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Why did the British divide India?

The death of Aurangzeb makes a turning point in history if India. He breathed his last in Ahmednagar in 1707. The Mughal dynasty had reached its largest extent, in less than a quarter of a century after the death of Aurangzeb; the Maratha Empire became a strong military power and a formidable rival to the Mughal. They established their supremacy over a large part of Deccan and south India and carried their plundering raids even to north and west India with the result that nearly whole of Gujarat and central India passed into their hands.When in 1740, Peshwa Baji Rao I[1] marched with his army to vicinity of Delhi; the mighty fabric of Mughal had entirely collapsed. The Maratha grew more and more powerful and made a bold bod for the rule in India. At last they can query the whole of the Punjab and their vanguard reached the river Indus. But good time of Marathas did not last long. They were defeated by Afghan King, Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761 A.D. in the third battle of Panipat. At the decline of Maratha Empire there was no Indian power that could hope to establish political supremacy.Thus, there was a time when three regions – Hyderabad, Avadh and Bengal were each powerful in its own way but none had the capacity or ambition to take place of the imperial power. The battle of Buxar in 1765 A.D. and then the circumstances in the country made the East India Company[2] the ruling power. With the consolidation of its powers in Bengal and Madras, the East India Company became the greatest territorial power in India and their further expansion of its dominion was pursued in aggressive design.The authorities in England were generally averse to further expansion of their dominion in India, and while many of the Governors-General tacitly followed the policy as far as practicable, some pursued a more aggressive design in spite of directions to the contrary. Among these architects of British rule in India three stand foremost, namely, Richard Wellesley (1798-1805), the Francis Edward Rawdon-Hastings (1813-23) and James Broun-Ramsay (1848-56).[3]During the period of British rule in India, the British policy changed from time to time. British came in India as a trader, then they became ruler and finally they started professing Christianity. The Charter of 1813 permitted the entry of missionaries and made provision of Bishop at Calcutta. Thomas F. Middleton, the first bishop of Calcutta, reached India in 1814. His landing, he wrote, ‘was without any éclat, for fear of alarming the prejudices of the natives’. But the bishop’s arrival and subsequent activities produced no commotion; he was greeted everywhere by the Indians with respectful curiosity, and the ‘Lord Padre Sahib’ comported himself with the utmost dignity.[4] Thus, an administrative that in the beginning professed neutrality appointed and paid Bishops, one of at least of whose duties was to supervise over and encourage conversion of Indian to Christianity.[5]Prior to 1813, the East India Company to some extent actively discouraged the spreading of Christianity in India. When the company’s Charter was renewed in 1813, British Parliament directed that 100,000 rupees be set apart each year for the improvement of literature and the encouragement of the learned natives of India, and for the introduction and promotion of knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of the British territories in India.[6]In 1823 a Committee of Public Instruction was appointed in Bengal. The appointment of Thomas Babington Macaulay in 1834 as president of the Committee turned the tide in favor of the Anglicists. Declaring that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia, Macaulay was able to convince the Governor-General of the rightness of his position. In 1835 the decision was made that the existing oriental institutions were to continue, but with sharply reduced grants; hence forth the available public funds were to be spent in importing knowledge of English literature and science.“Our English schools are flourishing wonderfully. We find it difficult indeed, in some places impossible to provide instruction for all who want it. At the single town of Hooghly fourteen hundred boys are learning English. The effect of this education on the Hindoos is prodigious. No Hindoo who has received an English education ever remains sincerely attached to his religion. Some continue to profess it as a matter of policy; but many profess themselves pure deists and some embrace Christianity. It is my firm belief that, if our plans of education are followed up, there will not be a single idolater among the respectable classes in Bengal thirty years hence. And this will be affected without any efforts to proselytise; without the smallest interference with religious liberty; merely by the natural operation of knowledge and reflection. I heartily rejoice in the prospect”.[7]A section of English educated Indian youth was carried by a strong current of British culture. They adopted British ideas, habits, dresses, mannerism, customs, usages, and openly indicated their repugnance to everything to Indian. They spoke in English, thought in English and dreamed in English. But fortunately current of British influence was not long in the following years. When the Indians first began to learn English, little was known of their ancient history.[8]The very poor knowledge that the Indians themselves possessed about their own past history is shown by the history of the Hindu Kings written by Mrityunjay Bhattacharya, a Pandit of the Fort William College in Calcutta, in the year 1808, but the regular archaeological explorations and excavations, commencing in 1861. This inspired the Hindus with a sense of their rich heritage from the past and the leading part they once played as a great nation in the history of the world. It necessarily generated in their minds a spirit of self-confidence and held out before them a bright vision of their future destiny. The revelation of India's past was one of the strongest foundations on which Indian nationalism was built.[9]It was till 1870, the Indians had developed advanced political ideas and sense of nationalism that the British scented danger and began to favor the Muslims at expense of the Hindus. From about the 1880 it becomes the settled policy of the British to play the Muslims against the Hindus and break the solidarity of the people.[10] The policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ systemically pursued by the British throughout the 19th century. As far back as 1821 a British officer wrote in the Asiatic Journal, ‘Divide et Impera should be the motto of our administration’ and the policy was supported by high British officers. At the first policy was to favor the Hindus at the expanse of the Muslims, for, as Governor-General of India, Edward Law put it, ‘that race is fundamentally hostile to us and therefore our true policy is to conciliate the Hindus’.[11]Meanwhile, the discontent and disaffection among all classes of people and sporadic disturbances in all parts in India grew in valor and intensity till, at a suitable opportunity in 1857, they burst out into a violent outbreak of an unprecedented character, shaking the British rule in India to its very foundation. The immediate cause of War was the introduction of the Enfield rifle for use by troops. Early in January 1857, a rumor was seriously spread to the effects that cartridges of these rifles were graced and made from the fat either of the hog or of the cow and at the end of these cartridges had to be bitten of with teeth. It was a sacrilegious act both for Hindus and Muslims.[12] Historian, R.C. Majumdar finds that dread of conversion to Christianity worked as a nightmare upon the troops’ mind.[13]In the Meerut on April 24, 1857 when 85 troops out of 90 of the Third Cavalry refused to touch the cartridges on the parade ground. They were tried by Court Martial and sentenced to ten years imprisonment with hard labor. This was one of the cause of the War of 1857. On May 11, 1857 the troops of Meerut reached Delhi. They went straight to Red Fort and requested last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar to take the lead in the war which they already begun. After a great deal of hesitation Bahadur Shah at last agreed and was proclaimed Emperor of India. Unfortunately he had not the capacity to lead the war.[14]Aftermath of War, a section of educated Muslim started propagate that they were the senior partner in the great undertaking. Founder of Two-Nation Theory, Syed Ahmad Khan indirectly admitted that the Muslims were in every respect more dissatisfied than the Hindus and hence in most districts they were comparatively more rebellious. Thus, the standard of War had been erected for the purpose of inflame the minds of Muslims against the Hindus. A British journalist and historian, Valentine Chirol has described the anti-Hindu doctrines of Syed Ahmad had been thoroughly impregnated the Muslim community.It was Hindus like Nana Sahib and Tantia Tope and the Ranee of Jhansi who were the real heroes and moving spirits of that War of Indian Independence. In our day the British connexion has had no stouter and more convinced supporter than the late Sir Syed Ahmad, than whom no Mahomedan has deserved or enjoyed greater influence over his Indian co-religionists. Not only does his educational work, based on the English public school system, live after him in the college which he founded at Aligarh, but also his political faith which taught the vast majority of educated Mahomedans to regard their future as bound up with the preservation of British rule.[15]At the beginning of 1901 India was inhabited by two distinct communities, the Hindu and Muslim. With the establishment of British rule, there was a distinct difference between the Hindu and Muslim. In general we find in ancient India schools and universities were open to all communities. But now the situation was became worst as such communal distinction was accepted almost every sphere off life.In 1906 All India Muslim League was established at Decca. There were two reasons advanced for establishment of the League. It was said that on of the object of the League would be to strengthen and develop a feeling of loyalty to the British Government among the Muslims of India. The second object was to advance the claim of the Muslims against Hindus and other communities in respect of service under the Crown and thus safeguard the Muslim interest and rights.