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This is a good question because it highlights the American phenomenon of theorizing about “Indian blood” without any affiliation or proven ancestry. Quite often it comes down to simply romanticizing having a little Indian blood and perpetuation family rumors that have no basis in reality.I would say that the majority of White Americans who make these claims are passing on nothing but false stories. And yet, when you point this out, you’ll get some major pushback from people who get pretty defensive about their unproven claims.I’ve noticed patterns with these types of claims over the years. It often stems from a slightly darker phenotype that gets expressed in a White family or the darker contrast and lighting effects of old photographs. White Americans will look at their dark-haired ancestors (and “dark” is a relatively term) in these old photos and will exclaim how “Indian” they look. Likewise, light-skinned Black Americans will look at their relatives with their mixed White-African features and see “Indian blood.” Many would rather romanticize the phenotypes in that way, rather than accept the reality that the straight Black hair, medium skin tone, moderate features (lying somewhere between the African and European spectrum of features) is an interplay of those genes rather than representing a Native American phenotype or “look.” Frequently, “Indian blood” was used by both groups to downplay their own interactions, which had a lot more social stigma, in both communities. It was easier to claim Indian blood as some kind of an intermediate “blood” to explain various features.However, it is not always claimed in an effort to downplay real intermixing or in a secretive or negative context. For quite a while now, having a little Indian blood was a desirable thing. It is seen as something a bit exotic and unique. It is often claimed enthusiastically and simply based on romantic notions, without any real or apparent interracial mixing at all. In other words, it is claimed or theorized more than it is actually warranted – basically, at the drop of a hat. It gets theorized and latched onto with amazing gusto! White Americans with these type of stories will sometime base their claims for “Indian blood” on the most mundane and insignificant factors. They’ll see gramma’s brunette hair and exclaim how dark she was! Indian blood! Or, they’ll see those mysterious “high cheekbones!” Indian blood! And let’s not forget, the claimant “tans well in the summer.” (As if all Europeans are incapable of getting a good tan). And once an amateur genealogist posts the family story that an ancestor – usually a female- was “said to be Native American,” this will get copied and pasted into every tree on the web and it is almost impossible to straighten it out or debunk the false attribution of ancestry. Even though it started out as the oral myth that had no basis in proof, it will get latched on to a tree and will be reborn as a “fact.” It was a feedback loop or a self-perpetuating bit of info to begin with but it almost can't be corrected once it gets to that point (when it has been generally accepted in family trees across the web). Then, when the inconsistency of the claim become somewhat apparent and research negates the “Indian blood” story, the true die-hards will begin to rationalize why the ancestor in question, or her family, are not showing up with tribal affiliation. So, you’ll get further theorizing that they had to “hide out” or “pass for White” or “deny their heritage.” It gets to be a cycle of complete self-delusion.Why is there such a desire to claim Indian blood though?I think for many White Americans the indigenous claim represents a tie to the land or a link to some kind of authentic American status. For Black Americans, claiming Indian blood was a way to downplay the fact that lighter features in a family actually came, more often than not, from a White slave owner or the otherwise exploitative White males that took advantage of female African slaves over the centuries. It is a romantic notion…to imagine some brave Indian warrior ancestor fighting the White man or a mystical Indian great-gramma who had some deep knowledge about medicines and plants. It’s a better alternate reality… to have a few Indians in your family tree…than to accept the more mundane genetic truth.Apparently, Jack Teagarden was widely seen in the jazz community as being at least partially-Native American. I couldn’t find any direct information that he claimed this ancestry himself, but from secondary sources I think he may have made the “Indian blood” claims also. The theory of Indian blood for Mr. Teagarden almost entirely stems from his “dark” looks. He was also frequently touring around with Black musicians during the era of segregation and the question about his “race” probably came up a lot more that it would have otherwise. There may have been a perception that he had some “other blood” in his veins. Perhaps he was a very light-skinned “mulatto” that was passing for White, or he a White man with some “Indian blood.” His darker feature (relatively speaking) and the notion of race associated with musicians of that era would naturally lead to theorizing about his “blood.” Perhaps Jack perpetuated this myth himself. It could be that he fostered this claim to give him a little cred, so to speak, with his colleagues.In any event, this question provides a perfect opportunity to explore this phenomenon. When these “Indian blood” stories stay in their vague form and are simply theorizing looks and “blood” they represent nothing but mythology. Unfortunately, when they are taken at face value, there are more negative connotations. First, it diminished Native American status and identity and reduces it to nothing but the claim of blood itself. It also relegates it to an individualist notion that this can never be proven or disproven and community affiliation means nothing.A Native American, by definition, is one that can clearly state their ancestry that ties back to tribal member ancestors. This also requires a lineage coming from an intact tribal community or nation. This mythology of perpetually mysterious ancestors of magical “Indian blood” has nothing to do with Native American status.The other negative connotation is that it obscures ones real