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First, one has to ask what the Bible is. Some spend their lives reading it as if it were a catalogue of rules or pithy sayings. “Parts is parts,” right?In fact, it is whole, integral, ongoing history of God’s Self-revelation to Mankind.So, we can approach this question in two ways. First, is it, truly, integral? This takes some study. The translators of the Authorised (“King James”) Version provided a host of cross-references, still printed in the Cambridge editions. These go a long way in showing this agreement amongst various passages. God’s mercy, or Self-giving-ness, occurs as the underlying theme throughout all its books.Second, is it history? This is another way in which the Bible stands apart from all other religious texts. It is rare that God is seen doing anything except before a number of witnesses. St. Luke even goes so far, in his account of Jesus’s miracles, as to have interviewed any number of eyewitnesses beforehand. Even those who did not obey the Lord knew of His acts, as St. Paul says to the kings Agrippa and Festus, “ the king knoweth of these things, before whom also I speak freely: for I am persuaded that none of these things are hidden from him; for this thing was not done in a corner (Acts 26),” and the writers of the Talmud carefully sought to dismiss His works, a generation later, as those of a “powerful wizard.” Further, there has been rather an industry in the past 200 years of finding archæological evidence of events recorded, even 3500 years ago. Such examples range from using the accounts in Joshua to unearth the cities of Jericho and Ai to finding coins and such referencing such kings as David and Hezekiah.

Once again, I must respond to Mr Barnaby Lane’s distinctly revisionist reply to this question.“The EU is guided by a sense of ‘manifest destiny’.” (B Lane)The EU is guided by its founding principles, laid out in black & white over half a century ago. Principles designed by the nations which formed the ECSC/EEC/EU and adopted by those countries which have since voluntarily chosen to join the organisation. Any of whom may leave at any time should they so choose.To infer some mystical, conspiratorial alternative is frankly ludicrous.“Since the Brexit vote in 2016, the dominant narrative from the EU side has been ‘we are bigger than you, we get to call the shots’.” (B Lane)For good reason: It is, and it did.As Theresa May said in January 2017 “My job is to get the right deal for Britain, as we do” (leave). No one from the EU was trying to work out what ‘deal’ the UK might give the EU.Why is this a surprise to Mr Lane? This is what Leavers, apparently knowingly, bought into.It’s a fact of life. May I politely suggest you get over it.“In the end, the outcome was a basic, no frills trade agreement, similar to the UK’s opening position.” (B Lane)This is pure revisionism. The UK’s opening position, repeated multiple times, was ‘all the same benefits without the obligations of membership’. “We hold all the cards.”“They need us more than we need them.”In that same speech at Somerset house in 2017, Mrs May said “we will pursue a bold and ambitious free trade agreement with the European Union.”“Bold & ambitious” not “ basic & no frills”, Mr Lane.“There are only two scenarios in which the EU would have gone quietly.” (B Lane)There are no scenarios “in which the EU would have gone quietly”. The EU went nowhere.It was the UK which left? How does Mr Lane not know this?“Worse still (for the EU), global capital is leaving the EU and coming to Britain”says Mr Lane, providing as ‘evidence’ a link inaccessible to anyone who doesn’t have a subscription to the Daily Telegraph. So neither I, nor I suspect the vast majority of readers here can, conveniently perhaps, comment upon it.However I can suggest Germany & France are still ahead of the UK, which has fallen behind, as places where foreign direct investors are confident about placing their future investments. * (link below)“Long run economic forecasts now say the UK is likely to strongly outperform the EU….” (B Lane)Really?According to the OECD only Argentina and Spain performed worse than the UK in 2020. ** (link below)The short-term forecasts does indeed put the UK slightly ahead of the EU***but the long-term forecast has the UK lagging behind:** (link below)“The UK’s vaccine programme is a highly visible example of what can be achieved by departing from the EU’s methods and institutions.” (B Lane)This is an entirely untrue statement by Mr Lane.The UK ordered its vaccines while still under the auspices of the EU, by implementing Regulation 174 of the European Union’s Human Medicines Regulations, which permits Member States to purchase their own medicines in the event of emergencies such as pandemics.It was in no way facilitated by Brexit, and Mr Lane who claims to be highly knowledgeable about the EU, either knows this and chose to misrepresent the facts, or didn’t know this, and is therefore not as knowledgeable as he regularly claims his experience with the EU make him?