Form U 2 New York: Fill & Download for Free

April 14, 2020- I have updated this answer to include information about recent burials for those who have died as a result of complications from COVID-19 on Hart Island.Hart Island, 2010 (Hart Island (Bronx) | Wikiwand)In March of 1968, a pair of children playing in an abandoned, Greenwich Village tenement in New York City discovered a young man dead on a cot, surrounded by beer bottles and religious handouts.[1][1][1][1] There were no obvious signs of foul play. He had no identification. The body was unknown and went unclaimed.After failing to locate his next of kin, authorities declared the man dead from hardening of the arteries — a common side effect of longtime heroin abuse — and buried him in a mass, unmarked paupers’ grave on the Bronx’s Hart Island alongside other unidentified bodies and indigent souls who had fallen on hard times.[2][2][2][2] And somewhere — although nobody is sure exactly where — on that island that once housed a woman’s psychiatric asylum, a men’s prison, and patients quarantined during an outbreak of yellow fever in the 1870s, is the final resting place of Peter Pan, Disney child actor Bobby Driscoll, the unlucky soul who died alone in an abadoned Greenwich Village apartment.[3][3][3][3]Eerily barren, the tiny uninhabited island of Hart Island sits in the shadows of Manhattan's looming skyscrapers - a short distance but a far cry from the bright lights on Broadway across the harbor. Hart Island has seen a series of incarnations since its birth; from serving as a psychiatric institution and hospital for tuberculosis patients, to an American Civil War prisoner camp.The Top 10 Secrets of Hart Island, NYC's Mass Cemetery - Untapped New YorkBut perhaps its most fascinating legacy has been its function as America’s largest mass burial site (and the largest tax-funded cemetery in the world), where more than a million unclaimed and unidentified bodies have been buried since 1868, when the island was first purchased by the city.[4][4][4][4]British cartographers labeled the island Hart Island, because of its shape.[5][5][5][5] The 131-acre island, only a mile long and 0.25 miles wide, is located at the eastern tip of the Bronx, just off the west coast of Long Island Sound, and became a part of New York City even before its present day boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx and Staten Island.[6][6][6][6]Thomas Pell, a physician from England, came to the New World and purchased a substantial amount of land from the native inhabitants in what is now The Bronx and Westchester County.[7][7][7][7] The year was 1654, and Hart Island was included in Pell’s purchase from Chief Wampage of the Siwanoy people.[8][8][8][8] The exact amount Pell paid for the land is unknown, though some rumors state it was nothing more than a cask of rum.The island's first public use was as a training ground for the United States Colored Troops in 1864.[9][9][9][9] During the final months of theCivil War, the Federal government used the Island as a prison camp for Confederate soldiers. An internment camp for only four months, 235 out of 3,413 captured Confederate soldiers were housed on the island.[10][10][10][10] Their remains were relocated to Cypress Hills Cemetery, Brooklyn in 1941.[11][11][11][11]During a yellow fever epidemic in 1870, a part of the Island was used to house persons confined to isolation.[12][12][12][12] In the later part of the 19th century the Island was home to a charity hospital for women, as well as an insane asylum.[13][13][13][13]Abandoned NYC: Hart Island's Crumbling Women's Lunatic Asylum - Untapped New YorkHart Island was purchased by the City in 1868 from the Hunter family of the Bronx for $75,000.[14][14][14][14] The following year it was established as the City's public cemetery for the burial of those persons who died indigent or whose bodies went unclaimed. On April 20, 1869. Louisa Van Slyke, an orphan who died alone in Charity Hospital at the age of 24, became the first to be buried there.[15][15][15][15] During the first year, 1,875 burials were performed.Photographer Jacob Riis began his photographic journey at the Potter's Field on Hart Island. He described it as follows:One free excursion awaits young and old whom bitter poverty has denied the poor privilege of the choice of the home in death they were denied in life, the ride up the Sound to the Potter’s Field, charitably styled the City Cemetery. But even there they do not escape their fate. In the common trench of the Poor Burying Ground they lie packed three stories deep, shoulder to shoulder, crowded in death as they were in life, to “save space;” for even on that desert island the ground is not for the exclusive possession of those who cannot afford to pay for it.