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Physics truths are not determined by consensus but by sense. There are many physicists who agree that the second law of thermodynamics is not a law of physics, and many who think it is. For those who don’t understand why there is this disagreement, let me go into some detail and some interesting history. This is not meant as a basis for a vote. Read my analysis below and see if you are convinced.I’ve taught thermodynamics many times at UC Berkeley, and my statement was not a casual one, but one based on deep understanding of the “law”. Sir Arthur Eddington himself, the great scientist who was the first to propose that the arrow of time is driven by the second law, acknowledged that the second law is not a “primary law” (such as the conservation of momentum). He referred to it as a “secondary law” that is derived from other more fundamental principles.Prior to the work of Boltzmann, the second law was thought to be a law of physics. It was based on the work of Carnot and his followers. Entropy change was defined as the integral of the heat flow divided by the temperature. The second law was the statement that the behavior of any complex system tended to increase the entropy. There was no known way to derive this as a consequence of other laws, so it was (historically) considered to be a fundamental law of physics.Here is a quote from my book Now: The Physics of Time: “Carnot didn’t coin the term entropy; it came from one of his disciples, Rudolf Clausius, who took en and y from energy and stuck trope, meaning “transformation,” in the middle. Clausius wrote in 1865, ‘I propose to name the quantity S the entropy of the system, after the Greek word τροπη [trope], the transformation. I have deliberately chosen the word entropy to be as similar as possible to the word energy: the two quantities to be named by these words are so closely related in physical significance that a certain similarity in their names appears to be appropriate.’”So if you find yourself confusing entropy and energy, you can blame Clausius.Is the second law a real law of physics? Think about other laws. We are taught in high school physics that an object falls through a distance d, in gravity g by the formula [math]d=\frac{1}{2}gt^2[/math]. Is this a fundamental law? In high school, we are told that it is. In fact, I was told to memorize it! But in college we learn that it is an approximation for objects close to the surface of the Earth; it can be derived from Newton’s law of gravity and from his equation F = ma by using calculus. So the “law” turns out to be secondary, just an equation that is based on more fundamental principles. In fact, except for pedagogical reasons in an elementary introduction, no physicist would argue that the equation [math]d=\frac{1}{2}gt^2[/math] is actually a “law of physics”. It is a formula that can be derived from two true laws.As I said, in the time of Carnot and Clausius the increase in entropy was considered to be a law of physics. But then along came Boltzmann, and devoted his life to understanding the fundamentals of entropy. He died before his theory was generally accepted; until Einstein’s theory of Brownian motion was confirmed experimentally—and at first it wasn’t—the “theory” of atoms wasn’t widely accepted.What Boltzmann showed was that the entropy of Carnot and Clausius was nothing more than the logarithm of the number of accessible states of a system. He postulated that the probability of a future state was proportional to the number of configurations of that state, a postulate that we call “the ergodic hypothesis”. With the ergodic hypothesis, the law of the increase in entropy, the vaunted “second law of thermodynamics”, became a secondary law. It simply said that the most likely state in the future is the most probable one. So it is almost a trivial statement.Even the equation of Boltzmann derived, the one that he wanted on his tombstone, is not a true law of physics. The equation is this one: the entropy S can be written as a constant (k, now called “Boltzmann’s constant”) times the logarithm of the number of indistinguishable configurations, W. His “law” is S = k logW. Yet Boltzmann derived this equation by applying statistics to the atomic theory; it is a formula, not a separate law. The formula is an amazing result; I regard this formula as beautiful in its utter simplicity. I attach a photo of his tombstone, and you can see the formula at the top. In my new book I describe the physics and history of entropy in some detail, because the story is fascinating—and because I need to have you truly understand the concept of entropy if you are going to understand why Eddington was wrong in his assertion that the arrow of time is determined by the increase in entropy.