[16]The separatism was found expression in the ideas and writings of League leader, Muhammad Iqbal. Though, he was an Indian nationalist in the beginning but later turned as a Muslim leader and advocated religious nationalism based on Islam. For him, Islam was a divinely revealed faith and above and beyond rational discussion.[17] In All Parties Muslim Conference at Delhi in January 1929 he declared that I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a separate State.[18]British Government always used the Muslim League as a counter to the demands of Hindu. During the Second World War, Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the supreme leader of Muslims in India. Pakistan scheme of Muslim League was accepted by the Indian National Congress. That was the first religion based appeasement in the history of mankind. India had been a united whole through the ages, many thoughts were flourished here but not a single incident was recorded for separation. M.K. Gandhi started to meet Jinnah at Bombay (Mumbai). The special train carrying Gandhi left Wardha for Bombay. It was guarded by Khaskar Muslim volunteers and protected by British soldiers.[19]The talks of Gandhi with Jinnah in the palatial building of Jinnah at Mount Pleasant Road, Bombay, lasted for about three long weeks in September 1944. Gandhi paid nineteen visits to Jinnah’s house without receiving a single in return. Jinnah was stubborn but shrewd, ruthless and realist in his own way in hiss demand for vivisection of India. In the meeting Gandhi clearly agreed to the principle of partition and promised that though he differed from Jinnah on the general basis, he would recommended to the Congress and the country the acceptance of the claim for separation as contained in Muslim League resolution of 1940.[20]The first quarter of 1945 witnessed a great event. March 21, 1945 Archibald Wavell, the Viceroy of India flew to London with the proposal for the formation of Interim Government at the centre. After a stay of nine weeks in London, he returned to India with the so called Wavell Plan. The announcement was made on June 14, 1915 that a view of forming a new Executive Council with representation of communities in India.Wavell thus killed the last hope of secular democratic unity of India. The Muslim who formed only 22 percent of the total Indian population was given parity in representation with the caste Hindu consisting 54 percent of total Indian population. Hindus who formed nearly 75 percent were divided between caste Hindu and Schedule Caste. The Congress represented the Caste Hindu through its Muslim President, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad. The Muslim League was represented through its President, Jinnah.The British tried to disrupt the unity by destroying the traditional communication channels and structures and demeaning India’s heritage by falsification and disinformation. The appeasement was first started by the British Government in India. Pakistan was founded on this policy. The British attempt to split the nation succeeded and resulted in the partition of India.[1] He was appointed as Peshwa of Maratha Empire in 1720 A.D. it is believed that he fought 41 battles or war and never lost anyone.[2] The East India Company was established according to the charter granted by Queen Elizabeth in 1600. The Company was concerned only with trade and commerce in India.[3] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 24[4] D.E. Smith, India as a Secular State, Princeton University: New Jersey, 1963, p. 79[5] J.M. Shelat, Secularism: Principles and Application, N.M. Tripathi: Bombay, 1972, pp. 78-79[6] D.E. Smith, India as a Secular State, Princeton University: New Jersey, 1963, p. 337[7] G. Otto Trevelyan, The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay, Harper: New York, 1876, p. 399[8] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 326[9] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, pp. 326-327[10] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 492[11] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 492[12] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 144[13] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 259[14] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 147[15] Valentine Chirol, Indian Unrest, Macmillan: London, 1910, p. 131[16] Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, India Wins Freedom, Orient Blackswan: Hyderabad, 1988, p. 117[17] Tara Chand, History of freedom Movement, volume III, Publication Division: New Delhi, 1971, p. 207[18] R.C. Majumdar (ed.), Struggle for Freedom, volume ix, Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1969, p. 536[19] Dhananjay Keer, Veer Savarkar, Popular Prakashan: Bombay, 1950, p. 355[20] Dhananjay Keer, Veer Savarkar, Popular Prakashan: Bombay, 1950, p. 356

What do you think of 'Twitter accuses Tories of misleading public with 'factcheck' foray'?

The Tory;s misleading the public is nothing new. There has been more misleading information in more Uk media than probably any other country. This I will explain how this has not only affected Uk politics, but International politics too. I will explain in brief. Since April 2004, three Uk political parties have been copying work unofficially, without any Parliamentary discussion, public transparency or any press coverage from a unique and body of political science work. What happened just after what became known as “The Dodgy Dossier” continued. However, they applied some of the plagiarized work well. Other aspects of it they copied really completely wrong. In order to distract from this, they pointed the finger of blame at the EU for all the wrongs in UK politics, when in fact many of the faults were in the UK and due to the fact no media would question the very questionable practices that were going on and being kept from public knowledge. Anyway, the copied work that Boris Johnson did together with Ken Livingstone when they were mayors of London they did well. This is what enabled the UK to obtain the Olympic Games bid. Which was obtained on the basis of the improvements made to London’s transport over Paris and Madrid.However, other aspects were not copied very well. The truth is that some in the Tor’s Labour and Lib Dems did this and yet today this is never mentioned as it has been in the interests of all those parties to ignore this. However, the work they took and presented as their ideas “the truth” in all Uk media, was not the truth at all. What actually is the truth, as I have submitted in my House of Common’s freedom of Expression and free speech submission is that the copying of this work by them was overall not very good and secondly that the work, which is without question some of the best political strategy work in the world can be straightened out and done correctly in the UK, if the politicians are prepared for the first time since April 2004 to be honest about this.However, this is where this get’s really interesting. Boris Johnson and Ken Livingstone doing a good instigation of what I call “ An Integrated Strategy”, namely An Integrated Transport System, for London, proved to me that “Integrated Strategies” do really work in reality. Whilst I was very disheartened by my exclusion from this, fast forward to the start of the Trump Presidency. This issues between The Korea’s seemed to me to be at a level where unless there was a new answer, the situation would very likely follow the course of so many other situations in the past under other presidents and as a result there would be a war. However, the political dynamics of the Korea’s situation was very different to the Middle East and having a war in Asia, nearby many of the most populous cities on Earth, next to China, Russia, Japan, Philippine's, Vietnam, Indonesia was a really big mistake. A mistake that would have almost certainly caused a world war. So I used exactly the same methodology from my work copied by Boris Johnson and Ken Livingstone and used it to form the findings of “An Integrated Strategy for Peace in the Korea’s” This I then sent to people working in The White House.” President Trump, together with leaders from all sides then found a way to step back and into talks. They did so using the strategy I had presented of how to talk the situation into talks and peace.After seeing the success of that I then did exactly the same, using the same formula for the issues between the west in Iran and for Syria. The I did “integrated Strategies” for all of the major issues in the world today. President Trump, whether you like him or not as a President together with Boris Johnson in the early 00’s. Have both used my “Integrated Strategies” to solve specific political issues that no other strategist, thinker, political party or even political system has been able to solve. So, referencing this back to the original question. The fact and the provable testify-able in any court of law truth is that. Western democracies until 2004 used a normal democratic practice that is known and cited in the world’s press every day. However, from 2004 the UK was using both democracy and also “Integrated Strategies” in the context of improving it’s political discourse. A little bit under the Presidency of President Obama some work from “integrated Strategies” was applied and this helped in the obtaining of The Paris Climate Accord and there is one other example too. However, under President Trump, he used “integrated Strategies” as a part of his policy making and this has helped keep both the USA and the world safe and free from wars and has enabled policy decisions in many instances to have been better than they would otherwise have been in terms of saving lives, saving money and creating the capacity to be able to bring home US troops.So, with there being a new science, a new political science that is happening in the world. A new branch of science that has already helped the UK, USA, Russia, China, Philippine's, Korea’s, Japan, Vietnam. Then Iran and Syria together with all the countries that are bordering them you may question why