[16][16][16][16]First photos taken by Jacob Riis, 1890 (The Top 10 Secrets of Hart Island, NYC's Mass Cemetery - Page 5 of 10 - Untapped New York)In 1895, the Department of Corrections.established a Branch Workhouse for aged and infirm men, narcotics addicts, and short-term inmates.[17][17][17][17] In the early 1900s, the Department also established a reformatory at Hart Island for young offenders aged 16 to 30, known as a "Reformatory for Misdemeanants."[18][18][18][18] In 1914, reformatory prisoners were transferred to another location off the Island in order to rectify the lack of segregation between adolescent and adult inmate programs. The jail was used to house aged male prisoners and overflow from other City jails.[19][19][19][19]During WW II, the Island was turned over to the Navy for use as a disciplinary barracks for Navy, Coast Guard and Marine personnel, with as many as 2,800 servicemen in custody.[20][20][20][20] In fact, probably the closest WWII ever got to the shores of America came when three German soldiers surfaced in a U-Boat near Long Island.[21][21][21][21] (@Shawn Michael Carey shared that Uboats actually had come as close to 30 miles of the coast of Florida) They were taken into custody and imprisoned for a time on Hart Island.No burial ceremonies (not burials) have been held since the 1950s and there are no unique markers for each plot, with one exception - the grave site of the first child to have died of AIDS in New York City, who was buried in isolation.[22][22][22][22] The island is also a disposal ground for amputated body parts which are kept in boxes labelled ‘limbs’.[23][23][23][23]A marker over the grave of the first child with AIDS buried on Hart Island. The inscription “SC-B1 1985” stands for Special Child, Baby 1, 1985 (Hart Island | The Point Magazine)In 1985, 17 bodies arrived on Hart Island.[24][24][24][24] The island’s hardened crews, used to burying dozens of indigent people per week, recoiled. These pine coffins were different. They had died from a widely feared nascent disease called AIDS, an illness that at the time had a skyrocketing death toll.[25][25][25][25] The bodies were kept out of the trenches and instead quarantined in a remote spot on the island’s southernmost tip, buried deep in individual graves.[26][26][26][26]Although the city only buried 17 HIV-positive people there during 1985, they continued to do so well into the ’90s. The number of HIV-positive people buried there is estimated to be in the thousands, but city officials are reluctant to provide exact numbers because of longstanding criticisms of the island’s crude handling of deaths at the time.[27][27][27][27]Often people who were buried there had been rejected by their families for their HIV-status.[28][28][28][28] At the time, many funeral homes and graveyards refused to accommodate people who had died of HIV-related illnesses for fear of contagion.[29][29][29][29] Hart Island became the only possible resting place for many of these unclaimed and rejected bodies as well as for poor people who couldn’t afford to bury family members killed by the epidemic.The New York Times stated that “Hart Island could be “perhaps the single largest burial ground in the country for people with AIDS.”[30][30][30][30]Those buried aren’t just the homeless or those without family, but include those who can’t afford to have a funeral or were simply unclaimed by relatives within a month of their deaths. Around half of those buried across the island are thought to be identified children under the age of five who died in the city hospitals.[31][31][31][31]A Jewish playwright, screenwriter and director, popular during the 1920s and 30s, Leo Birinski was another public figure buried on the island.[32][32][32][32] According to his death certificate, Leo Birinski died on October 23, 1951 at Lincoln Hospital in the Bronx.[33][33][33][33] ]aIt appears that Birinski died in poverty and probably entirely alone (without any relatives or heirs). He was buried at Potter's Field on Hart Islan. in a mass-grave ("plot 45, section 2, no. 14").[34][34][34][34]Riker's Island inmates preform burials 1992 (The Journey from Death to Hart Island | Urban Omnibus)Since 1976, Hart Island has been operated and maintained by the Department of Corrections. Bodies are transported by ferry from the morgue at Manhattan’s Bellevue Hospital on weekday mornings, amounting to around 2000 a year.