Steel Round Tapered Poles: Fill & Download for Free

The answers to all these questions boil down to an arbitrary convention: North is (nearly always) at the top of the map, and globes are oriented with the Northern Hemisphere "up." So: Why that convention?The short answer is: Because the convention was made up by people who lived in the Northern Hemisphere.[Fair Warning: The history of cartography isn't my speciality, so what you're getting is the quick-and-dirty version I give my history-of-science-survey and world-history-survey students. See the work of the authors listed at the end for the full story, with all the details in place.]The early civilizations that were centers of geographic and astronomical knowledge—Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, Greece, Rome, Carthage, classical India, Arabia, medieval Western Europe—were all located well north of the equator. (Side note: See Jared Diamond’s book Guns, Germs, and Steel for one possible explanation of why.) The parts of the Earth they knew best, and cared most about, were in the Northern Hemisphere. They were making maps (and, in some cases, globes) long before they had ventured very far into the Southern Hemisphere, or knew much about it. Practicality (the top half of a globe is more visible and accessible than the bottom half) and the widespread cultural equation of “physically higher” with “more important” was probably enough to establish the north-at-the-top convention.Beginning in the mid-1400s, Portugal (especially) and Spain began collecting and synthesizing the best available geographic data in order to produce charts for the sea captains who were scouting their emerging empires. The data all came from Northern-Hemisphere sources noted earlier, and so the Portuguese/Spanish charts enshrined the North-is-up convention. European imperialism spread it around the world in the 16C-19C, overwriting (often by force) native systems of geographic knowledge that may have conceptualized things differently.Further ReadingJohn Noble Wilford, The MapmakersRalph Ehrenberg, Mapping the WorldJeremy Harwood, To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World

LAC BANGLE-MAKERS(Rajasthan India):"Who will buy these delicate, brightRainbow-tinted circles of light?Lustrous tokens of radiant lives,For happy daughters and happy wives."These lyrics penned by the nightingale of India, Sarojini Naidu echo the sentiments that secretly unite womankind all over.Lac bangle making is an art, as old as the establishment of Jaipur city.Lac is the scarlet resinous secretion of a number of species of lac insects.History about the lac bangle makers:The king of Amer summoned the most initial craftsmen from the Manoharpur district of Uttar Pradesh. Once the capital city was instituted, these 'Manihar' craftsmen also shifted their vocational base from Amer to Jaipur. The lane "Maniharon ka raasta",Jaipur is dotted with countless bangle selling shops mostly managed by the muslim Manihari women while their men are away at the kilns and furnaces melting and preparing the raw-material.The antiquity of this natural resin goes as back as the vedas, where the Laksha taru (or Palas) in Sanskrit, or the Lac tree has been mentioned. In the Atharva Veda, there is a small chapter devoted to the description of Lac insect, its habits and usefulness.PROCEDURE of making the lac bangles:ToolsAngethi(coal burner with flat steel plates/sillaon top),kadai(shallow vessel), wooden rod, stonepiece,hattha for pressing and shaping lac, iron bangles for sizing, tin foil, round wooden rod/khali for shaping bangles, cutter, tool for picking sequinshaddi or bone shaped wooden tool.Lac is first melted in a shallow vesselTo this molten Lac, which is originally brick red in color, the bangle makers further add wax (beroza) to increase the cohesiveness, titanium (Ghea pathar) to increase the volume and coloring agents.Uncolored lac pressed with hattha(Generally the quantity of talc varies from 5% to 95% and is highly instrumental in determining the quality of the Lac bangles.)The process of obtaining Lac is carried out in large mud kilns. Semisolid Lac is placed on the hot metal plate coated with a layer of oil, which prevents it from sticking to the plate. This semisolid dough is then rolled into poles, and once dry these poles are sent away to the women who run the shops within the city.heating the colored lac;Roller pins are used to flatten the length of the solid poles and draw sheets out of the chunk. Slender strips are then creased and cropped out of the flat sheet of lacquer and rolled into a bangle like shape.Coil formation using the hatthaCutting the coilThe coil is heated over the burner so that the ends can be joined together to form a bangle. After being joined it is slipped through a round wooden beam (with a tapering end for different sizes) and adjusted for size.Heating the coil to join the the leg.The dimensions of these bangles are adjusted by mild heating on the stove and gentle molding