has this not been in the news. The reason is that the story is so big no press want to be the first to bring the story out. Why? The inconvenient truth is that the work links back to the Greens and to specifically Caroline Lucas in a very interesting way. It was upon her advice that I sent out much of my “Integrated Strategy” work was sent out. Without the sending out of my idea’s my “integrated Strategies” the world today would not be in the fortunate position of having potential answers to many of The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, which in fact it does.Whilst the irony of the fact you can have one MP from the left that appreciates the value of “Integrated Strategies” you can have politicians on what is termed the UK right which appreciate “Integrated Strategies” and you can have countries that are the most different from the West is all their thinking towards politics, being able to find at least “something” to agree upon. Some way to find a way initially through gestures of “good will towards peace” the world has in fact began to embrace a new political science that began in London and has now already spread around the world. Whilst this is something in addition to democracy it is something that democracy can draw upon and use when of use. For example in the context of Iran, “An Integrated Strategy” to provide a way to maintain peace was produced within twelve hours. With the issues in Syria and Turkey recently again within twelve hours. The fact is that politics today can be so fast moving. having a way of producing a thesis to get out of any difficult political issue and a way for this to be produced is a very special gift to keeping peace on this planet.The reality is that we live in a very complicated world, where there are today alliances between countries such as NATO,, World Bank, BRIKS,, EU, ASEAN, Bilateral and multilateral agreements. There are the UN countries, G8, Arab League, Davos and a range of other meetings, agreements that link countries together in ways they have never been linked together before.. So therefore, what were conflicts can become wars and then incredibly complicated wars simply by one or two stupid decisions. The alliances in this world are incredibly complicated. Yet the vulnerability of the world is incredibly fragile. In terms of the natural world we can see all around us things are not as they used to be. We can see the largest cities of countries keeping back the effects of climate change by luck and wind direction more so than by skill or technology. We can see Los Angeles, the place that has produced more films about how we saved the planet from everything ranging from Godzilla to Dinosaurs, Aliens to warewolves and vampire’s however that city itself is teetering on what could be a man made natural disaster that could destroy so much. So really our culture as hukna beings that live in cities with smart phones that have a beer on the weekend and watch the tv during the week is being challenged in ways that we as people have never had to even consider before.Due to this, there can be a tendency to do the Ostrich thing and bury our heads in the sand. Change is uncomfortable, weird, should be handled with caution and yet our very existence depends upon embracing this change and fitting it into our national and international development narrative. Whilst a certain amount of world leaders have caught on to “Integrated Strategies” and how they can serve people, all people and planet. They have used them selectively and partly for their own personal political agenda’s. However, referring back to the questions. The Tory’s know very well about ‘Integrated Strategies’ they have used and called upon them since before Cameron was elected and throughout the time he was Prime MInister. They have not told the truth about this and neither have senior members in Labour and The Lib Dems. However, “Integrated Strategies” are no longer just a something in British politics that those in charge think they can take, use and personally benefit from how they wish. They are part of the world wide Insurance policy that is keeping this planet spinning and helping to protect humanity in ever corner of the globe and across the seven sea’s. “Integrated Strategies” today are as much a part of International politics, to those in the know, as The British Empire was. The sun never sets in a place where “An Integrated Strategy” is being looked at by a world leader. So, yes this is a very positive development, yes it does provide new answers to political issues thaat otherwise seemingly can not be answered. Yes, it does preserve life and the life systems on this planet in new and better ways than were aroud when Albert Einstein was on this planet. Whilst the politics of last century was them or us orientated, the politics of this century will become more about how we can all benefit and how we can all play a part and benefit in the process. Whilst in the context of last centuries perspectives there are so many reasons to not agree, today there are new ways and means to agree. Whilst the UK Tory party may want to manipulate voters to vote for them. They have been taking and using “Integrated Strategies” for many years.Whilst President Trump’s Presidency is under the microscope of a full, complete and thorough inquiry. That Inquiry is only fully legitimate if the whole of President Trump’s presidency is fully taken into consideration. President Trump has had a foreign policy conundrum that no other US President has ever had in the history of the USA. What that conundrum is, is this; How does a US President behave when with all the resources of the USA in terms of personal, methods, best practices and personel, there is information being sent through that actually works in a way that is much more in the interests, the safety and the postive development of the country being obtained from outside of the USA. What happened then when this information is not coming from a government, nor from an institution. It is not coming from an organisation or even from a company. What happens how doe the President of The United States of America respond to that really, really good quality information and perspective that is coming from a completely independent, unregistered source? What happens when that information could be in contrast to the information being given to him by his closest and most well established advisers?Well the way in which President Trump has responded to that new information I provided and the way in which he has used that information overall has been exceptional. If the same route had been taken instead by so many other President’s to ignore the information sent or not to consider this in the context of the information he had from his employees, then firstly there would not be the luxury of any “Impeachment Inquiry” today. No the USA and many other countries would be in the midst of a war on a scale that none of us have ever known. If it was not in Asia then it would have been in the Middle East or possibly even both. What President Trump dis is he looked at all the information and in my opinion made the right choices. However, to take this back to the original question again. What was Theresa May doing at the time of me writing my peace documents, based upon the work that her political party have been not telling the British people the truth about for years? She was preparing an aircraft carrier to be sent to Asia. Well all I can say is thank God that President Trump chose what my work was saying about having talks and all the many other aspects of that over and above what she was considering at that moment in time. and a war was prevented. So President Trump in the context of US Foreign Policy” listens to what various people advise. I’m one of those people. Due to the fact that the Tory’s do not want the truth known that they were copying my work, without my permission for years and given the fact that their chums run the UK press and have influence over the US press. The truth is that both UK and US citizens are being given on a daily basis “Fake News”. In order to further confirm what I’m saying the above is the latest example and I will provide many examples that date back to 2004 together with the misrepresentation of the news by New Labour.So I wrote to the former Chairman of The Conservative Party about the Conservative Party taking and using my work in the context of my work Big Strategy that got turned into so many of their policies. The letter I got back, which I would be willing to present in any court of law either in the UK or the USA was blaming Labour. Well I hope all those Tory’s that have their lovely houses bought in part by copying my work, that have their lovely sons and daughters at private schools that have their lovely luxuary holidays, that fiddle their expenses, that spend their entire careers misleading the public, taking from the British people all they can, reducing the gains that our forefathers fought and died for in wars. Whist they continue to pretend that they are helping the country, they are there for the people, whilst they use inflammatory language, yet recruit more police, yet reduce human rights, yet control the media, yet prevent the real work that is being done that actually protect The British Isles and many other countries in the world being even known of. The reality is that unless I had produced my work that they have worked so hard to suppress and to cover up they possibly would not even be on the planet today. If President Trump would have not listened to me, A A Dove with an attitude” and would have listened to “Hawks” instead, if the USA and Theresa May would have gone against North Korea. The North Korea, having already sent a missile over Japan could have responded by taking out the third most important stock market, Tokyo. North Korea with it’s cyber capabilities could not only have wrecked further havoc online. it has the capacity of EMP weapons that can stop technology. It has the capability of affecting the Internet cable. It has nuclear sites that could have contaminated the food supply, fish of many countries in the region. The links of North Korea to China and Russia, could have created a scenario where there was an opposing force on the border of the USA in Alaska. Russia with it’s 7000 nukes and the