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90% Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) refers to where it's made. ~90% of the body's 5-HT is apparently made by the gastrointestinal Enterochromaffin cell, ~5% each by the myenteric (gut-associated) neurons and the brain (1, 2). However, the bulk of enterochromaffin-derived 5-HT isn’t kept locally but rather deposited into the blood circulation inside densely packed Platelet granules and how it's delivered to distant sites is still a mystery as is whether it indeed acts as an endocrine hormone (3).Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) & Weight Gain: Not Universal, Depends On The DrugAccording to a systematic literature review, SSRI's influence on weight depends on the specific SSRI (see table below from 4).Weight gain: Paroxetine, Citalopram, Clomipramine, Duloxetine, EscitalopramMinimal effect: Fluvoxamine, Fluvoxamine CR (Controlled Release), Sertraline, FluoxetineGiven 5-HT's abundant production in the GI tract and such striking differences in how different SSRIs influence weight, it would indeed seem obvious to assessGut microbiota's role in Major depressive disorder (MDD).How, being among the most commonly prescribed Antidepressant, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) might affect gut microbiota.Of three possible ways to assess how SSRIs could affect gut microbiota, i.e., study their effect on human or animal model gut microbiota or their direct effect on microbes, only the last is best studied to date.Human Gut Microbiota Are Different Between Major depressive disorder (MDD) Patients & Healthy Controls (4 studies as of 2016). Relevance? Not Clear.As of 2016, a handful of studies compared gut microbiota composition differences between MDD patients and healthy controls. However, none adequately addressed how SSRIs affect gut microbiota composition.At least 4 different studies found fecal microbiota of MDD patients and healthy controls to be different (5, 6, 7, 8). However, with respect to what’s different there's little consensus between these studies so not yet clear what these data imply. As for how SSRI might affect gut microbiota, only one of these studies (6) addressed that tangentially without coming to a clear conclusion so even less is known about it.Two of these studies even transferred fecal microbiota samples from MDD patients and healthy controls into experimental mice (7) or rats (8) to see if animals that receive MDD fecal microbiota recapitulate depression features, as assessed in experimental animals. Apparently they recapitulated some features such as alterations in FST (forced swim test, Behavioural despair test), and Anhedonia and other anxiety-like behaviors, implying gut microbiota may have a causative role in depression.A few individuals with clinically diagnosed depression including those on antidepressants were part of two linked, much larger gut microbiota studies (9, 10) attempting to build a picture of the core human gut microbiota. While one of these studies found antidepressants to be among the 13 drugs associated with gut microbiota variation, unfortunately the antidepressant in question wasn't SSRI but rather the SNRI (Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), Venlafaxine (10). In any case, those on Venlafaxine (23 women and 6 men) were a tiny proportion of the total study population of 1106, making the linkage statistically weak so this is very much preliminary data.Direct SSRI effect on microbes: Direct & Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects On Microbial Cultures In VitroA number of studies reported direct antimicrobial effect of psychotropic drugs like SSRI (11, 12, 13). Majority of such studies found Sertraline to be active against bacteria, fungi and even an eukaryotic parasite, a quite surprising effect since human epidemiological data suggest Sertraline minimally affects weight.Bacteria: The SSRI Paroxetine was active against Staphylococcus aureus (14) and Sertraline against Escherichia coli (15).Fungi: The SSRI Fluoxetine and Sertraline were more active compared to Paroxetine, Reboxetine and Seroxate against the fungus Aspergillus (16), and Sertraline against Candida (fungus) (17), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) (18), Cryptococcus (19, 20) and Coccidioides (21)Eukaryotic parasites: The SSRI Sertraline against the parasite Leishmania donovani (22).While early speculation suggested such activity is non-specific (23), subsequent studies showed that SSRIs can also synergize with traditional antibiotics (24) and