[35][35][35][35] Prison inmates from the Riker’s Island conduct burials several times a week, organized into 70 foot long plots that can hold about 150 adults each, or 1000 children.[36][36][36][36]It is the largest tax-funded cemetery in the United States and does not appear on official MTA or NYC Department of Transportation maps, although a DOT ferry provides transportation to and from City Island.[37][37][37][37] City agencies have repeatedly refused to talk about just how many HIV/AIDS victims are buried on the island, but a 2018 investigation by The New York Times revealed records from city hospitals that indicate the number could be in the thousands.[38][38][38][38]Somewhere between 850,000 to 900,000 poor, homeless, or forgotten people are buried there, making it the largest public cemetery in the world.[39][39][39][39] Yet , aside from the inmates working there, only a very few have ever visited this burial ground. While today most of the buried are identified, the historic island remains shrouded in mystery. Some of its burial records were destroyed in a fire in 1977, leaving several gaps during which no information is available.[40][40][40][40] Existing burial records can now be accessed through an online database set up by the city’s Department of Corrections, which manages the burial site.Family photo of Luigi Roma (Bones emerge on Hart Island, where inmates bury New York paupers)Annette Gallo was 10 years old when her brother Peter sent her a letter, from his orphanage to hers: “Last Wednesday morning something bad happened to papa.” Papa was Luigi Roma, their father, who had died from pneumonia and tuberculosis at Norwegian Hospital in Brooklyn. Their mother had died years earlier. No one bothered to tell his children when officials buried Roma in a trench in New York City’s potter's field.[41][41][41][41]Roma‘s descendants traced his burial to Hart Island, the potter's field in the Long Island Sound. Annette Gallo, whose father was buried on Hart Island, is now 94 and stricken with dementia so severe she no longer recognizes her daughter.[42][42][42][42] She spent much of her life searching for her father’s grave.For decades, family members were not allowed anywhere near the bodies of their loved ones — only through disinterment could they lay them to rest, off the island. Even after “closure” visits to the gazebo were gradually allowed, the island’s gravesites remained off limits.[43][43][43][43] So did information on exactly where an individual was buried — the lack of a comprehensive database of the City’s death certificates made accessing this information very difficult. So family members not only had to come to terms with their loved one’s burial on a desolate island in the Sound; they also had to grapple with not knowing where he or she lay.Efforts to provide the public with easier access to the island have been facilitated by the Hart Island Project, which collaborated with British landscape architects Ann Sharrock and Ian Fisher, and hopes to transform the burial grounds into a public park.[44][44][44][44]Talks have been ongoing since 2014 regarding proposals to transfer the management of the burial site to the city’s Department of Parks and Recreation in a bid to:“create a public park where citizens could visit graves” and enjoy “beautiful views” from the island, according to the vice president of the Bronx's City Island Chamber of Commerce.[45][45][45][45]Historic buildings on the island continue to be torn down to make room for more burials. Should the park proposal for the burial site be approved, it will join a series of parks that were formerly cemeteries, including Bryant Park, Madison Square Park and Washington Square Park.[46][46][46][46]The Journey from Death to Hart Island | Urban OmnibusToday the Hart Island Project strives to preserve “the histories of people whose identities have been erased” and pay tribute to the “lost souls” of the buried on the island via the Travelling Cloud Museum.[47][47][47][47] The interactive online map outlines where any given person is buried on the island since 1980, according to their plot number, and the amount of time they have been there.[48][48][48][48]The developing archive aims to uncover the anonymity among the buried, inviting the public to contribute any stories they know about any of the names charted on the map, whether that be in the form of words, images, epitaph, sound or video, “so that no one is omitted from history”, the project states.