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Famous Psychology Experiments:Pavlov's Dog :Date: 1890sResearcher: Ivan Pavlov, Military Medical Academy (St. Petersburg, Russia)Pavlov would ring a bell everytime before feeding the dog. After a while, the dog's mouth would salivate whenever it heard the bell, regardless of whether or not he received the food. This experiment showed that conditioning is an important part of learning and that animals (and perhaps people) can be systematically trained to behave in certain ways.Little Albert Experiment:Date: 1920Researcher: John B. Watson, Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD, USA)A nine month old baby named Albert was given a white rat to play with. Initially, Albert played with the rat without any fear. However, he was later give the rat again but this time, the experimenters made a loud noise. Eventually, Albert associated the rat with the noise and became afraid of the rat and in fact, demonstrated a fear of anything white and furry. This experiment seemed to show that our fears are connected to early childhood experiences.Asch Conformity Study:Date: 1951Researcher: Solomon Asch,Swarth More college (Swarth more, PA, USA)A group of people were shown pictures with lines of various lengths and were then asked a simple question: which line is longest? However, each time only one person in the group was a real participant. The others were all actors. Most of the actors were instructed to give the wrong answer. Strangely, the one participant usually agreed with the majority, even though they knew they were giving the wrong answer. This showed that people often care more about being the same as others than they do about being right.Robbers Cave Experiment:Date: 1954Researcher: Muzafer & Carolyn Sherif University of Oklahoma (Norman,OK,USA)A pool of 12 year old boys from similar backgrounds was divided into two groups and then taken to separate areas of a summer camp facility where they were able to bond as social units. Once the two groups were permitted to have contact, they showed clear signs of prejudice and hostility towards each other even though they had only been given a very short time to develop their “in-groups”. Later, they were given a superordinate task that required cooperation and this led to conflict resolution and the breaking down of the social barriers.Surrogate Mother Experiment:Date: 1957–63Researcher: Harry Harlow, University of Wisconsin ( Madison, WI, USA)Monkeys were removed from their mothers and placed in a room with two different fake mothers: one made of wire that was designed to give milk and another that was made of a soft material but did not give milk. The monkeys preferred the soft mother and those that spent more time cuddling with it grew up to be more healthy. This experiment showed that love- demonstrated by physical body contact-is a more important aspect of the mother-child bond than the providing of basic needs.Milgram Experiment:Date: 1961Researcher: Stanley Milgram, Yale university (New Haven, CT, USA)Participants were told they were participating in a study on memory. They were asked to watch another person (who was actually an actor) do a memory test and were instructed to press a button that gave an electric shock each time the person got a wrong answer (the actor did not actually receive the shocks but pretended as if they did). The experimenters then asked the participants to keep increasing the shocks and most of them obeyed even though the person doing the memory test appeared to be in great pain. This experiment showed that humans are conditioned to obey authority and will usually do so even if it goes against their natural morals or common sense.Kitty Genovese Case:Date: 1964This was not a study but an actual murder case from Queens, New York. According to a NY times article, 38 neighbors witnessed the event but no one called the police. Although these facts were most likely an exaggeration (there was probably only a dozen witnesses and records show that some calls were actually made), this case became an icon of the so-called 'Bystander Effect' which states that the more bystanders that are present, the less likely it is that any of them will step in and help.Stanford Prison Study:Date: 1971Researcher: Philip Zimbardo, Stanford University (Palo Alto,CA,USA).Participants were randomly divided into two groups: prisoners and prison guards. The prison guards were told to run a prison for two weeks. After a few days, the prison guards became very cruel and the many of the prisoners became very submissive. The experiment actually had to be cancelled because it got way out of hand. Although the experiment did not have proper controls, some people claimed that it showed that people's behavior is often related to the situation they are in and that people will conform to certain roles if put in them.Images Source: GoogleInformation Source: Google and Pinterest

The positive cultural influence of the Christian Church is too vast to enumerate in detail in less than a series of books. Its influence is not limited to the West, as it spread beyond the Western Empire in the days of Rome, in its first centuries, and has continued to spread around the world in the centuries since. For the most part, its influence has been more good than not wherever it has gone, and attempting to even list it all would be a very long list indeed.However, in answer to this question, I have chosen to limit a sampling of examples to the West, and to the limited time period of Early Christianity up to the Middle Ages. I have picked a few examples of influence I see as the paradigm altering, watershed, kind.The Christian church has continued, to this day, to be a cultural influence for good all around the world, but the history from the 1400s on is even more extensive—and complex—than what preceded it, so please accept—these limitations I have imposed are my limitations—and not the limitations of the church.Christianity altered the paradigm concerning:SexWomenCharityPreservation of literacyMonks and NunsBenedict’s RuleSkills and EducationSocial StructureCharles Martel Stopped IslamScienceArts and HumanitiesPainting, sculpture and architectureMusicLawHuman ValueHuman RightsSlaveryDemocracyFirst to Fourth Century (30–500)Sex — Let’s talk about sex—not just because it’s fun—but because changes here are among the most powerful, yet most overlooked, of all the many positive changes Christianity brought.“The gradual transformation of the Roman world from polytheistic to Christian marks one of the most sweeping ideological changes of premodern history. At the center of it all was sex.”[1][1][1][1]Historian Kyle Harper says:"...the triumph of Christianity not only drove profound cultural change, it created a new relationship between sexual morality and society...The legacy of Christianity lies in the dissolution of an ancient system where social and political status, power, and social reproduction (passing on social inequality to the next generation) scripted the terms of sexual morality."That ancient system was built on status and used shame to enforce itself. Shame was not personal guilt so much as a social concept: breaking the rules had profound and far-reaching social consequences. Aristocratic men had status; women had little, and slaves had no status at all, therefore, as far as the Romans were concerned, slaves had no internal ethical life and were incapable of shame. This permitted Roman society to find both a husband's control of a wife's sexual behavior as a matter of intense importance, and at the same time, see his live-in mistress and sex with young slave boys as of little concern.Paul wrote that the body was a consecrated space, a point of mediation between the individual and the divine. His over-riding sense that gender—rather than status or power or wealth or position—was the prime determinant in the propriety