ancestral heritage and ancestry. While people are busy claiming “Indian blood” and internalizing a heritage that is not theirs to begin with, they are ignoring their real history…and their true ancestry. When real research is done, one’s ancestral origin can come into sharper focus and we learn about true historical context. It can become a lot less romantic, but I prefer the reality to the myths anyway. At least it is authentic.Here are the sources/links if you are interested in this lineage and want to verify the tree pasted above:Jack Teagardenhttp://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=TEA&GSpartial=1&GSbyrel=all&GSst=6&GScntry=4&GSsr=121&GRid=7475&Jack’s Mother:Helen Giengar TeagardenBirth:Jan. 31, 1890Texas, USADeath:Oct. 13, 1982Las VegasClark CountyNevada, USANOTE: Her father was Henry Giengar – born in Germany abt 1850. Mother was Mary “Tillie” Faulk Giengar, born in Pennsylvania abt 1860 (consistently listed as White).Grantee:Jno. F. MurrellCertificate:4/688Patentee:Henry GiengarPatent Date:12 Nov 1890Acres:554County:WichitaFile:20469Survey/Blk/Tsp:Frac. 18 GC & SF-Patent #:208Patent Volume:11Class:SchoolJacks’ Father:Charles Woodbury "Woodie" TeagardenBirth 12 Dec 1878 in Grapeland, Houston, TX, USADeath LivingDeath 05 Nov 1918 (Flu Epidemic of 1918) in Vernon, TX, USACharles is listed on a WWI Draft card as White and described as having blue eyes.http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=44967324“Son of John McGuire Teagarden and Sarah Beatrice Durham. Married Helen Giengar. Together they had four children. All of their children were top flight Jazz musicians. The most noted was Jack Teagarden.Charles was a "cotton gin man" - an outstanding oil mill engineer and mechanic; Chief Engineer for the Vernon Cotton Oil Co. Some say he was also a musician down in the Red River Country on the Texas-Oklahoma boarder, where they lived. It was "Woodie" who gave Jack a baritone horn when he was seven.”Charles’ parents were John McGuire Teagarden and Sarah Beatrice Dunham.John McGuire TeagardenJohn was born in 1851 in Shreveport, LA and died in Texas in 1928. John was the son of Oswin Teagarden and Mehitable Baker. These individuals were from standard colonial White stock and came south from PA and OH roots. The Teagarden and Baker families moved to LA, before eventually settling in Red River area of TX.Sarah Beatrice Dunham was born in AL in 1859. She was the daughter of Theodore Woodberry Dunham and Nancy Terrell Anthony. Beatrice was not Native American.http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=DUNN&GSpartial=1&GSbyrel=all&GSst=46&GScntry=4&GSsr=4601&GRid=50851335&Woodbury DunhamBirth:Sep. 25, 1833GarlandButler CountyAlabama, USADeath:Nov. 27, 1910Texas, USACSA Pension; #09485Service; Co. E, 2nd Division Alabama Cavalry, Hood's Brigade.Birth:1837Death:1908Paternal lineage: ROBERT COMMANDER, ROBERT DUNHAM, JOHN DUNNANancy Terrell AnthonyBirth 1820 in GeorgiaDeath LivingDeath 1880 in Grapeland, Houston, Texas, United StatesMarried on 8 November 1855 in Butler County, Alabama.Name:Nancy T AntonySpouse:Theodore V DunhamMarriage Date:8 Nov 1855County:ButlerState:AlabamaPerformed By Title:Justice of the PeacePerformed by Name:John GilmoreSource information:Jordan Dodd, Liahona ResearchButler County, AL79 Thomas Anthony, M'Ginnis's, Jackson.“Thomas B. W. Anthony, born in 1812, continues our line. In 1832 Thomas drew land in the Cherokee Land Lottery. He married Sarah King Wright in Talbot County, Georgia and was a physician. By 1850 Thomas Anthony and his family had moved to Butler County, Alabama.His daughter, Nancy Tearl (Terrell) Anthony, born in 1837 completes our direct Anthony line. She and her husband, Theodore Woodberry Dunnam, moved to Houston County, Texas.”http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sharingmyheritage/AnthonyFamily.htmOswin Teagardenhttp://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSsr=41&GSvcid=112709&GRid=27115387&Excerpt:“As a druggist and homeopathic physician, Oswin was assigned as a Medical Purchasing Agent by the Confederate States of America for the Army of the Mississippi. He often made trips to New Orleans disguised as a Dutch peddler. On one occasion when he had $4000 in gold on his person (his own money) intending to buy scarce goods for his store, he was arrested but a squad of Federal soldiers. Realizing he would be searched and his money taken, he clamored to be sent to General Butler. The squad agreed to take him to the General but Oswin managed to lose himself in the crowded street. He had four years of service in the Army.”NOTE: Oswin was a descendant of Revolutionary war veteran William Teagarden. A number of Oswin’s descendants had filed applications and were accepted into DAR and SAR.http://www.chartiers.com/beers-project/articles/hallam-384.html“In December, 1890, Finley B. Hallam was married to Miss Rosa Alba, daughter of Dr. Charles Teagarden, of Tyler, Tex. Her grandfather, Dr. Oswin Teagarden, a double cousin of the mother of Finley B. Hallam, her husband, was general purchasing agent of medical stores for the Southern Confederacy, and his most intimate associates and friends were Jefferson Davis and Senator Reagan. Mrs. Hallam's mother was Florence Johnson, daughter of Dr. Johnson, of a well-known Southern family whose ancestry is traced to Dr. Samuel Johnson, the first of all lexicographers. No children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Hallam.”Other source material:(except Edward Burd and Burd Family: see separate boxes).1 folder (ca. 10 items)BDocument signers include: Pat[rick] Baird, A[rtemus] Baker, John Bard, Birdfrye?, M. Blake, William Bradford, S.L. Breese?, Philip Bush.Some highlights include:Baker, A[rtemus?] to Oswin Teagarden.1852 3/11.[describes attractions in Texas in which he has just settled]http://www.haverford.edu/library/special/aids/schall/schall.xmlMehitable* Baker(Mehitable is an Old Testament name)http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=38701553Jack’s siblings:Charles TeagardenNorma TeagardenTheories or “Indian blood”“Because of his affinity for indigenous music, his Oklahoma connection, and especially his dark good looks and high cheekbones, Teagarden was widely thought to be at least part native American. His parents, however, were both of German descent.”Read more: Jack Teagarden Biography http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608000694/Jack-Teagarden.html#ixzz2p0NQTeAG