over wooden batons of varying diameters.Sizing the bangle.The bangle is ready to be embellished with sequins, semi-precious stones, etc. The sequins are placed on a tin foil and heated over a burner. They are warmed so that they can melt the lac surface on which they are placed and stick there after solidification. They are picked up one at a time and stuck on the bangle. The process requires great precision. It takes much longer when working with smaller sized sequins.It is interesting to observe the Lac bangles once broken, can easily be rejoined by mild heating and tender fabrication over the wooden mould.Lac Bangle making is just an efficient art as to convert this(raw lac)to this.....aren't these beautiful :)here is the video regarding the procedure to make lac bangles:

Common Masonry Tools used in Masonry Construction01. TrowelThe basic masonry trowel is made up of stainless steel with a plastic/ wooden handle. The ends of trowel may be bull nosed or pointed. This is used to lift and spread mortar in joints during masonry construction. There are different kinds and sizes of trowels used in masonry work.02. Corner TrowelIt is one of the common modifications of the basic trowel. It is used for shaping corners of the wall. They are two types of Corner Trowel.(A) Outside Corner TrowelThere are different designs of outside corner trowel but the one shown at left side with shorter flanges is the most common. These outside corner trowel can have a sharp 90-degree angle or a bull nose (rounded) edge.(B) Inside Corner TrowelThese are more common than the outside corner trowel, just because corner aid is used on the outside corners. They have standard features, comparable to an outside corner tool but also have adjustable models that can get wider or narrower, depending on the angle of the corner.03. Setting Out Square or Mason SquareIt is used to set out right angles at the corner of masonry wall. This is very important and basic tool used in masonry work. This tool has “L” shape. It is made of flat steel having each arm about 0.5 m long.04. Plumb Rule and BobThis basic masonry tool is used to check the verticality of walls. It consists of a string tied to a weight at bottom called bob and straight wood board with uniform edges called plumb rule. On its center a groove is provided in which plumb bob is placed. When the rule is placed vertically with the wall, the plumb bob must be in the groove line indicating the perfect vertical wall. If the plumb ball does not fall on the groove line, the wall will not be vertical.05. Spirit LevelIt is used to check the horizontality and verticality of the surfaces. Spirit level is made of hard plastic or wood with bubble tube in the middle. The bubble tube is partially filled with alcohol in such a way that, an air bubble is formed in it. The spirit level is placed on surface of masonry wall and bubble is checked. The surface is called leveled when the bubble in the tube settles at middle of tube.06. Line and PinsIt is used to maintain the alignment of the work-in-progress. Line and pins consist of a string whose ends are connected with two solid metal rods with pin points. It is used to level line and the alignment of brick course while brick laying in brick masonry work.07. Water LevelIt is used to transfer and check level. It is a simple tool to measure the level at two different points. It is a tool that works on the principle that water always seeks its own level. It consists of flexible tube with liquid, and the liquid at both ends will be at the same level whether you’re holding them together or spreading them a hundred feet apart.08. Boning rodsThey are It is used for levelling from two fixed points in surveying. It consists of an upright pole having a horizontal board at its top, forming a ‘T ‘shaped rod. Boning rods are made in set of three rods, and many consist of three ‘T’ shaped rods, each of equal shape and size, or two rods identical to each other and a third one consisting of longer rod with a movable or detachable ‘T’ piece. The third one is called traveler or traveling rod.09. Spades (phavadas)They are used to mix mortar and also used to place cement, mortar, concrete in head pan. Spade is also used to dig the soil for foundation trenches etc. It consists of metal plate at the end of long wooden handle.10. Mortar Pan / ghamelaMortar pan is commonly used in construction sites and is made of iron or plastic. It is a vessel made of rigid plastic or steel used to hold or carry sand, cement, mortar and concrete. It is also used to mix mortar and to lift mortar on working site. To use a mortar pan, fill it with a quantity of material i.e. sand, cement, mortar etc. that you are comfortable with carrying.11. JointerA jointer in masonry construction is a tool in the form of a striking iron or a striking tool used to finish the horizontal or the vertical mortar joints. A jointer or brick jointer is a hand tool designed to imprint grooves into recently filled mortar joints at the