of the sex act was momentous. It was a transformation in the deep logic of sexual morality.The Greeks and Romans said our morality depends upon our social position which is given to us by fate; that there is inequity in that is not a moral issue that concerned them. Christianity "preached a liberating message of freedom.” It was a revolution in the very image of the human being as a sexual being, free to choose, and personally responsible for that choice to God alone. It created a revolution between society and the individual, limiting society’s rights and claims on the individual as a moral agent.Whether or not Paul’s particular teaching on gender is still agreed with or not, the historical facts show that the Christian view that the powerful should be held to the same standards of sexual accountability as those without power has since become the norm of a just society.Appearance of Jesus Christ to Maria Magdalena (1835) by Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov.Women [2][2][2][2]Early Christianity — Some historians hold that the Church played a considerable part in fostering the inferior status of women by providing a "moral justification" for male superiority. However, the Church has also made enough positive contributions toward women that, on balance, I am going to say the overall impact has been more positive than negative.Understanding that involves understanding context—what was there before, and without, Christianity.In antiquity, there were no Near Eastern societies that were not patriarchal, so patriarchalism and male superiority were not unique to the Old Testament. All around the Mediterranean, patriarchy was established as the norm in all of the multiple different societies before 3000 BC and they did not change for millennia—until Christianity.[3][3][3][3]Women were seen as intellectually and physically inferior to men and as "naturally dependent" by Sumerians, and Babylonians, by the Hittites, the Greeks and the Romans—all of them. Some philosophers speculated that women were a different race not fully human like men. Athenian women were legally classified as children regardless of age and were the "legal property of a man at all stages in her life." Women everywhere, including the Roman Empire, had limited legal rights and could not enter professions.It was common in the Greco-Roman world to expose female infants because of the low status of women in society. Many exposed children died, but many were taken by speculators who raised them to be slaves or prostitutes. Female infanticide and abortion were practiced by all classes. The church forbade these practices to its members.Christians did not believe in cohabitation, so if a Christian man wanted to live with a woman, the church required marriage; the pagan double standard of allowing married men to have extramarital sex and mistresses was forbidden. This gave women far greater security.It was not rare for pagan women to be married before the age of puberty and then forced to consummate the marriage with her often much older husband. Christianity established a minimum age for marriage.Husbands could divorce their wives at any time simply by telling the wife to leave; wives could not. In the code of Hammurabi, a woman could sue for divorce, but if she couldn’t prove she had been an exemplary wife, she was drowned for making the request.Roman law required a widow to remarry; 1 Timothy says a woman is better off if she remains unmarried. Widows in Greco-Roman society could not inherit their husband's estate and could find themselves in desperate circumstances, but almost from the beginning the church offered widows support.Women were an important part of Jesus’ inner circle, and there is no record of him ever treating a woman with less than respect. He spoke to women in public, assumed they had responsibility for their own choices, taught Mary of Bethany, admired, forgave, accepted and approved them. Christianity never fully lost sight of this as a fulfillment of God creating humans in His image as both “male and female.” Along with Paul declaring a Christian is a Christian, male or female, in Galatians 3:28, this produced a kind of “metaphysical” equality found only in Christianity at this point in history. [4][4][4][4]The church started out trying to practice this at first. The extra-biblical evidence is strong that women played vital roles in Christianity’s beginnings. Many women began choosing to stay single and celibate, and they spread the word, but this “female initiative” stirred up vehement opposition from the Romans.According to Margaret MacDonald, accusations that Christianity undermined the Roman family, which was built upon male authority, were used to stir up hatred of Christianity. Along with many other rumors and accusations, this led to the persecution of the early church.[5][5][5][5]Some of the later New Testament texts reasserting traditional roles for women are seen by many scholars as an accommodation to the danger involved with this Roman response.Within the church of the second and third century, tensions between the existing fact of women's leadership in Christian communities, and traditional Greco-Roman and patriarchal biblical views about gender roles, combined with persecution, produced controversy and challenges to women’s roles within the new church. Several apocryphal and gnostic texts provide evidence of such a controversy.Middle Ages — Once the early days of Christianity were past, the status of women declined. Women were routinely excluded from scholastic, political and mercantile life in society, however, women were not fully excluded from service in the church. [6][6][6][6]Medieval abbesses and female superiors of female monastic houses were powerful figures whose influence could rival that of male bishops and abbots: “They treated with kings, bishops, and the greatest lords on terms of perfect equality;... they were present at all great religious and national solemnities, at the dedication of churches, and even, like the queens, took part in the deliberation of the national assemblies...” Such powers had never been, as a rule, available to ordinary women in previous Roman or Germanic societies.[7]There was a rite for the ordination of women deacons in the Roman Pontifical, (a liturgical book), up through the 12th century. (But by the 13th-century Roman Pontifical, the prayer for ordaining women was removed, and ordination was redefined as applicable only to male Priests.) [8]The popularity of the Virgin Mary secured maternal virtue as a central cultural theme of Europe in the middle ages and helped form the concept of chivalry. Kenneth Clarke wrote that the 'Cult of the Virgin' in the early 12th century "taught a race of tough and ruthless barbarians the virtues of tenderness and compassion".Woman-as-witch became a stereotype in the 1400s until it was codified in 1487 by Pope Innocent VIII who declared "most witches are female."The European witch stereotype embodies two apparent paradoxes: first, it was not produced by the "barbaric Dark Ages," but during the progressive Renaissance and the early modern period; secondly, Western Christianity did not recognize the reality of witches for centuries, or criminalize them until around 1400. Sociologist Don Swenson says the explanation for this may lay in the nature of Medieval society as heirocratic which led to violence and the use of coercion to force conformity."There has been much debate ...as to how many women were executed...