (Used with photo or gif)MSGMessageMTFMore to followMTFBWUMay the force be with youMUMiss U (you)MUAHMultiple unsuccessful attempts (at/to) humorMUSMMiss you so muchMWAHMeaning "kiss" (it is is the sound made when kissing through the air)MYOMind your own (business)MYOBMind your own business"N" Text Message & Chat Abbreviationsn00bNewbieN1Nice oneN2MNothing too muchNADTNot a darn thingNALOPKTNot a lot of people know thatNANANot now, no needNBDNo big dealNBFABNo bad for a beginner (online gaming)NCNice crib (online gaming)NDNice double (online gaming)NEAnyNE1AnyoneNERFMeaning "Changed and is now weaker" (online gaming)NFMNone for me / Not for meNFMNot for meNGLNot gonna (going to) lieNFSNeed for Speed (online gaming)NFSNot for saleNFWNo *freaking* wayNFWNot for workNFWSNot for work safeNHNice hand (online gaming)NIFOCNaked in front of computerNIGINow I get itNIMBYNot in my back yardNIROKNot in reach of keyboardNLTNo later thanNMNothing muchNMNever mindNMNice meld (online gaming)NMHNot much hereNMJCNothing much, just chillingNMUNot much, you?NO1No oneNOOBMeaning someone who is bad at (online) gamesNOWLMeaning "knowledge"NOYBNone of your businessNPNo problemNPCNon-playing character (online gaming)NQTNewly qualified teacherNRNice roll (online gaming)NRNNo response/reply necessaryNSNice score (online gaming)NSNice split (online gaming)NSANo strings attachedNSFLNot safe for lifeNSFWNot safe for workNSISRNot sure if spelled rightNTNice tryNTHINGNothing (SMS)NTSNote to selfNVMNever mindNVRNeverNWNo wayNWONo way out"O" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsO4UOnly for youOOpponent (online gaming)OMeaning "hugs"OOverOAOnline auctions (see more auction abbreviations)OATUSOn a totally unrelated subjectOBOh babyOBOh brotherOBVObviouslyOFCOf courseOGOriginal gangsterOGIMOh God, it's MondayOHOverheardOHHEMMGEEMeaning "Oh My God" (alternate of OMG)OIOperator indisposedOIBOh, I'm backOICOh, I seeOJOnly jokingOLOld ladyOLLOnline loveOMOld manOMOh, myOMAAOh, my aching *A* (butt)OMDBOver my dead bodyOMFGOh my *freaking* Godomfglmaobbqroflcopterissoh my *freaking* god, laugh my *a* off, owned, roll on floor spinning around I'm so sadOMGOh my GodOMGOh my goshOMGYG2BKOh my God, you got to be kiddingOMGYSOh my gosh you suckOMSOn my soul (meaning "promise")OMWOn my wayONLOnlineOOOver and outOOCOut of characterOOHOut of hereOOMFOne of my followersOOTDOne of these daysOOTDOutfit of the day (Instagram)OOTOOut of the officeOPOn phoneORLYOh really?OSOperating systemOTOff topic (discussion forums)OTBOff to bedOTFLOn the floor laughingOTLOut to lunchOTOHOn the other handOTPOn the phoneOTPOne true pairing; two people you would love to see as a coupleOTTOver the topOTTOMHOff the top of my headOTWOff to workOVAOverOYOOn your own"P" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsPPartner (online gaming)P2PParent to parentP2PPeer to peerP2PPay to play (online gaming)P911Parents coming into room alertPAPPost a picturePATMeaning "patrol" (online gaming)PAWParents are watchingPBOOKPhonebook (e-mail)PCPlayer character (online gaming)PCMPlease call mePDAPersonal display (of) affectionPDHPretty darn happyPDSPlease don't shootPDQPretty darn quickPEEPSPeoplePFTPretty *freaking* tightPICPicturePIPPeeing in pants (laughing hard)PIRParents in roomPISSPut in some sugarPITAPain in the *butt*PKMNPokemon (online gaming)PL8PlatePLDPlayedPLMKPlease let me knowPLSPleasePLUPeople like usPLZPleasePLZTLMEPlease tell mePMPrivate MessagePMFIPardon me for interruptingPMFJIPardon me for jumping inPMSLPee myself laughingPOAHFPut on a happy facePOIDHPicture, or it didn't happenPOSParent over shoulderPOTMeaning "potion" (online gaming)POTDPhoto of the day (Instagram)POVPoint of viewPOVPrivately owned vehicle (originally used to differentiate an individual's vehicle from a military vehicle)PPLPeoplePPUPending pick-upPRESHPreciousPROBSProbablyPROLLYProbablyPROGGYMeaning computer programPRONMeaning pornographyPRTPartyPRTPlease Retweet (Twitter slang)PRWPeople/parents are watchingPSAPublic Service AnnouncementPSOSParent standing over shoulderPSPPlaystation PortablePSTPlease send tell (online gaming)PTFOPass the *freak* outPTIYPASIPut that in your pipe and smoke itPTLPraise the LordPTMMPlease tell me morePTOPaid time offPTOPersonal time offPTOParent Teacher OrganizationPUGPick up group (online gaming)PVEPlayer vs enemy, Player versus environment (online gaming)PVPPlayer versus player (online gaming)PWNMeaning "own"PXTPlease explain thatPUThat stinks!PUKSPick up kids (SMS)PYTPretty young thingPZPeacePZAPizza"Q" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsQQueueQ4U(I have a) question for youQCQuality controlQFEQuestion for everyoneQFIQuoted for idiocyQFIQuoted for ironyQFTQuoted for truthQIKQuickQLQuit laughingQOTDQuote of the dayQQ (qq) (Q_Q)Meaning "crying eyes"QQQuick questionQSLReplyQSOConversationQTCutieQTPICutie pie"R" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsRMeaning "are"R8Rate (SMS)RBAYRight back at youRFNRight *freaking* nowRGRRoger (I agree, I understand)RHIPRank has its privilegesRIPRest in peaceRLReal lifeRLYReallyRMERolling my eyesRMLBRead my lips babyRMMMRead my mail manROFLRolling on floor laughingROFLCOPTERRolling on floor laughing and spinning aroundROFLMAORolling on the floor, laughing my *butt* offROTFLRolling on the floor laughingROTFLUTSRolling on the floor laughing unable to speakRSRunescape (online gaming)RSNReal soon nowRTRoger thatRTRetweet (Twitter slang)RTBSReason to be singleRTFMRead the *freaking* manualRTFQRead the *freaking* questionRTHXMeaning "Thanks for the RT (Retweet)" (Twitter slang)RTMSRead the manual, stupidRTNTNRetention (email, Government)RTRCTVRetroactive (email, Government)RTRMTRetirement (email, Government)RTSMRead the stupid manualRTWFQRead the whole *freaking* questionRUAre you?RUMOFAre you male or female?RUTAre u (you) there?RUOKAre you okay?RXRegardsRWReal worldRXMeaning drugs or prescriptionsRYBRead your BibleRYORoll your ownRYSRead your screenRYSAre you single?"S" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsS2RSend to receive (meaning send me your picture to get mine)S2SSorry to sayS4LSpam for lifeSALSuch a laughSATSorry about thatSAVAGESlang for a shockingly careless expression or response to an event or messageSBSnap back (Snapchat)SBShould beSBSmiling backSBIAMeaning Standing back in amazementSBTSorry 'bout thatSCStay coolSDSweet dreamsSDMBSweet dreams, my babySENPAIMeaning someone older than you, someone you look up toSEOSearch engine optimizationSETESmiling Ear-to-EarSELFIEA photo that is taken of oneself for social media sharing (definition)SFAIKSo far as I knowSHSame hereSH^Shut upSHIDSlapping head in disgustSHIPSlang for "wishing two people were in a relationship"SICNRSorry, I could not resistSIG2RSorry, I got to runSIHTHStupidity is hard to takeSIMYCSorry I missed your callSIRStrike it richSISSnickering in silenceSISMeaning sisterSITStay in touchSITDStill in the darkSJWSocial justice warriorSK8SkateSK8NGSkatingSK8RSkaterSK8RBOISkater BoySLAPSounds like a planSlayTo succeed at somethingSMSocial mediaSMAZEDSmoky haze (marijuana stoned)SMEXICombination of sexy and Mexican, used to describe attractive peopleSMHShaking my headSMHIDScratching my head in disbeliefSNAFUSituation normal all fouled upSNERTSnot nosed egotistical rude teenagerSNRStreaks and Recents (Snapchat)SOSignificant