Uk with it’s 240. Yes NATO would have helped the USA and UK, however the entire situation would not be what is is today and that is for certain. That is said without factoring in all the unintended conseqences of a similar situation in Iran with the fact that country has 15 land borders and any attack on Iran would likely result in a reaction to Saudi Arabia, which has Mecca, which then brings into that situation every country in the world with a Muslim population, which is more or less every country. That’s without talking about Syria, which unless there was “An integrated Strategy” for there then there would have been two nuclear powers, Turkey and Israel a few hundred miles apart and then two other nuclear powers USA and Russia in the middle. The facts and the truth are this, that “Integrated Strategies” have helped prevent all these scenarios’s President Trump looking at this work and using this work wisely has kept world peace in the past three years. If the UK would have entered into any of the above scenario’s, which could well have happened with the Tory’s being the only voice of reason coming from the UK, they would not be in the situation they are in today to have the false believe that they are the “sensible party” in Uk politics. Far from that, without my work, that they do not ever consider “credible” yet have used this for the main narrative of their politics for the most part since Prime MInister John Major was leader. They really would not be in the safe and secure position they are today.President Trump, when it really counts has listened and although he does his politics in his own way. His interpretation and use of “integrated Strategies” has been the best of any leader since Boris Johnson used these for London as Mayor. Now it makes much more sense politically for the UK and the Uk press to accept waht has really happened and to amend all the fake news in the UK press that has been manufactured since Prime Minister’s, Mayor’s, Minister’s and MP’s began copying my work. It would be much better for this to be known in the UK and then possibly if the electorate wanted this for the work already instigated in order to be of the maximum benefit to the UK. If that does not happen, or should I say in addition to that happening, I connected and in contact with both White House employees and with Senator's from both the Republican and Democratic Parties in the USA. I cannot sit by and see President Trump potentially be impeached on the issues regarding Ukraine without also at least putting forward my explanation of how President Trump has also skillfully enabled the world to avoid World War 3 on three occasions. Whilst President Trump’s politics in many ways do not align to my politics. I believe resolutely in Climate Change and that this is the greatest threat to mankind. However, I also appreciate that good action with Climate Change would be impossible if there is a war. Therefore, President Trump has prevented this three times and in many ways has actually resolved or at least calmed issues that were of equally great concern under President Obama, such as the wider issues in Ukraine and the troops being located on the border of Russia. Whilst the US and Uk media against were focused for months on the concept of whether or not their was collusion with Russia or whether or not their has been the influence of Russia in elections. President Trump has helped mitigate that danger by his relations with President Putin. So, the conclusion here is that the press both in the UK and the USA with their focus on the present and the near future are completely failing the people in being able to join up the dots in how we arrived where we have arrived and that is in a place where there are new answers to the worlds issues. The UK and US media not acknowledging this, together with The Tory party themselves being caught doing the same actions that they in their unreleased report claim Russia was doing is not a decent action. it is not an ethical action. it is not an action that is in the interests of any British people whether they are voters for Conservative, Labour, Greens. Brey or any other shade of the British political spectrum. They are lying on top of lies, cheating and actually doing harm not only to their own cause. The Conservatives after all are meant to be respectful and respectable from what I have heard. They are doing an injustice to the entire fabric of the British way of life of fair play. That is the greatest concern and threat to the UK today. So really I would hope that not only do they apologize for that, they apologize for this too. This is the best and easiest way to get UK politics respected again. By cheating, they are only cheating themselves. Boris Johnson, knows that all that I write here is true and this of course I can prove with solicitor signed documents, letters and references from BBC broadcasts. I want to have faith in Uk politics and the media, however, if they still feel unable to tell the truth, full truth and nothing but the truth to the British public on the use and abuse of political strategy work in the Uk, then hopefully putting my Statement to the US justice system in the context of President Trump also using the same work with be heard and considered.I provide references here to the Uk’s use of my work from 2004 and this being unreported in the press. I also provide a list of benefits of this political science work being used correctly what would be the results and the benefits to the UK.Complete list of concepts from our work that was instigated in London and the UK from 2004.1 Busking Licences for Buskers on the Tube- To enhance the lifestyle of the whole city.2. Ecological Grading Scheme for cars being sold in car showrooms.3. Reduction in car tax on the basis of ecological credentials.4. Free entry to the congestion zone for ecological vehicles.5. Presenting a method of adding renewable energy to existing public transport.6 Encouraging diversification beyond the traditional bus, tram, train,taxi,car options to include other forms of ecological transport.7. Encouraging collective thinking and shared creativity between public and the government to improve services, reduce costs and pollution.8. Using public transport to encourage acts of kindness-as a drive to improve values in society, developed as a message in advertisements on the tube.9 Big Strategy/Big Idea- (1994) Big Society (2010)10. Integrated transport System-(2004)- Primary adaptation to a more caring society can help "problem families" through inducing enhanced economic, community benefits.11. The Funding Agency/Planet Aid Agency LTD. (1991) feeding into Big Strategy became- The Green investment Bank feeding into Big Society Bank. (2012)12. Ecoplaza Lifestyle Centres (original meeting with London Zoo in 1994) Became under Gordon Brown lifestyle centres. (Perfect Storm piece on The BBC News)13. Then Life Centres (Conservative 2010)14. Bike Share- became concept in Ken Livingstone's office.15. Paradigm Shift and cultural shift through the community became Controlled Shift Conservative party Conference 2010)16. A closed Loop feedback System. Ie. One incremental solution feeding back into the system has been mentioned under New labour adapted by The Conservatives to become Feed-In Tariffs.17. Using collective creativity of the public to solve problems and enable the public to submit their ideas to reduce costs increase efficiency- taken up since and partly applied through "the green deal" and "localism" projects. This was unknown at the time of us writing the proposals presenting this as a good way forward for greener and greater public participation in daily politics.18. Expressing the need for the government and the public to create a deal that shifts government and the public simultaneously towards being greener. This also helping small green businesses simultaneously. This became known as "The green Deal. "19. The concept of infrastructure ie. understood as instigating solution modelling with a network structure similar to the internet in communities to improve the local economy and services for local people.20. "We can only win it together" (Ecoplaza 2009) referring to The Big Idea, as presented through the film Ecoplaza Paradise Oasis screened at Copenhagen Climate Conference. "It demonstrates that we are all actively involved and working together." (Ecological Transport System document. 2004) Followed later by "We are all in it together."21. The Marketing to The Big Idea relating it to the phenomenal effort that was achieved in the past sch as during the war effort of WW2. This concept described in depth in our Ecological transport System Document, 2004. This was copied again into the the BBC presentations for the marketing of Big Society on various occasions.22. Creating a "solution orientated Society" where through combined community wide volunteer efforts, services are improved upon and efficiency can be increased and money saved. The application they did was totally incorrect, rather than increasing services and therefore employment too through improving volunteering and cooperation facilities they reduced services and created austerity measures.23. "How did they begin? By Talking." -line in our earlier film referring to Big Idea and Lifestyle centres. (2009) "How is Big Society Going to be Instigated?" "We have to talk about it". David Cameron referring to Big society during presentation to charities and the media in 2011.24. Hubs and Zones are referred to in our documentation to London Zoo in 1992 Also in private meeting held with the employees. This was in reference to the re-development of London Zoo into more of a conservation centre.25. Mentioned at the Tory conference by Oliver Letwin. Applying "A three prong approach to solving climate change." Not how much, but what. having a specific infrastructure to meet climate targets. Best approach for addressing/adapting to and solving climate change presented in our film Ecoplaza as a flexible and adaptive method through shared resource centre's. The three prong approach we have promoted since 1990's and published articles on this in (Levante Lifestyle Magazine Series 2006-2008), we promoted this in IUCN conference in Barcelona and Copenhagen Climate conference 2009, as Plan B for Addressing Climate Change. Ie having flexible rather