Chapter 6 - Hud: Fill & Download for Free

Dear Brother, man says that the world today has changed since the Revelation of the Quran 1400+ years ago! But Allah is our witness, the mentality of the disbelievers has not changed even one single bit!!! When the Noble Prophet (saws) declared that He was appointed a Prophet of Allah and was receiving Revelations of the Quran from The Lord Most High, the disbelievers in his (saws) mission 1400 years ago posed the exact same questions which some people pose today! .that the Quran is not from the Lord God Who Created, but either Prophet Mohamed (saws) fabricated it himself, or was inspired by the Shaytaan or Jinns, etc.Glory be to the Lord Who Revealed the Glorious Quran in Truth to His Last and Final Messenger (saws)! Allah is our witness brother, the answer that the Lord gave to the objections and challenges and accusations of the disbelievers 1400+ years ago are as valid today as they were then!Allah says in the Holy Quran Chapter 11 Surah Hud verses 13-14:Do they (the disbelievers) say, He (Mohamed (saws)) has invented the Book himself? Say to them, Very well then, if it is so, then bring ten fabricates Surahs like this! And you may call to your assistance whosoever you can except Allah, if you speak the truth! Now if they (your false gods) do not come to your help, you should know that this Book has been revealed with the Knowledge of Allah, and that there is no true deity other than Allah. Do you then surrender to this?Allah says in the Holy Quran Chapter 2 Surah Baqarah verse 23-24:And if you be in doubt whether the Book We have sent down to Our Servant is from Us or not, then produce, at least, one surah like this. You may call all your associates to assist you and avail yourselves of the help of any, other than Allah. If you are genuine in your doubt, do this! But if you do not do this, and you can never do this, then fear the Fire which has been prepared for the disbelievers, and which shall have men and stones for fuel.Allah says in the Holy Quran Chapter 4 Surah Nisaa verse 82:Do they not ponder over the Quran? Had it been from any other than Allah, surely there would have been many contradictions in it.Allah says in the Holy Quran Chapter 17 Surah Isra verse 88:Declare this! Even if human beings and the jinns should co-operate with one another to bring forth a book like the Quran, they would never be able to bring anything like it, even though they all helped one another!After absolutely humiliating and frustrating the false accusations and challenges of the disbelievers, Allah reveals the true reason, intention, and mentality of those who ardently strive to disbelieve:Allah says in the Holy Quran Chapter 6 Surah Anaam verse 33:We know that what they say grieves you (O Prophet (saws)). But it is not you whom they charge with falsehood! These wicked people are in fact, denying the (very) Revelations of Allah!Allah says in the Holy Quran Chapter 6 Surah Anaam verse 7:(O Prophet) even if We had sent down to you a Book written on paper, and even if they had touched it with their own hands, the disbelievers would have said, This is nothing but manifest sorcery!.Allah says in the Holy Quran Chapter 6 Surah Anaam verse 157-158:Now that a clear Proof, a Guidance and Blessing (The Quran), has come to you from your Lord, who can be more unjust than the one who treats Our Revelations as false and turns away from them?We will inflict the severest torment on those who turn away from Our Revelations because of their aversion. Do the people now await that the angels should come down before them? Or that your Lord may Himself come down? Or that the manifest Signs of your Lord should appear?Allah says in the Holy Quran Chapter 30 Surah Rum verses 58-60:We have set forth in this Quran every sort of argument to make the people understand; but whatever aayah you may bring, the disbelievers will certainly say, You are following falsehood. Thus does Allah seal up the hearts of those who understand not. So, patiently perservere; for surely the promise of Allah is True. And let not those who have no certainty of faith, shake your firmness.Then finally, Allah, after all His Perfect arguments Declares the punishment for those who even after this refuse to believe:Allah says in the Holy Quran Chapter 34 Surah Saba verse 5:As for those who strive hard to discredit Our Revelations, for them is a painful torment, most humiliating.And in His Supreme Mercy and Grace, the Lord Most Gracious consoles the heart of the Prophet (saws) and those who have believed and tells them exactly how to deal and reply to those disbeliever who, after having been given the Message in the best manner still ardently refuse to believe:Allah says in the Holy Quran Chapter 10 Surah Yunus verses 40-44:Some of these people will believe in (The Quran), and others will not. Your Lord knows these mischief-makers very well indeed. If these people deny you, say to them: I am responsible for my deeds and you are for yours. You are not accountable for what I do, nor am I for what you do. There are many among them who hear what you say, but will you make the deaf to listen to you, even though they be incapable of understanding this? Then there are many others among them who see you. But will you show the way to the blind, even though they be bereft of sight? The fact is that Allah does not in any way wrong the people, but they wronged themselves!