[and estimates vary wildly, but numbers] small and large do little to portray the horror and dishonor inflicted upon these women. This treatment provides [dramatic] contrast to the respect given to women during the early era of Christianity..."Women under the Law —Church teaching heavily influenced the legal concept of marriage. In a departure from societal norms, Church law required the consent of both parties before a marriage could be performed. No more kidnapping and forced marriages.The elevation of marriage to a sacrament made the union a binding contract. The Church abandoned established tradition by allowing women the same rights as men to dissolve a marriage. (However, in practice, men have been granted dissolutions more frequently than women.)Women, in Conclusion[9][9][9][9]The church’s behavior toward women has been both positive and negative, but all in all, Christianity’s contribution has been more positive than negative.If nothing else could ever be said, Christianity’s treatment of women was a big improvement over what existed before it, and its belief in the spiritual equality of both genders before God, altered the paradigm for women forever.Historian of hospitals Guenter Risse says the Church spearheaded the development of a hospital system geared towards the marginalized.Charity/Hospitals — Prior to Christianity, there is little to no trace of any organized charitable effort anywhere in the ancient world. After centuries of Christian influence, charity has become a universal practice.[10][10][10][10]Albert Jonsen, historian of medicine, says:“the second great sweep of medical history begins at the end of the fourth century, with the founding of the first hospital at Caesarea in Cappadocia, and concludes at the end of the fourteenth century, with medicine well ensconced in the universities and in the public life of the emerging nations of Europe.” [11][11][11][11]That hospital was founded by Basil, Bishop of Caesarea. He established the first formal soup kitchen, hospital, homeless shelter, hospice, poorhouse, orphanage, reform center for thieves, women’s center for those leaving prostitution, and many other ministries. He was personally involved in the projects and process, and gave all his personal wealth to fund the ministries.Basil himself would put on an apron and work in the soup kitchen. These ministries were given freely regardless of religious affiliation. Basil refused to make any discrimination when it came to people who needed help saying that “the digestive systems of the Jew and the Christian are indistinguishable.”His example spread throughout Christianity continuing to the modern day.In the modern day, across the world, various Christian denominations are still the ones largely responsible for the establishment of medical clinics, hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens, and schools of all kinds.The Catholic Church maintains a massive network of health care providers. In 2009, Catholic hospitals in the USA received approximately one of every six patients. Catholic Health Australia is the largest non-government provider of group-health, community care, and aged-care services, representing about 10% of the health sector.Women have played a vital role in running and staffing these Christian care institutions. In Methodist hospitals, deaconnesses who trained as nurses staffed the hospitals, and in Catholic hospitals, religious like the Sisters of Mercy, the Little Sisters of the Poor, and the Sisters of St.Mary kept their hospitals focused on serving the needy. The New York Times noted that nuns were trained to "see Jesus in the face of every patient."In the West, these institutions are increasingly run by lay-people after centuries of being run by priests, nuns and brothers, and while the profit motive has stepped in, it does mean more people are taking responsibility for caring for the poor than ever before. In Western nations, governments have increasingly taken up funding and organization of health services for the poor. In 1968, nuns or priests were the chief executives of 770 of America's 796 Catholic hospitals. By 2011, they presided over 8 of 636 hospitals.[12][12][12][12]All over the West, charity is now a societal standard that simply didn’t exist prior to Christianity’s existence.[13][13][13][13]"After the Battle of Gravelotte. The French Sisters of Mercy of St. Borromeo arriving on the battle field to succor the wounded." Unsigned lithograph, 1870 or 1871.Dark Ages and the Early Middle Ages (500–800) [14][14][14][14]Preservation of Literacy — After the Fall of Rome, culture in the west returned to a subsistence agrarian form of life. Church scholars preserved literacy in Western Europe at this time, saving and copying Greek and Roman texts in their scriptoriums. For centuries following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, small monastic communities were practically the only outposts of literacy in all of Western Europe.…all through Europe, matted, unwashed, barbarians descended on the Roman cities, looting artifacts and burning books, when the Irish, who were just learning to read and write, took up the great labor of copying all western literature – everything they could lay their hands on. These scribes then served as conduits through which the Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian cultures were transmitted to the tribes of Europe, newly settled amid the rubble and ruined vineyards of the civilization they had overwhelmed. Without this Service of the Scribes, everything that happened subsequently would be unthinkable.[15][15][15][15]Monks and Nuns [16][16][16][16]Benedict’s Rule — The period between 500 and 700, often referred to as the "Dark Ages," could also be designated the "Age of the Monk." Christian aesthetes, like St.Benedict (480–543) vowed a life of chastity, obedience, and poverty, and after rigorous intellectual training and self-denial, lived by the principles ‘work and pray’ following the “Rule of Benedict.” This “Rule” became the foundation of thousands of monasteries that spread across what is modern day Europe; "...certainly there will be no demur in recognizing that St.Benedict's Rule has been one of the great facts in the history of western Europe, and that its influence and effects are with us to this day."[17]Spread Skills and Provided Education— Monasteries were self-supporting models of productivity and economic resourcefulness teaching their local communities animal husbandry, cheese making, wine making and various other skills. They were havens for the poor, hospitals, hospices for the dying, and schools. Medical practice was highly important in medieval monasteries, and they are best known for their contributions to medical tradition, but they also made some advances in other sciences such as astronomy. These monks had impact on every level of society both directly and indirectly since all leaders of this period were educated by monks.[18]Changed Social Structure — The monastic movement also changed our social structure in ways that continue to affect us today. The formation of these organized bodies of believers, free from the political authority and familial authority that normally had the power to control an individual’s choices, gradually carved out a series of social spaces with some amount of independence and autonomy, thereby revolutionizing social history.Charles Martel Stopped Islam — (c. 457-751 CE) and his family played a crucial role in Western Europe’s transition from “ancient” to “medieval.”