hydraulic fracturingAfter using the term in full, "fracturing" may be used to describe the process. The term "fracking," considered pejorative by some in the industry, should be avoided. The industry's preferred abbreviation "frac'ing" should also be avoided due to the potential for confusion among non-specialists.Style Guide | Colorado School of Mines | NewsroomNow to the question: Do you think, the fact that oil companies are allowed to frac, is because the result of fracturing is mostly 'out of sight, out of mind' to the public?With all the continued negative hype put out by the anti-oil crowd, how can it ever be out-of-mind again? It’s seldom a day goes by that somebody somewhere doesn’t make another claim about the damage made possible by the process.To date, most of the complaints about fracturing have focused on environmental concerns. These concerns aren't the direct topic of this essay, because they've been covered extensively elsewhere, because the science is still evolving, and because there are other reasons to question the notion that a plentiful supply of oil and gas is going to assure our future, extricate us from the Middle East, and allow us to crush Russia, OPEC and everyone else.Civil War veteran Col. Edward A.L. Roberts received his first patent for an “Improvement in Exploding Torpedoes in Artesian Wells” on April 25, 1865. His oilfield invention soon greatly increased oil production from America’s young petroleum industry.In November 1866, Roberts was awarded U.S. Patent No. 59,936 for what would become known as the Roberts Torpedo. The new technology would revolutionize the young oil and natural gas industry by vastly increasing production from individual wells.<snip>On March 17, 1949, a team of petroleum production experts converges on an oil well about 12 miles east of Duncan, Oklahoma – to perform the first commercial application of hydraulic fracturing.Later that same day, Halliburton and Stanolind company personnel successfully fractured another oil well near Holliday, Texas.Shooters - A "Fracking" History - American Oil & Gas Historical SocietyThe total number of wells treated by the Halliburton technology sailed past a million in the late 1980’s and as such has more than quadrupled the total production of liquids and gas hydrocarbons.That extra volume allows the US to drive rather than go horseback as otherwise the price of auto fuel would be 10 times or more than it is today. It allows us to heat and cook with natural gas which otherwise we would not be able to afford. It allows the world to enjoy the derivatives of the material such as Insecticides, Ink, Floor Wax, Pens, Upholstery, Clothing, Boats, Sports Car Bodies, Nail Polish, Fishing Lures, Bags, Perfumes, Cassettes, Dishwasher Parts, etc. You get the idea.When operated within the bounds of the well defined safe operating procedure it is less dangerous than driving to the store.From the environmental standpoint THERE'S NEVER BEEN ONE DOCUMENTED CASE OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION IN THE HISTORY OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING.Those flaming faucets were there long before fracturing came into the area.Those Oklahoma earthquakes were caused by pumping wastewater from producing wells back into the ground and not by hydraulic fracturing.That waste water is produced by just about every oil and gas well ever drilled.What’s good about it? The lifestyle we’re allowed to live today as compared to the immediate post war era of the 1890’s.

What really stands out to me is how many red State governors ignored and suppressed vital facts, actually punished State employees because they tried to inform the public, while refusing to enact face mask laws. The Governor of Florida lovingly promoted tired Donny’s deliberate attempt to just wish the pandemic away. Their actions should be criminal. State legislators should but won’t impeach these governor's for their grievous actions.Let’s face it, Donny did nothing. The COVID-19 virus has killed 330,000 plus Americans. He never thought that this was a national emergency. Yes, he invoked the war powers act but essentially did nothing with it. When Donny actually had the ability to take definitive action, create a truly viable federal response, he just passed. He knew the real danger but simply didn’t care. So the red States leaders gleefully followed his example.The following is just a sample of Donny’d denials, lies, guesses and prevarications about the pandemic.“All the President’s Lies About the CoronavirusAn unfinished compendium of Trump’s overwhelming dishonesty during a national emergencyCHRISTIAN PAZNOVEMBER 2, 2020THE ATLANTICEditor’s Note: The Atlantic is making vital coverage of the coronavirus available to all readers. Find the collection here.Updated at 2:20 p.m. ET on November 2, 2020.President Donald Trump has repeatedly lied about the coronavirus pandemic and the country’s preparation for this once-in-a-generation crisis.Here, a collection of the biggest lies he’s told as the nation endures a public-health and economic calamity. This post will be updated as needed.When: Friday, February 7, and Wednesday, February 19The claim: The coronavirus would weaken “when we get into April, in the warmer weather—that has a very negative effect on that, and that type of a virus.”The truth: When Trump made this claim, it was too early to tell whether the virus’s spread would be dampened by warmer conditions, though public-health experts and epidemiologists were immediately skeptical of Trump’s comment. But the spring and summer have passed, and the pandemic is still raging.When: Thursday, February 27The claim: The outbreak would be temporary: “It’s going to disappear. One day, it’s like a miracle—it will disappear.”The truth: Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, warned days later that he was concerned that “as the next week or two or three go by, we’re going to see a lot more community-related cases.” He was right—the virus has not disappeared.When: Multiple timesThe claim: If the economic shutdown continues, deaths by suicide “definitely would be in far greater numbers than the numbers that we’re talking about” for COVID-19 deaths.The truth: More than 200,000 Americans have died from COVID-19. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. But the number of people who died by suicide in 2017, for example, was roughly 47,000, nowhere near the COVID-19 numbers. Estimates of the mental-health toll of the Great Recession are mixed. A 2014 study tied more than 10,000 suicides in Europe and North America to the financial crisis. But a larger analysis in 2017 found that although the rate of suicide was increasing in the United States, the increase could not be directly tied to the recession and was attributable to broader socioeconomic conditions predating the downturn.When: Multiple timesThe claim: “Coronavirus numbers are looking MUCH better, going down almost everywhere,” and cases are “coming way down.”The truth: When Trump made these claims in May, coronavirus cases were either increasing or plateauing in the majority of American states. Over the summer, the country saw a second surge even greater than its first in the spring.Juliette Kayyem: The emotionally challenging next phase of the pandemicWhen: Wednesday, June 17The claim: The pandemic is “fading away. It’s going to fade away.”The truth: Trump made this claim ahead of his rally in Tulsa, Oklahoma, when the country was still seeing at least 20,000 new daily cases and a second spike in infections was beginning.When: Thursday, July 2The claim: The pandemic is “getting under control.”The truth: Trump’s claim came as the country’s daily cases doubled to about 50,000, a higher count than was seen at the beginning of the pandemic, and as the number continued to rise, fueled by infections in the South and the West.When: Saturday, July 4The claim: “99%” of COVID-19 cases are “totally harmless.”The truth: The virus can still cause tremendous suffering if it doesn’t kill a patient, and the WHO has said that about 15 percent of COVID-19 cases can be severe, with 5 percent being critical. Fauci has rejected Trump’s claim, saying the evidence shows that the virus “can make you seriously ill” even if it doesn’t kill you.When: Monday, July 6The claim: “We now have the lowest Fatality (Mortality) Rate in the World.”The truth: The U.S. had neither the lowest mortality rate nor the lowest case-fatality rate when Trump made this claim. As of July 13, the case-fatality rate—the ratio of deaths to confirmed COVID-19 cases—was 4.1 percent, which placed the U.S. solidly in the middle of global rankings. At the time, it had the world’s ninth-worst mortality rate, with 41.33 deaths per 100,000 people, according to Johns Hopkins University.When: Multiple timesThe claim: Mexico is partly to blame for COVID-19 surges in the Southwest.The truth: Even before Latin America’s COVID-19 cases began to rise, the U.S. and Mexico had jointly agreed in March to restrict nonessential land travel between the two countries, and U.S. Customs and Border Protection says illegal border crossings are down compared with last year. Health experts say blaming Mexican immigrants for surges is misguided, especially when most of the individuals crossing the border are U.S. citizens who live nearby.When: Multiple timesThe claim: Children are “virtually immune” to COVID-19.The truth: The science is not definitive, but that doesn’t mean children are immune. Studies in the U.S. and China have suggested that kids are less likely than adults to be infected, and more likely to have mild symptoms, but can still spread the virus to their family members and others. The CDC has said that about 7 percent of COVID-19 cases and less than 0.1 percent of COVID-19-related deaths have occurred in children.When: Thursday, August 27The claim: The U.S. has “among the lowest case-fatality rates of any major country anywhere in the world.”The truth: When Trump said this, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, and India all had lower case-fatality rates than the U.S., which sat in the middle of performance rankings among all nations and among the 20 countries hardest hit by the virus.When: Thursday, August 27The claim: Trump “launched the largest national mobilization since World War II” against COVID-19, and America “developed, from scratch, the largest and most advanced testing system in the world.”The truth: These claims are incorrect and misleading. The federal government’s coronavirus response has been roundly criticized as a failure because of flawed and delayed testing, entrenched inequality that has amplified the virus’s effects, and chaotic federal leadership that’s left much of the country’s response up to the states to handle. Trump vacillated on fully invoking the Defense Production Act in March, set off international panic when he mistakenly said he was banning all travel from European nations, and was slow to support social-distancing measures nationwide. Widespread use of the DPA was still rare in July, despite continued shortages of medical supplies.Another claim: Trump celebrated a gain of 9 million jobs as “a record in the history of our country” and said that the United States had experienced “the smallest economic contraction of any major Western nation.”The truth: The country did gain 9 million jobs from May to July—after losing more than 20 million from February to April, during the pandemic’s first surge. And more than a dozen developed countries have recorded smaller economic contractions than America’s recession.When: Multiple timesThe claim: America is “rounding the corner” and “rounding the final turn” of the pandemic.The truth: Trump made these claims before and after the country registered 200,000 coronavirus deaths. As the winter approaches, the number of coronavirus cases is increasing in almost every state; in the last week of October, cases rose faster than reported tests in 47 of the 50 states, according to the COVID Tracking Project.When: Multiple timesThe claim: The media is overblowing fears about the virus ahead of Election Day.The truth: There is no media conspiracy to hype up the virus threat. Cases and hospitalizations are rising across the country, and America set and broke multiple daily case records during the last week of October, nearing 100,000 cases in a single day on Friday.When: Multiple timesThe claim: "What happens is, you get better” after being sick with COVID-19. “That's what happens: You get better.”The truth: While most cases of COVID-19 are mild, that doesn’t negate