antifungals (25, 26).SSRI may inhibit or kill microbes through their effect on the microbial Efflux (microbiology) pump, i.e., generalizable energy-dependent mechanisms that vastly different microbes use to pump out substances that are toxic for them. Efflux pump mechanisms being greatly conserved between microbes as disparate as bacteria, fungi and eukaryotic parasites suggests it may be quite difficult for them to successfully mutate molecules that SSRIs target.On the one hand SSRIs being able to inhibit and/or kill microbes in culture indirectly suggests they could affect human gut microbiota. On the other hand bulk of such data is for Sertraline which epidemiological studies suggest has minimal effect on weight. In other words, we're still firmly at square one as to whether and how SSRIs could affect human gut microbiota.Bibliography1. Gershon, Michael D., Anna B. Drakontides, and Leonard L. Ross. "Serotonin: synthesis and release from the myenteric plexus of the mouse intestine." Science 149.3680 (1965): 197-199.2. Gershon, Michael D., and Jan Tack. "The serotonin signaling system: from basic understanding to drug development for functional GI disorders." Gastroenterology 132.1 (2007): 397-414. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Gershon/publication/6560987_The_serotonin_signaling_system_from_basic_understanding_to_drug_development_for_functional_GI_disorders/links/00b7d5345fee28c304000000.pdf3. Gershon, Michael D. "5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in the gastrointestinal tract." Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity 20.1 (2013): 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3708472/pdf/nihms477208.pdf4. Dent, Robert, et al. "Changes in body weight and psychotropic drugs: a systematic synthesis of the literature." PLoS One 7.6 (2012): e36889. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0036889.PDF5. Naseribafrouei, A., et al. "Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression." Neurogastroenterology & Motility 26.8 (2014): 1155-1162. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nmo.12378/epdf6. Jiang, Haiyin, et al. "Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder." Brain, behavior, and immunity 48 (2015): 186-194. Elsevier: Article Locator7. Zheng, P., et al. "Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host’s metabolism." Molecular psychiatry 21.6 (2016): 786-796.8. Kelly, John R., et al. "Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat." Journal of Psychiatric Research 82 (2016): 109-118.9. Zhernakova, Alexandra, et al. "Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity." Science 352.6285 (2016): 565-569.10. Falony, Gwen, et al. "Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation." Science 352.6285 (2016): 560-564.11. Munoz-Bellido, J. L., S. Munoz-Criado, and J. A. Garcıa-Rodrıguez. "Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors." International journal of antimicrobial agents 14.3 (2000): 177-180).12. Samanta, Amalesh, et al. "Evaluation of in vivo and in vitro antimicrobial activities of a selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitor Sertraline Hydrochloride." Anti-Infective Agents 10.2 (2012): 95-104. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chandrima_Sinha/publication/226645038_Evaluation_of_In_Vivo_and_In_Vitro_Antimicrobial_Activities_of_a_Selective_Serotonin_Reuptake_Inhibitor_Sertraline_Hydrochloride/links/549868ef0cf2519f5a1de2f0.pdf13. Kalaycı, Sadık, Selami Demirci, and Fikrettin Sahin. "Antimicrobial Properties of Various Psychotropic Drugs Against Broad Range Microorganisms." Current Psychopharmacology 3.3 (2014): 195-202. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sadik_Kalayci/publication/277904113_Antimicrobial_Properties_of_Various_Psychotropic_Drugs_Against_Broad_Range_Microorganisms/links/5592effb08ae5af2b0eb64fb.pdf14. Kaatz, Glenn W., et al. "Phenylpiperidine selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors interfere with multidrug efflux pump activity in Staphylococcus aureus." International journal of antimicrobial agents 22.3 (2003): 254-261. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Glenn_Kaatz/publication/9887482_Phenylpiperidine_selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors_interfere_with_multidrug_efflux_pump_activity_in_Staphylococcus_aureus/links/0912f511239e17be72000000.pdf15. Bohnert, Jürgen A., et al. "Efflux inhibition by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in Escherichia coli." Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 66.9 (2011): 2057-2060. Efflux inhibition by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in Escherichia coli16. Lass-Flörl, C., et al. "Antifungal properties of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors against Aspergillus species in vitro." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 48.6 (2001): 775-779. Antifungal properties of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors against Aspergillus species in vitro17. Lass-Flörl, Cornelia, et al. "Interaction of sertraline with Candida species selectively attenuates fungal virulence in vitro." FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 35.1 (2003): 11-15. http://femsim.oxfordjournals.org/content/femsim/35/1/11.full.pdf18. Rainey, Meredith M., et al. "The antidepressant sertraline targets intracellular vesiculogenic membranes in yeast." Genetics 185.4 (2010): 1221-1233. http://www.genetics.org/content/genetics/185/4/1221.full.pdf19. Zhai, Bing, et al. "The antidepressant sertraline provides a promising therapeutic option for neurotropic cryptococcal infections." Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 56.7 (2012): 3758-3766. The Antidepressant Sertraline Provides a Promising Therapeutic Option for Neurotropic Cryptococcal Infections20. Treviño-Rangel, Rogelio de J., et al. "Activity of sertraline against Cryptococcus neoformans: in vitro and in vivo assays." Medical mycology (2015): myv109.21. Paul, Simon, Roger B. Mortimer, and Marilyn Mitchell. "Sertraline demonstrates fungicidal activity in vitro for Coccidioides immitis." Mycology (2016): 1-3. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21501203.2016.1204368?needAccess=true22. Palit, Partha, and Nahid Ali. "Oral therapy with sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, shows activity against Leishmania donovani." Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 61.5 (2008): 1120-1124. Oral therapy with sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, shows activity against Leishmania donovani23. Young, T. J., et al. "Antifungal activity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors attributed to non-specific cytotoxicity." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 51.4 (2003): 1045-1047. Antifungal activity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors attributed to non-specific cytotoxicity24. Ayaz, Muhammad, et al. "Sertraline enhances the activity of antimicrobial agents against pathogens of clinical relevance." 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Here's a nice solution that was shown to me long ago. (I would never have figured this one out by myself.)Here's the algorithm for solving the 12 balls in three weighingsproblem. It also happens to solve the 3 balls in two weighings or 39balls in 4 weighings, or 120 balls in 5 weighings or ..., problems.First, list all 3 digit combinations of 0, 1, and 2:000 100 200001 101 201002 102 202010 110 210011 111 211012 112 212020 120 220021 121 221022 122 222(For the 4 weighing problem, list all 4 digit combinations, and so on.)Next, cross out all sets with identical digits (000, 111, 222), and alsothrow out all whose first digit change (reading from left to right) isnot 01, 12, or 20. In other words, 112 is left in because the firstchange is from 1 to 2, but 212 is eliminated, since the first change isfrom 2 to 1. This leaves:(a) 001(b) 010(c) 011(d) 012(e) 112(f) 120(g) 121(h) 122(i) 200(j) 201(k) 202(l) 220where a, b, ..., l are the balls.Now, for the first weighing, weigh all the balls with a 0 in their firstposition against all the balls with a 2 in the first position, in otherwords, (a, b, c, d) are weighed against (i, j, k, l). If the balls withthe 0 are heavier, write down 0; if the balls balance, write 1,otherwise; write 2. Next, weigh all balls with a 0 in the secondposition against all balls with a 2 in the second position (a, i, j, k)against (f, g, h, l), and write down the digit corresponding to theresult of the weighing, and do it again for the third position in thethird weighing.As an example, suppose ball f (120) is heavy. In the first weighing, fis not involved, so write down 1. Next, (f, g, h, l) -- the "2" ballsare heavier than (a, i, j, k) so write down 2. Finally, in the weighing(b, f, i, l) versus (d, e, h, k), the "0" side (b, f, i, l) is heavier,so write down a 0. You have written "120" -- the code for ball f -- sof is the heavy ball.If you find that the combination you write down is not in the list, say211, then change the 2s to 0s, the 0s to 2s, and leave the 1s alone,giving 011. This is ball c, but since