[49][49][49][49]Everyday more than a dozen lost souls regain their identification. Some remain on the island with a headstone, while others are restored to their families and reburied on the mainland. The exact number of individuals may never be known, but the lowest estimates begin around 900,000. Hart Island is not just a mass grave, it is a sanctuary for unwanted children, those who died battling AIDS, those who died from poverty, exposure to the elements, or addiction or those merely forgotten by society and time.Why coronavirus burials are just the latest chapter in New York’s plague historySadly, it has been brought to my attention the preparation of large burial plots on Hart Island for unclaimed and/or unidentified individuals who have died as a result of COVID-19. In response to images taken by drones four days ago, the mayor and head of the department of corrections issued the following statement:Individuals buried on the island are “because their identity is unknown at the time of their death and a next of kin could not be located to arrange for burial services, because the individual’s family could not afford burial costs, or because the individual’s family preferred that their loved one be buried on Hart Island”. [50][50][50][50]Aerial images taken by the Associated Press showed a large trench on the island and about 40 coffin lined up for burial by workers.[51][51][51][51] Before the outbreak began, there were approximately 25 burials conducted a week on the island. That number has skyrocketed, with more than 50 burials a day. [52][52][52][52]May the island's newest occupants rest in peace, with the dignity that was denied them while alive.Footnotes[1] Oscars flashback: The tragic life and death of former Disney star Bobby Driscoll[1] Oscars flashback: The tragic life and death of former Disney star Bobby Driscoll[1] Oscars flashback: The tragic life and death of former Disney star Bobby Driscoll[1] Oscars flashback: The tragic life and death of former Disney star Bobby Driscoll[2] Bobby Driscoll (1937-1968) - Find A Grave...[2] Bobby Driscoll (1937-1968) - Find A Grave...[2] Bobby Driscoll (1937-1968) - Find A Grave...[2] Bobby Driscoll (1937-1968) - Find A Grave...[3] Bobby Driscoll - IMDb[3] Bobby Driscoll - IMDb[3] Bobby Driscoll - IMDb[3] Bobby Driscoll - IMDb[4] This tiny New York island is actually the world's largest mass burial site[4] This tiny New York island is actually the world's largest mass burial site[4] This tiny New York island is actually the world's largest mass burial site[4] This tiny New York island is actually the world's largest mass burial site[5] Islands of the Undesirables: Hart Island[5] Islands of the Undesirables: Hart Island[5] Islands of the Undesirables: Hart Island[5] Islands of the Undesirables: Hart Island[6] The Other Islands of New York City: A History and Guide (Third Edition)[6] The Other Islands of New York City: A History and Guide (Third Edition)[6] The Other Islands of New York City: A History and Guide (Third Edition)[6] The Other Islands of New York City: A History and Guide (Third Edition)[7] Hart Island: The Big Apple’s Mass Burial Ground of Unknown Dead[7] Hart Island: The Big Apple’s Mass Burial Ground of Unknown Dead[7] Hart Island: The Big Apple’s Mass Burial Ground of Unknown Dead[7] Hart Island: The Big Apple’s Mass Burial Ground of Unknown Dead[8] Wampage: Sachem of the Siwanoy tribe - Biography, Life, Family, Career, Facts, Information[8] Wampage: Sachem of the Siwanoy tribe - Biography, Life, Family, Career, Facts, Information[8] Wampage: Sachem of the Siwanoy tribe - Biography, Life, Family, Career, Facts, Information[8] Wampage: Sachem of the Siwanoy tribe - Biography, Life, Family, Career, Facts, Information[9] United States Colored Troops - Wikipedia[9] United States Colored Troops - Wikipedia[9] United States Colored Troops - Wikipedia[9] United States Colored Troops - Wikipedia[10] Hart's Island Prisoner of War Camp[10] Hart's Island Prisoner of War Camp[10] Hart's Island Prisoner of War Camp[10] Hart's Island Prisoner of War Camp[11] Confederate P.O.W.'s On Hart's Island Are Told Of Lincoln's Murder | Abraham Lincoln[11] Confederate P.O.W.'s On Hart's Island Are Told Of Lincoln's Murder | Abraham Lincoln[11] Confederate P.O.W.'s On Hart's Island Are Told Of Lincoln's Murder | Abraham Lincoln[11] Confederate P.O.W.'s On Hart's Island Are Told Of Lincoln's Murder | Abraham Lincoln[12] Potter's Field Historical Resume Excerpts[12] Potter's Field Historical Resume Excerpts[12] Potter's Field Historical Resume Excerpts[12] Potter's Field Historical Resume Excerpts[13] http:// Hart Island, circa 1890 (This tiny New York island is actually the world's largest mass burial site)[13] http:// Hart Island, circa 1890 (This tiny New York island is actually the world's largest mass burial site)[13] http:// Hart Island, circa 1890 (This tiny New York island is actually the world's largest mass burial site)[13] http:// Hart Island, circa 1890 (This tiny New York island is actually the world's largest mass burial site)[14] Purchase of Hart's Island.