the risk the virus poses. As of the beginning of November, it has killed more than 220,000 Americans.Another claim: “You get better and then you’re immune.”The truth: Although similar viruses provide some short-term immunity after recovery, doctors don’t yet know how long COVID-19 immunity lasts, especially given anecdotal reports of reinfection. Trump’s claim also ignores the long-term side effects of contracting COVID-19 that so-called long-haulers have reported.When: Multiple timesThe claim: A CDC study shows that “85 percent of the people wearing masks catch” the virus.The truth: The CDC study that the president cited in interviews does not suggest that people who wear masks get the virus at higher rates than those who don’t, CNN reported. The lie also distorts the purpose of mask-wearing, which is chiefly to protect other people from the virus, not to protect only the mask-wearer herself.Blaming the Obama AdministationWhen: Wednesday, March 4The claim: The Trump White House rolled back Food and Drug Administration regulations that limited the kind of laboratory tests states could run and how they could conduct them. “The Obama administration made a decision on testing that turned out to be very detrimental to what we’re doing,” Trump said.The truth: The Obama administration drafted, but never implemented, changes to rules that regulate laboratory tests run by states. Trump’s policy change relaxed an FDA requirement that would have forced private labs to wait for FDA authorization to conduct their own, non-CDC-approved coronavirus tests.When: Friday, March 13The claim: The Obama White House’s response to the H1N1 pandemic was “a full scale disaster, with thousands dying, and nothing meaningful done to fix the testing problem, until now.”The truth: Barack Obama declared a public-health emergency two weeks after the first U.S. cases of H1N1 were reported, in California. (Trump declared a national emergency more than seven weeks after the first domestic COVID-19 case was reported, in Washington State.) While testing is a problem now, it wasn’t back in 2009. The challenge then was vaccine development: Production was delayed and the vaccine wasn’t distributed until the outbreak was already waning.When: Multiple timesThe claim: The Trump White House “inherited” a “broken,” “bad,” and “obsolete” test for the coronavirus.The truth: The novel coronavirus did not exist in humans during the Obama administration. Public-health experts agree that, because of that fact, the CDC could not have produced a test, and thus a new test had to be developed this year.The claim: The Obama administration left Trump “bare” and “empty” shelves of medical supplies in the national strategic stockpile.The truth: The 2009 H1N1 outbreak did deplete the N95 mask supply and was never replenished, but the Obama administration did not leave the stockpile empty of other materials. While the stockpile has never been funded at the levels some experts have requested, its former director said in 2019, before the coronavirus pandemic, that it was well-equipped. (The outbreak has since eaten away at its reserves.)When: Sunday, May 10The claim: Referring to criticism of his administration’s response, Trump tweeted: “Compare that to the Obama/Sleepy Joe disaster known as H1N1 Swine Flu. Poor marks ... didn’t have a clue!”The truth: It is misleading to compare COVID-19 to H1N1 and to call the Obama administration’s response a disaster, as my colleague Peter Nicholas has reported. In 2009, the CDC quickly flagged the new flu strain in California and began releasing antiflu drugs from the national stockpile two weeks later. A vaccine was available in six months.Another claim: Trump later attacked “Joe Biden’s handling of the H1N1 Swine Flu.”The truth: Biden was not responsible for the federal government’s response to the H1N1 outbreak, as Nicholas has also explained.On Coronavirus TestingWhen: Friday, March 6, and Monday, May 11The claim: “Anybody that needs a test, gets a test. We—they’re there. They have the tests. And the tests are beautiful” and “If somebody wants to be tested right now, they’ll be able to be tested.”The truth: Trump made these two claims two months apart, but the truth was the same both times: The U.S. did not have enough testing.When: Wednesday, March 11The claim: In an Oval Office address, Trump said that private-health-insurance companies had “agreed to waive all co-payments for coronavirus treatments, extend insurance coverage to these treatments, and to prevent surprise medical billing.”The truth: Insurers agreed only to absorb the cost of coronavirus testing—waiving co-pays and deductibles for getting the test. The Families First Coronavirus Response Act, the second coronavirus-relief bill passed by Congress, later mandated that COVID-19 testing be made free. The federal government has not required insurance companies to cover follow-up treatments, though some providers announced in late March that they will pay for treatments. The costs of other non-coronavirus testing or treatment incurred by patients who have COVID-19 or are trying to get a diagnosis aren’t waived either. And as for surprise medical billing? Mitigating it would require the cooperation of insurers, doctors, and hospitals.Read: The dangerous delays in U.S. coronavirus testing haven’t stoppedWhen: Friday, March 13The claim: Google engineers are building a website to help Americans determine whether they need testing for the coronavirus and to direct them to their nearest testing site.The truth: The announcement was news to Google itself—the website Trump (and other administration officials) described was actually being built by Verily, a division of Alphabet, the parent company of Google. The Verge first reported on Trump’s error, citing a Google representative who confirmed that Verily was working on a “triage website” with limited coverage for the San Francisco Bay Area. But since then, Google has pivoted to fulfill Trump’s public proclamation, saying it would speed up the development of a new, separate website while Verily worked on finishing its project, The Washington Post reported.When: Tuesday, March 24, and Wednesday, March 25The claim: The United States has outpaced South Korea’s COVID-19 testing: “We’re going up proportionally very rapidly,” Trump said during a Fox News town hall.The truth: When the