then fixed national targets and establishing cooperative methods between countries to achieve this. This is also written in our book A Big Strategy. This helps regenerate environment, community and economy simultaneously. This new perspective we presented became the basic key principle of The Paris Accord 2017. Rather than governments attempting to agree on targets, as they had attempted to do for more than two decades of COP conferences, agree to the premise, gain the agreement and then work out and extrapolate the details later.26. Gordon Brown "Plan B for Copenhagen." This got picked up and copied immediately after we had promoted A Plan B for Copenhagen. This had been picked up from our earlier correspondence with a DEFRA employee. regarding green lifestyle centre's See BBC's copy report. "The Perfect Storm-"Plan B is lifestyle centre's for the average earner and everyone else in-between."27. "The Future of Sustainable Development is joined-up-thinking." Tony Blair speech outside Downing Street within one week of receiving our work onJoined Up Thinking. Written into Ecological Transport Network. Additionally, our later book, A Big Strategy has a chapter and a half on what joined-up-thinking is. (A lack of understanding and application of this is a primary reason for the lack of interest and uptake of Big Society. The whole idea was structured around politicians and not the public. The Big idea is for everyone to benefit from.28. Win-win, triple win- Feedback loop concept created, yet never instigated correctly, the closest to this was feed-in-tariffs on solar panels, this was one single application, yet there were potentially thousands. Feed-in-tariffs alone is one aspect of a potential whole new science. It could be likened to using an I-phone only to clean windows with. Feed back loops in society properly applied can generate many meaningful opportunities and more employment that any other scheme applied.29. Our document referenced at 2010 Tory conference upon the introduction to Big Society by one of the four architects of Big Society. ".....we inherited a document from New Labour, Integrated Transport System, don't worry we will not let untrained and unqualified consultants loose on the business world." The audience then laughed with them and at us. Can be confirmed with media of the event. This is one piece of conclusive evidence that our work with Big Strategy is the real origin of Big Society. It demonstrates their wrong perception of their entitlement of taking our work and claiming it as being there's. It proves they were consciously taking this from us and then publicly insulted us makes this all the more unfair, wrong and immoral. Time has proven that it was them that they were unqualified with copying this work, they wasted tens of millions of pounds on their consultants, they achieved very little with it and then ended Big Society this year.30. Proposal of London "becoming the greenest capitol city"- Under Ken Livingstone. If the full Big Strategy model was created properly, London would be the greenest capitol city and have many more facilities, services, jobs and recreation facilities.31. Using incremental solutions, as a part of an integrated/interlinked solution web-like structure to solve many problems at the same time rather than one problem with one solution, in effect being able to find answers where none were previously found or perceived- Len Livingstone speaking to Frost and published by us in an earlier article in Levante Lifestyle Magazine 200832. The social enhancement and lifestyle improvements are an inevitable by-product of environmental and social solutions when introducing "life centres". Media coverage, previously in our earlier Ecoplaza film and articles.33. Proposed light-weight ecological transport for the South Bank. Publicly mentioned on various occasions but not instigated. (Originally in Integrated Transport System). London's cable transport plans, much more expensive adaptation. Our original, based upon wooden bridges running above the Thames would have been greener and generated more employment.34. Improvements to lifestyle as a communal effort by cleaning and greening. -Big Society media coverage with mops, buckets and replanting roundabouts. Relating a collective effort of people working together relating to collective resourcefulness and citing as an example the war effort. (Publicity on Big Society, described in Integrated Transport System.The green content was almost completely taken out of Big Society and at the time of them launching it they were reducing environmental gains over centuries by trying to sell off the countries forests.35. Talking about the integrated nature when applying solutions- Conservatives post Integrated Transport System sent to New Labour.36. The principle that a mutually helping society can be an enjoyable and productive pursuit for all. Tory's Citizens participatory process. "Rather than relying on the system alone. We wrote this in the context of improving transport/services and increasing leisure facilities. Yet when they attempted to instigate it, it was more like using these terms, not instigating the concepts properly and then using this as cover for austerity measures and cuts. With the deficit going up so much, rather than down with Austerity measures. It proves they got it all completely wrong. What should have happened is that by creating new local facilities such as expanding local libraries they then can provide local people with opportunities to meet and get together and from that new services, incomes, projects and small social enterprise businesses can get created.37. Proactive commuters, giving new options beyond the traditional bus, train, tube and taxi options so commuters can choose other modes of travel. (some options were instigated, many were not, such as park and ride on the M25 together with shuttle mini-buses travelling on M25, N&S Circular and main roads into London. This would reduce road congestion in London by up to 15%.38. Vertical planted walls and encouraging buildings to have bee hives on the roof. Instigated in St Pancreas Station.39. Smart Signs- Good city design referred to as "Smart". This was in Integrated Transport System. Based upon Ecotec Dreamtime, Smart Drink bar in 93/94. The "Smart" came from Smart Drinks served there, ie green smoothie drinks, like those now sold in Supermarkets. The "smart" aspect within he original proposal referred to "Smart Communities." Ie, engaged in local issues, wise and pro-active. Has since been frequently distorted into meaning technological equipment based, such as referring to "Smart Metres", Smart Design as in city design etc."40. Creating environmental templates in terms of solutions, such as making painting roofs white to reflect the sun. This and millions of other practices become a template from extrapolation. The optimal way of doing that is through The Big Strategy model applied correctly, so a country can pick up new technologies, ideas and best practices and these can be replicated nationally very quickly and then Internationally. This is what we presented in the film Ecoplaza as being Plan B for solving Climate Change. This coupled with a wide agreement for governments to agree upon as a priority, prior to specific climate mitigation and adaptation targets, this assertion then formed the basis of the Paris Climate Accord.41. Eco-Industrial parks/units- Creating self-sufficient communities by setting up carbon neutral clusters within regions- London's Development Agency Scheme. (Ecotec Industrial Park proposal with Good Earth Community, Reference in A Big Strategy.42. Creating a grading structure on roads based upon ecological criteria through road taxes and through showroom schemes.- Free entry to the congestion zone for green vehicles and through car showrooms. Reference Integrated Transport System.43. Producing environmental measures from both an an ecological and practical perspective. To find and extrapolate efficiently.44. Relating green transport to increased healthy options, lifestyle enhancement and enjoyment, seeing how linking leisure activities such as community gardens in public spaces can increase healthy diet, reduce obesity and provide more people with alternative options for sourcing food, whilst reducing council gardening costs. Integrated Transport System.45. Building a partnership between government, councils, the public and local businesses- promoting social enterprise and enhancing local services- Big Idea findings of 1994, defined in Integrated Transport System, picked up and put into Big Society, yet never implemented correctly by their "experts". So therefore not taken up properly and thus became another u-turn.46. Creating a catalyst away from a Top-down approach as being a crucial factor- Gordon Brown Lifestyle Centres were going to be used for this under a bottom-up and top-down approach, yet the scheme was never instigated. Can be confirmed on BBC News feature. As cited originally in film Ecoplaza, Integrated Transport system.47. Environmental Educational campaigns to households and partnership through government and public deal- The green deal, solar feed in tariff, recycling and community awareness schemes.48. The Big Idea scheme can be promoted and publicised in a similar way to to charity tv and telethon events. Advertising of Big Society was like this with an appeal type presentation made inside the Downing Street.