[19][19][19][19]By 727, Charles — “the Hammer”—has become King of what will one day become the nation of France. Charles wages long campaigns against the pagan Germanic tribes who constantly raid his northern and eastern borders - Frisians, Saxons and Bavarians. He also lends strong support to the missionary activities of St. Boniface hoping that conversion to Christianity will tame the heathens enough to stop this raiding. It is not fully effective, but it sets the stage for his grandson’s actions that do change the landscape of Europe.The Hammer’s main positive role involves the Arabs who, since their arrival in 711, have gained a toehold on the European continent in the Spanish peninsula. The Arabs advanced rapidly northwards in their planned takeover of the continent and were soon beyond the Pyrenees. Narbonne was taken in 720 and an extended raid in 725 brought the Arabs briefly into Burgundy. There was a lull until 732 when a Muslim army took Bordeaux, destroyed a church near Poitiers and rode on towards Tours. Here the Arabs were confronted by an army of Franks led by Charles Martel and were stopped.It was a turning point in the attempted Muslim takeover of Europe.The Middle AgesSet of pictures of notable Scientists who self-identified as Christians: Isaac Newton (top left), Robert Boyle (top right), Francis Bacon (bottom left) and Johannes Kepler (bottom right).Science [20][20][20][20]Early in the eleventh century, the full writings of Aristotle were reclaimed in the West by intrepid monks who traveled to Spain to work with the Jews there translating Aristotle’s writings into Latin. (These writings had been mostly lost in the West but not in the East, and when the Muslims came to Europe, they brought their books.) The church’s study of these texts laid the foundation for the beginnings of modern science as well as our modern university system.Historians of science, including J.L.Heilbron, A.C.Crombie, David Lindberg, Edward Grant, Thomas Goldstein, and Ted Davis, have argued that the church promoted learning and science during the Middle Ages. Critics will raise the Church's condemnations of Copernicus, Galileo, and Johannes Kepler as evidence to the contrary— which is a valid criticism—but it should also be considered that these same men all considered themselves Christian, were influenced by their faith in their work, and were originally sponsored by their respective churches.The sheer number of scientists and the amount of scientific work and discovery done by Christians, (many of them funded and supported by the church), supports the assertion that, taking its failures into consideration, the church’s overall impact on science has still been positive.Saint Thomas Aquinas was one of the great scholars of the Medieval period.Thomas Aquinas—the friar—opened the door for the church’s promotion of scientific and intellectual development by arguing that reason is in harmony with faith, and that reason can contribute to a deeper understanding of revelation.[21][21][21][21] The church put that into practice. Churchmen such as the Augustinian abbot Gregor Mendel (pioneer in the study of genetics), the monk William of Ockham who developed Ockham’s Razor, Roger Bacon, (a Franciscan friar who was one of the early advocates of the scientific method), and the modern Belgian priest George Lemaître who was the first to propose the Big Bang theory, and others, have been among the leaders in astronomy, genetics, geomagnetism, meteorology, seismology, and solar physics, with many becoming the "fathers" of these sciences.Christians who influenced Western science include such notables as Isaac Newton and Robert Boyle, Albertus Magnus, Robert Grosseteste, Nicholas Steno, Francesco Grimaldi, Giambattista Riccioli, Roger Boscovich and Athanasius Kircher.[22][22][22][22]Henri Becquerel, discovered radioactivity; Galvani, Volta, Ampere, and Marconi, are pioneers in electricity and telecommunications; Lavoisier is the "father of modern chemistry"; Vesalius is the founder of the modern study of human anatomy; and Cauchy, is one of the mathematicians who laid the rigorous foundations of modern calculus.According to 100 Years of Nobel Prize (2005), (which is a review of Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 2000), 65.4% of all Nobel Prize Laureates have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference (423 prizes). Overall, Christians have won a total of 78.3% of all the Nobel Prizes in Peace, 72.5% in Chemistry, 65.3% in Physics, 62% in Medicine, 54% in Economics and 49.5% of all Literature awards.[23][23][23][23]It is not too much to say that modern science may never have begun without the influence and support of the Christian church, and it most certainly would not be what it is today without it.[24][24][24][24]Universities - The church of the middle ages helped found and build the university system, which grew rapidly in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries. Today, there are more universities in the West than any other part of the world and almost all of them were founded as Christian institutions.[25]Map of mediaeval universities established by Catholic students, faculty, monarchs, or priestsArts and Humanities [26][26][26][26]Painting, Sculpture and Architecture — Artists like Michaelangelo, Da Vinci and Raphael produced some of the most celebrated works of art in history sponsored and supported by the church.[In the West] with a single exception, the great artists of the time were all sincere, conforming Christians. Guercino spent much of his mornings in prayer; Bernini frequently went into retreats and practised the Spiritual Exercizes of St.Ignatius; Rubens attended Mass every morning before beginning work. The exception was Caravaggio, who was like the hero of a modern play, except that he happened to paint very well. This conformism was not based on fear, but on the perfectly simple belief that the faith which had inspired the great saints of the preceding generations was something by which a man should regulate his life.The cathedrals of the Late Middle Ages are among the most iconic feats of architecture ever produced by Western civilization.Music — Catholic monks developed the first forms of modern Western musical notation; there would be no modern music as we know it without this.An enormous body of religious music has been composed for the church, with its support, and this sacred music led directly to the emergence and development of European classical music, and its many derivatives.Ludwig van Beethoven, composed many Masses and religious works, including his Ninth Symphony Ode to Joy.Law and Human Rights [27][27][27][27]Church laws were the single Universal Law common to the different jurisdictions and peoples throughout Europe for much of European history.Human Value[28]If we turn to the roots of our western tradition, we find that in Greek and Roman times not all human life was regarded as inviolable and worthy of protection. Slaves and 'barbarians' did not have a full right to life and human sacrifices and gladiatorial combat were acceptable... Spartan Law required that deformed infants be put to death; for Plato, infanticide is one of the regular institutions of the ideal State; Aristotle regards abortion as a desirable option; and the Stoic philosopher Seneca writes unapologetically: "Unnatural progeny we destroy; we drown even children who at birth are weakly and abnormal.” And whilst there were deviations from these views..., it is probably correct to say that such practices...were less proscribed in ancient times. Most historians of western morals agree that the rise of ...Christianity contributed greatly to the general feeling that human life is valuable and worthy of respect.[29][29][29][29]Human Rights — Christian theology has strongly influenced Western philosophers and political activists in many ways, but nowhere more than in the area of human rights. Howard Tumber says, "human rights is not a universal doctrine, but is the descendent of one particular religion (Christianity).""...one cannot and need not deny that Human Rights are of Western Origin. It cannot be denied, because they are morally based on the Judeo-Christian tradition and Graeco-Roman philosophy; they were codified in the West over many centuries, they have secured an established position in the national declarations of western democracies, and they have been enshrined in the constitutions of those democracies." [30][30][30][30]Saint Peter Claver worked for the alleviation of the suffering of African slaves brought to South America.Slavery — The Church initially accepted slavery as part of the social structure of society, campaigning primarily for humane treatment of slaves but also admonishing slaves to behave appropriately towards their masters.