president made this claim, testing in the U.S. was severely lagging behind that in South Korea. As of March 25, South Korea had conducted about five times as many tests as a proportion of its population relative to the United States. For updated data from each country, see the COVID-19 Tracking Project and the database maintained by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.When: Monday, May 11The claim: America has “developed a testing capacity unmatched and unrivaled anywhere in the world, and it’s not even close.”The truth: At the time, the United States was still not testing enough people and was lagging behind the testing and tracing capabilities that other countries had developed. The president’s testing czar, Brett Giroir, and Fauci confirmed the need for more testing at a May 12 Senate hearing.Another claim: The United States has conducted more testing “than all other countries together!”The truth: By May 18, when Trump last made this claim, the U.S. had conducted more tests than any other country. But it had not conducted more tests than the rest of the world combined. (As of May 27, more than 14 million tests have been administered in America.)When: Multiple timesThe claim: “Cases are going up in the U.S. because we are testing far more than any other country.”The truth: COVID-19 cases were not rising because of “our big-number testing.” Outside the Northeast, the share of tests conducted that came back positive was increasing in the summer, with the sharpest spike happening in southern states. In some states, such as Arizona and Florida, the number of new cases being reported was outpacing any increase in the states’ testing ability. And as states set new daily case records and reported increasing hospitalizations, all signs pointed to a worsening crisis.When: Multiple timesThe claim: “The Cases are up because TESTING is way up”The truth: The president made this claim multiple times during the summer surge of the pandemic, and is repeating that lie now as the country experiences a third surge. In reality, positive cases are outpacing tests around the country, the COVID Tracking Project reports, following a similar trajectory as the summer surge.On Travel Bans and TravelersWhen: Wednesday, March 11The claim: The United States would suspend “all travel from Europe, except the United Kingdom, for the next 30 days,” Trump announced in an Oval Office address.The truth: The travel restriction would not apply to U.S. citizens, legal permanent residents, or their families returning from Europe. At first, it applied specifically to the 26 European countries that make up the Schengen Area, not all of Europe. Trump later announced the inclusion of the United Kingdom and Ireland in the ban.Another claim: In the same address, Trump said the travel restrictions would “not only apply to the tremendous amount of trade and cargo but various other things as we get approval.”The truth: Trump followed up in a tweet, explaining that trade and cargo would not be subject to the restrictions.When: Thursday, March 12The claim: All U.S. citizens arriving from Europe would be subject to medical screening, COVID-19 testing, and quarantine if necessary. “If an American is coming back, or anybody is coming back, we’re testing,” Trump said. “We have a tremendous testing setup where people coming in have to be tested … We’re not putting them on planes if it shows positive, but if they do come here, we’re quarantining.”The truth: Testing was already severely limited in the United States when Trump claimed this in the spring. It was not true that all Americans returning to the country were being tested, nor that anyone was being forced to quarantine, CNN reported.Read: Trump’s European travel ban doesn’t make senseWhen: Tuesday, March 31The claim: “We stopped all of Europe” with a travel ban. “We started with certain parts of Italy, and then all of Italy. Then we saw Spain. Then I said, ‘Stop Europe; let’s stop Europe. We have to stop them from coming here.’”The truth: The travel ban applied to the Schengen Area, as well as the United Kingdom and Ireland, and not all of Europe as he claimed. Additionally, Trump is wrong about the United States rolling out a piecemeal ban. The State Department did issue advisories in late February cautioning Americans against travel to the Lombardy region of Italy before issuing a general “Do Not Travel” warning on March 19. But the U.S. never placed individual bans on Italy and Spain.When: Multiple timesThe claim: “Everybody thought I was wrong” about implementing restrictions on travelers from China, and “most people felt they should not close it down—that we shouldn’t close down to China.”The truth: While the WHO did say it opposed travel bans on China generally, Trump’s own top health officials have made clear that the travel ban was the “uniform” recommendation of the Department of Health and Human Services. Fauci and Deborah Birx, the coordinator of the coronavirus task force, both praised the decision too.When: Multiple timesThe claim: The Trump administration’s travel restrictions on China were a “ban” that closed up the “entire” United States and “kept China out.”The truth: Nearly 40,000 people traveled from China to the United States from February 2, when Trump’s travel restrictions went into effect, to April 4, The New York Times reported. Those rules also do not apply to all people: American citizens, green-card holders and their relatives, and people on flights coming from Macau and Hong Kong are not included in the “ban.”On Taking the Pandemic SeriouslyWhen: Tuesday, March 17The claim: “I’ve always known this is a real—this is a pandemic. I felt it was a pandemic long before it was called a pandemic … I’ve always viewed it as very serious.”The truth: Trump has repeatedly downplayed the significance of COVID-19 as outbreaks began stateside. From calling criticism of his handling of the virus a “hoax,” to comparing the coronavirus to a common flu, to worrying about letting sick Americans off cruise ships because they would increase the number of confirmed cases, Trump has used his public statements to send mixed messages and sow doubt about the outbreak’s seriousness.When: Thursday, March 26The claim: This kind of pandemic “was something nobody thought could happen … Nobody would have ever thought a thing like this could have