stage when they are starting to set. Using a brick jointer helps to improve and visual impact and the lifespan of the mortar. Jointer is used to refer to any tool which can shape the mortar between bricks.12. BevelIt is employed to set out angles. It comprises of two slotted blades of steel and fixed with each other with thumb screw. It is a tool consisting of two rules or arms joined together and opening to any angle.13. Pick AxeIt is employed for rough dressing of stones and to split the stones in the quarry. It has a long head pointed at both ends.14. Crow BarIt is employed for dressing the surface of stones. This consists of an iron edge with a number of teeth from 3 mm to 9 mm.15. ChiselThey are used with mallets and with hammers. A chisel is used for normal splitting, roughing out and shaping the stone. Chisels are available in different sizes with bladed, flat, tapered and other shaped chipping points. Blade of chisel is made from iron or metal and the handle is made from wood.16. Wood handled chiselIt is used to dress soft stones. A chisel is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge of blade on its end, for carving or cutting stone by hand. Its handle is made from wood or plastic.17. Drafting ChiselIt is a chisel especially used for cutting a border or line at the edge of a stone. They come in different types of size. Grooves are made with the drafting chisel at the all four edges of stone. And, these stones are used in plinths and at corners in building.18. Tooth ChiselTooth chisel is also used for fine dressing. It is a hand-held tool of metal consisting of a long shaft, with a toothed cutting edge at one end. It is again usually hit with a mallet or metal hammer. The number of teeth on this cutting edge varies, generally between three and five, but a variation with two teeth also exists. The tooth chisel is normally used between roughing-out and finishing, to clear away the rough marks left by the point chisel and prepare the surface for finer work.19. BoasterTooth chisel is also used for fine dressing. It is a hand-held tool of metal consisting of a long shaft, with a toothed cutting edge at one end. It is again usually hit with a mallet or metal hammer. The number of teeth on this cutting edge varies, generally between three and five, but a variation with two teeth also exists. The tooth chisel is normally used between roughing-out and finishing, to clear away the rough marks left by the point chisel and prepare the surface for finer work.20. Spalling HammerIt is a stone mason’s tool. It is a heavy hammer used for cutting, shaping and rough dressing of stones. It has a beveled striking face. It is a large hammer usually with a flat face and straight peen for rough dressing and breaking of stone.21. Mash HammerA mash hammer is also known as a stone mason’s hammer. It is used to hit and drive chisel for rough dressing of stone. It is double-sided with two striking faces, most often used in stone masonry work. It should only be used to strike stones, but can also be used for such tasks as chipping away mortar in stone masonry. This hammer consists of a wooden handle to which is attached a heavy head, usually made of metal.22. Mallet (Wooden Hammer)It is a basic tool used for shaping of stone. It is a wooden hammer used for driving wooden headed chisels. It usually has a large head.23. Dummy (Iron Hammer)It is used for carving of stones. It has also large round shape head which is made of iron. Its handle is made up of wood.24. Scabbling HammerScabbling also called scappling is the process of reducing stone while dressing of stone. In scabbling dressing, only irregular angels are taken off with a scabbling hammer. Hence scabbling hammer is a tool used to break small projections of stones or removing irregular bushings from the face of stone. It has a large head made of iron and wooden handle.25. Waller’s HammerIt is used for removing spalls in stone masonry work. It also consists of iron head and wooden handle.26. Club HammerIt is used to strike arrow -headed chisels. It is also useful for light demolition work, driving masonry nails, and for use with a steel chisel when cutting stone. Its weight drives the chisel more deeply into the material being cut than any lighter hammers. It also consists of iron head and wooden handle like other stone masonry tools.27. Pitching ToolPitching tool is a hand driven tool comprising of a long edge with a thick point. The ‘working-edge’ of the pitching tool has a broad flat face that is generally ground to an angle just slightly-off the perpendicular. It is mainly used to make stones of required size. If the carving block of the stone has flat-sawn faces, then this tool can be used to remove a great deal of waste material at the initial stages of carving.28. GaugeIt is employed to dress stones for spring, course, cornice, coping etc. It is made of metal.29. PunchIt is employed to dress the hard stones roughly. It is one-piece rod-shaped tool made from metal designed to