otherSOABSon of a *B*S'OKMeaning It' (s) okay (ok)SOLSooner or laterSOMYSick of me yet?SorGStraight or Gay?SOSMeaning helpSOSSon of SamSOTShort of timeSOTMGShort of time, must goSOWMSomeone with meSPKSpeak (SMS)SRSLYSeriouslySPSTSame place, same timeSPTOSpoke toSQSquareSRYSorrySSSo sorrySSDDSame stuff, different daySSIFSo stupid it's funnySSINFSo stupid it's not funnyST&DStop texting and driveStanMeaning a die-hard fan of someone (Snapchat)STFUShut the *freak* upSTR8StraightSTWSearch the WebSUShut upSUITMSee you in the morningSULSee you laterSUPWhat's up?SUTHSo use(d) to haters (Facebook)SUXMeanings sucks or "it sucks"SUYFShut up you foolSWAGMeaning free stuff and giveaways from tech tradeshows (definition)SWAGScientific wild *a* guessSWAKSent (or sealed) with a kissSWALKSealed (or sealed) with a loving kissSWATScientific wild *butt* guessSWLScreaming with laughterSWMBOShe who must be obeyed. Meaning wife or partnerSYLSee you laterSYSSee you soonSYYShut your yapper"T" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsT+Think positiveT4BUThanks for being youT:)TThink happy thoughtsTAThanks a lotTAFNThat's all for nowTAMTomorro a.m.TANKMeaning really strongTANKEDMeaning "owned"TANKINGMeaning "owning"TARFUThings Are Really *fouled* Up.TAUThinking about u (you)TAUMUALUThinking about you miss you always love youTBAGProcess of disgracing a corpse, taunting a fragged/killed player (online gaming)TBBHTo be brutally honestTBCTo be continuedTBDTo be determinedTBHTo be honestTBLText back laterTBTThrowback Thursday (Twitter slang)TCTake careTCBTake care of businessTCOYTake care of yourselfTDTower defense (online gaming)TD2MTalk dirty to meTDTMTalk dirty to meTEAMeaning gossipTFFToo *freaking* funnyTFSThanks for sharingTFTFThanks for the follow (Twitter slang)TFTIThanks for the invitationTFTTThanks for this tweet (Twitter slang)TGThank goodnessTGIFThank God it's FridayTHNQThank-you (SMS)THNXThanksTHOTThat wh*re over thereTHTThink happy thoughtsTHXThanksTIAThanks in advanceTIADTomorrow is another dayTICTongue-in-cheekTILToday I learnedTILISTell it like it isTIRTeacher in roomTLK2UL8RTalk to you laterTLToo longTL;DRToo long; didn't readTMTrust meTMATake my adviceTMBText me backTMBTweet me back (Twitter slang)TMIToo much informationTMOTTrust me on thisTMTHToo much to handleTMYLTell me your locationTMWFITake my word for itTNSTAAFLThere's no such thing as a free lunchTNTTil next timeTOJTears of joyTOSTerms of serviceTOTESTotallyTOUThinking of youTOYThinking of youTPMTomorrow p.m.TPTBThe powers that beTQTe quiero / I love you (Spanish SMS)TSHTripping so hardTSNFThat's so not fairTSTBThe sooner, the betterTTTrending topic (Twitter slang)TTFNTa ta for nowTTLYTotallyTTTTThese things take timeTTULTalk to you laterTUThank youTUITurning you inTURNTMeaning excitement, turned upTWSSThat's what she saidTTGTime to goTTYAFNTalk to you awhile from nowTTYLTalk to you laterTTYSTalk to you soonTYThank youTYFCThank you for charity (online gaming)TYFYCThank you for your commentTYSTold you soTYTTake your timeTYSOThank you so muchTYAFYThank you and *freak* youTYVMThank you very muchTXThanks"U" Text Message / Chat Abbreviations^URSUp yoursUCMUYou crack me upUDIUnidentified drinking injury (meaning bruise, scratch, ache and so on)UDMU (You) da (the) manUDSUgly domestic sceneUFBUn *freaking* believableUFNUntil further noticeUFWMYou *freaking* with me?UGTBKYou've got to be kiddingUHGTBSMYou have got to be s#$t*ing me!UKTRYou know that's rightULUploadU-LMeaning "You will"UNAUse no acronymsUN4TUN8UnfortunateUNBLEFBLEUnbelievableUNCRTNUncertainUNPCUn- (not) politically correctUOK(Are) You ok?URYou are / You'reUR2YS4MEYou are too wise for meURA*You are a starURHYou are hot (U R Hot)URSKTMYou are so kind to meURTMYou are the manURWYou are welcomeUSBCAUntil something better comes alongUSUUsuallyUTUnreal Tournament (online gaming)UT2LYou take too longUTMYou tell meUVUnpleasant visualUWYou're welcomeUXUser experience"V" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsVVeryVATValue added taxVBLVisible bra lineVBSVery big smileVCVoice chatVEGVery evil grinVFFVery freaking funnyVFMValue for moneyVGCVery good conditionVGGVery good game (online gaming)VGHVery good hand (online gaming)VIPVery important personVMVoice mailVNVery niceVNHVery nice hand (online gaming)VoIPVoice over Internet Protocol (definition)VRYVeryVSCVery soft chuckleVSFVery sad faceVWDVery well done (online gaming)VWPVery well played (online gaming)"W" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsW@What?W/WithW/BWelcome backW3WWW (Web address)W8WaitWAHWorking at homeWAJWhat a jerkWAMWait a minuteWAN2Want to? (SMS)WAN2TLKWant to talkWAREZMeaning pirated (illegally gained) softwareWASWait a secondWASWild *a* guessWATWhatWAWAWhere are we at?WAYFWhere are you from?W/BWrite backWBWelcome backWBSWrite back soonWBUWhat about you?WCWelcomeWCWho caresWCAWho cares anywayW/EWhateverW/ENDWeekendWEWhateverWEBOWebopediaWEEBODescribes a person obsessed with of Japanese cultureWEPWeapon (online gaming)WH5Who, what, when, where, whyWHATEVESWhateverWIBNIWouldn't it be nice ifWDALYICWho died and left you in chargeWDYKWhat do you know?WDYTWhat do you think?WGACAWhat do you think?WIIFMWhat's in it for me?WISPWinning is so pleasurableWITPWhat is the point?WITWWhat in the worldWIUWrap it upWKWeekWKDWeekendWRTWith regard toWLWhatta loserW/OWithoutWOAWork of ArtWOKESlang for people who are aware of current social issues, and politicsWOMBATWaste of money, brains and timeWOWWorld of Warcraft (online gaming)WRKWorkWRUWhere are you?WRU@Where are you at?WRUDWhat are you doing?WTBWant to buy (online gaming)WTFWhat the *freak* ?WTFEWhat the *freak* everWTFOWhat the *freak* ?, over.WTGWay to goWTGPWant to go private (talk out of public chat area)WTHWhat the heck?WTMWho's the man?WTSWant to sell? (online gaming)WTTWant to trade? (online gaming)WUWhat's up?WUCIWUGWhat you see is what you getWUFWhere are you from?WUPWhat's up?WUTMeaning "what"WUWWhat u (you) want?WUU2What are you up to?WUZMeaning "was"WWJDWhat would Jesus do?WWJDWhat Would Judd Do? (Artist Donald Judd, who was known to do things in his own compulsive way.)WWNCWill wonders never ceaseWWYCWrite when you canWYCMWill you call me?WYDWhat (are) you doing?WYGAMWhen you get a minuteWYHAMWhen you have a minuteWYLEIWhen you least expect itWYSIWYGWhat you see is what you getWYWHWish you were here"X" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsX-1-10Meaning "Exciting"XKissX!Meaning "a typical woman"XDMeaning "really hard laugh" (where D is a smiley mouth)XDMeaning a "devilish smile"XMEExcuse MeXOXOXOHugs & KissesXLNTExcellentXLR8Meaning "faster" or "going faster"XPOSTMeaning Cross-post. A link posted to a subreddit that was already shared on a different subreddit (Reddit)XYLEx-young lady, meaning wife. (amateur radio)XYZExamine your zipper"Y" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsY?Why?YMeaning YawnY2KYou're too kindYAYourYAAYet another acronymYABAYet another bloody acronymYARLYYa, really?YASMeaning "praise"YBICYour brother in ChristYBSYou'll be sorryYCDBWYCIDYou can't do business when your computer is downYCHTYou can have themYCLIUYou can look it upYCMUYou crack me upYCTMeaning Your comment to?YDYesterdayYEETMeaning excitement, approval or display of energy (i.e. throwing something)YFWifeYGYoung gentlemanYGGYou go girlYGTBKMYou've got to be kidding meYGTRYou got that rightYHBTYou have been trolledYHBWYou have been warnedYHLYou have lostYIUYes, I understandYKWYou know whatYKWYCDYou know what you can doYLYoung ladyYMMVYour mileage may varyYNKYou never knowYOLOYou only live onceYRYourYRYeah rightYRYOCCYou're running your own cuckoo clockYSICYour sister in ChristYSYDYeah sure you doYTYouTubeYTYou there?YTBYou're the bestYTBYouth talk backYTTLYou take too longYTGYou're the greatestYWYou're welcomeYWHNBYes, we have no bananasYWHOLYelling "woohoo" out loudYWSYLSYou win some, you lose someYYSSWYeah, yeah, sure, sure, whatever"Z" Text Message / Chat AbbreviationsZZeroZZ's are calling (meaning going to bed/sleep)ZMeaning "Said"Z%ZooZHSleeping HourZOMGUsed in World of Warcraft to mean OMG (Oh My God)ZOTZero toleranceZUPMeaning "What's up?"ZZZZSleeping (or bored)The History of Text MessagingDid you Know...? The world's first text message was sent from a computer to a cellphone by British engineer, Neil Papworth on December 03, 1992. It read: "Merry Christmas" and this single text message revolutionized the way we communicate.