[31] However, historian Glenn Sunshine says,Christians were the first people in history to oppose slavery systematically. Early Christians purchased slaves in the markets simply to set them free.Later, in the seventh century, the Franks..., under the influence of its Christian queen, Bathilde, became the first kingdom in history to begin the process of outlawing slavery....In the 1200's, Thomas Aquinas declared slavery a sin.When the African slave trade began in the 1400's, it was condemned numerous times by the papacy.[32][32][32][32]The British became involved in the slave trade in the late 1500s, and by the 1700s, most people accepted slavery as a fact of life, until gradually, from the mid-1700s onwards, a Christian abolitionist movement began to take shape. It began with American Quakers.Slavery was also coming under attack from Enlightenment philosophers like Montesquieu and Rousseau, but it was Christian activists who initiated and organised an abolitionist movement.By the 1770s, Evangelicals were waking up to the seriousness of the issue – the British Methodist John Wesley and the American Presbyterian Benjamin Rush denounced the slave trade in influential pamphlets. Once the British Abolition Committee was established in 1787, abolitionism quickly became a mass movement. Within twenty years, the slave trade had been abolished throughout the British Empire. [33][33][33][33][34][34][34][34]Christianity was instrumental in stopping slavery. If you don’t think it was Christianity that made the difference, read this: John Dewar Gleissner's answer to What are some mind-blowing facts about slavery?Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants helped create both the English and the American democracies.Christianity is criticized for many things, some of them justly. David Gushee says Christianity has a "tragically mixed legacy" when it comes to the application of its own ethics, using the examples of three cases of "Christendom divided against itself": the crusades, and Frances of Assissi’s attempt at peacemaking with Muslims; Spanish conquerors and the killing of indigenous peoples, and the Christian protests and fights for Native rights; and the on-again, off-again, persecution and protection of Jews. [85]But we have also gotten a few things right here and there.I have borrowed from the article Role of Christianity in civilization - Wikipedia but I did attempt to limit myself to those sections of the article I wrote myself. Here are some of my references:Footnotes[1] From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity (Revealing Antiquity): Kyle Harper: 9780674072770: Amazon.com: Books[1] From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity (Revealing Antiquity): Kyle Harper: 9780674072770: Amazon.com: Books[1] From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity (Revealing Antiquity): Kyle Harper: 9780674072770: Amazon.com: Books[1] From Shame to Sin: The Christian Transformation of Sexual Morality in Late Antiquity (Revealing Antiquity): Kyle Harper: 9780674072770: Amazon.com: Books[2] A Short History of Christianity: Geoffrey Blainey: 9781442225893: Amazon.com: Books[2] A Short History of Christianity: Geoffrey Blainey: 9781442225893: Amazon.com: Books[2] A Short History of Christianity: Geoffrey Blainey: 9781442225893: Amazon.com: Books[2] A Short History of Christianity: Geoffrey Blainey: 9781442225893: Amazon.com: Books[3] Amazon.com: Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome (9780521859431): Rebecca Langlands: Books[3] Amazon.com: Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome (9780521859431): Rebecca Langlands: Books[3] Amazon.com: Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome (9780521859431): Rebecca Langlands: Books[3] Amazon.com: Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome (9780521859431): Rebecca Langlands: Books[4] The Reason for God: Belief in an Age of Skepticism: Timothy Keller: 9780525950493: Amazon.com: Books[4] The Reason for God: Belief in an Age of Skepticism: Timothy Keller: 9780525950493: Amazon.com: Books[4] The Reason for God: Belief in an Age of Skepticism: Timothy Keller: 9780525950493: Amazon.com: Books[4] The Reason for God: Belief in an Age of Skepticism: Timothy Keller: 9780525950493: Amazon.com: Books[5] Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion[5] Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion[5] Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion[5] Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion[6] Amazon.com: Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia (Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages) (9780415969444): Margaret C. Schaus: Books[6] Amazon.com: Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia (Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages) (9780415969444): Margaret C. Schaus: Books[6] Amazon.com: Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia (Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages) (9780415969444): Margaret C. Schaus: Books[6] Amazon.com: Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia (Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages) (9780415969444): Margaret C. Schaus: Books[7] CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Abbess[8] Get the facts in order: A history of women's leadership[9] Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred: A Social Scientific Introduction, Second Edition: Donald S. Swenson: 9780802096807: Amazon.com: Books[9] Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred: A Social Scientific Introduction, Second Edition: Donald S. Swenson: 9780802096807: Amazon.com: Books[9] Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred: A Social Scientific Introduction, Second Edition: Donald S. Swenson: 9780802096807: Amazon.com: Books[9] Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred: A Social Scientific Introduction, Second Edition: Donald S. Swenson: 9780802096807: Amazon.com: Books[10] Christian Charity in the Ancient Church - Kindle edition by Gerhard Uhlhorn. Religion & Spirituality Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com.[10] Christian Charity in the Ancient Church - Kindle edition by Gerhard Uhlhorn. Religion & Spirituality Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com.[10] Christian Charity in the Ancient Church - Kindle edition by Gerhard Uhlhorn. Religion & Spirituality Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com.[10] Christian Charity in the Ancient Church - Kindle edition by Gerhard Uhlhorn. Religion & Spirituality Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com.[11] A Short History of Medical Ethics: 9780195134551: Medicine & Health Science Books @ Amazon.com[11] A Short History of Medical Ethics: 9780195134551: Medicine & Health Science Books @ Amazon.com[11] A Short History of Medical Ethics: 9780195134551: Medicine & Health Science Books @ Amazon.com[11] A Short History of Medical Ethics: 9780195134551: Medicine & Health Science Books @ Amazon.com[12] Nuns, a ‘Dying Breed,’ Fade From Leadership Roles at Catholic Hospitals[12] Nuns, a ‘Dying Breed,’ Fade From Leadership Roles at Catholic Hospitals[12] Nuns, a ‘Dying Breed,’ Fade From Leadership Roles at Catholic Hospitals[12] Nuns, a ‘Dying Breed,’ Fade From Leadership Roles at Catholic Hospitals[13] Giving: Charity and Philanthropy in History: Robert H. Bremner: 9781560008842: Amazon.com: Books[13] Giving: Charity and Philanthropy in History: Robert H. Bremner: 9781560008842: Amazon.com: Books[13] Giving: Charity and Philanthropy in History: Robert H. Bremner: 9781560008842: Amazon.com: Books[13] Giving: Charity and Philanthropy in History: Robert H. Bremner: 9781560008842: Amazon.com: Books[14] A History of Orthodox, Islamic, and Western Christian Political Values: Dennis J. Dunn: 