Here is the widely circulated Post/Strategy by Shubham Shukla in Various RBI GRADE B Telegram Groups about his Strategy to Crack RBI GRADE B 2019 Phase 2. He has been selected for interview this time. As you guys have read lots of answers about RBI GRADE B strategy by me, let's read this to understand how he cleared RBI GRADE B Phase 2 Exam in less than 4-5 Months.Shubham Shukla :-Hello everyone!!A lot of you have been texting me on what has been my strategy for clearing phase 2. I thus present my 2 cents on what I did and what i didn't.phase 1:125/200, UR-narrowly cleared reasoning by 0.75 marks.-Didn't practice quant English and LR. this doesn't mean you shouldn't as well. Practice is the key, I was lucky enough to get to phase 2. Many brilliant friends of mine weren't that lucky.-for GA, I spent most of the time before exam, almost a fortnight before prelims participating in quizzes in different telegram groups. Due to some commitments, I didn't touch AC/GKT/BA. I attended Brajesh Mohan Sirs free class on monthly Current affairs on unacademy. Both of these helped like anything. But you guys should follow at least 2 of the above mentioned 3 sources along with Brajesh Sirs class. Practice as many McQ as possible.Phase 2:- started phase 2 prep from Nov 10,. Didn't have the luxury of reading basic books. Only followed edutap notes. Also took a one month subscription to unacademy plus , around 1k only, for an MCQ phase 2 course by Brajesh Mohan sir and Ruhi ma'am. Pretty helpful, revised my basics plus got a ouple of common/related question as well.-also attempted mocks - OB/PM/IXAMBEE, though not under a controlled environment. Mentally prepared me for the exam, do not recollect how.many question were common. But MOCKS ARE A MUST.***Miscellaneous points1. What I did was a firefighting technique to clear phase 2. I'm not sure if it'll work for you, not sure if it'll work next time for me as well2. Edutap sheets are okay, but PLEASE PLEASE be through with basics, concepts banao. Books are the primary source, stick with them before you move to sheets. I'll attach a list that I recommend to fellow aspirants.3. Anyday a toppers strategy is better than mine. I'm not sure if I'll be making it to final list, probably no one is. But the seniors who have cleared it are the ones who have finished the process successfully, and thus are better than a guy who cleared 1 mains writing a long post.4. Use internet extensively, do meaningful group discussion. Kaafi help hoga.I have tried to answer as many queries as possible. There is no one strategy, everyone is unique and has different way of going about things. Make sure what you follow is what makes you comfortable.To all of you who have cleared, congratulations. You are this close to making history, just go for it. And to those of you have been unsuccessful this time around, don't lose heart. It wasn't your first exam, won't be your last. As a wise man once said, "you either win or you learn". Pick yourself up and get back stronger.Wish you all the best. May the force be with you!!Sir I'm following this list is it testedBrajesh Mohan:Economics - Ramesh Singh, Sanjiv Verma, Disha Economics Compendium(MCQ)Finance - Bharti Pathak and Prasanna ChandraManagement - LM Prasad or SP Robin'sSocial Issue - Summary Sheet, Census, Socio Economic Census etc.Important Chapters of of the following books for RBI Grade B Phase II examFinancial Management (Prasanna Chandra)3. Financial Statements4. Analysis of Financial Statement6. Time Value of Money7. Valuations of Bonds and Stocks8. Risk and Return (do not study in detail) - study about Beta11. Techniques of Capital Budgeting40. Corporate Risk managementPrinciples and Practices of Management (L N Prasad)1. Introduction to management4. Social Responsibility and Ethics5. Fundamentals of Planning (not in all details)6. Organisational Plans (not in all details)8. Fundamentals of Organizing (not in all details)9. Power and Authority10. Conflict and Coordination (not in all details)11. Organisational Change12 Fundamental of staffing13. Employee Development and Performance Appraisal14 Fundamentals of Directing (in complete details)15. Motivation (in complete details)16. Leadership17. CommunicationIndian Economy – Ramesh Singh (9th Edition)1. Introduction2. Growth Development and happiness6. Economic Reforms7. Inflation and business cycle11. Indian Financial Market12. Banking in India (very important)14. Securities market in India15. External Sector in India16. International Economic Organisations (only general understanding)17. Tax Structure (only direct tax and indirect tax)18. Public Finance in India19. Sustainability and climate change20 Human Development in India21. Burning Socio Economic issues25. Economic Survey (study the concepts, data of the latest report is useful)26. Union Budget (study the concepts, data of the latest report is useful)The India Financial System – Bharati V Pathak1. The Financial System: An Introduction3. Reforms in Financial System4. The Money Market5. The Capital Market6. The Primary Market (Do not go to the every details and procedures, understand terms andconcepts)8. The Secondary Market (Do not go to the every details and procedures, understand termsand concepts)9. The Derivative Market (Understand 4 types of derivatives, do not go into details)13. Banking and Non-Banking Institutions14. Management of NPAs by banks15. Mutual Funds (page 537-540)19. Credit Rating (Introduction only)24. Financial RegulationIndian Economy - Mishra and Puri1. Economic Growth, Development and Underdevelopment2. Economic and Human Development (very important)3. The Environment and Development10. Human resource development12. Employment and unemployment in India14. National Income15. Poverty in India16. Income distribution in India26. Industrial Development during the Planning Period29 Industrial Policy34. Labour Relations and social security36. Indian Foreign Trade37. India's Balance of Payments40. India's exchange rate policy41. FERA & FEMA (only introduction)42. Globalisation and its impact on Indian Economy43. WTO and IndiaPart VI _ Money and Banking – study this complete53. India's Fiscal Policy62. Economic Reforms and LiberalisationApart from this You can Follow some Online WebsiteGK Today's General Awareness section Articles and MCQsAffairs CloudPIB WebsiteVision IAS Monthly Insights and Gist for Budget and Economic SurveyInvestopedia.Thanks, Brajesh Mohan (Educator, Unacademy Plus, ESI & GA, RBI GRADE B)