[14] Purchase of Hart's Island.[14] Purchase of Hart's Island.[14] Purchase of Hart's Island.[15] A Chance to Be Mourned[15] A Chance to Be Mourned[15] A Chance to Be Mourned[15] A Chance to Be Mourned[16] a Project Gutenberg eBook.[16] a Project Gutenberg eBook.[16] a Project Gutenberg eBook.[16] a Project Gutenberg eBook.[17] Potter's Field Historical Resume Excerpts[17] Potter's Field Historical Resume Excerpts[17] Potter's Field Historical Resume Excerpts[17] Potter's Field Historical Resume Excerpts[18] NYC Parole & New Hampton Reformatory Farms[18] NYC Parole & New Hampton Reformatory Farms[18] NYC Parole & New Hampton Reformatory Farms[18] NYC Parole & New Hampton Reformatory Farms[19] McKinney's Consolidated Laws of New York Annotated[19] McKinney's Consolidated Laws of New York Annotated[19] McKinney's Consolidated Laws of New York Annotated[19] McKinney's Consolidated Laws of New York Annotated[20] Islands of the Undesirables: Hart Island[20] Islands of the Undesirables: Hart Island[20] Islands of the Undesirables: Hart Island[20] Islands of the Undesirables: Hart Island[21] Dive to assess tanker sunk by German U-Boat off NY postponed[21] Dive to assess tanker sunk by German U-Boat off NY postponed[21] Dive to assess tanker sunk by German U-Boat off NY postponed[21] Dive to assess tanker sunk by German U-Boat off NY postponed[22] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[22] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[22] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[22] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[23] Hart Island | The Point Magazine[23] Hart Island | The Point Magazine[23] Hart Island | The Point Magazine[23] Hart Island | The Point Magazine[24] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[24] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[24] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[24] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[25] 7 New Yorkers Remember the Early Days of the AIDS Epidemic[25] 7 New Yorkers Remember the Early Days of the AIDS Epidemic[25] 7 New Yorkers Remember the Early Days of the AIDS Epidemic[25] 7 New Yorkers Remember the Early Days of the AIDS Epidemic[26] Few folks know about this historic mass grave of HIV-positive people near New York City[26] Few folks know about this historic mass grave of HIV-positive people near New York City[26] Few folks know about this historic mass grave of HIV-positive people near New York City[26] Few folks know about this historic mass grave of HIV-positive people near New York City[27] Project Helps Locate Lost AIDS Victims Buried On New York's Hart Island[27] Project Helps Locate Lost AIDS Victims Buried On New York's Hart Island[27] Project Helps Locate Lost AIDS Victims Buried On New York's Hart Island[27] Project Helps Locate Lost AIDS Victims Buried On New York's Hart Island[28] City Council pledges overhaul of public cemetery on Hart Island[28] City Council pledges overhaul of public cemetery on Hart Island[28] City Council pledges overhaul of public cemetery on Hart Island[28] City Council pledges overhaul of public cemetery on Hart Island[29] AIDS Victims and Advocates Report Problems with Morticians[29] AIDS Victims and Advocates Report Problems with Morticians[29] AIDS Victims and Advocates Report Problems with Morticians[29] AIDS Victims and Advocates Report Problems with Morticians[30] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[30] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[30] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[30] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[31] Unearthing the Secrets of New York’s Mass Graves[31] Unearthing the Secrets of New York’s Mass Graves[31] Unearthing the Secrets of New York’s Mass Graves[31] Unearthing the Secrets of New York’s Mass Graves[32] Leo Birinski - Broadway Cast & Staff[32] Leo Birinski - Broadway Cast & Staff[32] Leo Birinski - Broadway Cast & Staff[32] Leo Birinski - Broadway Cast & Staff[33] New York City's Hart Island: A Cemetery of Strangers[33] New York City's Hart Island: A Cemetery of Strangers[33] New York City's Hart Island: A Cemetery of Strangers[33] New York City's Hart Island: A Cemetery of Strangers[34] Potter's field - Wikipedia[34] Potter's field - Wikipedia[34] Potter's field - Wikipedia[34] Potter's field - Wikipedia[35] This tiny New York island is actually the world's largest mass burial site[35] This tiny New York island is actually the world's largest mass burial site[35] This tiny New York island is actually the world's largest mass burial site[35] This tiny New York island is actually the world's largest mass burial site[36] Bones emerge on Hart Island, where inmates bury New York paupers[36] Bones emerge on Hart Island, where inmates bury New York paupers[36] Bones emerge on Hart Island, where inmates bury New York paupers[36] Bones emerge on Hart Island, where inmates bury New York paupers[37] Behind the Scenes Photos on Hart Island, NYC's Mass Burial Ground - Untapped New York[37] Behind the Scenes Photos on Hart Island, NYC's Mass Burial Ground - Untapped New York[37] Behind the Scenes Photos on Hart Island, NYC's Mass Burial Ground - Untapped New York[37] Behind the Scenes Photos on Hart Island, NYC's Mass Burial Ground - Untapped New York[38] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[38] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[38] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[38] Dead of AIDS and Forgotten in Potter’s Field[39] Boroughs of the Dead[39] Boroughs of the Dead[39] Boroughs of the Dead[39] Boroughs of the Dead[40] New York's Invisible Island of the Dead[40] New York's Invisible Island of the Dead[40] New York's Invisible Island of the Dead[40] New York's Invisible Island of the Dead[41] Bones emerge on Hart Island, where inmates bury New York paupers[41] Bones emerge on Hart Island, where inmates bury New York paupers[41] Bones emerge on Hart Island, where inmates bury New York paupers[41] Bones emerge on Hart Island, where inmates bury New York paupers[42] Storms, Nature Uncover Bones on New York’s Island of the Dead[42] Storms, Nature Uncover Bones on New York’s Island of the Dead[42] Storms, Nature Uncover Bones on New York’s Island of the Dead[42] Storms, Nature Uncover Bones on New York’s Island of the Dead[43] Department of Correction[43] Department of Correction[43] Department of Correction[43] Department of Correction[44] The Hart Island Project.[44] The Hart Island Project.[44] The Hart Island Project.[44] The Hart Island Project.[45] City Island Chamber of Commerce[45] City Island Chamber of Commerce[45] City Island Chamber of Commerce[45] City Island Chamber of Commerce[46] Beware of Zombies: The Grim Origins of Washington Square Park[46] Beware of Zombies: The Grim Origins of Washington Square Park[46] Beware of Zombies: The Grim Origins of Washington Square Park[46] Beware of Zombies: The Grim Origins of Washington Square Park[47] The Hart Island Project.[47] The Hart Island Project.[47] The Hart Island Project.[47] The Hart Island Project.[48] The stark island mass burial site off of New York for the city's dead[48] The stark island mass burial site off of New York for the city's dead[48] The stark island mass burial site off of New York for the city's dead[48] The stark island mass burial site off of New York for the city's dead[49] The Hart Island Project (USA)[49] The Hart Island Project (USA)[49] The Hart Island Project (USA)[49] The Hart Island Project (USA)[50] New York rules out mass Covid burials but admits 'devastating' Hart Island pictures are ‘unclaimed’ victims[50] New York rules out mass Covid burials but admits 'devastating' Hart Island pictures are ‘unclaimed’ victims[50] New York rules out mass Covid burials but admits 'devastating' Hart Island pictures are ‘unclaimed’ victims[50] New York rules out mass Covid burials but admits 'devastating' Hart Island pictures are ‘unclaimed’ victims[51] As Morgues Fill, N.Y.C. to Bury Some Virus Victims in Potter’s Field[51] As Morgues Fill, N.Y.C. to Bury Some Virus Victims in Potter’s Field[51] As Morgues Fill, N.Y.C. to Bury Some Virus Victims in Potter’s Field[51] As Morgues Fill, N.Y.C. to Bury Some Virus Victims in Potter’s Field[52] Why coronavirus burials are just the latest chapter in New York’s plague history[52] Why coronavirus burials are just the latest chapter in New York’s plague history[52] Why coronavirus burials are just the latest chapter in New York’s plague history[52] Why coronavirus burials are just the latest chapter in New York’s plague history