happened.”The truth: Experts both inside and outside the federal government sounded the alarm many times in the past decade about the potential for a devastating global pandemic, as my colleague Uri Friedman has reported. Two years ago, my colleague Ed Yong explored the legacy of Ebola outbreaks—including the devastating 2014 epidemic—to evaluate how ready the U.S. was for a pandemic. Ebola hardly impacted America—but it revealed how unprepared the country was.On COVID-19 Treatments and VaccinesWhen: Monday, March 2The claim: Pharmaceutical companies are going “to have vaccines, I think, relatively soon.”The truth: The president’s own experts told him during a White House meeting with pharmaceutical leaders earlier the same day that a vaccine could take a year to 18 months to develop. In response, he said he would prefer that it take only a few months. He later claimed, at a campaign rally in Charlotte, North Carolina, that a vaccine would be ready “soon.” Many months later, this is still not true.When: Thursday, March 19The claim: At a press briefing with his coronavirus task force, Trump said the FDA had approved the antimalarial drug chloroquine to treat COVID-19. “Normally the FDA would take a long time to approve something like that, and it’s—it was approved very, very quickly and it’s now approved by prescription,” he said.The truth: FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn, who was at the briefing, quickly clarified that the drug still had to be tested in a clinical setting. An FDA representative later told Bloomberg that the drug has not been approved for COVID-19 use, though a doctor could still prescribe it for that purpose. Later that same day, Fauci told CNN that there is no “magic drug” to cure COVID-19: “Today, there are no proven safe and effective therapies for the coronavirus.”When: Friday, April 24The claim: Trump was being “sarcastic” when he suggested in a briefing on April 23 that his medical experts should research the use of powerful light and injected disinfectants to treat COVID-19.The truth: Trump’s tone did not seem sarcastic when he made the apparent suggestion to inject disinfectants. Turning to Birx and a Department of Homeland Security science-and-technology official, he mused: “I see the disinfectant, where it knocks it out in a minute. One minute. And is there a way we can do something like that, by injection inside or almost a cleaning? … It would be interesting to check that.” When he walked this statement back the next day, he added that he was only asking his experts “to look into whether or not sun and disinfectant on the hands [work].”When: Friday, May 8The claim: The coronavirus is “going to go away without a vaccine … and we’re not going to see it again, hopefully, after a period of time.”The truth: Fauci has repeatedly said that the coronavirus’s sudden disappearance “is just not going to happen.” Until the country has “a scientifically sound, safe, and effective vaccine,” Fauci said in May, the pandemic will not be over.Read: Why does the president keep pushing a malaria drug?When: Multiple timesThe claim: Taking hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19 is safe and effective. “I happen to be a believer in hydroxy. I used it. I had no problem. I happen to be a believer,” Trump said on one occasion. “It doesn’t hurt people,” he commented on another.The truth: Trump’s own FDA has warned against taking the antimalarial drug with or without the antibiotic azithromycin, which Trump has also promoted. Several large observational studies in New York, France, and China have concluded that the drug has no benefit for COVID-19 patients, and Fauci and Trump’s testing czar, Brett Giroir, have also cautioned against it as the president has repeated this claim in recent months.Another claim: “One bad” study from the Department of Veterans Affairs that found no benefit among veterans who took hydroxychloroquine to treat COVID-19 was run by “people that aren’t big Trump fans.” The study “was a Trump-enemy statement.”The truth: There’s no evidence that the study was a political plot orchestrated by Trump opponents, and it reached similar conclusions as other observational reports. The VA study was led by independent researchers from the University of Virginia and the University of South Carolina with a grant from the National Institutes of Health.Another claim: Many frontline doctors and workers are taking hydroxychloroquine to prevent COVID-19.The truth: Multiple trials are under way to determine if health-care workers should take the drug as a preventative. But there are no conclusive numbers for how many workers are taking the drug outside of those studies.When: Thursday, August 6The claim: A coronavirus vaccine could be ready by Election Day.The truth: The timeline Trump proposes contradicts health experts’ consensus that early 2021 is likely the soonest a vaccine could be widely available.When: Tuesday, September 29The claim: “We’re weeks away from a vaccine,” Trump said at the first debate.The truth: Redfield has said a COVID-19 vaccine may not be widely available to the American public until the summer of next year. Two of the three drug companies working on a vaccine have said they hope to have only initial clinical-trial results by the end of this year.When: Multiple timesThe claim: A CDC study shows that “85 percent of the people wearing masks catch” the virus.The truth: The CDC study that the president cited in interviews does not suggest that people who wear masks get the virus at higher rates than those who don’t, CNN reported. The lie also distorts the purpose of mask-wearing, which is chiefly to protect other people from the virus, not to protect only the mask-wearer herself.On the Defense Production ActWhen: Friday, March 20The claim: Trump twice said during a task-force briefing that he had invoked the Defense Production Act, a Korean War–era law that enables the federal government to order private industry to produce certain items and materials for national use. He also said the federal government was already using its authority under the law: “We have a lot of people working very hard to do ventilators and various other things.”The truth: Federal Emergency Management Agency Administrator Peter Gaynor told CNN on March 22 that the president has not actually used the DPA to order private companies