First of all, the terms “public” and “militia” did not have universally accepted meanings at the time just prior to the U.S. Constitution being developed and ratified.In the U.S. Constitution itself, “public” was used to descriptively refer to anything pertaining to the people generally. Hence the references to “public Trust,” “public danger,” and so on.Prior to this, the term “publick” was often thought to mean some uncountable, or referring to the many, not specifically used as a noun in the same way we would today. Rather, it had different meanings employed depending on the context and locale it was being used in. It could be used to refer to the large quantity of people generally, for example the “publick good” might be used just as would be the “general publick” or the “publick populace” in other usages not universally adopted. (“Populace”as an ancillary example was derived from Middle French and Italian precursors.) Examples (including, but not limited to, the use of “publick” as a noun to refer to the people generally):publick - Wiktionary“A MODEST PROPOSAL For preventing the children of poor people in Ireland, from being a burden on their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to the publick. by Dr. Jonathan Swift 1729”“Populace” was considered to mean also the same as “populacy” and was also understood by most persons in the late 1700s in what is now the United States of America, to mean the same thing as what we understand “the public” to mean today. Thus, “the publick,” or the “publick populacy,” literally defined in a commonly accepted dictionary of the time used by the Founders, meant “the common people,” which was in fact synonymous with the unorganized form of the “militia.”See “Populacy” at: " Page View - A Dictionary of the English Language - Samuel Johnson - 1755Language was substantially in flux at the time as much of language is today. Contrary to the beliefs of some, however, the U.S. Constitution is not a “living document,” but rather is a foundation for the rest of our laws; and is the highest law of the land. Although it has had quite a few amendments, it has had very few repeal actions which invalidated prior amendments. The Second Amendment, like the First, will never be erased so long as there is still a United States of America, unless a favored political group decides they wish to do that and thus risk a Second Civil War. Yet if that comes to pass, it is those who are armed, and those who persist in battle, that would win, regardless of the might of their adversary. For examples of this outside the United States, look up the terms “Vietnam” or “Winter War” (where, with respect to the “Winter War,” the much smaller country, Finland, was arguably the victor in terms of its ability to deter Russian campaigns).In practice however, the terms which we now understand as “public” and the “militia” were, for all intents and purposes, synonymous at the time, in words as frequently employed in late 1700s usage.Unfortunately for people interested in using this question as a rationale for banning guns, the answers previously provided arguing against the idea of the public (as in, the people generally) as the militia at time of ratification, are not merely uninformed, but just flat wrong.Some have suggested slaves did not meaningfully participate in the Revolutionary War in an organized or unorganized “militia.” While slavery is a horrific practice, only part of which was defeated via the Civil War, it is historically incorrect to suggest slaves did not voluntarily help during the Revolutionary War. Some were indeed given the choice to do so and others rebelled so that they could participate despite the severe and oppressive treatment which made it nearly impossible to utilize their personal agency in a manner they would wish regarding a “militia.” The below quotes are from a Wikipedia article with links to original source text.“Recent research concludes there were 9000 blacks occupying both combative and supportive roles in the Patriot side of the war, counting the Continental Army and Navy, and state militia units, as well as privateers, wagoneers in the Army, servants to officers, spies, and support roles. [1]As between 200,000 and 250,000 soldiers and militia served during the revolution in total, that would mean black soldiers made up approximately four percent of the Patriots' numbers. Of the 9,000 black soldiers, 5,000 were combat dedicated troops. [2]Notably, the average length of time in service for an African American soldier during the war was four and a half years (due to many serving for the whole eight-year duration), which was eight times longer than the average period for white soldiers. Meaning that while they were only four percent of the manpower base, they comprised around a quarter of the Patriots' strength in terms of man-hours, though this includes supportive roles. [3]”From Battlefields ( Home ) we can also find reference to unorganized militia or “publick” in terms of contribution of women, probably more widespread than written history acknowledges, including in ad hoc combat which is to say on an as-need-be basis. The below quotes are from Battlefields[.]org with links to ancillary event summaries.