Per the VA website:Home Loan GuarantyNational Guard members and reservists are eligible for a VA home loan if they have completed at least six years of honorable service, are mobilized for active duty service for a period of at least 90 days, or are discharged because of a service-connected disability.Reservists who do not qualify for VA housing loan benefits may be eligible for loans on favorable terms insured by the federal Housing Administration (FHA), which is a part of HUD. Additional information can be found in Chapter 6.Here’s the website (look about 2/3 down the web page):Office of Public and Intergovernmental Affairs

I see that you live in the US, so this answer is for the US.This is primarily written for, as the question asks, electrical outlets mounted on walls.It is also primarily written for residential and light commercial (apartment buildings, hotels, dormitories, office buildings, etc.) applications, not heavy commercial, industrial and other special applications.I have to add that there is no way that in such an answer that I can possibly cover and discuss each and every part of the National Electrical Code that covers this. For that the reader is directed to the National Electrical Code itself.Receptacles, Not OutletsWhat you are talking about are technically called receptacles (per the National Electrical Code, Article 100 Definitions) - more specifically 125 volt, 15 and 20 amp receptacles.Outlet is defined in 2017 NEC Article 100 as “A point on the wiring system at which current is taken to supply utilization equipment.” Information in the 2017 NEC Handbook goes on to say “The term outlet is frequently misused to refer to receptacles. Although receptacle outlets are outlets, not all outlets are receptacles outlets. Other common examples of outlets include lighting outlets and smoke alarm outlets”Thanks to Mark Bertacchi, a Master Electrician, for the way he words this: “An outlet is the point where the building wiring method exits the wall, ceiling or floor and is usually terminated in a box - thus the term ‘outlet box’.”Outlets are the things that receptacles are placed in. I want you to know the terminology that the governing code uses - but you can call them whatever you want.125 Volt, 15 Amp Duplex Decora Receptacle125 Volt, 20 Amp Duplex Decora ReceptacleNational Electrical Code RequirementsThe National Electrical Code (NEC) is the electrical installation code used in all 50 states and all U.S. Territories - reference NEC Preface.For electrical receptacles installed in walls, the NEC does not specify orientation, either vertical or horizontal, and if vertical it does not specify ground pin down or ground pin up.125 Volt, 15 Amp Duplex Standard Receptacle, Vertical and Horizontal Mounted125 Volt, 15 amp Duplex Decora Receptacle, Mounted Vertically, Ground Pin Down125 Volt, 15 amp Duplex Decora Receptacle, Mounted Vertically, Ground Pin UpMounting Orientation PracticeBy far the most common mounting orientation in the US for such receptacles mounted in walls is vertical, ground pin down.I happen to live in an area where receptacles are mounted ground pin up. I have read through the electrical ordinance for my city and it states nothing about the orientation of receptacles.I met with an electrical inspector in my city to discuss this. He told me there is no requirement in the city for receptacle orientation, and that he would approve installations where the ground pin was mounted up or down. I subsequently met with the Acting Chief Electrical Inspector and the Chairman of the Board of Electrical Examiners for my city, who both confirmed there is no requirement in my city for receptacle orientation. They noted that receptacles are typically installed ground pin up because that is the way the trade schools in the area teach - it’s done because of local convention, not regulation.I have been told by others that their city has a requirement that ground pins be mounted up. I have looked through the most stringent electrical standards I know of in the US - the electrical ordinance for New York City and the Chicago Electrical Code (a modification of the NEC) and nowhere can I find any mention of receptacle orientation for wall-mounted receptacles.If your jurisdiction has a requirement for receptacle orientation I would be interested in knowing about it. Please give me the reference to the ordinance that states the requirement and I will add that information to this answer.Horizontal Mounted ReceptaclesFor horizontal mounted receptacles the best arrangement is to place the grounding hole to the left - which places the wider neutral slot on top. This way if something metal falls on the partially exposed blades the item will hit the grounded neutral blade instead of the hot blade.Vertical Mounted ReceptaclesThere are a lot of differing opinions on this. I will include some of them below.Ground Pin Up SafetySome argue that the ground pin up orientation is safer because if a conductive object of the right size (for example, a metal paper clip) falls and lands on a plug that has a ground