you had to flip the digits, ballc is lighter.With N weighings, there are 3^N combinations, of which we eliminate 3and cut the remainder in half, so for 4 weighings, one can distinguish(3*3*3*3-3)/2 = 39 balls, etc.In general, if you have n weighings, you can distinguishamong (3^n - 3)/2 balls and find the one that is either lightor heavy.The (3^n - 3)/2 is easy to explain. In each ball's "name"there are n slots to fill, each of which can be any of 0,1 or 2, so there are 3^n of those possibilities. But00...0, 11...1, and 22...2 are tossed out, so thereremain 3^n-3. This has to be divided by 2, since eachball really has two names -- one meaning "heavier" andthe othe meaning "lighter".Here is a list of the 39 names for lighter balls:1 00012 00103 00114 00125 01006 01017 01028 01109 011110 011211 012012 012113 012214 111215 112016 112117 112218 120019 120120 120221 121022 121123 121224 122025 122126 122227 222028 220029 220130 220231 200032 200133 200234 201035 201136 201237 202038 202139 2022Here are the weighings:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 <-> 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 391 2 3 4 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 <-> 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 301 5 6 7 18 19 20 28 29 30 31 32 33 <-> 11 12 13 15 16 17 24 25 26 27 37 38 392 5 8 11 15 18 21 24 27 28 31 34 37 <-> 4 7 10 13 14 17 20 23 26 30 33 36 39Suppose ball 21 is heavy. The results of the weighings willbe:equalright heavyequalleft heavyThis codes to 1210 which is ball 21.If ball 32 is light, here's what you'd get:left heavyright heavyright heavyequalThis codes for 0221 which does not appear in the list. Thusthe indicated ball is light, not heavy and has code 2001 whichis ball 32's code.

Yes nonverbal communication is part of (social) psychology and communication science.A lot if not all of the aspects of nonverbal communication that we know about comes from science.However there is quite some pseudoscience in this field, and therefore there is quite some wrong interpretation of the signals and what they mean and how to analyse those signals people send out.Some research that I have in my collection: (You don’t have to read them all, this is just a small bit of my collection and if serves as an example of how much it is being researched)Angela Book, Kimberly Costello and Joseph A. Camilleri Psychopathy and Victim Selection: The Use of Gait as a Cue to Vulnerability. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2013. 28(11): 2368-2383. DOI: 10.1177/0886260512475315jiv.sagepub.comCrane, Elizabeth ; Gross, M. Effort-Shape Characteristics of Emotion-Related Body Movement. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2013. 37(2): 91-105.Gross, M Melissa ; Crane, Elizabeth A ; Fredrickson, Barbara L. Effort-Shape and kinematic assessment of bodily expression of emotion during gait. Human movement science. 2012. 31(1): 202-21.Davis, Martha. Movement characteristics of hospitalized psychiatric patients. American Journal of Dance Therapy. 1981. 4(1): 52-71.Eisenberg, Philip ; Reichline, Philipb. Judging Expressive Movement: II. Judgments of Dominance-Feeling from Motion Pictures of Gait. The Journal of Social Psychology. 1939. 10(3): 345-357.Fink, Bernhard; Nadine Hugill and Benjamin P. Lange. Women’s Body Movements Are a Potential Cue to Ovulation. Personality and Individual Differences. 2012. 53: 759-763.Gunns, Rebekah E; Lucy Johnston; and Stephen M. Hudson. Victim Selection And Kinematics: A Point-Light Investigation Of Vulnerability To Attack. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2002. 26(3): 129-158.Guéguen N. Gait and menstrual cycle: ovulating women use sexier gaits and walk slowly ahead of men. Gait Posture. 2012; 35(4): 621-4.Hasegawa, T. and K. Sakaguchi. 2006. Person perception through gait information and target choice for sexual advances: comparison of likely targets in experiments and real life. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 30(2): 63-85.Johnson, Kerri L.; Gill, Simone; Reichman, Victoria and Tassinary, Louis G. Swagger, Sway, and Sexuality: Judging Sexual Orientation from Body Motion and Morphology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007. 93(3): 321-334. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.3.321Janssen, Daniel ; Schöllhorn, Wolfgang ; Lubienetzki, Jessica ; Fölling, Karina ; Kokenge, Henrike ; Davids, Keith. Recognition of Emotions in Gait Patterns by Means of Artificial Neural Nets. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2008. 