9783319325668: Amazon.com: Books[14] A History of Orthodox, Islamic, and Western Christian Political Values: Dennis J. Dunn: 9783319325668: Amazon.com: Books[14] A History of Orthodox, Islamic, and Western Christian Political Values: Dennis J. Dunn: 9783319325668: Amazon.com: Books[14] A History of Orthodox, Islamic, and Western Christian Political Values: Dennis J. Dunn: 9783319325668: Amazon.com: Books[15] Amazon.com: How the Irish Saved Civilization (Hinges of History Book 1) eBook: Thomas Cahill: Kindle Store[15] Amazon.com: How the Irish Saved Civilization (Hinges of History Book 1) eBook: Thomas Cahill: Kindle Store[15] Amazon.com: How the Irish Saved Civilization (Hinges of History Book 1) eBook: Thomas Cahill: Kindle Store[15] Amazon.com: How the Irish Saved Civilization (Hinges of History Book 1) eBook: Thomas Cahill: Kindle Store[16] Amazon.com: 9783319325668: Books[16] Amazon.com: 9783319325668: Books[16] Amazon.com: 9783319325668: Books[16] Amazon.com: 9783319325668: Books[17] Benedictine Monachism[18] Christian Community in History: Volume 1: Historical Ecclesiology: Roger D. Haight: 9780826416308: Amazon.com: Books[19] Charles Martel : the Military Leader and Frankish Defender: History and Civilization Collection: 9782366593624: Amazon.com: Books[19] Charles Martel : the Military Leader and Frankish Defender: History and Civilization Collection: 9782366593624: Amazon.com: Books[19] Charles Martel : the Military Leader and Frankish Defender: History and Civilization Collection: 9782366593624: Amazon.com: Books[19] Charles Martel : the Military Leader and Frankish Defender: History and Civilization Collection: 9782366593624: Amazon.com: Books[20] 100 Scientists Who Shaped World History[20] 100 Scientists Who Shaped World History[20] 100 Scientists Who Shaped World History[20] 100 Scientists Who Shaped World History[21] St. Thomas Aquinas and the Natural Law Tradition: Contemporary Perspectives: John Goyette, Mark S. Latkovic, Richard S. Myers: 9780813213781: Amazon.com: Books[21] St. Thomas Aquinas and the Natural Law Tradition: Contemporary Perspectives: John Goyette, Mark S. Latkovic, Richard S. Myers: 9780813213781: Amazon.com: Books[21] St. Thomas Aquinas and the Natural Law Tradition: Contemporary Perspectives: John Goyette, Mark S. Latkovic, Richard S. Myers: 9780813213781: Amazon.com: Books[21] St. Thomas Aquinas and the Natural Law Tradition: Contemporary Perspectives: John Goyette, Mark S. Latkovic, Richard S. Myers: 9780813213781: Amazon.com: Books[22] Faithful to Science[22] Faithful to Science[22] Faithful to Science[22] Faithful to Science[23] 100 Years of Nobel Prizes: Baruch Aba Shalev: 9780935047370: Amazon.com: Books[23] 100 Years of Nobel Prizes: Baruch Aba Shalev: 9780935047370: Amazon.com: Books[23] 100 Years of Nobel Prizes: Baruch Aba Shalev: 9780935047370: Amazon.com: Books[23] 100 Years of Nobel Prizes: Baruch Aba Shalev: 9780935047370: Amazon.com: Books[24] 50 Nobel Laureates and Other Great Scientists Who Believe in God[24] 50 Nobel Laureates and Other Great Scientists Who Believe in God[24] 50 Nobel Laureates and Other Great Scientists Who Believe in God[24] 50 Nobel Laureates and Other Great Scientists Who Believe in God[25] Amazon.com: A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages (9780521361057): Hilde de Ridder-Symoens: Books[26] The Western Humanities: The Complete Edition: Roy T. Matthews, F. Dewitt Platt: 9780874847857: Amazon.com: Books[26] The Western Humanities: The Complete Edition: Roy T. Matthews, F. Dewitt Platt: 9780874847857: Amazon.com: Books[26] The Western Humanities: The Complete Edition: Roy T. Matthews, F. Dewitt Platt: 9780874847857: Amazon.com: Books[26] The Western Humanities: The Complete Edition: Roy T. Matthews, F. Dewitt Platt: 9780874847857: Amazon.com: Books[27] Amazon.com: The Routledge Companion to Early Christian Thought (Routledge Religion Companions) (9780415442251): D. Jeffrey Bingham: Books[27] Amazon.com: The Routledge Companion to Early Christian Thought (Routledge Religion Companions) (9780415442251): D. Jeffrey Bingham: Books[27] Amazon.com: The Routledge Companion to Early Christian Thought (Routledge Religion Companions) (9780415442251): D. Jeffrey Bingham: Books[27] Amazon.com: The Routledge Companion to Early Christian Thought (Routledge Religion Companions) (9780415442251): D. Jeffrey Bingham: Books[28] The Sacredness of Human Life: Why an Ancient Biblical Vision Is Key to the World's Future: David P. Gushee: 9780802844200: Amazon.com: Books[29] Text, Cases and Materials on Medical Law and Ethics: Marc Stauch, Kay Wheat: 9781138024021: Amazon.com: Books[29] Text, Cases and Materials on Medical Law and Ethics: Marc Stauch, Kay Wheat: 9781138024021: Amazon.com: Books[29] Text, Cases and Materials on Medical Law and Ethics: Marc Stauch, Kay Wheat: 9781138024021: Amazon.com: Books[29] Text, Cases and Materials on Medical Law and Ethics: Marc Stauch, Kay Wheat: 9781138024021: Amazon.com: Books[30] The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights[30] The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights[30] The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights[30] The Routledge Companion to Media and Human Rights[31] The Truth About the Catholic Church and Slavery[32] Why You Think the Way You Do[32] Why You Think the Way You Do[32] Why You Think the Way You Do[32] Why You Think the Way You Do[33] The abolition of the slave trade: Christian conscience and political action by John Coffey - Jubilee Centre[33] The abolition of the slave trade: Christian conscience and political action by John Coffey - Jubilee Centre[33] The abolition of the slave trade: Christian conscience and political action by John Coffey - Jubilee Centre[33] The abolition of the slave trade: Christian conscience and political action by John Coffey - Jubilee Centre[34] The Abolitionists[34] The Abolitionists[34] The Abolitionists[34] The Abolitionists

Thank you for the A2A.“When initiated into Masonry, each candidate is presented with a lambskin or white leather apron and told, among other things, that the apron is the Badge of a Mason and that it is more honorable than the Star and Garter or any other order that could be conferred upon him by King, Prince, Potentate or any other person except he be a Mason.”- Brooks C. Dodson, Jr.The first ‘recorded’ meeting of Freemasons in England occurred in York in 926 AD Edwin Edwin, son of Edward the Elder - Wikipedia was the master at this meeting and Aethelstan Æthelstan - Wikipedia provided the constitution for the lodge( Guide to the Royal Arch Chapter by Sheville and Gould, page 11, Dermott’s degree Guide to the Royal Arch Chapter ). Also, Indeed, “For King Athelstan convened the first General Assembly of York Rite Masons in 926 AD” (Mackeys Encyclopaedia of Freemasonry, page 2105). The Larmenius Charter is also LEGITIMATE ( for those that are wondering) Larmenius Charter - Wikipedia. Regarding the later Templar controlled ‘City of London’, “In the 10th century, Athelstan permitted eight mints to be established, compared with six in his capital, Winchester, indicating the wealth of the city.”