pin, where the plug is inserted far enough to be energized but not so far that the prongs are fully inserted and covered, because:With the ground pin down, that metal object might make contact with the hot blade and become energized, or might make contact with the hot and neutral blades and create a short.Whereas with the ground pin up, a falling metal object will make contact with the ground pin and therefore not create a hazard.I will let you determine how likely such an event is to occur, and if you want to orient your receptacles to deal with that potential hazard.One person noted hearing a radio interview with one of the original designers of the North American three prong receptacle and plug. Reportedly the designer expressed great frustration with the way it was being used because the intention when it was designed was to orient it with the ground plug up for all the reasons noted above. He apparently reported that ground plug down became the default largely by accident and subsequently many things have been designed around that assumption, making ground plug up difficult at best.If anyone can find a reference to this I would greatly appreciate it.Ground Pin Down SafetyAn alternate argument proposed by some is that the receptacle should be oriented with the ground pin down because a person grabbing the plug will have their index finger at the bottom side of the plug and the index finger sticks out further than the thumb. Having the ground down will keep a person's index finger from touching the live pins. Another argument for ground pin down is that if something drops down and hits the plug, the ground pin will be the last thing to lose contact.Living with Ground Pin Up ReceptaclesFor those of us who live in areas where the ground pin is mounted up, we experience the problem shown below when the plug of the type shown is used. This type of plug is most common on larger appliances.This is a real PIA for us, and can be unsafe in that the cord can more easily get crushed by dressers and the like pushing against them.This issue also occurs with the surge suppressor type that I prefer - shown below.Because of these problem some suggest that receptacles for heavier appliances that more commonly use this type of plug - such as clothes washing machines, refrigerators, window air conditioners, some microwave ovens - be mounted ground pin down. This is so that the plug inserts without having the cord loop over itself. Also the downward pull of the cord tends to tug the plug from the receptacle if the receptacle is mounted ground pin up.Then mount all other receptacles ground pin up.Another issue occurs when items like small power supplies (sometimes called “wall-warts”) and the GFCI-like plugs for hair dryers are installed in ground pin up receptacles - which tend to make them fall out.Split-Wired ReceptaclesIn some areas it is practice to mount duplex receptacles that are split-wired (one receptacle in the duplex controlled by a wall-mounted light switch, the other directly wired) one way - generally ground pin up, and duplex receptacles that were not split-wired mounted the other way (generally ground pin down). Then people can visually see if a receptacle is split-wired or not. I heard from several people in an area in Florida and some in California that mentioned this was a standard in their area.It should be noted that if a split-wired receptacle is fed as a multi-wire branch circuit (as shown in the diagram above) “Each multiwire branch circuit shall be provided with a means that will simultaneously disconnect all ungrounded conductors at the point where the branch circuit originates.” [Reference 2020 NEC 210.4(B)]. This can be accomplished by the use of two single-pole circuit breakers with an identified handle tie or a 2-pole circuit breaker, or by a 2-pole switch [reference 2020 NEC Handbook, 210.4(B), blue text, second paragraph.]Another perspective, in conflict with the one above - is that whatever convention is used all receptacles in a facility should be mounted the same way.Note: For split-wired receptacles there is no NEC requirement on which half of the receptacle be switched - top half or bottom half. To me the most sensible thing would be to switch the bottom half - as that is generally a light that is not moved, leaving the top half more easily accessible to plug in whatever you would like.Hospital ReceptaclesMost if not all hospital receptacles you will see in the US are mounted ground pin up.Note: If you are dealing with electrical systems in hospitals Quora is not the place to go for answers. Standards and regulations governing hospital electrical systems are very particular and specific. You need trained, qualified and experienced professionals to deal with your systems. The following is for general information only and is not intended to be used for guidance for actual hospital applications.Standards for Hospitals that Mention ReceptaclesIEEE 602–2007 Electrical Systems in Health Care Facilities - in 4.4.3 “Hospital grade receptacles” says this:“Parallel blade devices should be mounted