be struck by hammer. It’s one end is pointed and other is round shape.30. PointIt is employed for roughly dressing the hard and tough stones. Point is also used for roughing out areas and knocking off high spots in stones. Point tool is used after any initial work with the pitching tool. Both point and punch are used to rough-out the form but the latter tapers to a small cutting edge of stone whereas the former tapers to a single point of the stone.31. Claw ToolIt is employed for dressing the surface of stones. This consists of an edge with a number of teeth from 3 mm to 9 mm. Claw tool is used after the coarse carving with the point tool. The claw tool, with its row of pointed teeth, acts like a rake to even out the surface irregularities left by the point. While using this tool, care should be taken to ensure all of the chisel’s teeth are in contact with the stone, in order to prevent breakage.32. Nicker (Broad tool)The mason’s nicker (Broad tool) is made from high quality steel. The blade is thicker and beveled on both sides to create a cutting blade. It is held at right angles to the stone and hit with a hammer to split the stone.33. JumperIt is a long drilling tool consisting of an iron bar with a chisel-edged steel tip at one or both ends, operated by striking it against the rock, turning it a little with each blow. They are used to bore holes for blasting purposes in a quarry by quarry workers and masons.34. Wedge and FeathersIt is an oldest yet, one of the best tools to split the stone. It is a three-piece set tool. Each set of tool consists of a metal wedge (also called plug), and two shims (also called feathers). The feathers are tapered and curved at the top and wide at the bottom. When the two feathers are arranged on either side of the wedge, the combined width of the set is the same at both ends. They are employed for cutting the stones after they have been bored with a jumper.35. GadGad is a small, steel, wedge-shaped tool used for splitting of the stone36. DragIt is employed to level a stone surface. It consists of blades set at alternating angles, between 15 and 30 degrees, over the length of a block of wood. The blades are toothed to provide even removal of surface material. Some drags can be fitted with specially shaped blades to follow convex surfaces.37. Hand SawIt is used to cut soft stones. It is a saw with wide cross-cut toothed steel blade and wooden/plastic handle at one end. I It is used by one hand.38. Circular SawA circular saw is either hand held or affixed to a substrate. It runs on electricity and is provided with a toothed or abrasive blade/disc which has the ability to cut different materials including wood, stone, brick, metals, plastic by using a rotary motion that spins around an arbor.39. Cross-cut-sawIt is used to cut hard stones. It is designed specifically for rough cutting. It has a comparatively thick blade, with large, beveled teeth. Traditional 2-man crosscut saws (felling saws) have a handle on each end and are meant to be used by two people to cut stones.40. Frame SawThis is used to cut large blocks of stones. It consists of a comparatively narrow and flexible blade held under tension within a (generally wooden) rectangular frame called sash or gate. The blade is held perpendicular to the plane of the frame, so that the stone passes through the center of the frame.41. Brick HammerIt is used for rough cutting of bricks in different shapes and sizes. One end of the hammer is square and another end is sharp-edged. It has one flat traditional face and a short or long chisel shaped blade. It is also used to push the bricks if they come out from the course line.42. Lump Hammer and BolsterLump hammer is used for light demolition work or to break masonry. In order to cut brick accurately, a steel chisel with a very wide blade called bolster is employed.43. Double-end Comb Hammer or SkutchIt is used to remove surplus material after cutting of bricks by bolster, for greater accuracy. The Hammer has two groove components for double sided use. Comb of hammer is a made from iron or similar metal whereas handle is made up of plastic or wood.44. Straight EdgeStraight edge act as extensors to mason’s level. They are used when levels are shorter than the area that needs to be measured or assessed. The middle section of the top of the straight edge should be horizontally parallel to the bottom section. It is used for checking the straightness of brickwork.45. Brickwork Gauge RodIt is similar to straighten edges on which levels of different courses of bricks including sills and lintels are marked. It may be as long as the height of the ceiling. It is used to confirm that courses are maintained at correct levels.46. Bricklaying TrowelIt is a flat triangular trowel used in bricklaying for cutting brick and spreading mortar or cement. The trowel is also used to tap bricks down on to the bed and can be used for random cutting of soft bricks. They come in various shapes and sizes depending on the task.