(Update - Charles Lammy , in the comments section, makes a good point with regards to an unintended consequence of Brexit, which arguably facilitated the manner in which the UK purchased its vaccines)In case of any doubt, the UK Government itself confirmed what I am saying on a number of occasions, including its Press statement of 23rd November 2020, still available on the government web site, which said:****“Until the end of December, and as part of the transition period, vaccines must be authorised via the European Medicines Agency and that authorisation will automatically be valid in the UK.However, if a suitable COVID-19 vaccine candidate, with strong supporting evidence of safety, quality and effectiveness from clinical trials becomes available before the end of the transition period, EU legislation which we have implemented via Regulation 174 of the Human Medicines Regulations allows the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) to temporarily authorise the supply of a medicine or vaccine, based on public health need.”This is also confirmed emphatically by the Institute for Government: *****“That said, none of these successes can be chalked up to Brexit. As the chief executive of the MHRA swiftly pointed out, Mr Hancock was wrong to say that the UK could approve the vaccine early because it was no longer subject to EU rules. The MHRA’s decision was taken in accordance with the relevant EU legislation, which allows member states to grant temporary authorisation for a medicinal product in response to the spread of infectious diseases (among others). [1] This legislation still applies to the UK until the end of the transition period. Any EU member state could have used the same provision of the legislation to approve the vaccine. They decided not to for political and technical reasons, not legal ones.”Ironically, Mr Lane goes on to say: “the propaganda machine has been in overdrive.” It certainly appears that way, Mr Lane.Will Mr Lane now retract that statement………….?As for my view on the OA’s question?In summary: I don’t know if the EU is “bitter towards the UK after Brexit” but I am witness to the extreme bitterness demonstrated by many Leavers towards the EU (“globalist gangsters”, “corrupt dictators” the “neo Nazi elite of the Fourth Reich” etc, etc.) and the persistent war rhetoric UK right-wing politicians & the UK right-leaning media routinely employ to characterise the EU as ‘enemies’, to be defeated.Even our lovely Prime Minister compared them to Napoleon and the Nazis.So if they are bitter, perhaps it’s not without reason.PKEvidential Links (all accessible)*Read @Kearney: Entering the storm: anticipating risk in an uncertain worldInvestor sentiments at the onset of the COVID-19 crisis highlight the urgent need for strategic foresight capabilities in an age of external shocks, mounting complexities, and growing risks.https://www.kearney.com/foreign-direct-investment-confidence-index/2020-full-report**OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report March 2021 | READ onlineThe COVID-19 pandemic continues to cast a long shadow over the world’s economies but economic prospects have improved with the forthcoming global vaccines rollout, although divergences are increasing across and within countries. This Interim Report provides updates for G20 country projections made in the December 2020 issue of the OECD Economic Outlook (Number 108).https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-outlook/volume-2020/issue-2_34bfd999-en#page6***Domestic product - GDP long-term forecast - OECD DataFind, compare and share OECD data by indicator.https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gdp-long-term-forecast.htm****Government welcomes the MHRA review into Pfizer and BioNTech vaccineUK’s independent regulator to evaluate latest data from Pfizer and BioNTech to ensure the quality, safety and effectiveness of the vaccine meets the standards required.https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-welcomes-the-mhra-review-into-pfizer-and-biontech-vaccine*****StackPathPlease Enable Cookies www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk is using a security service for protection against online attacks. The service requires full cookie support in order to view this website. Please enable cookies on your browser and try again. 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Oath commissioners can in CPC cases i.e. in civil cases, in Negotiable Instruments Criminal cases i.e Section 138 cases Notary Public will help you.A Commissioner for Oaths is a person who is authorised to verify affidavits, which are statements in writing and on oath, and other legal documents. A Commissioner for Oaths is appointed by the Chief Justice and is usually, though not always, a solicitor/advocate.An oath Commissioner can verify affidavits, they are appointed under CPC Section 139(b) by High CourtCPC Section 139. Oath on affidavit by whom to be administered:In the case of any affidavit under this Code—(a) any court or magistrate, or(aa) any notary appointed under the Notaries Act, 1952 (53 of 1952); or(b) any officer or other person whom a High Court may appoint in this behalf, or(c) any officer appointed by any other court which the State Government has generally or specially empowered in this behalf, may administer the oath to the deponent._______________________(i) Under Section 139 (b) of the Code of Civil Procedure approximately two to four legal practitioners at the Headquarters of each district and one at each station where there is a Sub-ordinate Judge, are appointed as Commissioners for the purpose of administering oaths and affirmations with the previous approval of the High Court. Oath Commissioners may also be appointed at Headquarters of Tahsils where there are no Subordinate Judges. At each of the District Headquarters in Punjab and Delhi, one of the Oath Commissioners appointed should be a lady lawyer, if one is available for appointment.