ground pin or neutral blade up. In this configuration, any metal that drops between the plug and the wall will most likely contact a non-energized blade. While either 15 A or 20 A receptacles are permitted, it is highly desirable to use only 20 A within a health care facility. This allows for greater flexibility in equipment usage and simplifies stocking of replacement receptacles.”Note the use of the word “Should.” In standard electrical code language, “Should” means a strong suggestion, whereas “Shall” means a requirement.One person stated there is a more general IEEE document that suggests that receptacles be oriented ground pin up, but to date no one has provided a reference to any such document.NFPA 99 Standard for Health Care Facilities has no statement about receptacle orientation that I could find. It does, however, state that the receptacle shall have a retention force of not less than 4 oz. for the grounding blade (4.3.3.2.4).It has been reported that some hospital accrediting organizations require outlets be mounted ground pin up to pass inspection, and I have no reason to not believe this. But another person noted that ground pin up was not required to pass inspection - perhaps this is with a different accrediting organization. Without specific references to the applicable standards I have no way of checking this.And as I said, Quora is NOT the place to go to for information about electrical wiring systems in hospitals.Ground Pin Up or Down - It’s Up to YouPeople can (and do) argue vehemently for one way or the other.Many have stated they have seen “somewhere” a requirement that the ground pin be up. I have searched through the NEC back through 1968, read through the US Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), looked at the NYC and Chicago modifications to the NEC, read many local ordinances about their electrical code, looked at UL Standards - but to date have not been able to find any such thing in any document. If you can provide me with a specific reference I will be glad to add it here - if there is such a thing.Because the regulations governing this do not specify an orientation, you are allowed to chose whichever orientation practice you want.What Would I Do?If I were wiring an existing facility I would continue with the convention already in place in that facility.If I were wiring a new home, I would orient the receptacles ground pin down.Why? Because:The risk difference between this orientation and ground pin up is marginal at best, in my opinion.Having lived with ground pin up, I don’t like it for reasons stated above.I typically don’t split-wire receptacles, and if I did I would not care to have them identified. If you do, that’s fine with me!I am not going to use metal faceplates that might slip and fall onto a partially exposed plug - I use non-conductive nylon faceplates (as described below).I use quality receptacles that provide good tight tension for the plug, not the $0.39 specials that lose tension with use. I test the tension of my receptacles periodically using a Daniel Woodhead 1760 Receptacle Tension Tester. I replace receptacles when their tension falls below the specified standard.In new residential wiring our receptacles are protected by:A circuit breaker to protect against overloads and short circuitsAlmost always a GFCI to protect against ground faultsAlmost always an AFCI to protect against arcing faultsA tamper-resistant receptacle that almost forces a plug to get fully inserted - try one for yourself and find out.FaceplatesIn my opinion the object most likely to fall as noted and potentially become energized is a metal faceplate. Because of this I don’t use metal faceplates - instead I use break-resistant nylon faceplates (not the $0.99 easily breakable faceplates).If for some reason you feel the need to use a metal faceplate that is your decision - just know that from an electrical safety standpoint I don’t personally believe that to be the wisest decision.Metal Faceplate“Unbreakable” Nylon FaceplateMy favorite faceplate is a Decora-type faceplate - specifically the Lutron Claro line. It offers the following advantages:The Decora-type receptacle faceplate is held on by two screws, unlike the standard faceplate that is held on with a single screw. This makes the Decora faceplate a lot less likely to come loose and fall down.Decora Style Duplex Receptacle. The two faceplate mounting screw holes are above and below the screw heads in the photo.The Lutron Claro faceplate has no exposed screws. This makes for a safer installation, one that is easier to clean, and one with a more modern look.Lutron Claro Duplex Receptacle FaceplateExceptionsThere is one place where the NEC does specify something in relation to receptacle orientation.2017 NEC 406.5(G) - new to the 2017 NEC, states “Receptacles shall not be installed in a face-up position in or on countertop surfaces or work surfaces unless listed for countertop or work surface applications.” I guess I thought that was a reasonable, sensible and understandable thing until some people asked why this was