You end up doing a job in Big 4 firm some years later, like me!Or you may not, depending on whose advises you follow, where you land up, how things turn out in your life, where your focus is, what you aim for and how you make the best of opportunities available to you. Duh! Too many ifs and buts, right? Let me unfold my story first and thereon, we will navigate to the interesting ‘consequences’.Although, in my case, it was more of a concious decision to opt for articleship in a mid size firm rather than Big 4 firm, to fit in my framework of life goals (intentionally concealing details, to avoid objectifying the discussion), but also I didn’t get any call from Big 4 firms. Anyways, it was all settled for me - neither they wanted me, nor did I desired of them. I had applied to Big 4 firms, just for sake of interview experience, opportunity to visit their office and maybe learn a few things, so that I can write an answer on Quora someday :DHow life turned out in my case?I did my articleship from a midsize firm. My principal and articleship were a blessing in disguise.I made some really great friends during articleship. There was a personal attachment with everyone in the office. One office, one family.First year, I received good guidance, next year better opportunities and last year great responsibilities.I was able to learn something practical about each subject of CA-Final, if not the minute details.My exceptional skills were respected and nurtured, while I kept improving on my several weaknesses.My focus of life wasn’t lost. I gained sufficient experience, developed hobbies and passed CA-Final exams as well.Today, I am doing a job in a Big 4 firm and I have all doors open -Continue service as I am doing nowGo into industry, as I have Big 4 firm experienceDo practice, with sufficient experience from articleship about practice and from Big 4 firm about work.Become entrepreneur, on the basis of overall knowledge & experience gained.Other possibilities as wellI am happy. ‘Consequences’ have been good.But that’s just me, one human. We all end up in graveyard, but how we reach there is called life. What happened in my case, is not necessary to happen in your case as well.Big 4 vs Midsize bout : Imagine the above two guys & read carefully.On the left, we have a student doing articleship at Big 4 firm, while the pint-sized kid on the right is a student doing articleship at mid size firms.On whom will you bet your money? The giant one obviously, as every rational person would do. Probably he got a lot a more food, facility and grooming than the miniscule on the left. This is exactly how the industry thinks. Big 4 articles are well trained and therefore, they will prove suitable for the job in their company.However, what if this was a 100 metre Running Race? Haha.. now our pint-sized kid will be the choice of every person. It is impossible to expect agility and flexibility from the giant, while the kid would be easily able to do so. That’s exactly what you are capable of, after doing articleship from Mid size firm.‘Consequences’ : What can possibly go wrong?Large companies will not offer you jobs. Happens. As I explained above, large companies believe and prefer Chartered Accountants who have done articleship from Big 4 firms are more suitable for the work at their company. So they usually prefer such applicants over all others.You will not get exposure of bigger companies. Midsize firms will have smaller clients as compared to Big 4 firms where clients are huge, global and complex. The transactions and legal provisions at bigger clients are slightly different. Besides, the client team is aggressive (they literally fight) than the ones where you almost ‘prepare’ the financials.You will not get access to resources. Big 4 firms has resources because they are big, they can afford it. They have dedicated teams to research, improve and look after its services, the technology they use and the training they give to employees. They give access to the world’s best tools, guidances and insights.Lavishness will be missing or non-existent. Big 4 firms also take care of well being of their staff in terms of food, stay, travel, etc. and also their stipends & other activities. Their social quotient is high, parties can be frequent and office would be more comfortable. They offer a lot in many ways.‘Consequences’ : What can possibly go right?You will get exposure of different areas. When you work at Midsize firms, you are not just auditing. You are filing tax returns, providing tax consultancy, certifications, internal audits, accounting and some times financial analysis, project reports, etc. Here at Big 4 firms, articles shiver when we talk about Tax Audit, sometimes, managers as well who have done their articleship in Big 4 firms.You will learn ‘preparing’ and ‘finalizing’ financial statements. This will be your USP. Articles in Big 4 firms would have neither prepared financial statements nor even finalized an audit on their own (except for the ones they do in CA-Final exams). At midsize firms, you are trained at both, you know how to do it, and how to audit it.You will learn how to struggle, how to manage. While your principal might be the best live example in this, even at your own level, you will learn how to struggle because Midsize firms don’t spoon feed you. You have to learn how to find information apart from working on it.You will enjoy the experience of working with family. At Midsize firm, each person knows each other, not just formal introduction, but deeper bond exists. Everyday at office is like a family cooking food together. At Big 4 firms, barely people know each other. There are smaller groups and you won’t be working with friends all the time.Recommendation: From a career prospective, articleship at Big 4 firms is always worthy but articleship at Midsize firms trains you more at life skills. While one is about Professionally doing your work, the other is about passionately building your career. The choice is difficult & you have to weigh -Build Career first and then life, orLearn life first and then build Career.My recommendation is to experience both of them once - one of them in articleship and other one in first few years of job, in any suitable order. This gets you benefits of both world and your hold on Chartered Accountancy Profession gets stronger, since you know it right from the bottom to the top with such an experience. Thus, after having experience of 2–3 years in each, you are good to steer your life, in any direction you wish to.Conclusion: There are many people who have walked on the same path in the past, but ended up at a different destiny. That’s life for you. There’s no science here and events may turnout to be drastically different for each individual, although following the same strategy because it is not just articleship - but three years of life. So it is up to you. Your everyday choices will decide your destiny, not just the one decision taken at beginning of Articleship.Articleship is a life decision and let me remind you, there’s no science in life decisions.