Slightly facetious answer, but I’ll go for the McDonnell Douglas F-101 Voodoo.The Voodoo is a product of the crazy end of 1950s cold war thinking. It’s a lightning fast recon plane (only superseded by the SR-71 Blackbird), but unlike the SR-71 it had bomber and interceptor versions too.However, what made the Voodoo so outclass its competition wasn’t its speed or range, it’s the fact it was built around an all-nuclear air to air armament.At the time, the big question for the US airforce was how do you deal with a WW2 style bomber formation coming over the North Pole? The Russians had nearly 800 Tu-4 “Bull” bombers (the USSR copy of the B-29), plus 500 or so of the new Tu-95 “Bear” bombers, and the US fear was that only one bomber had to get through and a whole city, like Chicago or New York, was gone. Other air defence, like Surface to Air missiles, just wouldn’t stop the whole raid, and unless you stopped the whole raid, millions would die.Goodbye Chicago!The Voodoo was the answer. Its main weapon was the AIR-2 Genie missile, a 1.5 kiloton nuke on a long-range unguided rocket, nicknamed the “Ding Dong” by the Voodoo crews.The plan was you send the Voodoos up to intercept, and as soon as they see the Soviet formation, whoosh BAZOOOOM hundreds of bombers go up in one nuclear strike.Each nuke (each of the US and Canada’s 800 Voodoos had 2) carries the same force as 1,500 tons of TNT—roughly the force of an entire World War II daylight bombing raid.Basically the Voodoo doesn’t give a fuck about your turn rate, your climb speed, your wing loading, all of that junk, because it’s packing a pair of nukes.A Canadian Voodoo popping the training version of it’s “Ding Dong” nuke in training in 1982; the training versions were called “Dum Dums”…The Soviet response to the Voodoo was to dump manned bombers altogether and switch to missiles - ICBMS, cruise missiles and submarine launched missiles.The US Air Force made plans for using the nukes against extremely high-altitude targets, this time motivated in case the Soviets came up with their own version of the U-2 or SR-71 spy planes. As long as it got within a quarter-mile of its targets, the weapon would destroy them.Again, the Voodoo doesn’t care about your straight line speed or extreme altitude, because it’s packing a nuke! (There was also a tactical bomber version of the Voodoo that was intended to do one-way nuclear strikes deep in the Soviet union, where the pilots were literally obliged to walk home after firing the nukes at say, airbases or tank factories in the Urals…)The Voodoos kept flying interception mission well into the 1980s , and there’s an argument they pretty much made the entire Soviet manned bomber fleet redundant. Very few other aircraft can claim that…

How much money needed?A rough rough estimatestep 1- $880step 2-$880step 2 CS- $1535step 3 - $845Study material - 30k (excluding coaching)Online mock tests - 6-12k per stepAirfares - 80k (economy class for one round trip), double if u plan 2 come back to india in betweenApplications for residency - 60 kCoaching at Kaplan for 1 step – 60k (not very sure for individual steps)Commuting within US for interviews, exams etc – 50kSundry (like ISD calls, visits to us consulate, booze etc. ) – 40kStay in US for 6 months - 200k (If u know sumone, at whose place you can stay, it myt be much less cos it forms the major chunk of living expenses)Attorney fees H1B visa processing – about 100kTotal (excluding coaching, online mock tests, H1B attorney fees) = approx. 10-15 lacs INRThese all expenses are valid if you clear everything in one attempt, otherwise add accordingly.But remember this is just an investment if you get a residency. You can cover the money in 1-1.5 years.Regarding saleries:Typical stipends or pays across the USA for a resident from any specialty are:1st Year (PGY1): $34,000 - $45,000/-2nd Year (PGY2): $37,000 - $47,000/-3rd Year (PGY3): $38,000 - $49,000/-AS AN INTERNISTNew York: $170,000/-Los Angeles: $165,000/-Houston: $152,000/-Seattle: $155,000/-Note: Salaries mentioned here are the 50th Percentile Salaries and may apply to mid-career levels - the lower percentile salaries (for fresh physicians) may actually be lower by 30,000- 40,000 $CARDIOLOGIST SALARIESCardiologist (Medicine)New York $278,000/-Los Angeles $268,000/-Houston $247,000/-Seattle $252,000/-Cardiologist (Interventional)New York $313,000/-Los Angeles $302,000/-Houston $279,000/-Seattle $285,000/-NEUROLOGIST SALARIES (Medicine + Surgery)Neurology (Medicine)New York = $204,000/-Los Angeles = $197,000/-Houston = $182,000/-Seattle = $186,000/-Lately, Neurology has become another favourite with IMGs with many programs sponsoring H1s / J1s and not being so tough to get in. However, applications are to be submitted via the SFmatch matching program and NOT via ERAS and deadlines are much earlier too.Neurology (Surgery)New York = $396,000/-Los Angeles = $ 382,000/-Houston = $352,000/-Seattle = $360,000/-Source: rxpgonline