32(2): 79-92.Johnson, Kerri L ; Tassinary, Louis G. Perceiving sex directly and indirectly: meaning in motion and morphology. Psychological science. 2005. 16(11): 890-7.Kito, Tomonori ; Yoneda, Tsugutake. Dominance of gait cycle duration in casual walking. Human Movement Science. 2006. 25(3): 383-392.Kupper, Zeno ; Ramseyer, Fabian ; Hoffmann, Holger ; Kalbermatten, Samuel ; Tschacher, Wolfgang. Video-based quantification of body movement during social interaction indicates the severity of negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2010. 121(1): 90-100.Miller, G., Tybur, J. M., & Jordan, B. D. Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earning by lap dancers: Economic evidence for human estrus. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2007. 28: 375-381.Michalak, J., Rohde, K., Troje, N. F. How We Walk Affects What We Remember: Gait Modifications Through Biofeedback Change Negative Affective Memory Bias. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2015. 46:121-125.Moore, Monica. Courtship Signaling and Adolescents: Girls Just Wanna Have Fun. Journal of Sex Research. 1995. 32(4): 319-328.Montepare, J. M., Goldstien, S. B., & Clausen, A. (1987). The identification of emotions from gait information. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 11, 33–42.Montepare, Joann ; Zebrowitz, Leslie. A cross-cultural comparison of impressions created by age-related variations in gait. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1993. 17(1): 55-68.Montepare, J. M., & Zebrowitz-McArthur, L. (1988). Impressions of people created by age-related qualities of their gaits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(4), 547–556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ 0022-3514.55.4.547.Prasad, S., & Shiffrar, M. (2009). Viewpoint and the recognition of people from their movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology – Human Perception and Performance, 35(1), 39–49. PsycNET.Roether, C. L., Omlor, L., Christensen, A., & Giese, M. A. (2009). Critical features for the perception of emotion from gait. Journal of Vision, 9(6), 1–32. Critical features for the perception of emotion from gait.Schneider, Sabrina ; Christensen, Andrea ; Hau[sz]inger, Florian B. ; Fallgatter, Andreas J. ; Giese, Martin A. ; Ehlis, Ann – Christine. Show me how you walk and I tell you how you feel — A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study on emotion perception based on human gait. Neuroimage. 2014. 85: 380(11).Sakaguchi, Kikue and Toshikazu Hasegawa. Person Perception Through Gait Information And Target Choice For Sexual Advances: Comparison Of Likely Targets In Experiments And Real Life. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 2006; 30:63-85. DOI 10.1007/s10919-006-0006-2Sturman, Edward D. Invluntary Subordination and Its Relation to Personality, Mood,and Submissive Behavior. Psychological Assessment. 2011. 23(1): 262-276 DOI: 10.1037/a0021499Sweeney, John A. ; Haas, Gretchen L. ; Clementz, Brett ; Weiden, Peter ; Frances, Allen ; Mann, J.John. Eye movement abnormalities in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry. 1989. 25(7): A77-A78.Thoresen, John C.; Quoc C. Vuong and Anthony P. Atkinson. First Impressions: Gait Cues Drive Reliable Trait Judgements. Cognition. 2012. 261–271van der Zwan, Rick and Natasha Herbert. “I Like The Way You Move”: How Hormonal Changes Across The Menstrual Cycle Affect Female Perceptions of Gait. Research Notes. 2012; 5: 453.Wilder, Vicky. Effects of antipsychotic medication on the movement pathologies of chronic schizophrenics. American Journal of Dance Therapy. 1987. 10(1): 77-94.Argyle, Michael; Lefebvre, Luc; Cook, Mark 1974. The meaning of five patterns of gaze. European Journal of Social Psychology. 4(2): 125-136.Argyle, M., and Ingham, R. 1972. Gaze, mutual gaze, and proximity. Semiotica, 1, 32–49.Argyle, M. and Cook, M. Gaze and Mutual Gaze. London: Cambridge University Press, 1976.Allan Mazur; Eugene Rosa; Mark Faupel; Joshua Heller; Russell Leen; Blake Thurman. Physiological Aspects of Communication Via Mutual Gaze. The American Journal of Sociology. 1980; 86(1): 50-74.Brooks, C. I., Church, M. A., & Fraser, L. 1986. Effects of duration of eye contact on judgments of personality characteristics. Journal of Social Psychology. 126: 71–78.Breed, G., Christiansen, E., & Larson, D. 1972. Effect of lecturer’s gaze direction uponteaching effectiveness. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 2: 115.Baltazar M; Hazem N; Vilarem E; Beaucousin V; Picq JL, and Conty L. Eye Contact Elicits Bodily Self-Awareness in Human Adults. Cognition. 