(ii) Such Commissioners are ordinarily appointed from among legal practitioners but not men in large practice. They will ordinarily be appointed for a period of three years in the first instance, but if their work is satisfactory, their appointment may be renewed from time to time for further periods of three years each, or until the further orders of the High Court, whichever is earlier.(iii) Commissioners may charge a remuneration of annas eight in cash for each affidavit and shall keep a register in the form prescribed in paragraph 7 infra in which all affidavits shall be entered. A written receipt for the amount paid shall be given by the Commissioner to the deponent. The receipt shall be in a printed form consisting of foil and counterfoil, the foil being handed over to the person paying the money and the counterfoil being kept by the Commissioner for purposes of inspection.The above charge will be in addition to any stamp duty payable on the affidavit under the Indian Stamp Act, 1899, Schedule I, Article 4.Note 1—The Commissioner will be entitled to an additional fee of [Rs. ten] from a deponent when he is required to attend the deponent‟s residence.Note 2—With a view to ensure that all affidavits which are attested by an Oath Commissioner are entered in the register and receipts for the money received are given by him each District and Sessions Judge will obtain such certificate from Oath Commissioners under his control and make such periodical inspections of their registers and receipt books containing counterfoils, as may be considered necessaryThe provisions of Section 139(b) of Civil Procedure Code, paragraph 5 of Chapter 12-B of High Court Rules and Orders Volume IV and the notification appointing oaths Commissioners issued, leave no doubt that the Oaths Commissioners are not authorised to administer oaths and affirmations other than those required under C.P.C. or to do any other judicial act. —— Ahmad Din v. Abdul Salem, AIR 1966 Punjab 528___________________CrPC 297. Authorities before whom affidavits may be sworn:-(1) Affidavits to be used before any Court under this Code may be sworn or affirmed before,-(a) any Judge or Judicial or Executive Magistrate, or(b) any commissioner of Oaths appointed by a High Court or Court of Session, or(c) any notary appointed under the Notaries Act, 1952 (53 of 1952).(2) Affidavits shall be confined to, and shall state separately, such facts as the deponent is able to prove from his own knowledge and such facts as he has reasonable ground to believe to be true, and in the latter case, the deponent shall clearly state the grounds of such belief.(3) The Court may order any scandalous and irrelevant matter in the affidavit to be struck out or amended.___________________Notaries are appointed under Notaries Act.Meaning of the word Notarise/ NotingWhen a Bill of Exchange is dishonoured, in order to prove the fact, the drawer (or holder) may get the bill of exchange noted and protested through a public official known as “Notary Public” Noting is the recording of the fact of dishonour by a Notary public which becomes an evidence of dishonour.When a cheque or bill is dishonored or not presented within its lifetime i.e being lapsed (a cheque’s lifetime is three months and a bill’s lifetime is date of its date of redemption or encashment) it is becomes lifeless, to give life to the bills/ cheques or make it again presentable a noting by notary public is necessaryNEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT, 1881Section 99 of Negotiable instrument Act 1881 provides that“When a promissory note or bill of exchange has been dishonoured by non-acceptance or non-payment, the holder may cause such dishonor to be noted by a notary public upon the instrument or upon a paper attached there to, or partly upon each. Such note must be made within a reasonable time after dishonour and must specify the date of dishonour or if the instrument has not expressly dishonoured the reason why holder treats it as dishonoured and notary’s charges.”Section 100 of Negotiable Instrument Act 1881 provides as under.“When the acceptor of a bill of exchange has become insolvent, or his credit has been publicly impeached before the maturity of the bill, the holder may, within a reasonable time, cause a notary public to demand better security of the acceptor, and on its being refused may, within a reasonable time, cause such facts to be noted and certified as afore said. Such certificate is called protest for better security”.What is the meaning of ‘Protest for better security’?Upon the insolvency of the acceptor before the maturity of the bill, the holder may protest it for better security. The effect is that anyone who wishes to accept the bill for honour, may accept it, as if the bill has been protested for dishonor by non-acceptance.What the law says about noting and protest?Noting and Protest is a proactive measure to protect the holder’s right of recourse against the drawer and endorsers of a dishonoured bill. Noting means recording (noting) the minutes of dishonour, by the ‘Notary Public’ on the dishonoured bill. Noting on a paper affixed to the dishonoured bill or partly on the dishonoured bill and partly on the