to produce anything. Shortly after that, Trump backtracked, saying that he had not compelled private companies to take action. Then, on March 24, Gaynor told CNN that FEMA plans to use the DPA to allocate 60,000 test kits. Trump tweeted afterward that the DPA would not be used.Jane Chong: How to actually use the Defense Production ActWhen: Saturday, March 21The claim: Automobile companies that have volunteered to manufacture medical equipment, such as ventilators, are “making them right now.”The truth: Ford and General Motors, which Trump mentioned at a task-force briefing the same day, announced earlier in March that they had halted all factory production in North America and were likely months away from beginning production of ventilators, representatives told the Associated Press. Since then, Ford CEO James Hackett told CNN that the auto company will begin to work with 3M to produce respirators and with General Electric to assemble ventilators. GM said it will explore the possibility of producing ventilators in an Indiana factory. Tesla CEO Elon Musk, whose company Trump highlighted in a tweet, has said that the company is “working on ventilators” but that they cannot be produced “instantly.”On States’ ResourcesWhen: Tuesday, March 24The claim: Governor Andrew Cuomo of New York passed on an opportunity to purchase 16,000 ventilators at a low cost in 2015, Trump said during the Fox News town hall.The truth: Trump seems to have gleaned this claim from a Gateway Pundit article. That piece, in turn, cites a syndicated column from Betsy McCaughey, a former lieutenant governor of New York, which includes a figure close to 16,000. The number comes from a 2015 report from the state’s health department that provided guidance for how New York could handle a possible flu pandemic. The report notes that the state would need 15,783 more ventilators than it had at the time to aid patients during “an influenza pandemic on the scale of the 1918 pandemic.” The report does not include a recommendation to Cuomo for additional purchases or stockpiling. Trump “obviously didn’t read the document he’s citing,” a Cuomo representative said in a statement.Another claim: Trump also repeated a claim from the Gateway Pundit article that Cuomo’s office established “death panels” and “lotteries” as part of the state’s pandemic response.The truth: The 2015 report and the accompanying press release announced updated guidelines for hospitals to follow to allocate ventilators. The guidelines “call for a triage officer or triage committee to determine who receives or continues to receive ventilator therapy” and describes how a random lottery allocation might work. (Neither should be the first options for deciding care, the report notes.) Cuomo never established a lottery.When: Sunday, March 29The claim: Trump “didn’t say” that governors do not need all the medical equipment they are requesting from the federal government. And he “didn’t say” that governors should be more appreciative of the help.The truth: The president told Fox News’ Sean Hannity on Thursday, March 26, that “a lot of equipment’s being asked for that I don’t think they’ll need,” referring to requests from the governors of Michigan, New York, and Washington. He also said, during a Friday, March 27, task-force briefing, that he wanted state leaders “to be appreciative … We’ve done a great job.” He added that he wasn’t talking about himself, but about others within the federal government working to combat the pandemic.When: Sunday, March 29, and Monday, March 30The claim: Hospitals are reporting an artificially inflated need for masks and equipment, items that might be “going out the back door,” Trump said on two separate days. He also said he was not talking about hoarding: “I think maybe it’s worse than hoarding.”The truth: There is no evidence to show that hospitals are maliciously hoarding or inflating their need for masks and personal protective equipment when reporting shortages in supplies. Although Cuomo reported anecdotal stories of thefts from hospitals early in March, he was referring to opportunists trying to price-gouge early in the pandemic. Reuters has reported a handful of stories of nurses hiding masks to conserve supplies amid shortages, but not wide-scale thefts as Trump claimed.On ChinaWhen: Tuesday, April 14The claim: Asked about his past praise of China and its transparency, Trump said that he hadn’t “talk[ed] about China’s transparency.”The truth: Trump lauded the country in tweets he sent in late January and early February. In one, he highlighted the Chinese government’s “transparency” about the coronavirus outbreak.Read: How China is planning to win back the worldWhen: Friday, May 29The claim: The WHO ignored “credible reports” of the coronavirus’s spread in Wuhan, the Chinese city that first reported the new virus, including those published in The Lancet medical journal in December.The truth: The Lancet said it did not publish such reports in December. Its first reports on the virus’s spread in Wuhan were published on January 24.Another claim: Taiwanese officials had warned the WHO about human-to-human transmission of a new virus by December 31.The truth: Taiwan did not cite “human to human” transmission in the communications Trump referenced, but it did ask for more information and compared the virus to SARS.Another claim: In mid-January, the WHO said the coronavirus could not be transmitted between humans.The truth: The WHO did say on January 12 that early investigations by China could find “no clear evidence” of human-to-human transmission in Wuhan, but it did not rule such transmission out. Two days later, a WHO official said during a press conference that “it is possible that there is limited human-to-human transmission” among families, and warned hospitals around the world to prepare for a greater outbreak.”So, the Governor’s hear Trump’s fairy tales and say to themselves, “hell, there’s nothing to worry about” or something very similar. The dereliction of duty by our president almost outweighs the grievous actions of the red State governors. The COVID-19 deaths and infections could have been reduced significantly if Donny would have jumped out of his reality television host persona and actually acted presidential. But not our Donny, no, no, being an actual leader is way out of his comfort zone.