- Big Society had repeated relaunches, was handed to outside consultants and then scrapped a few weeks ago, after tens of million of pounds was wasted and the British people lied too about the scheme for over seven years.49. Relating the launch to public and music festival events-Big Society launch making it look like Jubilee and linking it to art Gallery's. This is what they did in Birmingham during the launch where they incorrectly referenced us "...We inherited a document from the dusty filing cabinets of New Labour, Integrated Transport System, Don't worry, we will not let untrained and unqualified consultants loose on the business world." Reference BBC News coverage of Birmingham Conservative party conference 2010.50. Grants for solar panels with pay back scheme- Feed In tariffs- Integrated Transport System, then was interviewed on this in-depth on this, just prior to the launch, by someone I believe was spying, and staying in my home.51. Encouraging Londoners and other city residents permission to garden and share in the production of food in public spaces, as taken up in Totnes, Torquay and other villages and towns. (Integrated Transport System).52. billboards on the London underground and benches used for projects and government schemes that have a social dimension, promote acts of kindness and giving up seats for elderly people, as absent from public transport at the time- Instigated today with many signs for projects, asking for public participation in enhancement projects for public transport and the community. harnessing collective creativity and embroidered seats asking passengers to do acts of kindness for others. (Reference, Integrated Transport System)53. An open ended improvement strategy created on the principle of "kaisan", the ongoing pursuit of improvement. Whatever is obtained is improved upon on an ongoing basis- self perpetuating improvement. Conservatives cited this in theory yet misunderstood this and simply cited Big Society as being vague and amorphous. Big Idea correctly done is the complete opposite of this. It is super practical and tangible and builds upon positive results which are measured by everyone benefiting, the most vulnerable and needy in society benefiting the most.54. Creative a cross-party approach to solving problems. Big Idea was meant to be apolitical. The Conservatives took it as their own and then did not know what to do with it, handle it, present it. Tried to do it themselves, failed. Gave it to their managers, failed, gave it to their outside consultants, failed, did nothing with it and then scrapped it. They did this whilst wasting millions, lying to the public and all because they wanted to exclude the original green authors of the social enrichment strategy, which was meant to be for everyone and not just for the few.55. Finding the common sense approach to solving problems.- Cited in Big Society media coverage, taken from the original Big Idea as cited in Integrated Transport System.56. We need to promote Corporate Social Responsibility. (CSR) and train agents to stimulate it. Big Society sending council workers on social enterprise courses. It was the politicians that should have been trained by us originally, yet they thought they knew it all. They were too busy trying to sound like they knew what they were talking about and too arrogant to listen to people who had worked in the field for over twenty years, whilst all they had done was pursue their own personal careers and never had any earlier intention to work in the community. Under Margaret Thatcher, The Tory's did not believe there was any such thing as Community. Under John Major they talked about a classless Society. When they talked about it we created it at the venue, Ecotec Dreamtime in Camden Lock. They then took our findings from New Labour and lied saying it was their original work, presenting themselves as the experts in two elections to gain votes. David Cameron's first term, he was voted in on the promise of Big Society.57. Creating new branches of science to solve problems.- Olive Letwin at the time of Big Society introduction earlier mentioned in our communications with DEFRA, under Gordon Brown seeking to resolve what had taken place with the use of our work.58. Sustainable Development Ministry should be introduced. (Integrated Transport System, in 2004 it did not exist. This was later introduced with Energy and Climate change and Energy.59. Finding ways to join business, environment and community- Conservatives use business leaders and sustainable development experts, community workers to introduce aspects of this concept publicly to councils and charities. Yet we were the missing link to provide the details of how they could interact together and thus produce a significant social and environmental benefit on a win-win basis. A Win for the community, companies, charities, local and national government.60. Friendly parking metres is how we described parking metres that could be topped up from a mobile phone. At the time this did not exists. We described this as a time and money saving measure which would enhance lifestyle and be good for everyone. This is one measure that increases the flexibility of travel and therefore can reduce crowding on public transport, reduce city stress, with a positive knock on effect for all.61. promotion of rain connected with historical connections on train stations, ie Sheffield (Steel) Hampton Court (Henry VIII) Nottingham (Robin Hood) Big Society related to Stately homes, museums and cultural buildings. Yet what it should have related too were disused buildings that the community could regenerate together themselves and turn into local cultural centres for mutual self support for the whole community.62. Big Strategy needs to be apolitical to succeed. We stated this in Integrated Transport System. This was based upon our findings of Ecotec Dreamtime in Camden Lock in 1994 with Ecotec Dreamtime. The Conservatives ignored this at first saying that Big Society was there idea, then adapted this by saying it was a coalition ideas and then credited many other parties lying to the public of its origin. After they handed Big Society to their consultants. Their consultants concluded the same as we had originally stated. Big idea has to be apolitical. It should be something for the community, owned by the community and helping all the community. Big Idea can be and should be everyone's big idea, their personal access point into being able to improve their own lives and improve the lives of other people too, through the power of cooperation, supplimented by resources provided by the local and national government. That is how we can all "win it together", as cited in our earlier film Ecoplaza. Which they changed to "We are all in it together".63. Bike Adjusting streets in London to having Bicycle lanes.Stating that the Bike share scheme actually promotes the idea of cycling and that this therefore encourages more people to use bicycles.64. Adjusting Side streets in London to incorporate bike stops for the bike share scheme.65. Converting some residential streets in London after reducing cars in the city to being parks.66. Creating stacking systems for bicycle parking at train stations. (Integrated Transport System)67. To create walking bridges. Bridge created over the Thames and over The Dome.68. To improve transport to such a degree that London would be able to host The Olympic Games and create an Olympic village in a run down area of East London to regenerate the area and provide new long term facilities. (It was cited by The Olympic committee, upon awarding London the Olympic Games. This was done so on the basis of its improved public transport system over Paris and Madrid.69. Look for win-win and triple win in all decisions and improvements made.70. Rewarding the public through helping create social and financial improvements by the public adjusting work and lifestyles to be more socially attuned and greener. Big Society referenced rewarding innovation and changing behaviours, yet this was simply rhetorical and the measures for doing so were never included.70. Tap into and harness the nations collective focus, schools, colleges, universities and retirement homes can be part of a creative base to help provide new solutions in society. ( An Integrated Transport System and Ecoplaza.) Later mentioned in BBC press on "Life Centre's" referencing Sutton.71. Concept of creating middle ground- Integrated Transport System showed how across the political spectrum through Big Idea a middle ground could be created as a vehicle for the green agenda- Coalition tried to copy this, applied it with Green Investment band and retrofitting of old houses/Greed deal. Yet they did not fully apply the model and therefore the result was the failure of Big Society, coupled with severe austerity measures and cuts that then went on to produce nationwide dissatisfaction that then resulted in a more divided society than ever before. Many voted with Brexit as an anti-establishment vote, sensing that something was very wrong, yet without the full knowledge of what has really been going on in British politics since April 2004 behind the scenes. The use and misuse of our work has been why the promise of Big Society failed. It must be remembered that the promise of Big Society is what the country overwhelmingly voted on, and got got The Conservatives voted. They used the Big Society illusion coupled with blaming Labour for the economic crisis in the country at the time, which was in reality the result of a worldwide recession. Everything the public have ever been told about Big Society was either a partial lie or a complete lie. The charity bosses said, "There is a Big Idea in their somewhere". They had known that Big Society was a pirated copy of something else. The Conservatives were unable to deliver on Big Society, because it was based upon our work and therefore they knew enough to sound like they knew what they were talking about, yet in reality there entire party coupled with all of their experts were totally unqualified to be able to deliver the Big Idea properly and provide the very real benefits of the original strategy can provide for every person in the country.72. Zip wires providing entertainment and fun and a different perspective of London. This was opened last week.The true thesis of Big Idea can be read about in the book A Big Strategy. This is the applied science of how society can be better, fairer and improved for everyone and sumarises all the findings of Integrated Transport System into a book. Copies of the original Integrated Transport System are also available upon request.What are the real improvements to the UK if the original Big Strategy is instigated properly by people like us, that know what we are doing.1. An end to rough sleeping homelessness- Accomplished within 6 months at 20% of the cost of the budget currently allocate to homelessness. (Budget is 100 Million)2. Affordable housing for all. This is accomplished by starting at the bottom, solve homelessness and then introduce housing that is affordable for all young people.3. Regenerate the community.4. Improve health.5. Fund positive innovation, putting the Uk back in its rightful