2014. 133 (1): 120-7 PMID: 25014360.Ellsworth, Phoebe; Carlsmith, J Merrill. 1973. Eye contact and gaze aversion in an aggressive encounter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 28(2): 280-292.Foddy, Margaret 1978. Patterns of Gaze in Cooperative and Competitive NegotiationHuman Relations. 31(11):925-938.Kellerman. 1989. Looking and loving: The effects of mutual gaze on feelings of romantic love. Journal of Research in Personality. 23(2): 145-161.Kendon, A. Some Functions of Gaze Direction in Social Interaction. Acta Psychologica. 1967. 32: 1-25.Kleinke, C. L. 1980. Interaction between gaze and legitimacy of request on compliance in a field setting. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 5(1): 3-12.Leeb. 2004. Here’s Looking at You, Kid! A Longitudinal Study of Perceived Gender Differences in Mutual Gaze Behavior in Young Infants Source: Sex Roles. 50(1-2): 1-14.Langer, Julia and Rodebaugh, Thomas. Social Anxiety and Gaze Avoidance: Averting Gaze but not Anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2013, Vol.37(6): 1110-1120.McAndrew. 1986. Arousal seeking and the maintenance of mutual gaze in same and mixed sex dyads Source: Journal of nonverbal behavior. 10(3):168-172.Mulac, A., Studley, L., Wiemann, J., & Bradac, J. 1987. Male/female gaze in same-sexand mixed-sex dyads. Human Communication Research. 13: 323-343.Natale, Michael. 1976. A Markovian model of adult gaze behavior. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 5(1): 53-63.Phelps, F., Doherty-Sneddon, G., & Warnock Educational Psychology., 27, 91-107. (2006). Functional benefits of children’s gaze aversion during questioning. British Journal Developmental Psychology. 24: 577-588.Rosenfeld, H., Breck, B., Smith, S., & Kehoe, S. 1984. Intimacy-mediators of the proximity-gaze compensation effect: Movement, conversational role, acquaintance, and gender. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 8: 235-249.Strongman, K. T., & Champness, B. G. Dominance hierarchies and conflict in eye contact. Acta Psychologica, 1968, 2& 376-386.Williams. 1993. Effects of Mutual Gaze and Touch on Attraction, Mood, and Cardiovascular Reactivity Source: Journal of Research in Personality. 27(2): 170-183.Aguinis, Herman ; Simonsen, Melissam. ; Pierce, Charlesa. Effects of Nonverbal Behavior on Perceptions of Power Bases. The Journal of Social Psychology. 1998. 138(4): 455-469.Aguinis, Herman ; Henle, Christinea. Effects of Nonverbal Behavior on Perceptions of a Female Employee’s Power Bases. The Journal of Social Psychology. 2001 141(4): 537-549.Allison, T., Puce, A., & McCarthy, G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Neurosciences, 4, 267–278.Bowers, Andrew L. ; Crawcour, Stephen C. ; Saltuklaroglu, Tim ; Kalinowski, JosephGaze aversion to stuttered speech: a pilot study investigating differential visual attention to stuttered and fluent speech. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 2010. 45(2): 133-144.Bond, C. F., Kahler, K. N., & Paolicelli, L. M. (1985). The miscommunication of deception: An adaptive perspective. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 331–345. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(85)90034-4Burns, J. A., & Kintz, B. L. (1976). Eye contact while lying during an interview. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 7, 87–89.Beausoleil, Ngaio J. ; Stafford, Kevin J. ; Mellor, David J. Burghardt, Gordon M. (editor). Does Direct Human Eye Contact Function as a Warning Cue for Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries)? Journal of Comparative Psychology. 2006. 120(3): 269-279.Chen, Yi-Chia ; Yeh, Su-Ling. Look into my eyes and I will see you: Unconscious processing of human gaze. Consciousness and Cognition. 2012 21(4): 1703-1710.Calogero, Holly M A. Test Of Objectification Theory: The Effect Of The Male Gaze On Appearance Concerns In College Women. Psychology of women quarterly 28.1 (2004) 16-21.Einav, Shiri ; Hood, Bruce M. García Coll, Cynthia (editor). Tell-Tale Eyes: Children’s Attribution of Gaze Aversion as a Lying Cue. Developmental Psychology. 2008. 44(6): 1655-1667.Friesen, C.K., & Kingstone, A. (1998). The eyes have it: Reflexive orienting is triggered by nonpredictive gaze. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5, 490–493.George, N., Driver, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2001). Seen gaze-direction modulates fusiform activity and its coupling with other brain areas during face processing. 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