“Sometimes they were flung into the vortex of battle. Such was the case of Mary Ludwig Hays, better known as Molly Pitcher, who earned fame at the Battle of Monmouth in 1778. Hays first brought soldiers water from a local well to quench their thirst on an extremely hot and humid day and then replaced her wounded husband at his artillery piece, firing at the oncoming British. In a similar vein, Margaret Corbin was severely wounded during the British assault on Fort Washington in November 1776 and left for dead alongside her husband, also an artilleryman, until she was attended by a physician. She lived, though her wounds left her permanently disabled. History recalls her as the first American female to receive a soldier’s lifetime pension after the war.Phillis Wheatley, an enslaved African American living in Boston, took up the pen and wrote poetry, becoming one of the first published female authors in America and the first African American woman to be published. Her 1773 collection Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral was popular on both sides of the Atlantic. Her poems focused on patriotism and human virtues. She even wrote a poem about George Washington, “To His Excellency, George Washington” in 1775, which she personally read to him at his Cambridge headquarters in 1776 while he was with the Continental Army in Massachusetts besieging the British. Her visit was the result of an invitation from Washington. Wheatley obtained her freedom upon the death of her master in 1778.New York teenager Sibyl Ludington, was the female equivalent of Paul Revere, though she rode twice as far as Revere and in a driving rainstorm in April, 1777. Her ride took her through Putnam and Dutchess Counties, New York where she roused local militia to fight a British force that had attacked nearby Danbury, Connecticut. The Daughters of the American Revolution erected a heroic equestrian statue to Ludington in Carmel, New York along the forty mile route she traveled.”You would be hard pressed indeed to suggest that Sibyl Ludington was not a member of the “publick” as it might have been employed in parts of the country at the time (or the “populacy” as more defined then), just as much as she was part of an ad-hoc and unorganized militia action. Those who suggest otherwise apparently never heard of guerrilla tactics as have been used in the field since before the first European to visit the country even set foot on Native American lands.Let's examine the current U.S. Code on the meaning of “militia.” This draws from historical precedent in terms of meaning of the “militia.”10 U.S. Code § 246 - Militia: composition and classes(a) The militia of the United States consists of all able-bodied males at least 17 years of age and, except as provided in section 313 of title 32, under 45 years of age who are, or who have made a declaration of intention to become, citizens of the United States and of female citizens of the United States who are members of the National Guard.(b)The classes of the militia are—(1) the organized militia, which consists of the National Guard and the Naval Militia; and(2) the unorganized militia, which consists of the members of the militia who are not members of the National Guard or the Naval Militia.(Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 14, § 311; Pub. L. 85–861, § 1(7), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1439; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title V, § 524(a), Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1656; renumbered § 246, Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XII, § 1241(a)(2), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2497.)The Heller U.S. Supreme Court DecisionSince the Heller decision, the meaning of the unorganized militia, specifically referring to “the members of the militia who are not members of the National Guard or the Naval Militia,” and who are 17 or older, has been construed by the U.S. Supreme Court to represent those who possess the individual right, whether or not they in fact own arms, since the right to bear arms and defend one's kith and kin is independent of both modern law and possession of any material object or association with any group. This is based on historical precedent, since historically the militia have been understood to be the whole of the people.Quote below from the Heller decision:“As we will describe below, the “militia” in colonial America consisted of a subset of “the people”—those who were male, able bodied, and within a certain age range. Reading the Second Amendment as protecting only the right to “keep and bear Arms” in an organized militia therefore fits poorly with the operative clause’s description of the holder of that right as “the people.”We start therefore with a strong presumption that the Second Amendment right is exercised individually and belongs to all Americans.”If that wasn't clear enough, you can try this historical reference:Thomas Jefferson on Politics & Government47. The Military & the MilitiaA standing army has always been used by despots to enforce their rule and to keep their people under subjection. Its existence was therefore considered a great threat to peace and stability in a republic and a danger to the rights of the nation. Since every aspect of government was designed to prevent the rise of tyranny, strict limits and control over the military were considered absolutely necessary. It was essential that the military be subordinate to civilian control."The supremacy of the civil over the military authority I deem [one of] the essential principles of our Government, and consequently [one of] those which ought to shape its administration." --Thomas Jefferson: 1st Inaugural, 1801."The freest governments in the world have their army under absolute government. Republican form and principles [are] not to be introduced into government of an army." --Thomas Jefferson: Notes Concerning the Right of Removal from Office, 1780. Papers 4:282"[A commander who conducts a] great military contest with wisdom and fortitude [will] invariably [regard] the rights of the civil power through all disasters and changes." --Thomas Jefferson: Address to George Washington, 1783.(*) Papers 6:413"Instead of subjecting the military to the civil power, [a tyrant will make] the civil subordinate to the military. But can [he] thus put down all law under his feet? Can he erect a power superior to that which erected himself? He [can do] it indeed by force, but let him remember that force cannot give right." --Thomas Jefferson: Rights of British America, 1774.(*) ME 1:209, Papers 1:134"No military commander should be so placed as to have no civil superior." --Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Smith, 1801. FE 8:2947.1 The Uses of the Military"It is probable... that not knowing how to use the military as a civil weapon, [the civil authority] will do too much or too little with it." --Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, 1789."To carry on our war with success, we want able officers, and a sufficient number of soldiers. The former, time and trial can alone give us; to procure the latter, we need only the tender of sufficient inducements and the assiduous pressure of them on the proper subjects." --Thomas Jefferson to John Clarke, 1814. ME 14:79"Bonaparte will conquer the world, if they do not learn his secret of composing armies of young men only, whose enthusiasm and health enable them to surmount all obstacles." --Thomas Jefferson to Barnabas Bidwell, 1806. ME 11:116"There should be a school of instruction for our navy as well as artillery; and I do not see why the same establishment might not suffice for both. Both require the same basis of general mathematics, adding projectiles and fortifications for the artillery exclusively, and astronomy and theory of navigation exclusively for the naval students." --Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 1821. ME 15:334"Neither a nation nor those entrusted with its affairs could be justifiable, however sanguine their expectations, in trusting solely to an engine not yet sufficiently tried under all the circumstances which may occur, and against which we know not as yet what means of parrying may be devised." --Thomas Jefferson to Robert Fulton, 1807. ME 11:328"I believe