paper attached to the bill is permitted under Negotiable Act. Protest is the next step of noting. A formal certificate is issued with Notary’s seal, attesting the fact that the bill is dishonoured.The liability and obligation of party to the negotiable instrument:The section of 30 of negotiable instrument act 1881 casts certain obligations and liabilities upon party for acceptance or payment of a negotiable instrument. The maker of a promissory note or drawer of a cheque or acceptor of a bill of exchange are deemed as principal debtors to the holder and all other parties (endorsers) are liable as sureties for the maker, drawer or acceptor as the case may be. In case of bills of exchange, the liability and obligation of the acceptor is that of a principal debtor and the drawer of the bill and subsequent endorsers become sureties. When a negotiable instrument is dishonoured due to non-acceptance or non-payment as the case may be, the holder must send the notice of dishonor to the principal debtors and sureties. In case of inland bills, the noting and protest is not compulsory, but in case of foreign bills, the fact that the bill is dishonoured must be noted and protested. This is in addition to notice of dishonor already served on all the parties to the bill.How a negotiable instrument should be noted?When a promissory note or bill of exchange is to be noted, the holder of the bill approaches the Notary Public with the dishonoured instrument to secure official evidence of dishonour. The Notary Public on receipt of the complaint, re-present the dishonoured instrument for acceptance or payment as the case may be to the defaulting parties. If the drawee or acceptor still refuses for acceptance or payment of bill, the Notary Public makes noting of reason for dishonour of the bill which comprises following details as provided under sec.99 of NI Act.1. The date of dishonor2. Reasons if any assigned for dishonor.3. If the instrument is not expressly dishonoured, then the reason for holder coming to the conclusion that the bill is dishonoured.4. The Notary Charges.Noting must take place at a reasonable time after dishonour date (Generally ‘noting ’takes place on dishonour date or the next succeeding business day).Protest: Protest is a more formal Process of noting.The Protest must contain following;1. The transcript of the instrument or instrument it self2. The names of persons against whom the instrument has been protested.3. A statement showing that Acceptance or Payment or better security as the case may be, has been demanded by the Notary, from the persons against whom the instrument has been protested. A Statement of record should be made, containing the parties’ reply if any or result likes “No answer received from the parties” or “the parties could not be found” to the notice of the Notary etc.4. The place and time of dishonour and place and time of refusal when better security is demanded.5. Signature of the Notary PublicIn addition to notings the Notary Public are given additional duties also._________________________A notary public (or notary or public notary) of the common law is a public officer constituted by law to serve the public in non-contentious matters usually concerned with estates, deeds, powers-of-attorney, and foreign and international business.A person authorized to perform certain legal formalities, especially to draw up or certify contracts, deeds, and other documents for use in other jurisdictions/ state/ countries.A notary's main functions are to administer oaths and affirmations, take affidavits and statutory declarations, witness and authenticate the execution of certain classes of documents, take acknowledgments of deeds and other conveyances, protest notes and bills of exchange, provide notice of foreign drafts, prepare marine or ship's protests in cases of damage, provide exemplifications and notarial copies, and perform certain other official acts depending on the jurisdiction. Any such act is known as a notarization. The term notary public only refers to common-law notaries and should not be confused with civil-law notaries.__________________________Civil-law notariesIn India, Under Notaries Act notaries are Civil-law notariesCivil-law notaries, or Latin notaries, are lawyers of non-contentious private civil law who draft, take, and record legal instruments for private parties, provide legal advice and give attendance in person, and are vested as public officers with the authentication power of the State.Unlike notaries public, their common-law counterparts, civil-law notaries are highly trained, licensed practitioners providing a full range of regulated legal services, and whereas they hold a public office, they nonetheless operate usually—but not always—in private practice and are paid on a fee-for-service basis.__________________________Common Law NotariesCommon Law Notaries cannot take other profession i.e. profession of lawyer both together.Most U.S. states and territories commission Notaries only of the common law variety. A common law Notary is responsible for positively identifying document signers, taking signer acknowledgments, administering oaths and affirmations and executing jurats. Common law Notaries are ministerial officers, which means they have a narrowly defined role and are prohibited from drafting legal documents for others, offering advice or assisting signers in understanding document content.