-City of London - Wikipedia. The English Templars became known as The Knights of St John of Jerusalem, not to be confused with the order of st. john Order of Saint John (chartered 1888) - Wikipedia. It is through the Templar connection that the garter and Freemasons are linked. For all Templars were Carbonari Freemasons firstly, prior to becoming Templars. Their Benjaminite ancestral association with the Brotherhood of the Sun’s spiritual philosophy which developed into the Society of Ormus and later Rosicrucianism also held the rituals of the Freemason high priests that followed Akhenaten-Moses out of Egypt.flag of the ‘City of London’ complete with English Templar swordCor blimey, guv’nor, that’s odd innit? :) Cleopatra's Needle - WikipediaFreemasonry can be traced back to ancient Egypt The Connection Between Ancient Egyptian Mystery Schools and Freemasonry http://www.hampdenlodge.co.uk/Freemasonry%20&%20the%20Ancient%20Egyptians.pdf ( via Sumeria) with many rituals’ features showing up in the Crata Repoa ( see my other answers in Freemasonry for more on this, for example, the meaning of masonic gloves).Masonic author, Albert Mackey, believed in a relationship between modern Freemasonry and Ancient Egypt. Wrote Mackey: “The identity of design and method in the two systems, as illustrated by the division—into steps, classes, or degrees—to which both were subjected, viz., lustration (purification, or preparation), initiation, and perfection.” ( I’m always a little ‘hesitant’ about mackey…he was just too close to al pike for my liking, however, the Hermetic/Alchemical influences listed are valid.)For more on the indisputable links between Egypt and Freemasonry this book by Michael Shiavello, 32nd degree, Lodge #44, Las Vegas, Nevada ( been there, great guys)The Egypt connectionCagliostro, trying to put the pieces together…somewhatFreemasonry has always been with the Israelite tribes Twelve Tribes of Israel - Wikipedia , carried by their priest/advisor ‘classes’. The ‘Anglo’ element of Freemasonry descended from the Israelite tribe of Dan Tuatha Dé Danann - Wikipedia and their druid/celtic priests The Welsh Triads, from Lundy, Isle of Avalon by Mystic Realms who carried many of the same beliefs held by the other Israelite tribes’ priests and those of Ephraim and Judah who were recognized as brethren by the Merovingian Freemason-priests Merovech - Wikipedia.“Their druids certainly were not all just white robed men who worshipped in oak groves taking "mistletoe" in a similar way as their distant cousins from India in the Rig-Veda were taking "soma". These were the priests like the Brahmins, but there were other members of the Druids who were educated in astrology, medicine, science, history, art, and law. It is unfortunate that the druids believed that to write things down made their minds lazy. (How many books do we possess that we do not remember in our libraries!). Those cultures that have no written word are always considered barbarous. Clearly, their inscriptions on jewelry and gravestones show that they knew Etruscan letters and even created their own alphabet, the Ogham Script. When the Romans invaded Angelsey all they did was tear down the school house of the druids and kill defenseless priests. However, once the British were assimilated into Roman culture, the proof of their abilities is shown by such works of art as the "Book of Kells" Book of Kells - Wikipedia , their mythological stories, and their codes of law; their metallurgy and invention were already world renowned; even their battle strategy was adopted by the Romans who also employed many Celtic cavalry.”- celticchristianity.infinitesolutions.comThe symbol of the ‘green man’ is that of highest priest/advisor to the king and comes from the function of advisor Anubis (guide of souls) to the Pharaoh. By extension, with the greeks, ‘In his dialogues, Plato often has Socrates utter oaths "by the dog" (kai me ton kuna), "by the dog of Egypt", and "by the dog, the god of the Egyptians", both for emphasis and to appeal to Anubis as an arbiter of truth in the underworld.’ -wikipedia, anubis“This places the British in the centre of things. Israel in Britain starts with some of the tribe of Dan travelling there soon after the Exodus. We find the Prophet Jeremiah took the royal daughters of Zedekiah, the last Israelite king in Palestine, to Egypt and thence to Ireland [See Jer.41:10]. The Royal House of Judah thus continued in Britain. History throws a different perspective on the world at that time; a different perspective than we have been led to believe. History is HIS story.”- ISRAEL ELECT“The prophets spoke of the British Isles, the place to which the House of Israel was to migrate as ‘the wilderness’. Nathan the prophet had told David long before that God would prepare a “wilderness” place for the Children of Israel.”- ISRAEL ELECT“In the 11th edition of Encyclopedia Britannica (1911) in an article on Ireland, under the subheading of "Legendary Origins, Early History" we find a people called the "Tuatha de Danan" (tribe of Dan) had migrated into Ireland having with them the Stone of Destiny (called the Lia Fail or Jacob's pillar stone).There were also other things transported to Ireland. The king's daughters (Jeremiah 41:10; 43:6), princesses, and descendants of the house of David also made the journey. It is through them that God would keep his promise to always have one of David's descendants on a throne over Israel. The article also mentions Scythian warriors migrating to Ireland. In Colossians 3:11, we find the Scythians were a major group of people.In the 1911 Encyclopedia article on Ireland, we find the Tuatha de Danan and Scythian people (many of which were descendants of the Israelites taken into captivity) with genealogical records dating to Noah. They brought with them to Ireland 'the sacred sword and spear.' These weapons of warfare are highly likely the same ones Goliath used to battle King David.” -biblestudy.orgThey (druids) were welcomed as high adept scholars, teachers, judges and astrologers in France and often were the mentors of the French Merovingian aristocracy youth John Templar's answer to What are the three main roles of a druid in celtic society*? . Freemason priests were the advisors of the monarchy of Aethelberht of Kent Æthelberht of Kent - Wikipedia upon his marriage to the Merovingian Princess Bertha of Paris Bertha of Kent - Wikipedia in the 6th century, the exact date is mentioned to be from prior to 560 to the year 580 AD. The tribes of Judah and Benjamin were oft times ‘classified’ as ‘Jewish’, however, the priest advisor classes knew that YaHVeH (enlil) was not their creator and their spiritual philosophy came out of the history descended from that of Thoth(Ningishzidda) son of the benevolent Enki. Noah (Ziusudra) was also descended from Enki Enki - Wikipedia ( via Adapa, so it is thought). The unit of measure known as the inch is common to both the Israelite tribes and the Mayas the direct result of the teaching of Ningishzidda Ningishzida - Wikipedia, as Thoth and Quetzalcoatl ( when Marduk exiled him from Egypt). The story from the Sumerian clay tablets of Adapa meeting Anu and being instructed on his actions in doing so by Enki is akin to the transference of Masonic ritual from Master to EA and suggests Enki as the first ‘Grand Master’ ( Divine Encounters by Zecharia Sitchin, page 52–54). The Great White Brotherhood Great White Brotherhood - Wikipedia of High Priests were believed to be the ‘Masters’ of Enki and Ningishzidda’s ‘mystery school’ and their spiritual philosophy was likewise shared by Akhenaten-Moses’ Brotherhood of the Sun.Zecharia Sitchin, mossad agent and authorsymbol of Enki?… the serpent, clasp from Masonic apron‘ Moses' rod changed into a serpent,"The serpentine emblem of Masonry... is a bright symbol of Hope; for the promised Deliverer will open the gates of Heaven to his faithful followers by bruising its head, and they shall enter triumphantly, trampling on its prostrate body."- George Olivergeorge got the Moses part and serpent part correct, the rest is deluded nonsense.Freemasonry was carried ‘out of Egypt’( Albert Churchward Albert Churchward was correct on a number of things) with the Benjamite tribes priests/advisors known as the Brotherhood of the Sun, who were second in command to Akhenaten-Moses and later incorporated by priests of the other Israelite tribes. All ‘masonry’ looks back to the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh and his descendants. Akhenaten is the ‘Sun God’ of the Masons, and Moses, the true ‘King of the Jews’. When Aaron Aaron - Wikipedia was made the ‘High Priest’, he was marked with an ‘X’ on his forehead by Akhenaten -Moses.They (the Benjamites) went on to become the Merovingian Kings The Tribe of BENJAMIN in Europe http://www.halexandria.org/dward215.htm Chapter 65: The Merovingians Geneaology: Descendants of David Shekinah - Mary Magdalene with their French SECRET society Freemasonry that was known as the ‘Carbonari Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Carbonari (not to be confused with the jesuit french revolution version or the italian, both of whom were jesuit ‘copies’ of the Freemason version).