now we should be gainers were we to burn our whole navy, and build what we should be able on plans approved by experience and not warped to the whimsical ideas of individuals, who do not consider that if their projects miscarry their country is in a manner undone." --Thomas Jefferson to Richard Henry Lee, 1779. Papers 3:3947.2 Against Standing Armies"There are instruments so dangerous to the rights of the nation and which place them so totally at the mercy of their governors that those governors, whether legislative or executive, should be restrained from keeping such instruments on foot but in well-defined cases. Such an instrument is a standing army." --Thomas Jefferson to David Humphreys, 1789. ME 7:323"I do not like [in the new Federal Constitution] the omission of a Bill of Rights providing clearly and without the aid of sophisms for... protection against standing armies." --Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 1787. ME 6:387"Nor is it conceived needful or safe that a standing army should be kept up in time of peace for [defense against invasion]." --Thomas Jefferson: 1st Annual Message, 1801. ME 3:334"Standing armies [are] inconsistent with [a people's] freedom and subversive of their quiet." --Thomas Jefferson: Reply to Lord North's Proposition, 1775. Papers 1:231"The spirit of this country is totally adverse to a large military force." --Thomas Jefferson to Chandler Price, 1807. ME 11:160"A distinction between the civil and military [is one] which it would be for the good of the whole to obliterate as soon as possible." --Thomas Jefferson: Answers to de Meusnier Questions, 1786. ME 17:90"It is nonsense to talk of regulars. They are not to be had among a people so easy and happy at home as ours. We might as well rely on calling down an army of angels from heaven." --Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 1814. ME 14:207"There shall be no standing army but in time of actual war." --Thomas Jefferson: Draft Virginia Constitution, 1776. Papers 1:363"The Greeks and Romans had no standing armies, yet they defended themselves. The Greeks by their laws, and the Romans by the spirit of their people, took care to put into the hands of their rulers no such engine of oppression as a standing army. Their system was to make every man a soldier and oblige him to repair to the standard of his country whenever that was reared. This made them invincible; and the same remedy will make us so." --Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Cooper, 1814. ME 14:184"Bonaparte... transferred the destinies of the republic from the civil to the military arm. Some will use this as a lesson against the practicability of republican government. I read it as a lesson against the danger of standing armies." --Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Adams, 1800. ME 10:15447.3 Against Forced Enlistment"In this country, [a draught from the militia] ever was the most unpopular and impracticable thing that could be attempted. Our people, even under the monarchical government, had learnt to consider it as the last of all oppressions." --Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 1777. ME 4:286, Papers 2:18"The breaking men to military discipline is breaking their spirits to principles of passive obedience." --Thomas Jefferson to John Jay, 1788. ME 7:1947.4 Controlling the Military"If no check can be found to keep the number of standing troops within safe bounds while they are tolerated as far as necessary, abandon them altogether, discipline well the militia and guard the magazines with them. More than magazine guards will be useless if few and dangerous if many. No European nation can ever send against us such a regular army as we need fear, and it is hard if our militia are not equal to those of Canada or Florida." --Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 1788."Our duty is... to act upon things as they are and to make a reasonable provision for whatever they may be. Were armies to be raised whenever a speck of war is visible in our horizon, we never should have been without them. Our resources would have been exhausted on dangers which have never happened instead of being reserved for what is really to take place." --Thomas Jefferson: 6th Annual Message, 1806. ME 3:424"[Montesquieu wrote in his Spirit of the Laws, XIII,c.17:] 'As soon as one prince augments his forces, the rest, of course, do the same; so that nothing is gained thereby but the public ruin.'" --Thomas Jefferson: copied into his Commonplace Book."The following [addition to the Bill of Rights] would have pleased me:... All troops of the United States shall stand ipso facto disbanded at the expiration of the term for which their pay and subsistence shall have been last voted by Congress, and all officers and soldiers not natives of the United States shall be incapable of serving in their armies by land except during a foreign war." --Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 1789.The Jefferson quotes are from the following source: https://famguardian.org/Subjects/Politics/ThomasJefferson/jeffcont.htmAnd:"[The] governor [is] constitutionally the commander of the militia of the State, that is to say, of every man in it able to bear arms." --Thomas Jefferson to A. L. C. Destutt de Tracy, 1811."Uncertain as we must ever be of the particular point in our circumference where an enemy may choose to invade us, the only force which can be ready at every point and competent to oppose them, is the body of neighboring citizens as formed into a militia. On these, collected from the parts most convenient, in numbers proportioned to the invading foe, it is best to rely, not only to meet the first attack, but if it threatens to be permanent, to maintain the defence until regulars may be engaged to relieve them." --Thomas Jefferson: 1st Annual Message, 1801. ME 3:334Or the following:"I ask who are the militia? They consist now of the whole people, except a few public officers."[2]- George Mason, Address to the Virginia Ratifying Convention, June 4, 1788"Before a standing army can rule, the people must be disarmed, as they are in almost every country in Europe. The supreme power in America cannot enforce unjust laws by the sword; because the whole body of the people are armed, and constitute a force superior to any band of regular troops."[3]- Noah Webster, An Examination of the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution, October 10, 1787"The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. A well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the best and most natural defense of a free country."[4]- James Madison, I Annals of Congress 434, June 8, 1789“A militia when properly formed are in fact the people themselves…and include, according to the past and general usuage of the states, all men capable of bearing arms… "To preserve liberty, it is essential that the whole body of the people always possess arms, and be taught alike, especially when young, how to use them."