being included.It follows the basic rule - one that I hope most people know and understand, that water and electricity do not mix. A receptacle mounted in a face-up position on a countertop or work surface has the potential to have water that is on the surface run into the receptacle and outlet. I hope that is clear and the potential issues with that are clear to people.UL Listed Pop-Up Receptacle - Hubbell-Kellemshttps://www.vanmeterinc.com/asse...https://www.vanmeterinc.com/asse...New to the 2020 NEC at 406.5(G)(2) prohibits mounting receptacles in a face-up position in the area below a sink. That new addition makes sense to me.Why Are Some Electrical Receptacles Installed High Up On a Wall?Receptacles generally are installed about 18 inches above the floor.To be counted as a “dwelling unit receptacle outlet” as required by 2017 NEC 210.52, the receptacles shall be:If mounted in the floor, within 18 inches of the wall - 2017 NEC 210.52(A)(3).If mounted in the wall, not more than 5.5 feet above the floor - 2017 NEC 210.52(1).Read the information below on “Special Occupancies” and you might decide that 48 inches is a better choice for maximum height for many locations (and 18 inches as a minimum height).There may be reasons to install receptacles at other heights. One reason is to power old electric clocks. Another is for some appliances, such as:washing machinesmicrowave ovenswall mounted TVsReceptacles in bathrooms, basements, garages, accessory buildings, on mantleplaces, in hotels, motels, and dormitories (where laptop computers are often used) are other examples where receptacles are generally mounted higher.One person noted placing receptacles mounted in basements at a higher location due to concerns about flooding. Another person noted placing receptacles on the first floor higher up due to concerns about flooding. That makes sense to me, especially if the facility is in a location where flooding is a possibility.FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) notes this in their document 551 Selecting Appropriate Mitigation Measures for Floodprone Structures - Chapter 6 “Wet Floodproofing” 6.2.4 “Location of Utilities.” Here is what it says “Any electrical outlets should be relocated or elevated to higher areas on the wall above the flood protection elevation, as there is a danger of not being unable to shut off the electrical panel before the basement floods. Relocation of utilities also includes the electrical service panel …” https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1609-20490-5083/fema_551.pdfWhere receptacles are mounted behind a bed, the receptacle shall be located to prevent the bed from contacting any attachment plug that may be installed or the receptacle shall be provided with a suitable guard - 2017 NEC 210.62(B).Hospitals often have receptacles mounted high on the wall so they are visible, readily accessible, and so that the cords don’t drape over the floor where they can present a trip hazard, beds could roll over them, etc.Height Requirements for Special OccupanciesReportedly various regulations, codes and standards have requirements for the height of receptacles. I don’t have the interest in tracking all of these down, because I am not involved in these situations. However if you are you need to be aware of any special requirements.Listed below are some things I have heard about, but have not independently verified:California Building Code 2016 (Volume 1) 1136A.1 requiring electrical receptacle outlets on branch circuits of 30 amperes or less to be located no more that 48 inches measured from the top of the receptacle outlet box nor less than 15 inches measured from the bottom of the receptacle outlet box to the level of the finished floor or working platform.Fair Housing Act, HUD Section 504, Rehabilitation act of 1973 (24CFR 8.22) with the same requirements as noted above for the California Building Code.The Massachusetts State Electric Code 521 CMR 39.3 Height reportedly has similar requirements.ADA (Americans With Disabilities Act) says this:28CFR Part 36, Section 4.2.5 “Forward Approach” - maximum height 48 inches.28CFR Part 36, Section 4.2.6 “Parallel Approach” - maximum height 54 inches.28CFR Part 36, 4.2.7.3 “Height” - minimum 15 inches. Maximum height as specified in 4.2.5 and 4.2.6. EXCEPTION: These requirements do not apply where the use of special equipment dictates otherwise or where electrical and communications systems receptacles are not normally intended for use by building occupants.New York City Local Law No. 39 for the year 2015 (Int. No. 433-A) “Table 3: Typical Mounting Heights.” It states 18 inches for receptacles.NECA 1–2015 “Good Workmanship in Electrical Construction” - Chapter 11 , Table 3 shows 18 inches for general receptacle outlets, finished floor to centerline of the device.International Building Code: The IBC says nothing about this topic. It references the National Electrical Code as the code to use (reference 2018 IBC Chapter 27 “Electrical,” Section 2710 “General”).I enjoyed writing this. I hope you enjoyed reading it!