“Subsequently, the Prieure de Sion’s Templars became the “POOR Knights of Christ”. The motto of the early Carbonari (secret society) of France was, “Happy friends, let us go to suffering”.-mysteryoftheiniquity.comThe Merovingian descended Templars grew out of the French Carbonari Freemasons ( you were a Freemason BEFORE you ever became a ‘Templar’). With the invasion of William the Conqueror the Freemasonry of the English Israelite tribes and the French Israelite tribes became ‘rejoined’ again and the creation of the English ‘Templars’ by Richard the Lionheart Richard I of England - Wikipedia during his reign as the King came through his Merovingian connection via Eleanor Eleanor of Aquitaine - Wikipedia, his mother. The Templar Order, as mentioned, came from the Merovingian Freemason Carbonari. The Plantagenet and Angevin were the two main Merovingian families that formed and supported the Templars. The City of London City of London - Wikipedia was formed by the ENGLISH Templars, why do you think Temple Bar exists? Temple Church - WikipediaIt was with Richard, that English Templar encampments became ‘chartered’ as such and they were given the right to wear as their symbol the cross of St. George Saint George's Cross - Wikipedia , which was the patron saint Richard placed himself under for his crusades. Flag of England: History and Meaning“Richard’s army was a multinational, multilingual force rent with personal animosities, political jealousies, and conflicting loyalties. The English King was the glue that cemented this disparate force together, its effectiveness a tribute to his military skill, courage and personal charisma.The Hospitallers were like a coiled spring, and as tensions rose it became harder and harder to obey Richard’s firm command to stay put. Goaded beyond all human endurance, the Marshal of the Hospitallers and a Norman knight named Baldwin Carew spurred their horses to the attack. The feckless pair squeezed through the infantry and galloped forward, the battle cry of “St. George!” on their lips.”- http://warfarehistorynetwork.com“The Plantagenets always maintained close connections with the Templars, as best shown by the following examples.First, when Henry II of England murdered Thomas Becket, his penance was to contribute sufficient funds each year to the Knights Templar to maintain 200 Knights in the holy land; andSecondly, when the second Plantagenet King, Richard the Lionheart, chose his last resting place he chose an Abbey of the Templars in France.Thirdly, when Richard's brother, King John in England faced a rebellion from his own vassals, his advisor and protector standing by his side was the English Grand Prior. The document King John was advised to sign would later be called “The Magna Carta”. “-Electric Scotland is all about the history of Scotland and the Scots.The ‘magna carta’ is known to be a vatican fraud perpetrated by agents of that institution in the year 1236, not 1215, as ‘history’ records.In 1188 in Gisors, Normandy, many of these Templar and Priory alliances and connection were ‘cut’ Cutting of the elm - Wikipedia.The Cross of St. George remained a very ‘English Templar’ symbol and became incorporated into the Order of the Garter Order of the Garter - Wikipedia and by the time King Edward 3rd founded it, St. George had become England’s patron saint. Only the most loyal and noble of the English Templars were awarded the Order. The famous ‘griffin’ with the Templar shield of St. George is a representation of the Annunaki (Enki and Ningishzidda) and a guardian. Victoria was the last ‘legitimate’ ( through the birth of her son, Marcos) monarch to preside over the order ( even though during this period the govt awarded the knighthood 1700–1946) and the Duke of Wellington Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington - Wikipedia, one of the last Templars knighted by her. His service to the true King was never forgotten by her Royal Guelphic Order - Wikipedia. That was then…Wellington’s tomb at St. Paul’s Cathedral ( what’s that on the tomb? A Templar cross? )The ever watching and tomb guarding Annunaki gryphon…TWENTY-SEVEN (27) yards from Temple Bar, any REAL Templar can tell you this… bell? why? What significance is the number ‘46′ to this, bell? :)…the silence is deafening,lolToday, it is a sad joke, with a rothschild flat lie royal queen being the monarch overseeing the Order and those ‘knighted’ being as illegitimate as the flat lie queen, herself. Freemasonry in England is today just a corrupted relic taken over, like England herself, by the jesuit vatican and its rothschild financiers and puppet masters. It is given to every form of lowlife that engages in the deceit that is the current fiasco of the crown.Until, the rightful King of England, the Templar King, agreed upon by the House of Guelph and the House of Stuart, who will be known as King John the Third, takes the throne there will be NO legitimate knights of the Order of the Garter…both in name and reputation. The more profane, or if you like, less enlightened, Freemasons know nothing of any of this…and it is only rightfully so ( funny how they get so mad about it also, LOL). To them, it is all mystery…and that is also rightfully so. They will only find the ‘truth’ if they are entitled to do so…matters not what I say. i am Merely the Messenger. :)These lines of dialogue from the movie, “The King’s Speech” (2010) sum things up with the Order beautifully…Lionel Logue: Please don't smoke. I believe sucking cigarette smoke into your lungs will kill you.George 'Bertie' VI: I need to relax. My physicians say it relaxes the throat.Lionel Logue: They're idiots.George 'Bertie' VI: They've all been knighted.Lionel Logue: Makes it official then.:)For the history and interaction of the celts and druids with French aristocracy and the migration of these priest-advisors from Israel by Peter Berresford EllisFor more on the Merovingian connections to the Israelite tribe of Benjamin by Lynn Picknett and Clive Prince ( very good minus the ‘feminist’ and ‘sacred sex’ narrative, note the cover Templar emblem and Egyptian Ankh Ankh - Wikipedia)For more on the Merovingian Dynasty and connections across Europe, very detailed, great research, Ian Wood ( note the date 450, the year prior to the vatican’s break from the Society of Ormus)For more on the supposed ‘non existent meeting’ of Freemasons in 926 AD see ‘Guide to the Royal Arch Chapter by John Sheville, PGHP and James L. Gould, PGHP 33rd degreeand for more on Freemasonry in Egypt, Manley P. Hall Manly P. Hall - Wikipedia, 33rd degreeand the work of Albert Churchward brief descriptive information adapted from the 'Origin and Evolution of the Human Race.' (1921) (not 100% accurate, but notable for points that connect dots for the enlightened…)just a few of the numerous sources of knowledge from the pinnacle of scholars of Freemasonry, some who are also 33rd degree holders John Templar's answer to What do 33rd degree masons know that 3rd degree masons do not? …but, who are they to argue with shawn bell? …he thinks he’s a knight templar. So, maybe he can put down his KNIFE AND FORK and tell us who the living descendant of Jesus and Mary is, who is also the rightful King of England today? Real Knights Templar know, after all they’re sworn to protect him to the death, …or maybe the other Knights Templar have just left bell ‘out of the loop’.:)