[5]- Richard Henry Lee, Federal Farmer No. 18, January 25, 1788"What, Sir, is the use of a militia? It is to prevent the establishment of a standing army, the bane of liberty. ... Whenever Governments mean to invade the rights and liberties of the people, they always attempt to destroy the militia, in order to raise an army upon their ruins." - Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, spoken during floor debate over the Second Amendment, I Annals of Congress at 750, August 17, 1789An important note on Jefferson (since I quoted from Jefferson extensively): he was a slave owner. This is not excused or dismissed here. However the logic is sound with respect to his statements on the “militia” and his statements on the military. We do not dismiss what he said on the militia, those statements stand on the merit of the logic behind them even though his practice of slavery must not itself be accepted or glossed over. Neither should modern-day slavery, which many Democrats in Congress in 2019 are currently advocating for!It is worth examining what Democrats in California's legislature and in Congress are trying to do with the meaning of militia. They want to alter or eliminate it as part of their assault against rights in the United States of America.First, California Democrats got SB 1100 (2018) passed and signed into law, thinking we could never get it overturned in the courts. False. Isn't that a big part of what this Kavanaugh thing was about? God forbid the Dems have to suffer a U.S. Supreme Court that might actually consider a gun case to overturn a California law. The world might explode! (Never mind that no other state has as many extreme and unconstitutional laws as California does.)So, after SB 1100 (2018). The Democrats reason that if they can get SB 1100 (an unconstitutional age restriction law, which requires people under a certain age to obtain a hunting license — a license unrelated to the exercise of the right which they've banned -- before being able to exercise ownership of a firearm) to stick in California, then they can make age restriction work for other ages too. Remember, if it is upheld at the 9th Circuit they will try to make it precedent in all the States that the 9th Circuit has purview over (and that is a lot of states) unless it is appealed from a 9th Circuit Court decision.Meanwhile, any person in California of really any age, can legally own items not defined as firearms under California law, such as a silenced .45 caliber BB device (does not qualify as a firearm under the law) or a black powder “loose shot” style shotgun or “BP shotgun pistol” (as such “BP” devices do not qualify as firearms).Now go look up the age of unorganized militia (that is, the general public who are not members of an organized militia) in U.S. Code, referred to above:all able-bodied males at least 17 years of age and, except as provided in section 313 of title 32, under 45 years of age who are, or who have made a declaration of intention to become, citizens of the United States(Note that under the Equal Protection Clause, and in the Heller decision, this means the right to keep and bear arms for one's own defense is understood to be applicable for all persons, regardless of their gender. The right is not flowing from the U.S. Constitution, but rather is a natural right predating the U.S. Constitution, and even predating the Biblical composition.)That is what was used as a baseline for who gets an individual right under Heller (2008). The “unorganized” means in that context, not affiliated with a militia - just being individuals, who are nonetheless understood to have the right independent of their status in an organized militia, since they aren't normally in, and may never be in, an organized militia.It should come as no surprise that the vile nature of Democrats in California has spread to the House in Congress, where Democrats introduced a clone of California's SB 1100 (2018) in an attempt to age-ban everyone in the United States — this proposal is known simply as HR 717:Oppose HR 717 - Bans Americans Under 21 From Exercising their 2A RightsFortunately, this irrational and heartless proposal will not move forward in the Senate.

There may be some rambling here as this is a pretty extensive (and technical) subject, but I will try and keep it to layman’s terms and not get to deep into the physics of it all….Basic issues: There are 3 main hazards:a nuclear explosion (either a fission “Atomic” bomb or a fusion “Hydrogen” bomb. Of these 2, the fusion bomb is orders of magnitude more powerful: an “atomic” bomb tops out at about 500 kilotons (for comparison, the bombs at Hiroshoma and Nagasaki were about 12 Ktons and 16 Ktons respectively), a “hydrogen” bomb, about 50–100 megatons. and I am talking about just the explosion damage, nothing about the radiation/contamination issues there will be (which will be point #2). This also includes heat damage (which you do not really get from a conventional explosion) and resulting fires, etc., which are not nuclear hazards, per se, just a result of the big nuclear explosion which also generates high temperatures (think how hot the sun is!). These are immediate/short-term effects. You end up with a big hole on the ground, lots of people dead, and big fires. But, once the fires are out and people taken care of you could start rebuilding - if it were not for:contamination/radiation. This is the main long-term effect of any nuclear material whether from a nuclear explosion or just a normal “nuclear” material (whether bomb debris, medical isotopes, fuel from a power plant, natural uranium, etc..). The radiation can also effect mechanical systems, especially the small (molecular level) size of much of today’s electronic systems. The radiation can “break” at the small connections in the micro-electronic circuitry. I am not overly familiar with this area, so will not discuss in detail.The Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) emitted during a nuclear explosion (best done with a high level air burst). This pulse will fry any unhardened electronic circuits putting at risk any thing using those circuits (jets, vehicles, etc.) This is one of the biggest difference between civilian grade and military grade electronics - the military stuff is encased in materials to shield the micro-electronics from the electrical wave that will short out/destroy the circuits. But, this would probably be done as the first step in a nuclear attack, so there is not much we can do about it if it happens….And here is where it gets really technical. From a basic standpoint, the problem with contamination/radiation is the damage caused by ionizing radiation. Nuclear contamination in and of itself is not a problem if the contamination is kept away from living cells. There are hundreds of pounds of nuclear “contamination” inside a Nuclear Power Plant, but because it is shielded, we do not feel the effects of that “contamination”. It is when living cells are exposed to radiation from contamination that the problems start occurring.So, at the very basic level, radiation is harmful because it damages cells - either outright killing them or mutating the DNA/RNA chains. If these mutated cells then start reproducing, they become what we know better as cancer. But, cancer is kind of a generic term for “out of control mutating cells” whether caused by radiation or chemical/physical issues - just different flavors, so to speak. Whereas the physical cancers tend to only affect the person they have “infected” (lung cancer, thyroid cancer for instance), “cancer” from radiation and chemicals can actually be