place as the leading innovative county on Earth, and thus rebuilt industry for all.6. Reduce pollution through innovation.7. Improve recyling on all levels and empower upcycling.8. Improve thinking and connect this to government for the benefit of all.9. Improve Social entrepreneur knowledge and uptake of good ideas that help companies and communities.10. Promote pride in the local area, the accomplishments of the past, present and lay the support mechanisms to provide support for the future.11. Increase community facilities.12. Enhance volunteering to provide experience and opportunities for employment.13. Improve efficiency through opening up to the public council resources.14. Fund new green inventions.15. Increase International opportunities.14. Create local opportunities.for employment.15. Improve the skill set of all throughout the country.16. Help. Pubs, Libraries and farms diversify and therefore become most economically stable.17. Create thousands of green jobs, starting with a local opperators initiative which enables people to start Bike-share schemes in every town and city creating 1000 green jobs in the first day.18. Improve education. This is firstly achieved by providing super food drinks to all students, making them the most healthy students of any county in the world. This is obtained by them producing their own super food drinks..19. Benefit all charities- This is obtained by encouraging links between charities and providing them with the best innovation information in the world.20. Improve all transport, giving more green transport options to all nationally.21 Help the elderly, provide means for them to participate in wider society for the benefit of all.22. Reduce depression- This is through greater participation and the the utilisation of resources to provide many real opportunities and connect people together.23. Help the disabled- This is achieved by the disabled being able to give to society and generate significant benefit from their input. This generates a more connected society by creating the facilities that enable all to derive benefit as well as improvements to the wider group of people known as the population of the UK.24. Save and create forests. This is facilitated through community wide schemes and through farmers providing land and the use of grass verges throughout the county to provide tens of millions of acres of land that can provide space for forest gardens and reduce the dependency upon food banks.25. Engage the community. This is achieved through people participating for both personal, mutual and collective benefit simultaneously, everyone's life becomes better together.26. Create more enjoyment, fun and happier lives for all. This is achieved by providing new links in community so people can meet each other and find mutual benefit from interacting together.27. Reduce stress- Many are stressed for a diverse range of reasons ranging from too much responsibility, to bullying in the workplace, to unemployment and not enough opportunities. Big Strategy operating nationally can reduce this stress considerably. The latent creative potential of many becomes realised and enhanced the country.28. Build more income streams for NGO's. The charity world and NGO's have not gained the support and funding they used too. Support has fallen away because donors feel the whole system is rigged. The Big Idea would increase pubic understanding of the role NGO's play and enable them to showcase projects in a way that communicates the reality of the situation and what they are doing to help/ Big Idea provides a new genuine platform and a range of facilities to expand upon their good results. It also provides the means for them to work better together to achieve more using less resources.29. Improves and saves resources.30. Increases biodiversity,31. Increases green leisure spaces and facilities,32. Improves understanding of local heritage,33. helps the elderly,34. Reduces depression,35. Improves the lifestyle of everyone, the people with the most difficult circumstances benefit the most,36. Creates new incentives to start positive projects.37. Increases the resources and results of charities.38. Improves CSR.39. Increases exercise therefore improves health.40. Provides new forms of diversification for businesses, so improves the economy.41. Increases organic and home-grown produce.42. Increases renewable energy.43. Improves recycling of resources.44. Improves access to training and skills.45. Helps the elderly and students.46. Increases low cost food options and reduces dependency upon food banks.47. Utilises waste ground and spare buildings.48. Increases local employment.49. Aligns the country to be the most advanced country in the EU in adapting to climate change.50. Provides a climate changes adaptation model for other countries to replicate and so can be the most effective method to adapt to climate change.These are the first fifty of the full 100 benefits. With a team of people that really understand this social science, it is feasible for Big Idea to provide most of these benefits simultaneously. Positive results would be evident very quickly.

What were the reasons behind the India-Pakistan partition of British India and present condition between the two nations?

The death of Aurangzeb makes a turning point in history if India. He breathed his last in Ahmednagar in 1707. The Mughal dynasty had reached its largest extent, in less than a quarter of a century after the death of Aurangzeb; the Maratha Empire became a strong military power and a formidable rival to the Mughal. They established their supremacy over a large part of Deccan and south India and carried their plundering raids even to north and west India with the result that nearly whole of Gujrat and central India passed into their hands.When in 1740, Peshwa Baji Rao I[1] marched with his army to vicinity of Delhi; the mighty fabric of Mughal had entirely collapsed. The Maratha grew more and more powerful and made a bold bod for the rule in India. At last they can query the whole of the Punjab and their vanguard reached the river Indus. But good time of Marathas did not last long. They were defeated by Afghan King, Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761 A.D. in the third battle of Panipat. At the decline of Maratha Empire there was no Indian power that could hope to establish political supremacy.Thus, there was a time when three regions – Hyderabad, Avadh and Bengal were each powerful in its own way but none had the capacity or ambition to take place of the imperial power. The battle of Buxar in 1765 A.D. and then the circumstances in the country made the East India Company[2] the ruling power. With the consolidation of its powers in Bengal and Madras, the East India Company became the greatest territorial power in India and their further expansion of its dominion was pursued in aggressive design.The authorities in England were generally averse to further expansion of their dominion in India, and while many of the Governors-General tacitly followed the policy as far as practicable, some pursued a more aggressive design in spite of directions to the contrary. Among these architects of British rule in India three stand foremost, namely, Richard Wellesley (1798-1805), the Francis Edward Rawdon-Hastings (1813-23) and James Broun-Ramsay (1848-56).[3]During the period of British rule in India, the British policy changed from time to time. British came in India as a trader, then they became ruler and finally they started professing Christianity. The Charter of 1813 permitted the entry of missionaries and made provision of Bishop at Calcutta. Thomas F. Middleton, the first bishop of Calcutta, reached India in 1814. His landing, he wrote, ‘was without any éclat, for fear of alarming the prejudices of the natives’. But the bishop’s arrival and subsequent activities produced no commotion; he was greeted everywhere by the Indians with respectful curiosity, and the ‘Lord Padre Sahib’ comported himself with the utmost dignity.[4] Thus, an administrative that in the beginning professed neutrality appointed and paid Bishops, one of at least of whose duties was to supervise over and encourage conversion of Indian to Christianity.[5]Prior to 1813, the East India Company to some extent actively discouraged the spreading of Christianity in India. When the company’s Charter was renewed in 1813, British Parliament directed that 100,000 rupees be set apart each year for the improvement of literature and the encouragement of the learned natives of India, and for the introduction and promotion of knowledge of the sciences among the inhabitants of the British territories in India.[6]In 1823 a Committee of Public Instruction was appointed in Bengal. The appointment of Thomas Babington Macaulay in 1834 as president of the Committee turned the tide in favour of the Anglicists. Declaring that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia, Macaulay was able to convince the Governor-General of the rightness of his position. In 1835 the decision was made that the existing oriental institutions were to continue, but with sharply reduced grants; hence forth the available public funds were to be spent in importing knowledge of English literature and science.Our English schools are flourishing wonderfully. We find it difficult indeed, in some places impossible to provide instruction for all who want it. At the single town of Hooghly fourteen hundred boys are learning English. The effect of this education on the Hindoos is prodigious. No Hindoo who has received an English education ever remains sincerely attached to his religion. Some continue to profess it as a matter of policy; but many profess themselves pure deists and some embrace Christianity. It is my firm belief that, if our plans of education are followed up, there will not be a single idolater among the respectable classes in Bengal thirty years hence. And this will be affected without any efforts to proselytise; without the smallest interference with religious liberty; merely by the natural operation of knowledge and reflection. I heartily rejoice in the prospect.