passed on via birth (deformed babies, still births, etc). One of the most notorious episodes of a chemical “cancer” were the thalidomide babies of the 1960s caused by pregnant women taking the sleep aid thalidomide. This chemical caused severe deformities in many of the babies born to women who used this sleep aid. And of course, there are many substances we use on a routine basis that are either known or possible cancer causing agents. The biggest thing in any of these is the type of exposure, strength of exposure, and how long you are exposed.But, back to the nuclear type of cancer.First, type of exposure. There are 4 basic types of radiation exposure;X-ray/gamma radiation (sunlight is an example). Very light - almost no mass, but can be highly energetic and very hard to shield as it travels through almost anything. Best for shielding - lead, steel, concrete,etc.charged/beta particles (free protons/electrons). about 1 AMU for protons, .oo1 AMU for electrons. Again, very energetic, but can be shielded by light materials - polyethylene, water. The protons, especially are relatively easy to shield because of their relative size and the fact that they are charged and will be attracted to other material . The electrons, while they can travel farther have less mass so are much less damaging than the protons. Beta particles also cause secondary ionization when they hit an atom, bounce off and create a gamma ray in the process. If you swallow a beta emitter, you lose a lot of the shielding effect and the resultant radiation can directly affect cells. Some materials are natural beta emitters, others become beta emitters through the fission or interaction with other radiation that drives off electrons.Neutron radiation (free neutrons). 2 types of neutrons - fast and slow (thermal). Fast neutrons travel feet, slow neutrons, inches. Uranium likes slow neutrons, plutonium likes fast neutrons. To get these at any appreciable level, you have to have a chain nuclear reaction in progress - either an atomic bomb or a nuclear power plant. Even though uranium decays naturally and emits neutrons in the process, unless it has been mined and refined (concentrated) the yield is so low (and unable to maintain a chain reaction) that it is not really an issue outside of a man-caused situation. And, in fact, unless it is a weapons grade or Naval Nuclear plant grade uranium, it is still not a danger. The fuel pellets used in civilian power plants emit so little radiation that you can hold the pellets in your hand (I have done so). The best shielding for neutrons is water/polyethylene - very light (atomically speaking) materials - as they will slow the neutrons down until they no longer have the energy to cause damage. But, until that point, they can be very damaging as they will not be attracted to atoms to be absorbed, and as the fast neutrons travel through the body they will slow down as the strike the body (75% water…) and cause physical damage as they travel through the body cells “fissioning” smaller cells apart. And, of course, causing gamma rays to be emitted, also, which will then cause their own damage.Alpha particles (free nuclei of atoms - usually helium atoms - stripped of electrons). Very heavy, and can cause lots of cellular damage (think the damage of a BB compared to that of a 50 caliber bullet). The good thing, though, is that even a piece of paper will shield alpha particles. So, again, unless ingested, not a serious health issue.Second, strength of the exposure (dose rate). There are many things that come into play here, the basic being the “energy” of the particle. The higher the energy, the more damage it can cause (think about the damage cause by a bb pellet thrown at you by a person to that caused by the same bb shot out of a bb gun…). Here is where the scientist would start talking about Mev (million electron volts - how we measure the energy of atomic/sub-atomic particles) and such, but trying to keep this at a level most folks can understand.One of the basic definitions for exposure is the roentgen - but it just measures the energy of the radiation. It doesn’t take into account what the effect on the body will be. We convert the type and strength of the radiation into what we call the REM (Roentgen Equivalent Man). For example, even though the alpha particle is very heavy and can be very energetic compared to a gamma ray, because of the size of the alpha particle, it is stopped by nothing more than a sheet of paper or clothing whereas the gamma ray can penetrate many feet of material. Thus, a gamma ray emitter is actually more damaging to our cell structure (DNA/RNA) than an alpha particle emitter - unless the alpha emitter is swallowed…. So a high-dose gamma ray emitter (such as from a nuclear explosion, nuclear power plant, or the sun (think melanoma - a skin cancer caused by excessive sun tanning)) is a danger.And this also gets into whether the exposure is an acute exposure (high-level, short-term - say from a bomb or un-shielded medical/engineering isotopes causing radiation sickness, etc.) or a chronic exposure (low-level, long-term exposure - again, melanoma caused by over-exposure to sun over years). Back in 1962, in Mexico City, a boy found a free (unshielded) medical isotope and took it home. It just looked like a chunk of metal. He and 3 of his family members died within about 2 months before authorities figured out what was going on and what to look for.1962 Mexico City radiation accident - WikipediaThird: length of the exposure: How long are you exposed to the dose rate. Again, this gets into whether the dose is acute or chronic. Acute doses that lead to radiation sickness are very easy to diagnose and treat/be aware of. Chronic doses are more insidious and harder to pin down as to exact effect on the body as so many cancers caused by chronic radiation exposure can also be attributed to chemical/physical cancers. The Naval Nuclear age is only about 65–70 years old, so still need to collect data, but, so far, all of the studies done on Naval Nuclear Power Plant operators has shown no adverse effects of staying below the national limits (see below), but history is still too new to really determine the long-term (50–70 years) affect of chronic doses of low-level radiation. This also applies to many of the chemical cancer causing items that we have around us. As long as we don’t overexpose ourselves to these items (such as having to drink hundreds of gallons of a certain item for years to see a small chance for a cancer increase), their chances of causing cancer are low.This is where I talk about the ability of the body to repair itself. If any cell is damaged, the body can either repair the cell, given time, or just “kill” it off (white blood cells). So even a short term acute exposure may not cause long-term issues as the body has a chance to repair itself, whereas a lower level, chronic exposure may cause problems as the cells never have a chance to fully repair themselves before they are “damaged” again and replicate themselves. The acute dose where you expect to see some outward effect (radiation sickness) is about 50–100 REM. About 500 REM is the 50% lethal dose - half the people exposed to this level are expected to die. Above about 600 REM is almost 100% fatal. The national limit for Radiation workers is 5 REM/year, but realistically, we try and keep this below 500 Mrem/year.So, overall hazards of various types of “radiation emitters”X-rays/Gamma radiation: the most plentiful and something we are exposed to every day (unless we are deep underground). Also the most dangerous on a routine basis as they say, “familiarity breeds contempt”. It is a part of life. We get this from sunlight, natural radiation sources, dental/medical x-rays, etc. Variables are where you live (the higher in altitude, the less atmosphere (shielding) between you and the sun and the more exposure. A person living in Denver, Colorado will receive more natural exposure compared to a person living at sea level. The US national “average” for exposure due to natural causes (sunlight, medical/dental x-rays, other natural emitters) is about 300 mrem (millli-reontgen equivalent man, 1 millionth of a REM), 400 for someone in Denver. Generally not an issue for acute doses, but a long-term concern. And, again, effective shielding is very heavy, very big. If I remember correctly (please correct me if wrong…), 2″ of lead will reduce gamma radiation by 90%, compared to 4″ of steel, 24″ of water,or several feet of concrete/brick/soil. Another source that can be a real issue (see Mexico City above) are high-density medical or industrial gamma emitters that are normally shielded, but un-shielded when used for the purpose they are designed for. One of these uses is when checking welds on high-pressure/security welds. The film is set-up, the “eye” of the camera is set up on the other side of the film with the weld to be “photographed” between them. The isotope is kept shielded, the compartment is evacuated and extra shielding erected if necessary. When they do the “shot” they mechanically (on a reel) move the source from the shielded case along a track until it is the “eye” of the camera, where the gamma radiation travels through the weld and the materiel welded to leave a picture on the film. The time it is “exposed” is calculated, and is reeled back to the stowed (shielded) position when that time is up. Very high level sources!! Even moving the case (a heavy, lead shielded case) is along a mapped out route and there are guards in front and back to keep stray people away from the path of the container back to the transport vehicle, which is shielded further.Beta particles: One of the best known beta particle emitters are the Van Allen Radiation belts in space. There are 2 (sometimes 3, depends on solar flare activity) belts, centered around the equator, extending several hundred to a couple of thousand miles into space like big donuts around the earth. It is caused by the magnetic field of the earth “sucking up” charged particles emitted by the sun. The levels can be several hundred rem/hour of exposure. This is an issue for space travelers, especially for those leaving the influence of the earth beyond low earth orbit (moon landings, inter-planetary space vehicles). But by sending the space vehicles along the edges of the belts (north or south) and minimizing the time they are exposed to the belts, they limit the exposure of astronauts and equipment to these radiation levels. And, again, we do not see that on the earth as the atmosphere protects us from this “natural” beta emitter. Where you might see beta particle emitters in the public would be during a nuclear incident - whether by accident (Three-Mile Island, Chernoybl) or intention (“dirty” bomb - not a nuclear explosion, but a conventional weapon that is encased in nuclear materials that become dust when the bomb is exploded) or even a nuclear weapon is exploded. Again, it does not take much to shield Beta particles, but if the emitter (say, contaminated dust from a bomb) were to be dispersed in the air or in a public water system it could be ingested internally where it can now cause problems.Neutron Radiation. Again, really only present in worrisome levels during a nuclear chain reaction - atomic bomb or power plant. And very short term effects as far as the bomb is concerned. We shield the reactors to minimize exposure to the general public and the workers. If a bomb is exploded (remember the neutron bomb we were going to deploy back in the 70s??), it will kill off the people operating the equipment, but will otherwise leave the area (except that right in the blast radius of the bomb), relatively uncontaminated so it can be occupied by our soldiers.Alpha emitters. Again, easy to shield - even your layer of skin will stop the alpha radiation from affecting your internal organs. So, it needs to be targeted which is not easy to do as not all cells are affected the same (I will not get into the particulars).But, in all cases of radiation, no matter what the shielding, if the source is extremely powerful, the resultant dose rate can still be excessive. It all comes down to time, distance, shielding: minimize the time exposed, be as far as possible from the source, use shielding as necessary.So, in the long run, and to finally get to the “final answer” the long-term nuclear hazard that the general public is likely to see from a nuclear issue is the resulting contamination from an incident that will then cause ionizing radiation to be emitted, to varying degrees of lethality. The most likely cause of this would be an accident at a Nuclear Power Plant (Fukishima, Chernoybl), or a terrorist incident (a dirty bomb). In the case of both Chernoybl and Fukishima, there were design issues that worsened the accidents. Three Mile Island was really a personnel error - if they had done nothing, there would probably not have been the melt-down. As it was, even with the personnel errors, the exposure to the general public was essentially zero because of the design of the plant/containment building. And, even in Chernoybol, you are allowed access to the “exclusion area”, but on a day pass only to minimize the cumulative effect, so even though the contamination is still there, they have managed the exposure.Now, if you are talking about high-level nuclear waste such as removed fuel cells, waste from military applications (read bombs…), industrial/medical waste (sources that are not strong enough to do their job anymore, but are still a high-level source) these do have a radiation exposure issue. In almost all cases though, they are encased so are not an ingestion hazard, but need to be isolated from the general public. Here, distance is the best shielding(along with some material shielding(but that is more for security and to minimize the exposure to workers), along with sequestration - do not store the materials too close together. These materials would be a problem if used as part of a “dirty bomb” as you would then spread contamination over a large area. BTW, fuel used in power plants cannot be used to build a bomb as it is not enriched enough to get the proper dimensions for a bomb. You would just get a very hot device that would eventually melt until it spreads itself out enough to “self extinguish”.Not sure if there is a way to prevent a terrorist-type incident with nuclear material except to keep tabs on nuclear material. And, (hopefully) their realization that a dirty bomb knows no boundaries. The wind will pick up material and transport it to places the terrorist may not want it to go.Is that enough??