[7]A section of English educated Indian youth was carried by a strong current of British culture. They adopted British ideas, habits, dresses, mannerism, customs, usages, and openly indicated their repugnance to everything to Indian. They spoke in English, thought in English and dreamed in English. But fortunately current of British influence was not long in the following years. When the Indians first began to learn English, little was known of their ancient history.[8]The very poor knowledge that the Indians themselves possessed about their own past history is shown by the history of the Hindu Kings written by Mrityunjay Bhattacharya, a Pandit of the Fort William College in Calcutta, in the year 1808, but the regular archaeological explorations and excavations, commencing in 1861. This inspired the Hindus with a sense of their rich heritage from the past and the leading part they once played as a great nation in the history of the world. It necessarily generated in their minds a spirit of self-confidence and held out before them a bright vision of their future destiny. The revelation of India's past was one of the strongest foundations on which Indian nationalism was built.[9]It was till 1870, the Indians had developed advanced political ideas and sense of nationalism that the British scented danger and began to favour the Muslims at expense of the Hindus. From about the 1880 it becomes the settled policy of the British to play the Muslims against the Hindus and break the solidarity of the people.[10] The policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ systemically pursued by the British throughout the 19th century. As far back as 1821 a British officer wrote in the Asiatic Journal, ‘Divide et Impera should be the motto of our administration’ and the policy was supported by high British officers. At the first policy was to favour the Hindus at the expanse of the Muslims, for, as Governor-General of India, Edward Law put it, ‘that race is fundamentally hostile to us and therefore our true policy is to conciliate the Hindus’.[11]Meanwhile, the discontent and disaffection among all classes of people and sporadic disturbances in all parts in India grew in valour and intensity till, at a suitable opportunity in 1857, they burst out into a violent outbreak of an unprecedented character, shaking the British rule in India to its very foundation. The immediate cause of War was the introduction of the Enfield rifle for use by troops. Early in January 1857, a rumour was seriously spread to the effects that cartridges of these rifles were graced and made from the fat either of the hog or of the cow and at the end of these cartridges had to be bitten of with teeth. It was a sacrilegious act both for Hindus and Muslims.[12] Historian, R.C. Majumdar finds that dread of conversion to Christianity worked as a nightmare upon the troops’ mind.[13]In the Meerut on April 24, 1857 when 85 troops out of 90 of the Third Cavalry refused to touch the cartridges on the parade ground. They were tried by Court Martial and sentenced to ten years imprisonment with hard labour. This was one of the cause of the War of 1857. On May 11, 1857 the troops of Meerut reached Delhi. They went straight to Red Fort and requested last Mughal, Bahadur Shah Zafar to take the lead in the war which they already begun. After a great deal of hesitation Bahadur Shah at last agreed and was proclaimed Emperor of India. Unfortunately he had not the capacity to lead the war.[14]Aftermath of War, a section of educated Muslim started propagate that they were the senior partner in the great undertaking. Founder of Two-Nation Theory, Syed Ahmad Khan indirectly admitted that the Muslims were in every respect more dissatisfied than the Hindus and hence in most districts they were comparatively more rebellious. Thus, the standard of War had been erected for the purpose of inflame the minds of Muslims against the Hindus. A British journalist and historian, Valentine Chirol has described the anti-Hindu doctrines of Syed Ahmad had been thoroughly impregnated the Muslim community.It was Hindus like Nana Sahib and Tantia Tope and the Ranee of Jhansi who were the real heroes and moving spirits of that War of Indian Independence. In our day the British connexion has had no stouter and more convinced supporter than the late Sir Syed Ahmad, than whom no Mahomedan has deserved or enjoyed greater influence over his Indian co-religionists. Not only does his educational work, based on the English public school system, live after him in the college which he founded at Aligarh, but also his political faith which taught the vast majority of educated Mahomedans to regard their future as bound up with the preservation of British rule.[15]At the beginning of 1901 India was inhabited by two distinct communities, the Hindu and Muslim. With the establishment of British rule, there was a distinct difference between the Hindu and Muslim. In general we find in ancient India schools and universities were open to all communities. But now the situation was became worst as such communal distinction was accepted almost every sphere off life.In 1906 All India Muslim League was established at Decca. There were two reasons advanced for establishment of the League. It was said that on of the object of the League would be to strengthen and develop a feeling of loyalty to the British Government among the Muslims of India. The second object was to advance the claim of the Muslims against Hindus and other communities in respect of service under the Crown and thus safeguard the Muslim interest and rights.[16]The separatism was found expression in the ideas and writings of League leader, Muhammad Iqbal. Though, he was an Indian nationalist in the beginning but later turned as a Muslim leader and advocated religious nationalism based on Islam. For him, Islam was a divinely revealed faith and above and beyond rational discussion.[17] In All Parties Muslim Conference at Delhi in January 1929 he declared that I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a separate State.[18]British Government always used the Muslim League as a counter to the demands of Hindu. During the Second World War, Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the supreme leader of Muslims in India. Pakistan scheme of Muslim League was accepted by the Indian National Congress. That was the first religion based appeasement in the history of mankind. India had been a united whole through the ages, many thoughts were flourished here but not a single incident was recorded for separation. M.K. Gandhi started to meet Jinnah at Bombay (Mumbai). The special train carrying Gandhi left Wardha for Bombay. It was guarded by Khaskar Muslim volunteers and protected by British soldiers.[19]The talks of Gandhi with Jinnah in the palatial building of Jinnah at Mount Pleasant Road, Bombay, lasted for about three long weeks in September 1944. Gandhi paid nineteen visits to Jinnah’s house without receiving a single in return. Jinnah was stubborn but shrewd, ruthless and realist in his own way in hiss demand for vivisection of India. In the meeting Gandhi clearly agreed to the principle of partition and promised that though he differed from Jinnah on the general basis, he would recommended to the Congress and the country the acceptance of the claim for separation as contained in Muslim League resolution of 1940.[20]The first quarter of 1945 witnessed a great event. March 21, 1945 Archibald Wavell, the Viceroy of India flew to London with the proposal for the formation of Interim Government at the centre. After a stay of nine weeks in London, he returned to India with the so called Wavell Plan. The announcement was made on June 14, 1915 that a view of forming a new Executive Council with representation of communities in India.Wavell thus killed the last hope of secular democratic unity of India. The Muslim who formed only 22 percent of the total Indian population was given parity in representation with the caste Hindu consisting 54 percent of total Indian population. Hindus who formed nearly 75 percent were divided between caste Hindu and Schedule Caste. The Congress represented the Caste Hindu through its Muslim President, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad. The Muslim League was represented through its President, Jinnah.The British tried to disrupt the unity by destroying the traditional communication channels and structures and demeaning India’s heritage by falsification and disinformation. The appeasement was first started by the British Government in India. Pakistan was founded on this policy. The British attempt to split the nation succeeded and resulted in the partition of India.[1] He was appointed as Peshwa of Maratha Empire in 1720 A.D. it is believed that he fought 41 battles or war and never lost anyone.[2] The East India Company was established according to the charter granted by Queen Elizabeth in 1600. The Company was concerned only with trade and commerce in India.[3] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 24[4] D.E. Smith, India as a Secular State, Princeton University: New Jersey, 1963, p. 79[5] J.M. Shelat, Secularism: Principles and Application, N.M. Tripathi: Bombay, 1972, pp. 78-79[6] D.E. Smith, India as a Secular State, Princeton University: New Jersey, 1963, p. 337[7] G. Otto Trevelyan, The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay, Harper: New York, 1876, p. 399[8] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 326[9] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, pp. 326-327[10] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 492[11] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 492[12] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 144[13] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 259[14] R.C. Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, volume i, K.L. Mukhopadhyay: Calcutta, 1962, p. 147[15] Valentine Chirol, Indian Unrest, Macmillan: London, 1910, p. 131[16] Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, India Wins Freedom, Orient Blackswan: Hyderabad, 1988, p. 117[17] Tara Chand, History of freedom Movement, volume III, Publication Division: New Delhi, 1971, p. 207[18] R.C. Majumdar (ed.), Struggle for Freedom, volume ix, Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1969, p. 536[19] Dhananjay Keer, Veer Savarkar, Popular Prakashan: Bombay, 1950, p. 355[20] Dhananjay Keer, Veer Savarkar, Popular Prakashan: Bombay, 1950, p. 356

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